| 00:07 | P OK, folks, welcome. ok. So uh usual stuff we're |
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| 00:27 | finish up for the most part. Well, we have a little bit |
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| 00:32 | to do on Monday. But uh usual stuff canvas quiz opens tomorrow. |
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| 00:39 | , sorry Friday. Um That's basically quiz is all about stuff this week |
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| 00:46 | , chapter 14. Uh next the next smart work due um next |
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| 00:54 | . So I only put it up just to remind you that in chapter |
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| 00:58 | and 22 that ends uh this So we're gonna end unit one next |
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| 01:04 | . Um It's only one section, little section of five, chapter five |
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| 01:12 | one little section of chapter 22. maybe it, maybe it's one little |
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| 01:16 | of 22 maybe a couple of pages 21 that relate to it. |
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| 01:19 | but anyway, so it's, it's no means those entire chapters. So |
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| 01:23 | be aware of that. Just one segments in each of those. |
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| 01:28 | So uh so remember the, the stuff, right? So I sent |
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| 01:32 | an email a couple three times. you'll see it again tomorrow. Um |
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| 01:38 | scheduling protocol is a little different Ok. For your benefit. |
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| 01:43 | So, uh so just be aware that, um, click on the |
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| 01:47 | and it'll attachment and tell you everything need to know. Um uh because |
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| 01:52 | exams are coming up in a couple weeks. Ok. So the scheduler |
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| 01:56 | uh, tomorrow, I guess But again, you have your preferences |
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| 02:00 | you can submit for your times. . Um I think that's the first |
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| 02:06 | days, that's the protocol. The three days are all about submitting your |
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| 02:09 | and days you want and then they of figure it out based on |
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| 02:14 | Uh What else? Um So we're do a bit of a recap here |
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| 02:20 | stuff from last time. Uh, I usually do this at the end |
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| 02:27 | of the lecture, preceding, preceding event. OK. So this is |
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| 02:36 | annual Super Bowl clicker question. So your response and everybody's gonna have |
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| 02:43 | degrees of, well, you'll OK. So let's see which one |
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| 02:47 | these best fits your state of mind this. OK. Uh What's the |
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| 02:53 | Bowl? Yeah, maybe nobody even what that is, right? Maybe |
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| 02:57 | where you fit. Ok. Uh Kansas City Mahomes is will win. |
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| 03:04 | . The Texans will win, The, the, the 49ers will |
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| 03:11 | . All right. And probably the popular response will be this one. |
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| 03:18 | . So, uh, it usually , we'll see if there's any change |
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| 03:22 | time. Let me open this Ok. Oops. Uh, I'm |
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| 03:30 | if it was the Texans in the Bowl then that wouldn't be the |
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| 03:39 | I don't think we need to have seconds to answer this one. |
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| 03:58 | Do, do, do, do return. All right. Let's |
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| 04:14 | down here. Oopsy. Uh, my timer though. Hold on there |
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| 04:28 | is. Oops, go down Ok. Five seconds. All |
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| 04:35 | I think the consensus will be, , e who gives up? |
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| 04:40 | I knew it. Ok. There we go. Uh, I |
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| 04:45 | those that do have a interest, gambling reasons or otherwise, right. |
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| 04:52 | Chiefs win. Um, I don't . My prediction is, well, |
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| 05:00 | not gonna give you my ESPN analysis , but, uh, I think |
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| 05:03 | 49ers, but you can never be . You can never, he's |
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| 05:07 | uh, something else. So I count him out. Close game is |
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| 05:10 | like when these kind of things, root for the close game, back |
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| 05:13 | forth, back and forth, Because my team is not there, |
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| 05:18 | ? And had been there for 30 years now, which is annoying. |
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| 05:21 | team is the Cowboys. Ok. say boo or you, you do |
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| 05:24 | or yay when that comes out? . So, um, anyhoo, |
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| 05:29 | do a little bit of, chemistry, biochemistry. Uh, |
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| 05:36 | Uh, so let's go, let's up and look at big picture first |
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| 05:41 | we get, we don't get, don't want to start in the weeds |
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| 05:44 | then go backwards. Let's start at big picture here. OK. |
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| 05:48 | um the uh reduction potential, So I always go back to this |
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| 05:55 | which is uh you're fed up with now, I'm sure. But the |
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| 06:01 | transport chain, right, looking at , right? So we have |
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| 06:06 | all right, that becomes oxidized, have an acceptor that because the the |
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| 06:14 | acceptor at the end. OK. so this is all about maintaining electron |
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| 06:21 | , right? So we gotta feed to the system. Uh and the |
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| 06:27 | uh becomes oxidized. That's the source electrons feeding into it to keep flow |
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| 06:33 | . We have to have an acceptor really likes to suck on electrons, |
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| 06:36 | to speak, right? Um And the result of all this, it's |
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| 06:41 | energetic process releases energy, right? is a negative delta G, |
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| 06:49 | And we're gonna use the energy to protons out. Yeah. And then |
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| 06:54 | going to um uh capture that energy we go through an A TP ace |
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| 07:01 | super ugly. Uh I realize that uh a TPAS and that's gonna allow |
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| 07:07 | to make a TP is from AD and phosphate, right? So um |
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| 07:14 | we've been going through this and it starting in chapter 13, we kind |
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| 07:18 | just really focused on what's what's going here, right? Metabolizing glucose is |
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| 07:25 | example, right? So remember it be lots of different things we eat |
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| 07:28 | of different things as energy and breaking down and capturing energy in the form |
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| 07:35 | these molecules, right? N A , right? Mostly some of this |
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| 07:42 | . Couple spots we make a TPS , right? But it's these guys |
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| 07:47 | that are gonna go to electron transport . OK? And that's what's gonna |
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| 07:53 | the system here, right? And , you know, glycolysis, uh |
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| 07:56 | silica wave formation crib cycle, electron transport chain. So in um |
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| 08:04 | we transition transition to 14, last they sent about, OK, let's |
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| 08:10 | and see what's going on in OK. What how is that constructed |
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| 08:15 | keep electron flow going is basically kind what it's about. That's the idea |
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| 08:20 | , right? And so to do , we have to look chemically at |
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| 08:25 | properties, redox properties of molecules. . So, and we found out |
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| 08:30 | some of these are really good at up electrons uh donating to donors, |
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| 08:38 | are better at the receiving part, ? Taking them in grabbing onto |
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| 08:42 | OK. So you basically have 22 that you want to take advantage |
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| 08:50 | right? And so to keep low , OK? It makes logical sense |
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| 08:55 | say, OK, let's put the at gals that like like to give |
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| 08:59 | electrons at the beginning that donors, progressive lead to stronger and stronger acceptors |
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| 09:05 | that's what's gonna keep it going, ? And so, um but |
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| 09:11 | right, the flow only, the only exists because you have a, |
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| 09:17 | have this over here. OK. source food sources being oxidized to form |
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| 09:23 | electron carriers, right? Um uh part one, the other part is |
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| 09:30 | here. You have a really really good. It's sucking electrons |
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| 09:35 | OK. And so this, that's , right? Are you respiring aerobically |
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| 09:42 | anaerobically? Is it 02 down here here or something else? OK. |
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| 09:49 | And we'll explore some of that but um that's the respiration, |
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| 09:53 | That's oxidative phosphor, right? Because , we're producing, making a TPS |
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| 09:59 | a result of that energy capture So that's kind of the big picture |
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| 10:04 | . So the redox potential is kind looking at evaluating, think of it |
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| 10:10 | an evaluation of of how good a is at being an acceptor, |
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| 10:18 | That's how I look at the, the table, right? And |
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| 10:21 | and that side of the table is here, right? So how good |
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| 10:24 | it at being an a a an ? And so the table is arranged |
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| 10:31 | uh more negative production potentials to more . OK. And so again, |
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| 10:37 | use the basic, if you, you get confused about that, just |
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| 10:40 | of the nature of an electron, , negative charge, all right. |
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| 10:45 | if something has a really negative red , it kind of is afraid of |
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| 10:50 | right, repelled in a way. . Think of that as a, |
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| 10:54 | those are, those are micros are donors once they get rid of |
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| 10:58 | right? And something that's positive reduction that attracts it like that negative |
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| 11:03 | right? And so it's gonna wanna onto them, hold on to |
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| 11:08 | right? Grab them. OK. that's, so that's what we're |
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| 11:12 | that's what the table represents, How is the acceptor, is |
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| 11:16 | is it good or bad? And the good or bad determination or evaluation |
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| 11:21 | really based on this, the process it, when it does that accepting |
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| 11:26 | , is it releasing energy? Generally you're gonna say, well, |
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| 11:30 | pretty good if it's energy release because , that will go to our electron |
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| 11:36 | chain energy to pump protons, Because that's what it's all about if |
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| 11:40 | respiring, right? So best to an acceptor that when it does accept |
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| 11:47 | , it is good. Uh Also let's even do better than that. |
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| 11:54 | also have a donor, but that it donates electrons, it releases |
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| 11:58 | And now, now you got right? So now you it all |
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| 12:02 | all adds up, right? So can even get more bang for the |
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| 12:06 | , right? And uh strong strong acceptor, lots of energy |
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| 12:12 | And so um the way to so kind of reworked uh this one slide |
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| 12:19 | last time because when you look at line, right, they look at |
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| 12:23 | of the lines on the graph D on the table, right? So |
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| 12:29 | you can look at any of these uh reactions right here. What have |
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| 12:33 | that it represents two, two two reactions. OK? And that's |
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| 12:39 | meant to be shown by this OK. So a redox couple, |
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| 12:44 | ? So this is the H plus two redux couple. OK? And |
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| 12:50 | in that, in any of these , right? Could be +02 and |
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| 12:55 | that's, that's another one. So if there's gonna be an ex |
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| 12:59 | of one of those member of that , an acceptor form, the one |
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| 13:03 | a donor form. OK. And uh and so because the table is |
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| 13:09 | about what's the ranking of acceptor, good is the acceptor, right? |
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| 13:14 | production potential, not so good positive really good. OK. And so |
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| 13:18 | ranking is based on the acceptor OK. And so we know, |
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| 13:24 | here's the reaction you can read right the table. OK. H plus |
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| 13:28 | two electrons gives you hydrogen. That's negative reduction potential, right? So |
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| 13:32 | very. So this guy the, acceptor form is not very good in |
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| 13:36 | of being able to give off energy remember the negative reduction of potential equates |
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| 13:42 | positive delta G. OK. So where the energy comes in, |
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| 13:46 | Either requiring or releasing, right? uh so that, that reduction potential |
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| 13:53 | delta G are related that way. . And so we go, then |
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| 13:57 | go OK. Well, in that , protons aren't very good as an |
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| 14:02 | . So what about generally speaking, uh the, the, the member |
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| 14:08 | that pair, that's not so you can pretty much, you |
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| 14:13 | say that the other member is probably be good in terms of releasing |
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| 14:18 | And, and it is. So donor form is, what's the good |
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| 14:22 | in this pair? OK? Because the one that releases energy. |
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| 14:27 | And so, but we have to at its reaction, right? So |
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| 14:32 | reaction over here, it's the one see my laser pointer is not |
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| 14:36 | The the one over here. This the one that's in the table, |
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| 14:41 | ? But when you're evaluating the we have to look at its reaction |
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| 14:46 | its reaction is obviously the reverse, ? Which is this one, |
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| 14:50 | So when we do that right, see how delta G sign changes, |
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| 14:57 | ? So it's energy releasing, So the donor, the donor form |
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| 15:00 | is the one that's thumbs up, ? Um And so that would be |
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| 15:05 | good one to put at the beginning a electron transport chain, right? |
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| 15:11 | donor, right gives up electrons and , lots of energy release. |
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| 15:17 | So, but this for contrast, , the oxygen water couple OK. |
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| 15:23 | of the opposite now. So the form is the one that's really |
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| 15:27 | right? So oxygen acceptor form water form, right? So again, |
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| 15:32 | is the reaction you see in the , OK? This one right here |
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| 15:37 | the plus, right? So that's equate to really high negative delta |
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| 15:42 | right? That's, that's really right? So um so then as |
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| 15:47 | said, if, if the acceptor , so in this example, except |
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| 15:51 | is the one that's really good for release, then you can probably guess |
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| 15:55 | water as an, as a donor not that good. And of |
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| 15:59 | it takes it's a negative, it's positive DG process, right? It |
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| 16:04 | a lot of energy input to do . OK. And so um the |
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| 16:11 | and so again, you try to , you combine strong donors uh and |
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| 16:18 | acceptor. So as we saw before , right? So this reaction of |
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| 16:24 | here to H plus electron transport right? Ah passport chain, et |
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| 16:35 | to water that that's really good, ? So we can add and this |
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| 16:42 | a G this delta G, And it's an even bigger number |
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| 16:48 | even bigger negative energy release, So that's a good one, respiring |
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| 16:55 | 02 and using hydrogen as your use a lot different bacteria do that |
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| 17:01 | it's really, it's a really good energy producer. And H two is |
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| 17:07 | of available in a lot of environments where they're found. E coli can |
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| 17:11 | this. And so H two gas often a by, by product of |
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| 17:15 | and other processes. So they can that and get energy from it. |
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| 17:20 | . So um so that's so it is, these properties are how |
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| 17:28 | how the electron transport chain works now electron transport chain works, it keeps |
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| 17:32 | flow going energy release and, and the energy release is, is |
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| 17:37 | is, is these are the delta , right? That's where the energy |
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| 17:41 | coming from in here. OK. so um that's what allows us to |
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| 17:48 | protons out. OK. Um Many about good. So again, when |
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| 17:55 | think about, oh it's a good or it's a good that which we're |
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| 17:58 | about is is it, is it that is like this energy release? |
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| 18:05 | . Um OK. Let's see I wanna go. Nope, not |
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| 18:12 | here. OK. So electronic flow . No, nothing new here. |
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| 18:16 | kind of recapping again. So uh the construction of just give me an |
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| 18:22 | of an actual bacterial electron transport What's what's in it, what the |
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| 18:28 | components in it, right? So the big cytochrome are kind of these |
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| 18:32 | protein complexes. Uh things that are in redox reactions generally have like metal |
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| 18:38 | where the where the um reduction oxidation place. So things like iron, |
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| 18:45 | it could be like copper, um other metal atoms are involved in |
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| 18:51 | molecules. Um And so again, the basic concept here is the arrangement |
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| 18:59 | these components, right? More negative potential to more positive. OK. |
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| 19:06 | that keeps the flow going, And energy used to pump protons. |
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| 19:10 | so uh so just don't forget that terminal acceptor here, it can be |
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| 19:16 | is what we're seeing. Uh production oxygen. It can be anaerobic as |
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| 19:21 | , right? So it could be or something. We'll talk about examples |
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| 19:24 | anaerobic respiration today, but uh respiration respiration, right? You can have |
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| 19:29 | there or you can have something other oxygen and have the same process going |
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| 19:35 | . OK. Um Let's see. so, so in the end the |
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| 19:41 | down here to lower right, we this last time as well, just |
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| 19:44 | you uh just a snapshot of e membrane. So and that's the other |
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| 19:49 | to mention is is is the these are occurring in and around a |
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| 19:58 | right? So stuffing the membrane serves the the make the the structure to |
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| 20:04 | these molecules into, right? Because these components and many of the components |
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| 20:10 | the process, the cytochrome um serve uh you know, receiving electrons and |
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| 20:17 | them off. But also the energy from that is used of pump |
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| 20:22 | So they have kind of dual properties proton pump and electron receiver donator and |
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| 20:28 | combined, right? And so uh again, that's how, as we |
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| 20:34 | saw the example, the energy released strong donors from acceptor, that's what |
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| 20:40 | the energy to do this. Um OK. So the proton we |
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| 20:47 | with the proton motive force, So remember that's all about um a |
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| 20:53 | a mechanism to pump them out which do in respiration, right? And |
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| 20:58 | in doing so, uh and another reason my membrane is important |
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| 21:03 | By occurring in and around the you can create the two sides and |
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| 21:08 | the gradient, right? High protons , right? And that's all because |
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| 21:13 | have a membrane sitting there. And so the same thing in photosynthesis |
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| 21:18 | membranes involve creating a proton gradient. so uh and of course, here's |
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| 21:25 | transport chain here. OK. And so the the the concentration difference in |
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| 21:34 | , right? High. Hello. . That's one force I can remember |
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| 21:41 | , the tendency of molecules is to down a gradient, right? High |
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| 21:46 | low, right? And in doing they release energy, right? Because |
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| 21:51 | makes sense if it takes energy to them out. But then you're gonna |
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| 21:54 | it back when they come back in the gradient, right. And the |
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| 21:57 | force. So that's your delta ph . And so gauge difference, of |
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| 22:03 | ph equates to higher giant concentration of . And then um and then the |
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| 22:09 | force, right, the positive charge the negative charge inside the cell. |
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| 22:14 | so most cells do have a negative ours do due to the proteins in |
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| 22:19 | cell generally. And um so you both those forces allow for the protons |
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| 22:25 | come in, right. If, there's a way, right? Because |
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| 22:30 | can't, they can't by themselves just shove their way through a very hydrophobic |
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| 22:38 | , right? They're charged, So you're gonna have to provide a |
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| 22:41 | that makes it more efficient for them come in and capture that energy, |
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| 22:44 | ? And that's where the A TP comes in. OK, as we |
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| 22:48 | here. So that's, that's what them to come in, release energy |
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| 22:53 | then form a TPS, right? um the um and so when we |
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| 23:02 | way back we started in 13, may be one of the responses to |
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| 23:08 | clicker question, but it says uh energy released from catabolism is used to |
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| 23:14 | a TPS. That's an example of . OK? Here's a direct |
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| 23:19 | right? The catabolism is used right , to um uh provide the electron |
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| 23:28 | or form electron donors uh in a a DH right? As we oxidize |
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| 23:32 | food source and um and then they to electron transport chain, the energy |
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| 23:38 | there is used to pump strong trying acceptor, right, pump protons |
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| 23:42 | . So that's all catabolism, Energy released from that used to do |
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| 23:47 | , right? That's kind of how all links together, right? Any |
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| 23:52 | about that. So if you need , you gotta kind of tell you |
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| 23:56 | this as a story to yourself, story of glucose metabolism. OK. |
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| 23:59 | page turner, right? Spoilers, know what happens already right at the |
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| 24:04 | . Right. Uh, glucose gets . It's killed. Ok. Think |
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| 24:08 | it that way. Make it a mystery. Right. Um, you |
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| 24:12 | what happens in the middle? glucose gets, gets beat up, |
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| 24:16 | broken down. Right. And what's, what's the result of |
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| 24:19 | Oh, I get these little things electrons. I'm gonna do something with |
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| 24:22 | . So I'll let you throughout your version of the story. Right. |
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| 24:27 | that's, you know, this stuff so boring. You have to have |
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| 24:30 | way to kind of, you mix it up for yourself, |
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| 24:34 | So hopefully I'm not making it too . OK. Um Any questions, |
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| 24:41 | ? Yes, I'm gonna let you it to me. So what do |
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| 24:48 | know about the proton motor force? asking you because that brain, that |
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| 24:53 | in there knows it. You just spit it out. So without looking |
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| 24:57 | the computer, look at me, are the two forces involved, |
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| 25:02 | you know, it, you're pumping out, right? So what's the |
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| 25:08 | for them to come into the You have a H plus, |
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| 25:17 | What, what likes what's attracted to plus charge? What's attracted to a |
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| 25:25 | charge? You ever heard of opposites ? So a plus. What's the |
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| 25:30 | of a plus? Yes. What minus charges? What has the minus |
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| 25:35 | in the cell? What do you here inside of the cell membrane, |
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| 25:41 | charge proteins in the cell pretty much a negative charge in the cell. |
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| 25:45 | cells, my cells, all right? Is that, that's the |
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| 25:50 | of a proton charge, right? that attract protons inside? That's number |
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| 25:55 | ? What's the other force? So got part one of the pro time |
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| 25:59 | . What's the other part? Electrochemical is on the way? So |
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| 26:03 | you described the uh electrical part, charge attraction. So what's the chemical |
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| 26:12 | ? Is there a how does P ? This is P A 65 |
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| 26:18 | This is ph 75 right? Which has more protons good? Which side |
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| 26:26 | more protons? More protons? How Ph relate to proton concentration? |
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| 26:36 | This is intra bio stuff. This is chemistry 101. How does |
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| 26:41 | relate to proton concentration help you? . So acidity means more exactly. |
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| 26:51 | which side is more city? So is there a difference between the |
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| 26:57 | and inside? Higher more protons are the what side outside or in outside |
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| 27:10 | being put molecules have diffused down a , right? If you let |
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| 27:16 | So you just describe the two the attraction force and the concentration |
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| 27:21 | That's your proto motive force. So described it, it was in your |
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| 27:25 | , it came out of your not mine, right? This is |
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| 27:31 | happens when people come to office So be be warned, right? |
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| 27:34 | gonna fire questions at you because I damn well it's in that head of |
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| 27:39 | but you can't express it. So my job to get it out of |
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| 27:42 | brain of yours. OK? It's of like you have, you |
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| 27:46 | it's like who? But you gotta it together and that's an example. |
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| 27:52 | , do you, where is do you, uh, do |
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| 27:57 | do you feel you understand it No, you shouldn't, you shouldn't |
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| 28:03 | embarrassed, you shouldn't be embarrassed. mean, because that's how you have |
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| 28:10 | connect it cause I it's there I , it's like a jumbo. You |
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| 28:15 | make a word out of it. these letters, right? Same |
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| 28:19 | But you shouldn't be embarrassed and I you you're not the only one in |
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| 28:21 | classroom. That's the same boat as . OK. So anyway, any |
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| 28:27 | questions? OK. I'm telling you , that's what you gotta do. |
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| 28:35 | . So OK. OK. I don't see we've seen this a |
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| 28:42 | times. Um Where does, well I forgot there was a question. |
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| 28:48 | does my callus crip cycle? Where , where does that occur here? |
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| 28:57 | . Here. Oh In here. . That's kind of where psychosis uh |
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| 29:07 | wave formation, creb cyclo, all of occurring there, right? Uh |
|
| 29:11 | transport chain obviously is right here and , not what you're seeing there is |
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| 29:18 | a new fermentation except for the part here that's glycolysis. That's the only |
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| 29:24 | that's in involved in fermentation. Nothing on this slide Yeah. All |
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| 29:29 | Um Let's look uh briefly here at A TP ACE itself, right. |
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| 29:38 | this is the molecular motor and it a motor they use these um in |
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| 29:44 | nanotechnology as a, as a, they need something to move, |
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| 29:49 | move in a nano process, oftentimes , they use these the A |
|
| 29:56 | OK. Um The, and this AAA molecule, it's a big |
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| 30:03 | multi subunit molecule. Obviously, you know, universal throughout life. |
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| 30:08 | know that um uh uh uh is to a proton gradient and making a |
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| 30:15 | had plants have it, we have , anti bacteria have it. And |
|
| 30:20 | um it's, we break it down kind of two parts here, |
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| 30:23 | The F one and F zero, um probably can't see it very |
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| 30:29 | but the F one, this is down here. F zero is the |
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| 30:33 | that's embedded in the membrane. So, and so its fuel and |
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| 30:40 | physically moves as protons flow through. . So the energy released from that |
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| 30:45 | what serves out the energy for OK. So it rotates OK. |
|
| 30:49 | it rotate. And uh the other here is that the, there is |
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| 30:56 | , a rod you see here, . Show right here connecting the two |
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| 31:02 | OK? And it's not completely OK? It's not look at the |
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| 31:11 | down, it's not like that, more like that OK? Like a |
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| 31:17 | shape pointed at one end, right as it rotates, OK. Um |
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| 31:24 | little point moves the protein subunits open close, open and close as it |
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| 31:31 | . And, and those where, it opens, where it kind of |
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| 31:36 | the structure of the protein. And talking about what's happening here, |
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| 31:41 | Down there. And you can see kind of the teardrop shape of that |
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| 31:47 | . I guess they call it as , as that point moves, it |
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| 31:53 | the protein subs and exposes the binding for AD P and phosphate. |
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| 32:00 | As you see happening there, So then those come in, |
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| 32:07 | And then that rotor turns and then closes that site. And so that |
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| 32:12 | of um action serves to, provides to, to form the A TP |
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| 32:19 | AD P and phosphate. So there's of those, there's three of those |
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| 32:24 | right in the um A TP So, so it alternately opens a |
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| 32:32 | A plus rate come in, closes TP forms and then in the next |
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| 32:37 | it opens comes in. So as keeps going around, then the A |
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| 32:41 | that was formed when it, when rotor comes back around, it opens |
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| 32:45 | a TP is released. And so as that thing turning basically a |
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| 32:51 | and phosphate come in all and then TP is formed. And so it's |
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| 32:56 | spots that happens in this A OK. Um The, and so |
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| 33:03 | you look at, there are lots experiments, especially with E coli. |
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| 33:08 | you know how many protons versus a protons coming in and number of a |
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| 33:13 | produced. And again, this I believe for E coli, it's |
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| 33:19 | similar uh among, among uh all really. Uh but uh eight protons |
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| 33:27 | uh for each N A DH So, remember, right, uh |
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| 33:32 | N A DH uh that is at front, right, the, the |
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| 33:36 | we form those from glucose oxidation, ? We form a DH in the |
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| 33:42 | creb cycle. Um You see the formation and uh that's what's being oxidized |
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| 33:48 | electron transport chain, right? Those transfers are coupled to proton pump. |
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| 33:53 | for each N A DH oxidized, 88 protons pumped for each, each |
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| 33:58 | oxidized and equates to one A TP three protons, right? So the |
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| 34:04 | line is the bottom line is uh three A TPS for each N A |
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| 34:10 | oxidized. OK. That's, that's , that's what, that's what you |
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| 34:14 | on. OK. Is that for fa DH two, not quite as |
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| 34:18 | because it, it kind of funnels after N A DH in the |
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| 34:22 | So you don't get as much energy it. Uh But for us, |
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| 34:26 | have to know uh around about three PS for it. For N A |
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| 34:31 | 1.5, you typically run up the . OK? For F DH |
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| 34:36 | OK. And so that's directly how coming into electron transport chain translates to |
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| 34:43 | a TP being made, right? electrons are what transfers are what are |
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| 34:49 | protons out, right? And then recapturing as they come back down through |
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| 34:55 | A TPAS, right? It's all know, energy requiring process with energy |
|
| 35:02 | process, right? So if we of tally everything up, oh I |
|
| 35:08 | mention this. Forgot the. Um there are types should be bacterial types |
|
| 35:16 | um no, don't rely so much a proton pump, but it's sodium |
|
| 35:21 | , especially if you're a halo If you halo file, you live |
|
| 35:24 | high salt all the time. And you kind of evolved the way to |
|
| 35:29 | uh sodium ions rather than protons as mechanism. And it's the same |
|
| 35:33 | it's just using a different ion. . Uh Some pathogens use a sodium |
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| 35:39 | because they, your tissues are particularly relatively high in in um sodium ions |
|
| 35:46 | to proton protons. OK. And exploited the way to use again, |
|
| 35:52 | in terms instead of protons, but the same, same mechanism, |
|
| 35:57 | That doesn't change just the ion is . So um OK. So let's |
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| 36:03 | up everything here. Uh Just, to see where we're at. |
|
| 36:07 | So remember the two ways to make TPS, right? Substrate level phosphor |
|
| 36:13 | , which is simply just a um molecule in in the pathway has a |
|
| 36:19 | group and goes, hey, here go a ad P take it and |
|
| 36:24 | makes a TP that's it. Nothing complicated. OK. So what happens |
|
| 36:29 | in glycolysis and it happens in creb ? Not a lot, right? |
|
| 36:34 | four. But then remember oxidated we need a lot more from |
|
| 36:38 | So, but first we're gonna take guys, right? N A DH |
|
| 36:43 | DH two there. So this and gonna get a lot more A TP |
|
| 36:49 | these as we just saw, We just do the basic math, |
|
| 36:54 | that we saw in the previous So basically equates to right here. |
|
| 37:00 | uh because for each glucose molar glucose , this is the amount of N |
|
| 37:07 | DH and fa DH we get This is per no WC OK, |
|
| 37:17 | . All right. So, um the thing to mention here oops is |
|
| 37:25 | one, this is like uh theoretical on paper. Uh It's actually a |
|
| 37:30 | higher with, with us. Uh have a couple of different, we |
|
| 37:35 | a mitochondria and this, this changes for us in terms of net net |
|
| 37:41 | of a TPS a little bit Uh But again, it is all |
|
| 37:44 | on paper. OK. Uh In , um let's say for E coli |
|
| 37:51 | it's uh what's gonna be 30 plus uh let's see. The math |
|
| 37:59 | uh let's see, we should have plus four, right? Plus four |
|
| 38:04 | . So that's what 34. That it's never really that it's always |
|
| 38:11 | somewhere between 17 and 22 +34, in that range because it, |
|
| 38:17 | it uses this proton gradient, not for making a TP, he uses |
|
| 38:21 | for other stuff and bring help, molecules in or out. Again. |
|
| 38:26 | because the proton pumping thing mechanism is energy um stored energy. It can |
|
| 38:33 | that stored energy to do other stuff making a TPS transport, transport of |
|
| 38:39 | in or out moving up for gel what have you, right? So |
|
| 38:42 | used for other stuff which is why doesn't always produce the theoretical max. |
|
| 38:50 | . Um And we're the same way use our proton ingredients for things other |
|
| 38:54 | making a TPS as well. So uh very useful um form of |
|
| 39:01 | energy, very versatile. OK. All right. Any questions OK. |
|
| 39:10 | ? OK. So let's look at question. OK. So this is |
|
| 39:19 | the sulfur cycle basically. OK. forms of sulfur being transformed. And |
|
| 39:27 | we have three processes. So just be clear, we have a, |
|
| 39:33 | is a uh this is B oh see. Yep. ABC. Um |
|
| 40:15 | . So I put that there. kind of help you think about |
|
| 40:18 | the diagram which we mentioned at the of this whole talk, right? |
|
| 40:27 | except her. What's it good Yeah. All right. Let's count |
|
| 40:37 | . OK. Um Who is my question? Who answered um who answered |
|
| 40:50 | , you answered a do I have go to the, to the |
|
| 40:54 | Ok, let's go to the Let's see here. Uh, this |
|
| 40:59 | who answered a Susanna. Susanna. . Raise your hand. Where are |
|
| 41:09 | ? There you go. Ok. , was a complete random guess or |
|
| 41:13 | you know it? Don't tell me lucky guess. Are you just saying |
|
| 41:21 | ? All right. Let's see, Asher Ahmed Romance, who's calling Ashra |
|
| 41:32 | ? I'll give you 100 on exam if you fess up Ashram going |
|
| 41:39 | twice. Uh, Nawar Naar Thar Aed. Ok. Let's |
|
| 41:52 | Haley Haley, Arius Arias. Haley . Come on, Haley, give |
|
| 41:59 | up a, does anybody know who is point at them? Uh, |
|
| 42:08 | . Julianne? All right. Random or did you know it? All |
|
| 42:13 | . I'm ii I object. So did you pick a, you have |
|
| 42:20 | have some reason? What molecule of those you have H two S |
|
| 42:27 | and s, uh, elemental Which of those better serves the role |
|
| 42:33 | an acceptor? Mhm. So, the arrow, the way the arrows |
|
| 42:41 | going, right? So it's going this, right? That and like |
|
| 42:46 | . Ok. So which of those is better served as a acceptor? |
|
| 42:56 | ? All right. Let's see if Jayden Bennett, Jaden Jad? |
|
| 43:05 | ok. Uh, anybody that answered is correct. Ok. Because |
|
| 43:15 | um, sulfate, right? It's , uh, from respiration number |
|
| 43:20 | right? It's what's going on over , right? That's respiration OK. |
|
| 43:28 | if you, so the molecule that serves that purpose is one that is |
|
| 43:34 | , less reduced, more oxidized OK. And of the three sulfate |
|
| 43:42 | two S and so sulfate is the oxidized form. OK. So it |
|
| 43:48 | go to H two S. H two S is better suited over |
|
| 43:56 | as a donor. OK? Eat , eat H two S. Get |
|
| 44:01 | view the system, right? So all about donor, each, each |
|
| 44:04 | has their role that they're better at or acceptor. And you know, |
|
| 44:09 | terms of term like acceptor, you know, is it devoid of |
|
| 44:14 | unless it can, it has room receive them and become reduced, |
|
| 44:18 | 02 to water. OK. So kind of what an respiration is |
|
| 44:24 | OK? Is using different molecules other 02. OK. And the choice |
|
| 44:31 | based on obviously what's around the organism what's the, the, let's say |
|
| 44:38 | state of the molecule? Is it that's really, really reduced full of |
|
| 44:44 | or is it one that's kind of grab on to some and become |
|
| 44:48 | OK. Um And so with E , it's, it can do lots |
|
| 44:54 | things. OK. Metabolism wise. you can see here, of |
|
| 44:58 | the, and these are all, as, as the diagram says, |
|
| 45:02 | are all donor forms it can right? Uh These are different acceptor |
|
| 45:08 | it can use. OK. So can mix and match, right? |
|
| 45:12 | it can respire aerobically, right? oxygen. But it can do so |
|
| 45:17 | different donors upfront. OK? Uh can aspire anaerobically using these molecules, |
|
| 45:24 | . In combination with different sources. we can all depends on what's available |
|
| 45:29 | it, OK? And it can use any of it because it can |
|
| 45:34 | and so we can do that as . OK? It all depends on |
|
| 45:38 | going on with it. OK? here is, and don't memorize |
|
| 45:42 | these tables. OK? I only it in just to show you that |
|
| 45:46 | molecules have, of course, various of being more oxidized, more |
|
| 45:52 | Um And then they'll have particular roles either being, oh, let's use |
|
| 45:56 | guy as a donor or no, use it as a respiration. |
|
| 46:01 | Because you're gonna be better suited to or the other typically. OK. |
|
| 46:06 | And so we focus on nitrogen and compounds because it's, it's either oxidation |
|
| 46:13 | those or using forms for respiration is common in the bacterial world. Our |
|
| 46:20 | world to use kind of very and very um more prevalent uh as sources |
|
| 46:26 | well. Nitrogen and sulfur compounds. , uh I I, you |
|
| 46:31 | in in aquatic environments, um picnic environments, sulfur compounds are, |
|
| 46:39 | are in higher concentrations. It's like marine water, it's like a uh |
|
| 46:44 | or something or sulfur compounds. So tend to see a lot of the |
|
| 46:47 | oxidizing sulfur metabolism types in marine OK. Terrestrial environments more so using |
|
| 46:54 | compounds. But again, not everything it's a rule. But for the |
|
| 46:59 | part, that's what it is. anyway, in terms of the nitrogen |
|
| 47:03 | , uh nitrate to uh into right, um ammonia is gonna be |
|
| 47:09 | course, the most reduced form. . Uh The sulfur compounds uh |
|
| 47:16 | as you just mentioned, uh that's be something that was gonna be the |
|
| 47:19 | optimized and will serve as a good acceptor at the end and become |
|
| 47:25 | OK. And so we can use different of these. So something like |
|
| 47:31 | , uh nitrate to nitrite going this . That's a very common type of |
|
| 47:38 | , right? E coli does that several others uh using ammonia as |
|
| 47:44 | as a source right? Night. ammonium to nitrate or rather night |
|
| 47:50 | excuse me. Um That's, that's process called a me uh right |
|
| 47:57 | Sorry. That's a process called which we thought that's really bad. |
|
| 48:02 | me try to nitrate going to ammonia way. OK. That's litho |
|
| 48:09 | So we're, we're oxidizing ammonia. tr OK. Getting energy the other |
|
| 48:16 | is respiration, reducing nitrate to OK. So, oxidation reduction, |
|
| 48:23 | ? If you're a source that becomes , that's only gonna be one that's |
|
| 48:26 | feed the system source, right? . If you're one that's really oxidized |
|
| 48:32 | lot, that's one that serves the the role at the end of a |
|
| 48:38 | process. OK. And so we , you know, different forms of |
|
| 48:43 | uh shown here, right? So is kind of the um continuum of |
|
| 48:50 | compounds used for respiration, right? we're focused here on anaerobic respiration, |
|
| 48:56 | ? So what can be confusing is that because if we look at the |
|
| 49:00 | compounds in the context of litho So remember litho tropy is about what's |
|
| 49:06 | source, what's the inorganic source at beginning? OK. And then in |
|
| 49:11 | , it's what's at the end, accepting electrons and different, different of |
|
| 49:15 | nitrogen compounds have their roles in on side that just depends on their oxidation |
|
| 49:23 | . OK. So, um and , you know, any co I |
|
| 49:28 | res uh respire with nitrate um um it to nitrite uh or nitrite to |
|
| 49:36 | oxide. So the point is with that do this, they, they |
|
| 49:39 | have uh a couple of these that can use uh nitrate or nitrite. |
|
| 49:45 | They typically don't have all of them remember to be able to do |
|
| 49:49 | it's all enzymes, right? So having the various enzymes that carry these |
|
| 49:54 | out. OK. And so generally general will have maybe have a |
|
| 50:00 | two or three of these, not whole spectrum. OK. And so |
|
| 50:06 | here. So dissimulator. So what call this is basically a part of |
|
| 50:13 | um let me just show it here the nitrogen triangle. OK, we'll |
|
| 50:16 | about this next week. And so side of the triangle actually represents a |
|
| 50:21 | of metabolism. OK. So, is basically little trophy that's using things |
|
| 50:27 | ammonia as |
|
