| 00:22 | Okay. Okay folks uh let's useful reminders, just remember the quiz |
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| 00:34 | . Due date for blackboard quizzes. until it's been extended, it says |
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| 00:41 | , yeah, 13th but ignore that will be due on It will be |
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| 00:47 | on the 20th. Okay so Um that in mind. So you got |
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| 00:55 | 10 days to complete that, it be open tomorrow. So um Uh |
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| 01:04 | make note of that, but the dates for smart work, they're still |
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| 01:07 | same 13th and 2013. This Sunday next week from Sunday. Um Okay |
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| 01:18 | today. Yeah we are and this this is not correct, we're on |
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| 01:24 | 1. we'll finish, we're gonna when we come back we'll get all |
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| 01:30 | way through At the end of 14 we come back on Monday um In |
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| 01:38 | weeks or a week and a half finish up 14 and we'll have the |
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| 01:42 | trophy most of the photo trophy stuff to do, which is not |
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| 01:46 | so um so we'll finish it up . Uh remember the cost of schedule |
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| 01:51 | opens tomorrow and kind of I guess at midnight tonight. So um so |
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| 01:59 | aware of that. Um And so remember that the exam is gonna be |
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| 02:06 | end of the week when you come , so we come back on the |
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| 02:10 | on the 21st we come back and that examines the end of the |
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| 02:17 | Okay so um alright so I just to do a little bit of a |
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| 02:26 | of some of the stuff we talked last time So uh so with reduction |
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| 02:32 | . Right. So kind of uh this in the context. So, |
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| 02:39 | the bench we've been talking about um . Right? So reparation and we |
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| 02:49 | at our at this diagram. We at a lot. I simplify |
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| 02:54 | Like so electron transport chain um uh donor feeding it. Okay. Except |
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| 03:05 | at the end. And so we then that um this system of maintaining |
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| 03:16 | flow. Right? So it's really critical. Mm hmm. Keep the |
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| 03:22 | going right. And as we energy is used if you transfer, |
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| 03:31 | are energy is used to pump Right? Which we then? So |
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| 03:36 | the end last time. Right. thank you. A couple of the |
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| 03:44 | release of protons going down the gradient the charge attraction like that proton motive |
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| 03:51 | . Right? Delta P. That produce a tps. Right. Um |
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| 04:00 | so the redox thing is all We can look at molecules or reactions |
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| 04:07 | evaluate, you know, the reactions except ear's and the molecule form the |
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| 04:17 | as a potential dome. Right? whether it's in the C. 02 |
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| 04:23 | an acceptable glucose is the end And that as a donor. |
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| 04:27 | That in terms of except er molecules be good at it and they can |
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| 04:31 | bad at it. They can be in the middle. Okay. And |
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| 04:35 | um uh so how do we arrange things? Right. So that's how |
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| 04:40 | can maintain flow is because we have uh donors. So if you're a |
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| 04:46 | except er you're probably a good Right. So we look at the |
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| 04:52 | couple. Right? So these things in pairs, Right? And H |
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| 04:56 | H plus pair A 02 water Okay. And so in each half |
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| 05:03 | that pair of ones to accept reform is the donor form. Okay, |
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| 05:08 | whether it's H plus is the accept . Okay, H to the donor |
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| 05:18 | . Okay. And so valuing we can see that H plus as |
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| 05:23 | accepted is pretty bad. Right? the reduction potential positive delta G. |
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| 05:30 | , so um uh so there you . Okay, maybe it's a bad |
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| 05:34 | for maybe maybe the glucose is a donor form. Right? And it |
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| 05:39 | H two? Sorry, H two be a good donor and it is |
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| 05:42 | remember reverse the signs. Right? now it's plus 4 20 and uh |
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| 05:49 | becomes a negative delta G. so H two, they don't write |
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| 05:53 | bad, accepted. Okay, conversely at the oxygen water, couple oxygen |
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| 05:59 | . Except er a lot of energy in the process. Water. It's |
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| 06:05 | gonna be a bad dough. Because it's gonna take a lot of |
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| 06:08 | to get electrons from that. Although that does happen. Right, |
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| 06:14 | sun energy from the sun is what to be able to pull electrons from |
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| 06:19 | . Right? Because it takes a of energy to do that. |
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| 06:21 | But auction is a great accepted and in that couple the accepted is |
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| 06:26 | The donor is bad. So and how it is. When you look |
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| 06:29 | these different pairs, it spans the , right? We can see the |
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| 06:33 | right in front of us, write the top in terms of except er |
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| 06:38 | at the bottom in terms of But then it flips in terms of |
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| 06:40 | donor form. Okay, so we these so we can maintain then flow |
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| 06:48 | five putting strong donors to successively stronger stronger except ear's. And so that's |
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| 06:55 | this is about. Okay, so go from a negative reduction potential. |
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| 07:02 | . To a more positive one. . And so that reflects the fact |
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| 07:07 | strong donor, stronger and stronger accepted we go go from left to |
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| 07:12 | Right. That's what maintains electron Okay. And if you do that |
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| 07:18 | you got any then of course. as we're doing this we're generating a |
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| 07:25 | delta G in the process. Energy release. Use that to pump |
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| 07:30 | out. Okay. And then capture energy as shown here with a proton |
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| 07:36 | force producing a T. P. . Okay, so um and speaking |
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| 07:43 | that we might over that as well time and we can see that |
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| 07:52 | And so um so remember then the maintaining this? All right? What's |
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| 08:04 | of course allows us to maintain this of course the the setup of electron |
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| 08:12 | except ear's right. That right that electrons provides the energy to use to |
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| 08:18 | a proton break. Once we get then we can generate this proton motor |
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| 08:24 | , right? Which is based on written hydrogen ions high on one side |
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| 08:29 | than the other. Because of course ions are what ph are all |
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| 08:34 | So the ph difference equates to a ion difference. And so we have |
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| 08:38 | concentration difference high low and then the difference plus and minus inside. |
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| 08:49 | And so both those things draw the in. Okay. We can't they |
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| 08:54 | swim through a hydrophobic by layer. repelled by it. So you get |
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| 08:59 | you give them a conduit, then become in released energy and that's what |
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| 09:03 | A. T. P. Is all about. That we ended |
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| 09:06 | with last time or we finished last . And so this is what allows |
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| 09:10 | to you to couple the energy released the proton gradient as they come through |
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| 09:17 | the energy requirement needed to make a . So that's where that comes |
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| 09:21 | And um then then we of course that for each. Um So so |
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| 09:28 | course what's fueling this is the the oxidation of some food source that leads |
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| 09:35 | the production of electron carriers like this electron carriers like this and this and |
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| 09:44 | are the things that interact with the transport chain giving up electrons. And |
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| 09:48 | of course creating the whole proton gradient . Okay. And so for each |
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| 09:55 | uh any th oxidized eight protons are out. Three come back in to |
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| 10:01 | an A. T. P. ? So that's how we get these |
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| 10:05 | . And so we can look here the tally of everything. Okay? |
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| 10:12 | and so just to make one last . Let me erase. Okay, |
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| 10:18 | not going to erase and try Okay. All right. One time |
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| 10:30 | options erase, not working. Alright. So just to make one |
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| 10:35 | point here. So how this how is tied together. Okay, so |
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| 10:41 | we talked about redox and arranging arranging donors just trying to accept others. |
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| 10:47 | and then then that energy is used pump protons. Remember all that is |
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| 10:52 | by the donor upfront. Right? food source if you want to call |
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| 10:56 | that. Okay, that is broken . Oxidized capture electrons that at certain |
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| 11:02 | forming in a D H F E H to write those are what feed |
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| 11:07 | system. Okay. The terminal except the end we breathe right? We |
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| 11:11 | in air 02 was what serves as terminal except er can be lots of |
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| 11:15 | things for other types. Okay, everything all this is connected that |
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| 11:20 | Okay. And so tallying up Remember the two ways to make uh |
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| 11:26 | ways we make a tps in this , substrate level false correlation which doesn't |
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| 11:32 | a whole lot but it's some both and in the Krebs cycle and then |
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| 11:38 | other energy carried molecules and a th it needs to at uh form that |
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| 11:46 | th form that uh the three stages it needs to in the Krebs cycle |
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| 11:51 | then the total of them There. so we can then multiply of course |
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| 11:56 | values. Alright, times 10 times . Okay you give us These values |
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| 12:03 | . So a total of 30 but is the theoretical value on paper but |
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| 12:13 | does that occur because bacteria archaea used use the proton gradient for functions other |
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| 12:24 | um made the 80 ps. Right that gradients coupled to to maybe bring |
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| 12:29 | molecules in or out of the cell to moving a flagellum of this motel |
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| 12:36 | other functions. So it's not all making a DPS necessarily because remember remember |
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| 12:41 | concept energy releasing process, Republican, requiring process. And sometimes that maybe |
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| 12:48 | making a tps but sometimes it's not it's from bringing molecules in going up |
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| 12:56 | the gradient or out against their gradient whatever. Right So there's other other |
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| 13:01 | for it besides making http. So realistic range is probably somewhere between |
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| 13:10 | 30 but maybe upper upper teens to to low twenties somewhere there obviously it |
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| 13:18 | depending on the gross state of the and what the needs are. Okay |
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| 13:23 | um Okay. Is uh any Okay so let's look at here comes |
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| 13:33 | first twitter question. Okay and so a look at this. Okay so |
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| 13:41 | choices A. B. And And so just to clarify what I'm |
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| 13:45 | for, there's a boxing. So . Okay B. Or C. |
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| 13:53 | see, see and then B. over here. Right, okay. |
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| 14:02 | abc which one of those represents an respiration. Okay, anaerobic respiration agent |
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| 14:17 | H. Two is so far so . It's actually see and that's |
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| 14:34 | Okay, thank you. And so don't we don't go over the sulfur |
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| 14:49 | but this is uh we look at of these reactions and the context of |
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| 14:56 | processes but um what part of that sulfur? Uh we get our so |
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| 15:06 | our in our phosphorus ah a lot times through just eating the protein in |
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| 15:14 | diet, protein in our diet gives nitrogen gives us sulfur, sulfur is |
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| 15:18 | to make two amino acids consisting of . So it's critical for us. |
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| 15:24 | But we particularly get it from organic . Um uh then of course the |
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| 15:30 | breaks down this material organic material and sulfur in the process as well. |
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| 15:36 | so it looks like everybody's answered. I'm gonna go ahead and flip |
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| 15:41 | Let's see what we got. Okay let's see at 53 A. And |
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| 15:48 | . Equal. Alright let's see. who answered A. Anyway, Well |
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| 15:56 | know that 30 of you did. which one of the 30 answered |
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| 16:03 | Also look at names. Let's see answered it. Alright I'll get my |
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| 16:10 | . Alright let's see. Uh Hey . Mm hmm. Okay. That's |
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| 16:19 | it doesn't tell me. I don't what the color coding here is. |
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| 16:22 | I guess I don't know. So answers? Come on. Somebody |
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| 16:24 | A who answered A Who answered What did you answer? Seat? |
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| 16:32 | did you answer? What did you ? Who answered? A. For |
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| 16:37 | sakes. Hold up your hands. you. I'm gonna give you 100 |
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| 16:41 | today. Okay. Professing up. don't answer. What? So what |
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| 16:45 | you so afraid of? What are so scared of dignity? Have I |
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| 16:52 | embarrassed anybody in your like this? course not tell you what you're gonna |
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| 16:56 | . Goodness gracious. Okay. So why do you think it it |
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| 17:04 | ? So it's more it's more what would you say terms of oxides swimmers |
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| 17:09 | reduced for? Yeah correct. It's more oxidized form of of the sulfur |
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| 17:17 | . Okay so A. Is the answer. Okay and you were afraid |
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| 17:25 | didn't want to fess up. Alright A. Is correct that you as |
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| 17:29 | said uh that sulfate represents the most form of those three contacts. |
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| 17:36 | elemental sulfur sulfate and H. two . Okay. Now you could I |
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| 17:41 | expect you to do this? Um not gonna have to do it, |
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| 17:44 | not required to do it. you won't even be tested on |
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| 17:47 | Okay. But if you wanted to back to chemistry class and figure out |
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| 17:52 | states, right, You find that is a plus six. That's a |
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| 17:59 | sulfide. Right, that's zero. course. Okay, let me let |
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| 18:04 | get this stuff out of the way Back then up there. Okay, |
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| 18:12 | um of course I'm not expecting to that. But but the thing about |
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| 18:17 | oxidation state of molecule is one way look at is how how electron poor |
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| 18:23 | it in a way? Okay. and so sulfate can be reduced to |
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| 18:28 | to to sulfide. Okay, sulfide is the more reduced form. |
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| 18:35 | It's sulfates become reduced to form And sulfide is a form that can |
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| 18:42 | as a donor. Okay, so little trophy. Right, That uses |
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| 18:47 | compounds for energy. Could use iron sulfide oxidized and get the electrons from |
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| 18:53 | . And then that will be part its what would feed its electron transport |
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| 18:58 | . So this would be um Okay, B and C. Or |
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| 19:08 | . And A. Is reduction. , and so electrons oops goodness. |
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| 19:20 | right, let me uh I don't what I just did there. There |
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| 19:25 | go. Oh shut up. All , back to here. Okay so |
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| 19:31 | on let me try again. Oh damn it. Okay, try this |
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| 19:45 | . Mhm. Oh thank goodness. um Okay so as mentioned these are |
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| 19:58 | zones just abbreviate oxidation, oxidation Okay so um so this is basically |
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| 20:12 | segue to get into anaerobic respiration. so um anaerobic respiration. Obviously you're |
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| 20:18 | something other than oxygen as a terrible er um and so sulfate serves that |
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| 20:24 | in this example um in sulfur reducing for example we'll talk about those |
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| 20:31 | Um And so when we look at , remember it's which what's at the |
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| 20:39 | the terminal accepted? Okay and so look at um e coli, |
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| 20:45 | this is what can do in terms anaerobic restoration. Thanks to get to |
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| 20:50 | on over here. Right, Terminal reductase. That's the enzyme that air |
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| 20:56 | with that terminal acceptance. So it's , it's oxygen. Okay. As |
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| 21:04 | can see here, if it's it can be one of these. |
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| 21:11 | and so among anaerobic aspiring bacteria, can vary from what they can use |
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| 21:17 | and they can use multiple terminal except as eco act him. And if |
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| 21:23 | if you're able to do that then have to have the particular type of |
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| 21:30 | what's called terminal oxidant reductase because that's to be specific to the particular |
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| 21:35 | Alright. And so the pain was to it. You can use uh |
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| 21:40 | of these internal consecutive. Now of you can also uh have different donors |
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| 21:47 | feed the system. Okay and um remember the N. E. |
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| 21:53 | H. Right? That's a product the oxidation of glucose for example. |
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| 21:59 | . So as far as the glucose break it down, you make any |
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| 22:01 | but some of these molecules can act direct connect directly with electron transport chain |
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| 22:08 | eight hydrogen and lactate. And so these are all donors that give up |
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| 22:14 | electrons the system and then terminal terminate one of these terminal except ear's. |
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| 22:22 | . So um it certainly gives bacteria can do this versatility. Right? |
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| 22:29 | um in addition to this, the . Coli can also ferment. So |
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| 22:33 | a three headed monster if you will trapped. Um Now so again, |
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| 22:41 | memorize tables. This isn't even in notes. I just want to put |
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| 22:44 | in there just to show you uh things. One is these are tables |
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| 22:50 | for nitrogen and sulfur, nitrogen sulfur tend to be ones that are involved |
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| 22:57 | a lot of times in either an respiration or in Little trophy. |
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| 23:03 | so the little trophy is uh use oxidation of a inorganic molecule to get |
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| 23:11 | from it, get the electron and electron transport system. Um And so |
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| 23:17 | so so you're gonna see these nitrogen sulfur compounds in different contexts in one |
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| 23:24 | . It's okay. Using it as terminal acceptance. Okay. The other |
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| 23:29 | is oh I'm a little trophy. these are the forms I can |
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| 23:33 | Okay. And so when we look both tables, look at focusing on |
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| 23:37 | oxidation state. Okay, so looking this. Right, so here's a |
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| 23:44 | value. Right? These are more forms. Let me just move |
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| 23:51 | So more reduced forms. More oxidized . Okay, more reduced. All |
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| 23:58 | up here. More oxidized. Of . Right. And so the forms |
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| 24:04 | will be used for the terminal except will be the more oxidized form because |
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| 24:11 | have room to hold electrons. But way. Alright, so it always |
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| 24:14 | back to to this diagram again. , so you're more oxidized forms here |
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| 24:30 | more reduced here, defeated. So more reduced forms, get the electrons |
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| 24:39 | the system, then hand them down the more oxidized forms which then become |
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| 24:43 | . Okay, so nitrate is very uh terminal except er in internal |
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| 24:50 | A lot e coli and a lot its relatives can can do this. |
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| 24:55 | salmonella entra factor etcetera. Uh If a lab, a lot of the |
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| 25:01 | you're using there are types that can this um inspire and aerobically using |
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| 25:06 | Uh So nitrate and nitrite are both common. Okay. Um Now, |
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| 25:13 | terms of the other end, looking eat a inorganic source ammonium, mine |
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| 25:19 | a good choice. Okay, she oxidize ammonia to nitrite. Nitrite to |
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| 25:25 | . So those are kind of the that little troll fuses. Okay, |
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| 25:30 | then it was sulfur similarly more oxidized up here. Right? And so |
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| 25:38 | serve as terminal except ear's. So sulfate reduction sulfur reduction sulfate. Very |
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| 25:47 | among those types that acts as a sector. Okay. Sulfide on the |
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| 25:52 | hand, this is the more This is what a little trough would |
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| 25:56 | . Right? Or elemental sulfur in cases. Okay. Because if the |
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| 26:05 | the purpose Okay. Mhm. Is um So for local trophy won an |
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| 26:13 | source before a source of electrons. ? So take it the molecule |
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| 26:18 | Get those electrons right. Sophie would be a very good would not serve |
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| 26:23 | good purpose for that. Okay. sulfide would it's the more reduced. |
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| 26:28 | . So that's again looking at what we talking about? We're talking about |
|
| 26:32 | at the trouble except er end or appear feeding it. Right. And |
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| 26:37 | choices are gonna be based on what use for more oxidized form that's really |
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| 26:41 | fit. Okay. Um So remember it's uh uh you know what's available |
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| 26:48 | an organism both move ever and so going to have to make these decisions |
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| 26:55 | on this kind of chemical properties. . So um Okay so as I |
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| 27:02 | , nitrogen sulfur as electronic sector is common. So in in terrestrial ecosystems |
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| 27:08 | certainly nitrogen compounds. And so here we're looking at nitrogen forms of nitrogen |
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| 27:15 | accepted. Okay, terminal acceptance for . And so nitrate. So in |
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| 27:21 | direction we're going more and more And so um the and so bacteria |
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| 27:33 | have not necessarily have all of these use as a terrorist criminal inspector. |
|
| 27:39 | have pairs maybe nitrate nitrite. Uh happened? But they may have two |
|
| 27:44 | three of these. Not not all them. Okay, now this term |
|
| 27:48 | is similar tutorial. Okay, there's similar story processes and dissimilar Torrey. |
|
| 27:55 | . What that refers to is in process is the is the end product |
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| 28:02 | the process, one that the cell onto and becomes part of the |
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| 28:07 | Okay. The end product is used is incorporated into the biomass. That's |
|
| 28:13 | similar story. If it's this similar , it's not especially let go into |
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| 28:17 | environment and they can potentially be used others. Letter nearby. Okay. |
|
| 28:23 | as similar story and discriminatory. Um so we look at nitrogen, we'll |
|
| 28:28 | more closer at this in the next . The nitrogen cycle. And so |
|
| 28:33 | election cycle uh takes three different forms nitrogen. Okay. And there's three |
|
| 28:41 | processes associated with actually more than But we're just looking at three right |
|
| 28:46 | um that relate to how it cycles the environment. Okay, so nitrogen |
|
| 28:52 | , or often called the triangle is to life on earth because remember that |
|
| 28:58 | ecosystems, um your primary producers Your plants or your allergy uh photosynthetic |
|
| 29:06 | right there. The foundation, Um because they support all the levels |
|
| 29:10 | them. Okay. Different loads of . Um whether herbivores, carnivores et |
|
| 29:17 | . Okay so you got to keep happy and what keeps them happy of |
|
| 29:22 | is light right? Photosynthesize light Others there's some variations there we'll see |
|
| 29:29 | water for sure. And but they make their own minerals. So nitrogen |
|
| 29:35 | . N. P. Alright are the environment are scarce. Okay Because |
|
| 29:42 | soon as they appear they're rapidly Okay so um when you do see |
|
| 29:49 | of natural phosphate in the environment that set into motion certain processes sometimes we |
|
| 29:55 | can be problematic. Okay we'll often about that in unit three. |
|
| 30:00 | Um But one of those is actually overuse of fertilizers can lead to bad |
|
| 30:06 | . Will mention that briefly here in second. But nonetheless um uh the |
|
| 30:11 | cycling of these different nitrogen forms important all life is this is all driven |
|
| 30:16 | bacteria that do these different sides of triangle. Okay. And so we |
|
| 30:21 | atmospheric nitrogen Which of course is almost in the in our in our |
|
| 30:28 | And so in order to bring that us an ecosystem we use fixation. |
|
| 30:32 | so that's a process uh bacterial process does that. So now we bring |
|
| 30:37 | into the environment out of the atmosphere the environment in the form of |
|
| 30:42 | Um Most of the process here is to plant bacteria associations. Um I'll |
|
| 30:54 | that for you at three. But that's the primary form that brings actually |
|
| 31:00 | um A two and then we have course, little Trophy is down |
|
| 31:05 | Alright, so using nitrogen ammonium as energy source. Right? Oxidize it |
|
| 31:11 | form nitrate nitrite to nitrate and other that's done. So that's this is |
|
| 31:16 | Little Trophy. And then the advocation anaerobic respiration. Right? So |
|
| 31:22 | what part of the process are we at? What's feeding the electron transport |
|
| 31:26 | or what's at the end? So in the identification, we're basically |
|
| 31:30 | at this. Mhm. Right that's what that part of the triangle |
|
| 31:37 | . Discriminatory de notification. So, into is forming back into the |
|
| 31:44 | Okay. But of course that can balanced by the loss of hydrogen can |
|
| 31:49 | balanced by fixation of it. so the there is a process that |
|
| 31:58 | will can form ammonia as well through I think it's uh yeah, nitrate |
|
| 32:08 | reduction. Okay, you can actually , don't worry about writing this |
|
| 32:13 | you know, to, you three to ammonia. That's another way |
|
| 32:17 | can go. That's actually what's called modification reaction. So that that can |
|
| 32:22 | ammonia as well. Can I? that's and that's gonna be assimilated. |
|
| 32:27 | . That's what we call it. similar story process. So the ammonia |
|
| 32:29 | has taken in and used by Okay So nitrogen compounds then you can have |
|
| 32:39 | compounds. So so we're gonna in a few minutes. We're gonna see |
|
| 32:45 | same components, both nitrogen and but they're going to be in the |
|
| 32:49 | of the oxidized forms that become Okay, as we look at little |
|
| 32:54 | . Okay, so here we're still anaerobic respiration. So with sulfur compounds |
|
| 32:59 | sulfur, these kind of metabolisms with are very common in marine ecosystems. |
|
| 33:08 | has a much higher sulfur content than freshwater or even terrestrial environments. |
|
| 33:14 | so because of that higher level of in seawater, you see these kinds |
|
| 33:20 | metabolisms more commonly. Okay. And in terms of respiration and thermal except |
|
| 33:27 | again, no one bacterium will have of these as eternal. Except we |
|
| 33:32 | have to be three. But the is we are re reducing again, |
|
| 33:37 | , reduced the sulfate and so on we get to sulfide. Okay, |
|
| 33:42 | more the most reduced form here. , so uh so one of the |
|
| 33:48 | you see in marine environments, particularly depths of the oceans are these thermal |
|
| 33:52 | . Okay, so think of them underwater volcanoes that are spewing out lava |
|
| 33:58 | gasses and stuff. Right? So among the products spewed out their heavy |
|
| 34:04 | iron so hard and so far, and gas um C. 02. |
|
| 34:13 | so uh the iron and sulfur together of give the appearance of a very |
|
| 34:20 | smoky the area around the fence. like something just smoke everywhere. That's |
|
| 34:28 | it looks. But these conservative nutrients course for things like little tropes down |
|
| 34:34 | and they do okay so we have metabolisms going on products of one being |
|
| 34:41 | by others as reactant. And so one of the things you do see |
|
| 34:45 | because of course we're spewing out lava is hot. Okay, you're gonna |
|
| 34:50 | a temperature gradient around this vent which be very hot at the mouth. |
|
| 34:56 | you see it you'll see hypothermia files and farther down thermal files than your |
|
| 35:01 | music files are like us. They're moderate temperatures. So you'll see a |
|
| 35:05 | range of these kinds of types here different types of sulfur sulfur metabolism. |
|
| 35:12 | . And so some of the things see are Using like H. two |
|
| 35:16 | . As a as a source or . two or iron. Okay again |
|
| 35:23 | are all materials that come out of that was out of the bank. |
|
| 35:28 | so the activity of sulfur oxidation here be then used. These can then |
|
| 35:34 | used for example by a sulfate Okay that will use this for anaerobic |
|
| 35:43 | . Okay, similarly other types can these other things as um every three |
|
| 35:48 | can be used as a trouble accepting well. So so again, you're |
|
| 35:52 | to see all these kinds of metabolisms here. Um And then remembering little |
|
| 35:58 | are also autotrophs. They pick SEO . Right? So they'll have |
|
| 36:03 | 0. 2 as a vent gas can rely on for that property. |
|
| 36:08 | And then what you also see obviously of microbial life going on but it |
|
| 36:13 | is rich in in uh higher more life as well particularly these things. |
|
| 36:20 | So before I get to that so Central is a term that relates to |
|
| 36:26 | kind of where everybody's kind of feeding right where yeah materials being oxidized, |
|
| 36:33 | down other other types then use those for their own metabolism and everybody's kind |
|
| 36:38 | working together so to speak. That's we call central protect. So again |
|
| 36:43 | I mentioned in in addition to that microbial life down here it can be |
|
| 36:47 | thick. Uh You'll also see symbiotic between these types and these what are |
|
| 36:54 | giant tube worms. Okay and so they'll be like a um they'll stretch |
|
| 37:01 | like almost there back this way. be around these vents and take up |
|
| 37:06 | space like maybe a football field in . Okay. Just full like a |
|
| 37:13 | of wheat in the field of these worms. Okay. And um they |
|
| 37:19 | a inside is a symbiotic relationship with types of bacteria that used the oxides |
|
| 37:25 | reduced the sulfur compounds for respiration fix . Two. And the scientific station |
|
| 37:31 | organic materials and that's what these worms off of. Okay so but again |
|
| 37:37 | they're quite plentiful in numbers around these . Uh do these associations with these |
|
| 37:43 | . Okay um now uh so the part of of anaerobic respiration has to |
|
| 37:53 | with what we see commonly in wetland . Okay. And you'll see a |
|
| 38:04 | of respiration. Anaerobic respiration types based terminal except er that relates to |
|
| 38:13 | Okay. So we're going from top bottom here. Okay. And so |
|
| 38:18 | see a difference in reduction potential from positive up here. Okay. two |
|
| 38:27 | negative down here. All right. so and when you do kind of |
|
| 38:34 | environmental field studies you measure all kinds things like nitrogen phosphorus levels. Just |
|
| 38:40 | . Um The levels of ph is one. But also you can measure |
|
| 38:48 | potential. Okay. There's a probe can use and you're basically looking to |
|
| 38:52 | how positive or negative is the Okay. So if you're out there |
|
| 38:57 | you're measuring these redox potentials if it's super super anaerobic environment, what would |
|
| 39:03 | expect to see on your meter should positive or negative. Yes. on |
|
| 39:09 | of 50% chance of being right, . Absolutely negative. Right. Remember |
|
| 39:15 | has that positive reduction potential. And so an area that's positive equates |
|
| 39:22 | an area that's likely aerobic. But as we go to the negative |
|
| 39:26 | , we're getting more and more Okay. And so uh so we |
|
| 39:31 | at the hierarchy of these types of . Okay and again we're looking at |
|
| 39:39 | accepting. These are all different types terminal except ear's whether it's oxygen or |
|
| 39:44 | or uh manganese dioxide or iron. . Or sulfate or C. |
|
| 39:53 | They're all serving as terminal except Okay. Different forms of respiration. |
|
| 40:00 | um so as we go further further we're going to processes that are more |
|
| 40:04 | more anaerobic. Okay and so one the couple of things here is the |
|
| 40:09 | right? These metals like manganese Okay as they become reduced um they |
|
| 40:17 | times very common with metals, metals be very insoluble, okay in in |
|
| 40:24 | . And so as they become reduced tends to make them more soluble. |
|
| 40:29 | so it's an important activity from the that it makes these metals more soluble |
|
| 40:35 | more accessible more a similar can be . Okay and so not to confuse |
|
| 40:41 | here if we're calling this process um need to be called the similar story |
|
| 40:46 | reduction. Okay so that means the is using that except for reducing it |
|
| 40:51 | then the metal is let go. doesn't hold on to it. Okay |
|
| 40:54 | that does make it available for So and and it can be a |
|
| 40:57 | sustainable form that way that can be by others in the ecosystem. Um |
|
| 41:02 | Torrey reduction. It would mean that does hold on to it so it |
|
| 41:06 | go both ways so I can hold to it and let it go and |
|
| 41:09 | different between this similar story. A story. Hold on to it or |
|
| 41:14 | . Okay. And so um so most anaerobic here alright is method of |
|
| 41:22 | which is right here C. 02 form methane. Okay. Very easily |
|
| 41:30 | by um by the presence of Okay so typically gonna be the process |
|
| 41:36 | uh uh at the lower depths really . Um And the reason being is |
|
| 41:42 | ceo too if you recall the table the relax table, C. 02 |
|
| 41:48 | at the very top right? The electro negative negative reduction potential auction at |
|
| 41:54 | at the bottom most positive. So c. 0. 2 has |
|
| 41:58 | been accepted. Okay so you have make sure it's very interesting. And |
|
| 42:05 | uh you you can remember that with um and then with delta view if |
|
| 42:11 | can have a high level of reactant it can make it go. Make |
|
| 42:16 | process go. It actually uses Two. And we'll see this in |
|
| 42:21 | next slide actually you can use hydrogen a source of energy. Okay to |
|
| 42:27 | this process because Sio two is gonna really bad. That's acceptable. But |
|
| 42:30 | you have a choice to which is good you can kind of offset |
|
| 42:33 | But also if you have a lot hydrogen gas. And so you get |
|
| 42:38 | lot of methods of justice where there's lot of fermentation by other organisms because |
|
| 42:42 | give off a church too. So we have the same trophy thing |
|
| 42:48 | products from one records for the So you see methane engines always around |
|
| 42:53 | of other bacteria like fermenting and things giving off H. two. Oftentimes |
|
| 42:58 | a byproduct. And so that helps to grow and do this activity. |
|
| 43:03 | fact, I mean ch methane is worst greenhouse gas than CO. Two |
|
| 43:08 | . So um it's it's uh Canada is an issue in terms of contributing |
|
| 43:16 | the warming and whatnot. Um Any ? So we're gonna we're gonna slip |
|
| 43:24 | This ends the respiration slash um talk reduction potentials and so forth. So |
|
| 43:33 | go next into little Trophy. Okay so again we're not focusing back on |
|
| 43:41 | side. Okay over here we just at this section over here whether a |
|
| 43:48 | or anaerobic respiration. Okay. That's we're focused on the sources in |
|
| 43:55 | So that's a little trophy. Um and so there's kind of two |
|
| 44:02 | . They separate out into little trophy sort of chemo autotrophs is the same |
|
| 44:08 | . Okay. But then in genesis it's kind of this unique thing. |
|
| 44:13 | this little trophy for sure because it's . Um But you do form method |
|
| 44:20 | the process. Okay now um so a trophy inorganic donors. So we |
|
| 44:30 | get. So this is where I earlier about um excess material in the |
|
| 44:39 | like excess fertilizer that's used in these agricultural operations. Um So the |
|
| 44:46 | you remember that bottom running the triangle ? The notification reactions. Right? |
|
| 44:51 | we have ammonia uh oxidized to nitrite nitrate. Okay and so both of |
|
| 45:01 | Are acidic. Alright, nitro gas acid. These both 36 compounds. |
|
| 45:06 | so um if there's an excess of being formed that can affect the soil |
|
| 45:12 | right. And so that can be . Um Now that can occur if |
|
| 45:19 | have excess fertilization class. And so lazar contains of course ammonia phosphate in |
|
| 45:25 | and excess of ammonia. Well then you can have a lot of nitrate |
|
| 45:30 | acid being produced that can certainly affect soil ph So um um and and |
|
| 45:37 | for large values can yield that problem also can yield other problems as |
|
| 45:42 | See um excess. Remember that nitrogen phosphorus are limited in the environment but |
|
| 45:49 | you provide access to these that can an upset in the ecosystem and fertilizer |
|
| 45:56 | from these from these large agricultural areas contribute to that at times. And |
|
| 46:03 | we'll talk more about that in the unit. But but that can be |
|
| 46:07 | issue the because when you have an of nutrients what's going to exploit that |
|
| 46:15 | right because they can assimilate very quickly grow very quickly and sometimes things go |
|
| 46:20 | you don't want to grow because the . So um so they will definitely |
|
| 46:25 | advantage of of any kind of excess that are present. Um So sulfur |
|
| 46:31 | . So sulfur compounds like H. S. Is going to be able |
|
| 46:36 | s and elemental sulfur the more reduced so that they're typically what are utilized |
|
| 46:41 | oxidized to get energy. Uh So nature of sulfur compounds of course self |
|
| 46:48 | acid and product right obviously very acidic uh bacteria that do this are also |
|
| 46:56 | specifically. So acidic files like acid . So they'll thrive in these |
|
| 47:03 | Um But of course the acidity being what could be the issue. |
|
| 47:06 | It was your aquatic then of course potential for raising the ph or uh |
|
| 47:13 | the ph in these areas. That be detrimental to life. Uh Similarly |
|
| 47:18 | oxidation and coupled with iron, it occurs. Okay and so this can |
|
| 47:23 | to corrosion. So you have um example uh iron sulfide which is I |
|
| 47:30 | also known as a pie. I believe it was oxidized to |
|
| 47:37 | Okay. And the process iron is to um M. P. Three |
|
| 47:44 | 22 plus. And so the uh course then you see the amount of |
|
| 47:50 | being produced as a result very Right? That that too can be |
|
| 47:56 | can be corrosive but also you can have the reaction of these two |
|
| 48:02 | Okay you can come you can have oxidation of iron. Okay this becomes |
|
| 48:11 | And sulfur at the same time he reduced okay to H to us. |
|
| 48:20 | so rather too back to FPs too that when that happens. So if |
|
| 48:29 | source of the iron is this is from a structure, a man made |
|
| 48:36 | like a girder from a bridge or pier or something like that in the |
|
| 48:41 | . Okay then that iron in there being used as a source and it's |
|
| 48:46 | oxidized. And sulfur bacteria can do . They'll oxidize the iron and reduce |
|
| 48:52 | sulfur H. Two S. Can be toxic as well. And so |
|
| 48:57 | and so as well the pyrite then the FPs too will begin to pile |
|
| 49:05 | on the beam. Right? So a beam in the water from a |
|
| 49:09 | or something. It's becoming oxidized. you'll see the pyrite will kind of |
|
| 49:12 | in lumps on it. Right as iron is being eaten away oxides from |
|
| 49:17 | the structure. Of course over time weakens and can fail obviously. So |
|
| 49:24 | so iron and sulfur. Where did see that those metabolism oxidation, reduction |
|
| 49:28 | corrosive nous and destruction of stuff. Now the so here I kind of |
|
| 49:36 | to just summarize the whole continuum of um sulfur and nitrogen compounds. So |
|
| 49:44 | looked at it both in the context respiration terminal except ear's and just now |
|
| 49:50 | trophy and donor as being a And so let's put them all together |
|
| 49:54 | see them all at once here. , so we just we just talked |
|
| 49:59 | this little trophies. This can be similar story where they take it in |
|
| 50:03 | on to it. Use it. . And that of course is the |
|
| 50:07 | reaction, ammonia to nitrite to Um then so we're going to the |
|
| 50:15 | oxidized forms, right, reduced sorry, reduced forms of coming |
|
| 50:19 | Then we go to the oxidized forms reduced. And that's the identification. |
|
| 50:25 | , dissimilar torrey process. But it's other end, Right? It's respiration |
|
| 50:29 | these as terminal except ear's okay. then we can close the loop. |
|
| 50:35 | , that's the that part of the . Right? The fixation that that |
|
| 50:40 | brings into back into a moment And so similarly with sulfur compounds um |
|
| 50:48 | reduced forms become oxidized. That's little . Okay, these can be assimilated |
|
| 50:54 | and used. And then uh in . That to this is also dissimilar |
|
| 51:00 | . Okay, Because the H two can basically be let go. But |
|
| 51:05 | that can also be used for little . So um the uh again on |
|
| 51:13 | , on this side over here, are terminal except ear's. So |
|
| 51:17 | both sides of the electron transport chain . Except her. Okay, so |
|
| 51:26 | okay, so with hydrogen trophy. , so this is technically it's little |
|
| 51:34 | because it's H H two is in gang. Right? So we're gonna |
|
| 51:37 | . It's all about oxidizing hydrogen That's little trophy. Okay, now |
|
| 51:44 | the weird thing about it is it's weird. But mechanics what's unusual is |
|
| 51:52 | Um oxidizing H2 is very it's a good energy source. Okay you get |
|
| 51:58 | lot of get a big negative and . two can be relatively common raw |
|
| 52:08 | source. Okay especially in you know and rolling pure cultures and the |
|
| 52:13 | Obviously you're gonna they can be around lot of metabolic activities where H. |
|
| 52:17 | is just a part of an end . So it can be a cheap |
|
| 52:22 | source. Okay so a couple of with being a really good energy |
|
| 52:27 | Big negative delta G. Associated with . Then it's evolved as as a |
|
| 52:33 | a as a metabolism and lots of bacteria. Both little tropes straighten the |
|
| 52:39 | and but also in Hedda tropes. e coli can actually uses this reaction |
|
| 52:44 | well. And you wouldn't call the and lift the trophy. Okay so |
|
| 52:48 | but but again hydra hydra general trophy its own is little trophy. But |
|
| 52:54 | just see it in hetero trophy where wouldn't normally see these other little |
|
| 52:59 | Okay like ammonium ammonium like notification. wouldn't see an E. Coli for |
|
| 53:06 | but you do see higher general Okay so just kind of a cork |
|
| 53:09 | with this with this metabolism with this of Annapolis. So and here's some |
|
| 53:15 | of how H. two oxidation is . So it can be coupled with |
|
| 53:21 | respiration as we see here. That's E coli uses it um uh It |
|
| 53:27 | be coupled with a few moderate the the Oxidation of human right to |
|
| 53:36 | of human destruction. Eight oxidation of two. So what we're seeing here |
|
| 53:40 | kind of a combination of both strictly organic right materials throughout to a combination |
|
| 53:46 | both inorganic and organic. This this just kind of showing you the versatility |
|
| 53:51 | hydrogen of trophy. Right. The types of with the trophy we looked |
|
| 53:56 | with other compounds don't don't Do this way that it does with H2. |
|
| 54:02 | , so just kind of one of unique things uh here um is the |
|
| 54:09 | in genesis right? It is sown Here. Okay and so um in |
|
| 54:20 | again it's a very potent greenhouse gas so than C. 02. It |
|
| 54:27 | H oxidation of H. Two energy that to be able to reduce CO |
|
| 54:32 | because again CO two is a poor er but the energy from here is |
|
| 54:37 | makes it go and um strictly anaerobic it can be offset by Mcdonnell troughs |
|
| 54:44 | oxidized methane. Um And so that of genesis you see very common in |
|
| 54:52 | environments but also in like landfills you have a lot of Sort of |
|
| 54:58 | material being broken down, you have lot of different metabolisms that can generate |
|
| 55:02 | . two. And of course you have different layers in landfill and so |
|
| 55:07 | will be an arab proportion in really landfills. You'll even see that have |
|
| 55:12 | in there Two off to offset the gas being produced. It's so vigorous |
|
| 55:17 | you'll often see in some big landfills flame coming up where they're where they're |
|
| 55:23 | rid of the methane gas but also the most. Well the well that |
|
| 55:29 | is the most common source of methane earth is where. Mhm. It's |
|
| 55:36 | another animal actually. Cows think of the towns and cattle are the wrong |
|
| 55:42 | Earth. And they have of course ruminants, right? They have multiple |
|
| 55:47 | where they digest and one of those highly uh regions. And so um |
|
| 55:54 | so cows are the most common source methane from that activity. So anyway |
|
| 56:05 | is let's see what's the next There's another question. So any questions |
|
| 56:09 | far? Okay. Alright so let's at this question here. Okay. |
|
| 56:19 | So a bacterial this is for it edit. This is really bad |
|
| 56:24 | A bacterial species can grow. Thank . Ain't that either? Can grow |
|
| 56:32 | supplied an energy source and carbon source of H two right energy source carbon |
|
| 56:42 | nitrate as a colonel accepted. Which not if which of the following are |
|
| 56:51 | to this back through Que Energy Source two Carbon Source Nitrate terminal acceptance. |
|
| 57:45 | think more than one of these is then you only have one choice. |
|
| 57:53 | , Okay. Let's see. Yes it is. Uh E all |
|
| 58:06 | . All the above apply. Okay it is hygienic trophy obviously it has |
|
| 58:12 | two being used energy sources. Um is Arabic respiration certainly because it's using |
|
| 58:21 | nitrogen internal except er um it's auto certainly because it says so CO two |
|
| 58:28 | carbon source. Right? And it represent Little Trophy as well. |
|
| 58:34 | the offense. Alright. And this . So e all the above. |
|
| 58:39 | , so let's segue then into the part of this chapter which is on |
|
| 58:45 | program. In fact. So take look at this and I'm gonna reset |
|
| 58:53 | . So which of the following among d. is not is not applicable |
|
| 59:01 | all double underline types of photo Mm hmm. They all progress some |
|
| 59:08 | of life dropping molecule or molecules Fixation Co two. They have some form |
|
| 59:15 | light dependent excitation of a molecule. absorption is converted to some form of |
|
| 59:23 | energy. So which is not applicable all of these. Mhm. |
|
| 60:09 | winding down 3 2, 1. . Yeah, it's the fixation of |
|
| 60:17 | dioxide. So remember photo autotrophs. ? They they the operative word, |
|
| 60:22 | is heliotrope. So they don't fix 02. Okay, so, um |
|
| 60:28 | certainly a C. And D do . So let's look at um little |
|
| 60:35 | about photo troughs. So, um the first group is probably one of |
|
| 60:42 | most familiar with this way for The Z scheme has been called the |
|
| 60:52 | using water as a donor of Uh And then the formation of oxygen |
|
| 60:59 | a result. So oxygen IQ we call it um the way that |
|
| 61:04 | do it, the way that algae it. The way that cyanobacteria do |
|
| 61:08 | . Okay, so this is the this this group of course is the |
|
| 61:13 | representative. Okay. Now and then do have in addition to nestor red |
|
| 61:20 | , the red boxes that sort of . The way you likely learned |
|
| 61:25 | And are most familiar with The two systems, et cetera. The second |
|
| 61:31 | is using something other than water. one of the things that differentiates |
|
| 61:36 | Okay, because of course water is source of oxygen when the sentence is |
|
| 61:41 | out. But you don't have that here. This is why we call |
|
| 61:46 | an oxygen in photosynthesis. No option formed. Um But the other difference |
|
| 61:52 | is you have both photo systems in in photosynthesis one and two. You |
|
| 62:00 | have one or the other? Not . And these other types. These |
|
| 62:05 | strictly only strictly bacteria. Do they from synthesis. And so that the |
|
| 62:10 | type. And so both of these and this one okay, are all |
|
| 62:17 | . All chlorophyll based. Okay. are all chlorophyll based type of This |
|
| 62:23 | an example of the header trove down . Right. So it um it |
|
| 62:30 | have the ability to use it to some energy but its cannot fix you |
|
| 62:35 | . Right. That's the key. then the last group is released different |
|
| 62:41 | the other ones. Okay. Because is a type that's not core field |
|
| 62:46 | . Okay. And so there's no pigments or anything related to it in |
|
| 62:51 | type. It's very different. But is a light driven proton pump. |
|
| 62:58 | . That just that is connected to http sentence. Okay. So it |
|
| 63:02 | make a tPS this way but being head of trophy it uh it |
|
| 63:09 | organic compounds. It doesn't fix the . Okay. And so this is |
|
| 63:13 | the one we'll look at first is system here. Okay, that's probably |
|
| 63:18 | most the most ancient in terms of light as an energy source is probably |
|
| 63:23 | first one that evolved I think might be one of the first ones that |
|
| 63:27 | . Okay. And so um so look at that here. Okay, |
|
| 63:33 | not quite jumping on. So this kind of just a the summary of |
|
| 63:38 | what are what's common to most Okay. In terms of photosynthesis. |
|
| 63:44 | obviously using light capture and you can molecules that are but that didn't do |
|
| 63:52 | . So basically typically for filled and based molecules but there are non floor |
|
| 63:57 | types as well. They can do . Okay, so um the common |
|
| 64:04 | all types. Right. So you're have some type of light absorption is |
|
| 64:09 | accompanied by some excitation of a Okay. And then um and then |
|
| 64:16 | course you're gonna have a membrane membranes of all because you are going |
|
| 64:19 | be generated with protons. Check so and of course the membrane can be |
|
| 64:26 | full of these pictures. Okay. then uh light reception. Right. |
|
| 64:31 | you have some way you capture the have exploitation but then there has to |
|
| 64:35 | translated into energy production. Okay. so of course there's that photo phosphor |
|
| 64:42 | making a tPS. Okay. Now what's not common to all systems is |
|
| 64:51 | tosses. Okay. And so forth reactions. So for example like |
|
| 64:58 | It's common. Okay. That's what's to a plant or analogy or center |
|
| 65:04 | . Okay. H two S is common one for oops human whispering. |
|
| 65:14 | H two s. Is another one see with an oxygen tank system. |
|
| 65:19 | it's bacterial types. We that are little different. Use that as a |
|
| 65:23 | . Um but and so the stripping from these components is light driven. |
|
| 65:31 | ? That's what we call policies but it's not everything. But these non |
|
| 65:39 | based systems don't have that. So they're they're the exception. They |
|
| 65:42 | have a colossus reaction. Right? a very different type of photosynthesis. |
|
| 65:49 | , so let's look at that And so bacterial adoption. So you |
|
| 65:55 | have adoption may ring a bell in head If you take an eight MP |
|
| 66:01 | or intro bio um I believe they about it in the context of |
|
| 66:08 | And so adoption is used um rods cones. I thought this a long |
|
| 66:14 | ago, I can't quite remember it . But their adoptions involved in the |
|
| 66:17 | capture in terms of how you perceive . Okay. There's some evidence that |
|
| 66:23 | of some some relationship there between the uh this material adoption and structurally at |
|
| 66:28 | between the two types. But the use here is of course for |
|
| 66:34 | capture as well. Ah and then then company that to proton pumping. |
|
| 66:40 | , so the reduction uh molecule of there's a protein as you see |
|
| 66:48 | the in red right? The part that chain and then in the middle |
|
| 66:55 | linked to what's called right now. , so right now molecules bonded to |
|
| 67:02 | protein and that's the light absorbing part the protein. Right? This is |
|
| 67:08 | now. So it absorbs light. , there's a shift at this bond |
|
| 67:15 | . Okay. And it basically twists group. We see the light seen |
|
| 67:20 | attached attached to it right now. when that shifts the light absorption then |
|
| 67:27 | moves the whole protein as well. , because they're both made. So |
|
| 67:31 | now absorbs light and shifts and the shifts shape as well. But that |
|
| 67:38 | in shape is linked to a protons or protons being pumped out. |
|
| 67:47 | so his light's absorbed chicken protein pumping out. Okay, so what you're |
|
| 67:54 | basically is a proton gradient as a . Okay. Ah Here And then |
|
| 68:00 | course that's coupled to an eight Okay. And for energy production now |
|
| 68:09 | type of bacteria that do this are . Hello file. Hello? |
|
| 68:13 | Are Kiev um bacterial types. It's rodeo adoption. Um believed to have |
|
| 68:21 | gene transfer between the two groups. how it acquired this. But the |
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| 68:29 | light absorbed is green light. so the bacteria appear so in water |
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| 68:36 | you see this activity will have like purplish color to it. Okay. |
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| 68:43 | And that's because the light absorption you green light, you actually reflect purple |
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| 68:47 | . Okay. And so they often these things purple patches where we have |
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| 68:53 | membranes full of these types of uh adoption molecules absorbing light. And so |
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| 68:59 | purple color again is what's being reflected the green light. Um But it |
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| 69:04 | a it's a non chlorophyll based completely from what we're gonna talk about next |
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| 69:10 | the next time. But the but no no photosynthesis reaction going on. |
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| 69:16 | . It's just simply absorption of photons light. There's no it's not like |
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| 69:22 | electron transport chain and electrons feeding or or photo systems, it's just a |
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| 69:28 | retinal absorbing light shape change, protons out. As simple as that. |
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| 69:34 | , so that's what I mean. it's very different from the other |
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| 69:37 | Okay. But believed to be very and likely maybe one of the first |
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| 69:41 | of photosynthesis on earth. Um, any questions. Okay. That's what |
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| 69:51 | gonna do today. So we're gonna up full of trophy on monday when |
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| 69:56 | get back, you know, a plus a week and a half. |
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| 70:00 | . So, um, I hope get to take some time off next |
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| 70:08 | . We will see you then. |
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