| 00:01 | I started. Good. Mhm. . Beautiful. Okay. Alright folks |
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| 00:53 | get started here. Mhm. So uh well that doesn't look good. |
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| 01:03 | this hurry up. Okay so today the start of the final three |
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| 01:14 | Mhm. It's 13 14 and So um Basically six more electric periods |
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| 01:24 | all covering aspects of medical microbiology. we'll start today with the unique immune |
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| 01:33 | which will go on as well. So obviously we have an exam later |
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| 01:41 | week. Uh Smart work actually do tonight so but nothing nothing do on |
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| 01:50 | so not for another the unit for homework so I'll be until do until |
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| 01:56 | couple of weeks from now. Um else? Uh Let's see um blackboard |
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| 02:04 | quiz. Um This week that will 23. Um And then I think |
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| 02:14 | it will have a final flip class of thing on the covering microbial |
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| 02:22 | So that stuff will be up next actually. Yeah next week I'll have |
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| 02:30 | on for you to view. So um winding down of course we |
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| 02:39 | you know, I'm available this week you have a last minute questions about |
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| 02:44 | from getting him free, It's fine course. Um uh you know so |
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| 02:52 | over time today in Thursday's not three then this is uh this was May |
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| 03:00 | . Right? So remember this this the last example not comprehensive. It's |
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| 03:06 | covering what we're we're gonna begin to about today and for the next three |
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| 03:10 | . Okay so uh any questions or ? Yeah. Okay. Um So |
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| 03:20 | this section room is this section will uh kind of just the basics maybe |
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| 03:26 | of survey fashion of um the immune . So it's set up to first |
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| 03:33 | at um have your community system operates negative system data immune system. And |
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| 03:42 | uh and what you do to fight . Um and then turning that kind |
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| 03:47 | focus to the perspective of pathogenic And so after going through this first |
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| 03:56 | and a half this week and next , mostly next week looking at here |
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| 04:02 | the different ways that you're buying him stop pathogens. Then how they overcome |
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| 04:09 | various opticals. We throw them two disease. And so um of course |
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| 04:18 | communities which you got right from the go write your physical barriers snake of |
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| 04:24 | out here and how they affect Um and one of the various layers |
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| 04:30 | have to go through, right. course, you haven't scared, |
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| 04:35 | Um and other innate differences that block block. Okay. And so we're |
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| 04:41 | at immunity. Of course it's the and totality of your immune system. |
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| 04:46 | then that would resonate uh your resistance the health of the immune system? |
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| 04:54 | , obviously factor into how well you either resistant to or susceptible to potential |
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| 05:01 | in china. Because does infection necessarily disease. What can you? |
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| 05:14 | Because we didn't have, you the population of the variation in new |
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| 05:21 | . We'll have very susceptibilities. So you may have required some sort of |
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| 05:27 | and never know about it because your got rid of it. Okay. |
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| 05:31 | really causing you any symptoms. The probably 50% or more of the population |
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| 05:44 | . Carers. My syria meningitis actually hearing. You were vaccinated for. |
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| 05:51 | causes the primary causes of meningitis and humans. Humans carries on without any |
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| 06:02 | or symptoms of disease. Okay. outbreaks occurred. Andreas it's it's those |
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| 06:08 | , there's already the ones that are source for it. Okay. So |
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| 06:13 | diseases, infectious diseases accidents are actually that's how they occur of course carries |
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| 06:20 | naturally. But then can potentially in those are more susceptible. So certainly |
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| 06:27 | does not any means necessary equal A number of factors play into |
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| 06:31 | Okay. As well as the pathogen . Okay, so um so |
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| 06:38 | so this is what I'm going to you is more Well there is more |
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| 06:42 | certainly to microbial pathogenesis. 25 we'll about in a couple of weeks but |
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| 06:47 | worth showing now. Kind of the of of pathogens to talking disease in |
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| 06:57 | and the reservoir he is. Where to ask the question. Okay, |
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| 07:02 | I want to study pathogen act whatever is. Right, where would I |
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| 07:07 | to go to find it? Uh does not relate to everything. |
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| 07:11 | disease outbreaks, we look for. just you wanna study. Where do |
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| 07:15 | go fight. Okay so there's a gonna be a source where naturally occurs |
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| 07:20 | that's what the reservoir is. Okay the reservoir maybe. Um let's |
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| 07:27 | E coli 0157 what I call the one too born outbreak because you see |
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| 07:36 | is actually found a couch and then got with cab that's your reservoir for |
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| 07:43 | . It may be anybody help the got to get this anybody know |
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| 07:53 | Yes bats. Yeah bats. Uh Although something is a scientist in the |
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| 08:04 | and but and then that doesn't work . They actually came from bats. |
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| 08:09 | that's the that's the that each pattern a particular reservoir reservoir can be humans |
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| 08:17 | for meningitis bacteria. It is humans a reservoir. That's where you go |
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| 08:22 | find it. So then in terms transmission it's okay. How do you |
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| 08:26 | from source reservoir to you? Okay And that's the transmission of course, |
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| 08:36 | um contact transmission, waterborne hall, various types of ways. Okay we'll |
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| 08:44 | about this later. And so of get into a susceptible host. |
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| 08:49 | So in order to disease. And then the microbiota process for that alright |
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| 08:55 | our host host barriers and they host host potentially. Okay um These are |
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| 09:02 | due to different parents factors. Of . Okay and so the collection of |
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| 09:09 | that macron has. Well of course how virulent virulent it may be a |
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| 09:19 | right. And so it's gonna have on the pathogen type, it will |
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| 09:25 | various girls factors to help them overcome different variants the tax for themselves to |
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| 09:35 | produce toxins. That can certainly cause to uh um factors that enable it |
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| 09:42 | it's in your body to spread two tissues in your body. All these |
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| 09:47 | different bureaus factors and all that varies pathogen to pathogen. Okay. Some |
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| 09:54 | pathogen types are ones that um require I mean uh maybe elaborate mechanisms to |
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| 10:04 | deeper into your body. The meningitis is one of those. Right? |
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| 10:08 | has to uh tip the resides in membranes and 100 nasal passage of the |
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| 10:15 | brings the back of the throat. . But in that location doesn't really |
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| 10:21 | us issues since when it gets into but we're crossing the blood brain |
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| 10:27 | Right? And then get into your in there, in your brain. |
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| 10:32 | when you cost advantage. Okay. so that's not easy staying for a |
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| 10:37 | in to do to get through there of course it's highly protected. You |
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| 10:41 | to get tenure uh nervous tissue, ? The neurons are very protective and |
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| 10:48 | there's lots of things to ensure And so that's uh obstacles to |
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| 10:52 | But we'll see how we can help do this. Okay. So again |
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| 10:56 | just depends on the pattern type and and what they do. A cold |
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| 11:02 | is relatively benign. You know in instances and that's one of the things |
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| 11:08 | will hear repeated over and over is is, you know, for |
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| 11:14 | disease, even though that may be right? Invariably with any infectious |
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| 11:20 | there are some that do that. usually one of the dye are what |
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| 11:25 | was part of the spectrum. You very, very only one of those |
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| 11:34 | things. You're very Oh, Because you get older and this |
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| 11:42 | is that what used to be? , very young, still developing. |
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| 11:46 | those are two groups where, you'll see the fatalities don't occur. |
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| 11:52 | , of course you can have those are immunocompromised or something in the middle |
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| 11:56 | , that would be more susceptible. you know, West Nile virus is |
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| 12:01 | in this part country state. And always a few fatalities every year |
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| 12:10 | Uh usually not more than the but nonetheless, typically it's it's something |
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| 12:16 | elderly and very young dad succumbs to . Um, okay, so over |
|
| 12:24 | again, there's more terminology is, course, as you get into medical |
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| 12:29 | has its whole catalog terms. So like pathology, ideology, um, |
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| 12:37 | . So pathology is kind of the process, if you will, ideology |
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| 12:41 | the cause of disease. Okay, , financially, we will uh, |
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| 12:47 | I said, most of this is we're going to cover in chapter 25 |
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| 12:51 | at least set up some of these . So we're gonna focus kind of |
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| 12:55 | our bodies do in terms of fighting things. Okay, so this one |
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| 13:00 | think you're this one so which responds ? Okay. Uh that's the only |
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| 13:10 | system work. I think it's about same. Okay. And so we |
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| 13:17 | of believe you do this last trying. Okay. Yeah. I'm |
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| 13:56 | gonna try to convince you not to a germophobe, germophobe. So try |
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| 13:59 | convince you that at the end of lecture 90 I think. Mhm. |
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| 14:10 | . You need to let's see. yeah, it's it's innate immune |
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| 14:19 | correct? So last time we talked we've talked about the phase variation, |
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| 14:30 | ? And how that's the way that can use that to change their |
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| 14:36 | right? And hide from the And so you're um immune system, |
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| 14:44 | ? And they that immune system uh system is you might say it's |
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| 14:49 | It's right there. Okay. right? Barry um mucus membranes, |
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| 14:56 | ? That lie in your nasal in your body cavities, right? |
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| 14:59 | is also a barrier physical barrier for you breathin ingest. Okay. Um |
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| 15:07 | you know that in terms of first and second line and that literally can |
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| 15:12 | mean just just think of a passenger here and going the layers going |
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| 15:16 | Okay. And so certainly your microbes have on your body already Are a |
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| 15:24 | defense. You have. Okay. line is the second line more relates |
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| 15:29 | the first line more relates to um say surfaces. Okay whether it's skin |
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| 15:36 | mucous membrane but also including their normal Malia. Okay uh there on those |
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| 15:43 | . Okay. The second one is cell types that get involved and processes |
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| 15:51 | get involved. So uh specialized cells your white blood cells. Right? |
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| 15:56 | sites um other cell types but then things like inflammation fever compliment compliment those |
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| 16:06 | cells and those are actually uh proteins proteins in your blood that become |
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| 16:13 | Okay so again process inflammation process fever process uh antimicrobial substances produced by various |
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| 16:24 | your body. So all these are I said either processes or or specific |
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| 16:31 | types. Cannonball. Okay and so with the first kind of face and |
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| 16:37 | surfaces um there's also secretions associated with as well. And these will often |
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| 16:44 | antimicrobial activity which I um now your so again these are obviously but thankfully |
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| 16:58 | especially those cells with the new president can be activated, encountering passages. |
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| 17:06 | and so it's gonna be quicker. ? It's gonna it's there it's gonna |
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| 17:10 | obviously much faster but innate immune I was talking about last time the |
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| 17:15 | that favor radiation right? How animals change And then potentially hide the pattern |
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| 17:21 | their bodies and uses that's because that offense deputy system requires recognition detection, |
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| 17:33 | , their response. Okay so uh themselves T cells and B cells detecting |
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| 17:42 | everybody. Yeah recognizing and binding to Then that binding inducing a response which |
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| 17:53 | is producing something. Okay. And whether it's antibodies brother and that's that |
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| 18:01 | process from detection recognition output this But next time that doesn't happen |
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| 18:10 | Got it. Um You know that you get a vaccine right that is |
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| 18:17 | that requires the resistance soldiers recognize that in the backseat to respond to it |
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| 18:24 | to it because anybody that takes So um so but again it's very |
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| 18:33 | to your immune system defense certainly. and because of that process of specific |
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| 18:41 | right? That's where the specificity comes . All right. So you can |
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| 18:44 | antibodies you can use mm hmm Tend think of something like 10 to the |
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| 18:52 | or something different combinations of antibodies that respond potentially to. Okay so so |
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| 19:02 | important obviously in terms of your defense again not quit. It takes a |
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| 19:08 | time. But remember that pathogen is trying to buy time right? And |
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| 19:12 | can't buying timings they can grow You know how fast bacteria grow. |
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| 19:18 | so um any questions. Okay so and again saying that the that the |
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| 19:29 | system and their response is to Okay. From the engines. Are |
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| 19:36 | really any um timothy protein and reconstructed the periphery Right. About pathogen? |
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| 19:44 | . And for john a capsule O. P. S. Things |
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| 19:51 | are gonna be on the surface Um but technically any of those can |
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| 19:56 | something of your interest in response to . And that's the only way this |
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| 20:02 | . His response to an anti, and so um let's look at this |
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| 20:09 | . So here's where I get Don't be don't be. Okay. |
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| 20:15 | you can thank your wife for providing micro by your blank. Right dr |
|
| 20:43 | . Mhm. Uh It's not like not lucky stars here and thank your |
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| 21:01 | stars. Okay let's see. Could write put um mother or surrogate surrogate |
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| 21:18 | all should be I should put that there as well as a choice. |
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| 21:21 | regardless. Yes it's the birth one gave birth to you. Okay. |
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| 21:29 | This is how you acquired your what's you right now. Although it has |
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| 21:33 | changes over the years. Okay. that's where it began. Okay And |
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| 21:40 | um microbiota and it's important to you undeniable. It's something is intense study |
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| 21:50 | has been for the last 10 years literally finding out something new. But |
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| 21:58 | does for every day it seems like but the obviously the sheer numbers of |
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| 22:05 | . Okay think about Human evolution began six million years ago. And you |
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| 22:15 | have had a microbiome with you for . Humans have had that for the |
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| 22:20 | six million. So there can be doubt You evolve together. Okay how |
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| 22:27 | it not be something about 15. . Um And so this is just |
|
| 22:34 | of don't memorize these values obviously. just to show you kind of the |
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| 22:38 | the numbers look at probably a number anna robes right? And to rope |
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| 22:45 | the ratio of those. Um Certainly track G. U. G. |
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| 22:50 | . Tract. Um The numbers there my modeling really. But as you |
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| 22:57 | on day one right? You have of these on you than your own |
|
| 23:01 | . Okay. But certainly the oh found everywhere in our body that they're |
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| 23:08 | exactly because you don't want them in places obviously that with signals diseases going |
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| 23:14 | if you have bacteria in your heart your organs in your brain, |
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| 23:21 | That's obviously not what it should So that the signal infection but other |
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| 23:25 | that they do occupy almost all other of the body in and out |
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| 23:32 | Okay. And the um acquisition mentioned any differences right? Whether it's informed |
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| 23:44 | um natural childbirth versus versus uh cesarean versus versus from a from a |
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| 23:52 | right? Um because natural traffic company which is caesarea and that's not |
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| 24:03 | Okay, breastfeed that milk contains not lactose nursery for the baby but also |
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| 24:11 | things in there that the baby can like this but that the micro wife |
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| 24:16 | eat. So it's kind of influence what? Okay so if there's been |
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| 24:21 | suggestion that there can be some data that you know babies that negligent childbirth |
|
| 24:27 | breastfeeding have a little bit more diverse microbiome industry than do babies not. |
|
| 24:36 | and uh bob there can be some and they're not in biotech uh that |
|
| 24:42 | change if they could get over But initially did you see some differences |
|
| 24:48 | ? Um Now the one of the things that you do in terms |
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| 24:58 | is there a mirror colonization of your that in itself keeps can keep unwanted |
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| 25:06 | ? Pounds. Okay. This the called this uh ecology term competitive |
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| 25:13 | right? Uh With the textbook no, no two species can occupy |
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| 25:19 | same niche, right? Either one gonna get driven out or or killed |
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| 25:25 | whatever. Right? So they can't can't play the same nick. |
|
| 25:29 | So same idea. Of course. um you know, your microbiota is |
|
| 25:34 | entrenched, you know, they're quite to whether literally it's not an easy |
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| 25:40 | for somebody new to come in and kick them out. Right, So |
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| 25:43 | in itself is good. It's a thing. Okay. Um speaking of |
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| 25:50 | of your book talks about the hygiene . This is where comes in. |
|
| 25:59 | . So um our ancestors of course yeah, if the environments were uh |
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| 26:08 | what it is today. Right. your soaps and lotions and potions and |
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| 26:15 | and everything else. Right? Uh so much better. All right. |
|
| 26:20 | thought that they have more diverse What? Alright. Compared to today |
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| 26:26 | the and that that relates to so having a more robust, diverse |
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| 26:31 | things are better than the right. of the reasons to take probiotics. |
|
| 26:37 | ? Um the the the the the effects that the microbiome gives you in |
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| 26:44 | of the immune system. We there's evidence that they produce chemicals that |
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| 26:52 | we lessen the effects of anti inflammatory compounds and body produces. Um there's |
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| 26:57 | correlation between uh more diverse microbiome helps less incidence of think of allergies and |
|
| 27:07 | and uh I don't mean this one alternative colitis is one of these |
|
| 27:13 | And so um uh so you my I've always wanted I'm not saying |
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| 27:21 | crawl around in sewage. Okay, , that's a little bit extreme. |
|
| 27:26 | , don't don't grow so much on , you know, being afraid |
|
| 27:32 | Okay, so um is anybody in self proclaimed Right. I know there's |
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| 27:42 | out there because I've seen like I laughed and seeing people literally take the |
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| 27:47 | ethanol disinfectant spray, the entire Sure, let's see that. |
|
| 27:52 | so um expose yourself. Don't be of germs, which I should be |
|
| 28:04 | of some right, But I think a healthy healthy, you know, |
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| 28:09 | will be too much of a german . My my point I guess, |
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| 28:12 | regardless Michael by Okay, the what most of them are gonna fit. |
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| 28:19 | this this plus zero stuff is how use a basic way to kind of |
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| 28:28 | the effect of this memorable relationship. so they're all symbiosis and most of |
|
| 28:36 | the bacteria in your microbiome sit first connect realistic or ritualistic. Okay so |
|
| 28:45 | ritualistic. You you're both benefiting from association. So things like microbiome your |
|
| 28:51 | particularly can digest certain types of food you otherwise couldn't uh calories that you |
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| 28:58 | otherwise get nourishment from um to producing types of amino acids and vitamins and |
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| 29:07 | that you're you naturally can't produce um immune system effects as well. So |
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| 29:17 | obviously benefit benefit from that. They they basically at home too. |
|
| 29:23 | Um microbes of course don't harm Big benefit. Okay bring in most |
|
| 29:31 | your type of fit in those two tracked parasitic types that of course will |
|
| 29:38 | yourselves. Right? They uh everything virus. Okay and so um the |
|
| 29:50 | types. So these can come from these two groups here and here. |
|
| 29:59 | could be okay. Opportunistic types. generally if they live their existence where |
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| 30:08 | normally reside, they're particularly okay but when something happens that may cause them |
|
| 30:17 | get into areas of the body that only occupy. That's when problems can |
|
| 30:22 | . A staph infection occurs because of puncture into your skin or something and |
|
| 30:28 | they have access to your body gets and cause effects. So or you |
|
| 30:36 | immuno compromised for some reason containing Or maybe you're going to go into |
|
| 30:42 | that can lessen your reduced immune system and maybe something takes hold. And |
|
| 30:51 | but again, opportunistic types are are no problem. Unless some of |
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| 30:56 | things you need something that's compromised or other something like similar to that, |
|
| 31:00 | I got primary. Let's go. something um uh if you have a |
|
| 31:08 | not there by asking, it's there cause disease. Okay. So, |
|
| 31:14 | , that would be uh Ebola like wouldn't if you had the it's a |
|
| 31:25 | , these kinds of things. um Okay, so here's what's gonna |
|
| 31:32 | us up for the next few So, let's take a look at |
|
| 31:35 | . So, um so which choice false? So you can take a |
|
| 31:42 | at your best guess. All So, you have to see molecules |
|
| 31:48 | tissue, you feel Salieri escalator? a big word. Natural killer |
|
| 31:56 | maps, maps, maps, Right? Really? So here, |
|
| 32:07 | into 1st and 2nd line of defense your immune system. Mm hmm. |
|
| 32:21 | . That's true. So thank Yeah. Okay. Okay. Let's |
|
| 33:07 | I'm gonna guess that. Yes. it is g none None of these |
|
| 33:14 | false. Check. So the MHC is that system that identifies your tissues |
|
| 33:25 | your own and you have to have if you're gonna recognize something that shouldn't |
|
| 33:29 | in your body, then you have have something the entire system that knows |
|
| 33:32 | supposed to be in your body and what MHC molecules are about. |
|
| 33:37 | so neutrophils and uh secondary the second defense. That's what they do. |
|
| 33:44 | early on an infection that they do lot of the work heavy lifting. |
|
| 33:50 | So we'll go through these. Let's let's just move on here and see |
|
| 33:55 | different types. So first line So it's gonna be a little bit |
|
| 33:58 | here because here the first line of in the context of being a |
|
| 34:03 | And then we're gonna see because they produce secretions, they also have a |
|
| 34:07 | to be a chemical barrier as Okay so your skin is relative relatively |
|
| 34:17 | but we have natural openings in the pores, swipe lands. Um But |
|
| 34:24 | from those the skin is pretty pretty barrier to get through. Okay |
|
| 34:29 | And the cells are tightly um several of cells in the skin. Um |
|
| 34:34 | secretion of character characters particularly dense and , where character, right hair. |
|
| 34:45 | it's the secretion as well that covers skin. And so uh an infection |
|
| 34:49 | course like a puncture wound we can a subcutaneous infection. Like a splinter |
|
| 34:53 | these kind of things that gets into skin layer. Um The mucus membranes |
|
| 35:00 | what Lyons like your nasal cavity and throat in your intestinal cavity and so |
|
| 35:05 | . Right? These are all um covering these cavities and um they have |
|
| 35:13 | structures of. For some mucus secretions mucus membranes. These can contain different |
|
| 35:23 | of chemicals. Uh um But those need to be continually moistened and mucus |
|
| 35:30 | that but they can't provide track microbes can contain okay uh is alive. |
|
| 35:40 | um the you swallow relatively constant rate you're passing saliva over your teeth and |
|
| 35:47 | and whatnot. And that that kind provide terminals to kind of keep things |
|
| 35:52 | along. Right? Um Tears of the washing your eyeballs things out. |
|
| 35:58 | watch microbes out um hairs in your . Okay disgusting. Or maybe I |
|
| 36:06 | long hair in my nose because I'm but but uh trap stuff trapped, |
|
| 36:14 | microbes partners. Um Salieri escalator That's in your throat that's constantly moving |
|
| 36:22 | cilia in your throat. Plus mucus to track my approach and constant movement |
|
| 36:29 | coughing out. Expel these things. really keep your logs free from microbes |
|
| 36:36 | debris in one month. Um And of course covers the good pipe so |
|
| 36:43 | can get down in there, relax stuff in your ears. Okay uh |
|
| 36:49 | digestion by constant movement, intestines, keeps things moving so um so again |
|
| 36:59 | these parties innate immune system defense. and so now we look at these |
|
| 37:04 | the context of chemical factors because they're these secretions have chemicals in them. |
|
| 37:09 | so one thing that's common to many these so whether it's um skin |
|
| 37:17 | perspiration for example uh urine saliva you see what's comin that life was like |
|
| 37:23 | now. Uh the grades So we be an antimicrobial agent. And so |
|
| 37:33 | course the skin um primary called primarily positive for staphylococcus Ecuador is one of |
|
| 37:43 | more one of the main ones you there. Um And they tend to |
|
| 37:49 | ah more salt taller. So you produce kind of salty secretions on the |
|
| 37:55 | . And so you know, you in different parts of the body outside |
|
| 38:01 | inside um micro environments can be right? So especially on your skin |
|
| 38:08 | uh I could think of out here your arm for example, compared to |
|
| 38:13 | armpits, right? It's gonna be moist and it's likely going to see |
|
| 38:17 | different collection of microbes in certain areas the body based on the micro environment |
|
| 38:22 | there that's created because remember it's microfiber in the tab logically producing stuff. |
|
| 38:28 | products can be different ph um solidity so osmolarity and so that will create |
|
| 38:39 | micro environments that will you know, turning things out but then I like |
|
| 38:45 | they proliferate in those areas. So going to create this kind of different |
|
| 38:49 | environments all throughout inside and outside your . Okay. Um And so mucous |
|
| 38:56 | of course. Uh So saliva contains as well. Gas reducing the number |
|
| 39:02 | course, low ph there uh vaginal , acidic urine is also slightly |
|
| 39:08 | So um to create yourself and be deterrent to keep certain types out as |
|
| 39:15 | . Okay um defense and so these small proteins and a large variety of |
|
| 39:23 | cells can produce these so can the of your immune system selves. I |
|
| 39:30 | of analogous to me too. Like little little straw that allows you to |
|
| 39:35 | into the membrane and stuff leaks That's kind of how these are kind |
|
| 39:39 | uh some similar cylindrical shape, hollow the middle and circumstances into membrane you |
|
| 39:47 | cause of course called the death of south. So very small. There's |
|
| 39:54 | a large collection of these hundreds that been found produced by different celestial |
|
| 40:00 | which I um now but again, are nice cell type, very type |
|
| 40:08 | protein that can cause damage. um all these are basically consider all |
|
| 40:15 | chemical factors, right? And chemical that relate to skin and mucous |
|
| 40:22 | Okay. Um Alright, so your life receptor. So this I quit |
|
| 40:29 | . Like the alarm. Yeah, a firearm. Money. Small |
|
| 40:36 | Alright, tell everybody this is kind a distance in your body. |
|
| 40:42 | put the alarm to tell your new . Hey, potentially there's something occurring |
|
| 40:47 | . Let's get forces mobilized. And so the receptors are on a |
|
| 40:56 | of different cell types. They are things like nuclear fills your white blood |
|
| 41:02 | . Macrophages have these as well. a number of immune system cells |
|
| 41:07 | But so to others that aren't directly of the community when your immune system |
|
| 41:12 | . But what they do they recognize their suffering recognized um the the earlier |
|
| 41:22 | is pam's p. Right now they it maps in general terms um the |
|
| 41:29 | stanford pathogen and stands for micro the . M. P. S. |
|
| 41:33 | the same. So that means associated past I honestly think of these as |
|
| 41:40 | in fact but they look for these so it's a right the new acid |
|
| 41:47 | sequence of is recognized for example. it could be enough PS there or |
|
| 41:54 | kind of things that are recognized and what they call the maps used to |
|
| 41:58 | called champs. Okay I have a name but the point is that they |
|
| 42:04 | right the binding induces let me get away induces an effect. Okay so |
|
| 42:13 | look at that here. So here's example of a that's macrophage actually |
|
| 42:27 | So it will buy two. One these maps or pants on a potential |
|
| 42:34 | and that's what initiates a response. so you can have not just toll |
|
| 42:40 | receptors of the running so these are the surface right there in the cytoplasmic |
|
| 42:46 | . Okay you can't have what are internal receptors and LRS. Okay there |
|
| 42:52 | the cytoplasm. Okay so both will these kinds of paths. Right so |
|
| 42:59 | the pathogen and uh it may the a bind to the toll like receptor |
|
| 43:06 | or a spike of a virus may . Okay and that uh or remember |
|
| 43:14 | um one of the things we learn this section. We're already aware that |
|
| 43:19 | viruses infect the host, sounding inside replicate inside. But so too we'll |
|
| 43:27 | in this section that bacteria bacteria this be there's certain e coli. All |
|
| 43:34 | . That can actually invade the cell well. Okay. They're not using |
|
| 43:39 | cell. They're using the cell to to hide out from the immune system |
|
| 43:46 | two. Do that plus go further your body. Get into more and |
|
| 43:51 | tissues. So you'll learn that bacteria do that as well but for a |
|
| 43:56 | purpose than what the virus does it . So regardless. So so pathogens |
|
| 44:05 | viral and bacterial types not all the types a survival camp but they can |
|
| 44:11 | inside the cell but inside the So maybe they produce a toxin that |
|
| 44:16 | be something that combined. Two And one of these internal receptors in Nl |
|
| 44:21 | not like receptor. Okay. Or it's part of a viruses, viruses |
|
| 44:27 | in the cell and maybe one of proteins attacked us to one of these |
|
| 44:31 | that too can trigger a response. the response that's triggered is it's kind |
|
| 44:37 | a cascade of that. So one to another leads to another ultimately produce |
|
| 44:44 | and cytokines, that term we heard lot in this in this section. |
|
| 44:51 | turn for chemicals that have varied effects response to an infection. Okay. |
|
| 45:00 | among these are believes that this is whole needs, right? These are |
|
| 45:05 | of the major effects of a And they have different things that study |
|
| 45:10 | is kind of a generic term. sometimes things can be things like um |
|
| 45:16 | is when you hear of it can interfere on the side of my |
|
| 45:20 | Um and so we'll we'll see names others. But but they all fit |
|
| 45:24 | category and they can have one or of these functions. So, you |
|
| 45:28 | , attractive too to draw themselves to site of the battery based on |
|
| 45:35 | So one of the things we learned next time is so neutrophils are one |
|
| 45:42 | your primary infection fighters early in the when you feel fat, they're found |
|
| 45:47 | their blood. Right? They circulate your circulatory system. Um So if |
|
| 45:53 | were in a fight an infection assuming the effect the pandemic is not in |
|
| 46:00 | blood, right? If it is that's a whole other issue. But |
|
| 46:04 | it's there in there in tissues and localized in a certain region. |
|
| 46:09 | So the point is you got to out of the blood into this around |
|
| 46:14 | area and that's what basically active factors they kind of make the blood vessels |
|
| 46:19 | and and then do their thing. . Um that was part of the |
|
| 46:27 | makes it activated t cells. So cells are very instrumental in controlling the |
|
| 46:36 | immune system response. Okay, activated . So macrophages are one of your |
|
| 46:44 | specific cell types extract and activated. makes them more more famous city. |
|
| 46:52 | so again these are these are some the major functions but there are lots |
|
| 46:56 | of these other other side of kinds induce fever. For example others can |
|
| 47:01 | the complement activation cycle. So it Okay. But the point here is |
|
| 47:07 | this these cytokines are like alerting the . Okay. So it occurs when |
|
| 47:15 | things by TL are on the outside the cell. Yeah. L |
|
| 47:21 | L R receptor on the inside of that will trigger release these chemicals. |
|
| 47:26 | . Because that's the only way provides to know what's going on. All |
|
| 47:30 | your all your cells. Right. to each other through chemicals of certain |
|
| 47:36 | and the new system, there's no . So they respond to sacrifice like |
|
| 47:41 | . Okay. Um And so example cell types, right neutrophils? Um |
|
| 47:51 | , lymphocytes. Okay so another So we're gonna talk about the cell |
|
| 47:57 | in the body fight infection. So immune system cell types are which? |
|
| 48:35 | . Mhm. Do you do And the magic word is yeah, |
|
| 49:14 | . Okay, so lymphocytes, T , b cells all your your |
|
| 49:20 | So um Alright so the second line things. So how about skin? |
|
| 49:28 | can memorize uh that's different types of . Okay. Special ourselves. So |
|
| 49:36 | so in your plasma so you look blood breaking up, you can centrifuge |
|
| 49:41 | and you get different fractions. the plasma contains the protein components here |
|
| 49:46 | bodies comments. Um the rest is cell types, right? So what |
|
| 49:52 | call form? So platelets are basically , approaching fragments, cell fragments |
|
| 49:58 | Um but then you have what we formed elements of red blood cells. |
|
| 50:02 | remember red blood cells do not have nucleus right? There basically are um |
|
| 50:08 | malevolent right to bind oxygen. retro sites, that's what red blood |
|
| 50:14 | are. Of course Lucas sites, blood cells. So he's gonna be |
|
| 50:18 | infection fighters are for the most part all of them. Uh Well, |
|
| 50:22 | do indirectly, but some are directly at times. Some don't. That's |
|
| 50:26 | their thing. Sometimes send out but the term granule sites versus a |
|
| 50:34 | sites only has to deal with how look under light microscopy. Okay, |
|
| 50:41 | grand sights you see there have a appearance. You see that little brain |
|
| 50:45 | the microscope. Again, you don't that so much of a grand sites |
|
| 50:49 | surely yeah, distinction between those two . Um And so in fact, |
|
| 50:58 | grand rules in these unfulfilled basic the essentials actually contain chemicals that are |
|
| 51:03 | but have these two which is not visible under a microscope. So, |
|
| 51:12 | , it's a historical term. Let's these two groups and nevertheless, um |
|
| 51:18 | let's look at um graduates sites. . To neutrophils, one of your |
|
| 51:25 | infection fighters have mentioned, certainly blood high concentration. Uh, the term |
|
| 51:32 | morpho nuclear Lucas science relates to what nucleus look like. Right? You |
|
| 51:39 | the lobes here, it's like four this one has like 1234 loads. |
|
| 51:46 | ? It's all connected. It's it's all. So that's what they |
|
| 51:51 | it. Probably more for nuclear Okay, so again, very high |
|
| 51:57 | of blood, 70%. Okay. again, their job is kind of |
|
| 52:03 | defining factor that they sweet. So the whole process will talk about |
|
| 52:08 | But that's where they do their Um, baseball fields. So these |
|
| 52:14 | more about releasing chemical. It feels , if you have allergies, |
|
| 52:23 | your hay fever and runny nose and eyes, you can often blame on |
|
| 52:29 | . And another cell type called mast , They bind these uh allergic allergens |
|
| 52:38 | pollen right now, pollen is nuts the roof right now. And so |
|
| 52:42 | those you can have, those are hyper responses these things over these chemicals |
|
| 52:47 | these effects. Okay. But but are important in inflammatory response and producing |
|
| 52:53 | that bring about the response which is . But their numbers are much less |
|
| 52:59 | blood. And that's what these values . The values of their, of |
|
| 53:03 | abundance in circulating blood. Right? baseball's are rather low in terms of |
|
| 53:09 | using the fields to the higher they do have something to say activity |
|
| 53:16 | their role is often in dealing with pathogens. So you're thinking well what |
|
| 53:22 | you talking about there? Were you ? We're kind of focused on single |
|
| 53:27 | microbes right. As pathogens in this . But they're gonna be much larger |
|
| 53:32 | . Alright means things like worms and parasites and even types. And so |
|
| 53:37 | do have which are full of different of toxic chemicals that get released. |
|
| 53:42 | so they actually there's a process we'll . So one of the things you'll |
|
| 53:47 | that you can have your innate your and native system defenses were like an |
|
| 53:52 | filled pattern. Right? But you also you have the identity response where |
|
| 53:58 | have that anybody has produced for example interact with the passage and do their |
|
| 54:03 | . But both can come together as at certain times. So you'll see |
|
| 54:12 | interacting with us in for example uh help been buying. So we'll see |
|
| 54:21 | well to interact with antibodies. So overlap opportunity were opponents of one interact |
|
| 54:28 | the other system. Okay. Especially . Okay. So so the point |
|
| 54:35 | there's there's times from both both sides together to work and his senior field |
|
| 54:41 | one of those where you'll have a pathogen. Right. And then the |
|
| 54:46 | Phil will collect but then through antibodies for the Y six structures. |
|
| 54:56 | So in other fields have the ability bind the one side of an |
|
| 55:00 | Alright, there's our antibody. So can buy it here to the pathogen |
|
| 55:05 | then by and here to the Right? So kind of that's what |
|
| 55:09 | of that brings them all together. ? So now that the chemicals are |
|
| 55:12 | that the pathogen through antibodies and then chemicals. And so so collectively the |
|
| 55:19 | can kill the larger pattern. That's of what what goes on. Don't |
|
| 55:24 | about this so much right now, we're gonna talk about this this is |
|
| 55:27 | response called. It's a long It's a antibody dependent. So mediated |
|
| 55:36 | toxicity. Don't worry about it But that's that's what it is involved |
|
| 55:41 | and even center fields. Okay. point is it's about bringing down really |
|
| 55:45 | pathogens. Okay. Um ah I wanna do that. Damn it. |
|
| 55:50 | on. Okay, back to this . Okay, there we go. |
|
| 55:57 | . Okay, so modest size or blood. But then no exit and |
|
| 56:08 | into your back system. Okay. that's what will differentiate into these types |
|
| 56:14 | macrophages and dendritic cells. So, facts. And then we'll talk about |
|
| 56:19 | is really the domain of macrophages. cells uh and lymphocytes B cells and |
|
| 56:27 | cells. It's right. Uh If had a sore throat, you'll see |
|
| 56:35 | know your documents of this. You see the swelling, Right? |
|
| 56:39 | have you have lands here that emphatic that will swell up because of the |
|
| 56:45 | of lymphocytes, B cells and T are proliferating causing as well. |
|
| 56:53 | so that's common if you have an that lymphatic glands swell up somewhere because |
|
| 56:57 | production of of these taxes cells. But that's kind of where they that's |
|
| 57:02 | of their hangout. Fantasist. Um so macrophages. Dendritic cells are very |
|
| 57:09 | . Videos types. Okay. And two cell types are also ones that |
|
| 57:15 | with the closely worked with the adaptive . They interact with two cells. |
|
| 57:22 | . Um and that's what this is in turn cell comes from. |
|
| 57:28 | Is that is that those who work the adaptive immune system? And so |
|
| 57:34 | again they interact with T cells and see. We'll see what the but |
|
| 57:38 | the interaction brings about. Okay. Okay, so Olympus slides here. |
|
| 57:45 | T cells and B cells so you differentiate Tcl retail function by detective. |
|
| 57:55 | . So um because you have to , the panthers could be of to |
|
| 58:02 | their thing in two ways. It be an extra cellular pageant until the |
|
| 58:08 | of the cell and do their Or there can be a virus of |
|
| 58:14 | is one that would be you could so to kind of sort of type |
|
| 58:18 | bacteria. Okay, so you have be able to deal with both |
|
| 58:23 | Right? So because potentially a pattern that's interesting layer you can get inside |
|
| 58:29 | cell and then become a hit from new system. Souls can't detect |
|
| 58:34 | right? And so you have to a system that can interact. |
|
| 58:39 | So fortunately in many cases when a is interest sailor and goes inside of |
|
| 58:45 | cell that can cause changes on the of that cell. And those changes |
|
| 58:52 | what can be recognized by certain stuff deal with interstate and pathogens there, |
|
| 59:00 | t cells recognize these changes. Um literally you have to have a |
|
| 59:06 | to deal with the cops. And then natural killer cells are kind |
|
| 59:10 | their own thing. Okay. That can recognize infected cells in some |
|
| 59:18 | Okay. And and deal with them them. Okay. They can also |
|
| 59:23 | some kind of types of cancer I think one of the areas of |
|
| 59:27 | research is to is to unlock the that that stimulates the cells to recognize |
|
| 59:35 | tumor cells and kind of broaden that to other types of cancer cell |
|
| 59:40 | So, it's it's a way to your new system to fight cancer. |
|
| 59:43 | a lot of research is going on that's particularly medical center to to unlock |
|
| 59:48 | , one of the chemicals that allow themselves to do that to recognize to |
|
| 59:52 | and to enhance that. Okay, really the part of the new area |
|
| 59:58 | chemotherapy is you so to find cancerous um they got your killer sold for |
|
| 60:05 | of those um so this is where get into MHC Okay, molecules and |
|
| 60:16 | um this is the whole self managing . Okay. And so and natural |
|
| 60:24 | look for cells that are affected. like I said, in fact itself |
|
| 60:30 | viral bacterial infected um even cancer cells ? That had changes to the |
|
| 60:38 | Okay. Now it doesn't happen with the itself types. It doesn't sound |
|
| 60:46 | with others when you see these changes service. Okay. And one of |
|
| 60:51 | changes that can occur is the is change in self handles. So look |
|
| 60:56 | that in a second but just for yourself and the one you're probably most |
|
| 61:01 | with. We have a wild guess did you self engine you're very familiar |
|
| 61:06 | , even though you may not know getting blood lightly, you're a |
|
| 61:12 | O. System of your blood. that's one type of self managed that |
|
| 61:17 | doesn't know that you have to uh to get somebody want to receive has |
|
| 61:24 | do with itself engines they possess and HBO is is a system for not |
|
| 61:32 | other settings. It's this it's the system that is the so Andrew system |
|
| 61:38 | your other cells. Okay. That correct themselves. And so um you |
|
| 61:45 | that right if you don't recognize. it is for anybody. Well then |
|
| 61:51 | actually have to have a way to what's foreign and so the MSC systems |
|
| 61:56 | of put tell your body to hate yourselves right now something's coming to your |
|
| 62:02 | that's not recognized does not have that code if you will and that's what |
|
| 62:08 | mount a response. Okay, so in the so they by the target |
|
| 62:15 | the cells that have, you black and these MHC molecules the self |
|
| 62:19 | because they're they're not normal. Something's right about them. Let's get rid |
|
| 62:24 | them. And that's kind of what's on here and so will do that |
|
| 62:29 | the action is perfect. Perfect is like defensive penalties, a sliver nickel |
|
| 62:35 | of proteins that straw was drawn into membrane and stuff. We have kills |
|
| 62:40 | . They can also release these enzymes grand designs. There are Granules that |
|
| 62:44 | released and these induced apoptosis and and all yourselves. You're capable of |
|
| 62:55 | Um it's a mechanism. Self defense really that that tells yourself that |
|
| 63:02 | go kill yourself because you're not functioning ? You're get out. Okay, |
|
| 63:09 | would be bad for the body. away from apoptosis. Is that |
|
| 63:15 | You're being sunburned, bad, you that you a few days later you're |
|
| 63:19 | out their skin cells and I suppose priority. Alright, mutations. And |
|
| 63:28 | you tell them, oh, you into and kill yourself. We don't |
|
| 63:34 | so as well. So um so killer cells get rid of certain infected |
|
| 63:46 | and sometimes cancerous cells. Okay, they don't figures the tires, they |
|
| 63:53 | kill that way. They kill infected um Alright, so here's the MHC |
|
| 64:01 | this is about? So uh stands major history compatibility complex the collection of |
|
| 64:08 | , Right? Um that code for spike proteins that around your self |
|
| 64:15 | Okay. Really think of it as barcode. That's your barcode that that |
|
| 64:22 | is on your cells and tissues that your body they are euros. |
|
| 64:29 | Um of course you um inherit Right here, these these of course |
|
| 64:36 | my mother and father. And so gonna be of course the most compatible |
|
| 64:40 | members of your family here. That's what the whole received an organ |
|
| 64:44 | tissue matching and all this kind of to make sure they're compatible or not |
|
| 64:48 | . That's what this is all This is heavily part that you may |
|
| 64:51 | molecules trying to match those up so they're as close as can be molecular |
|
| 64:59 | . And so um anyway, so two classes, right? The simplest |
|
| 65:06 | to describe it is Okay. Class first. That's only three times. |
|
| 65:12 | , What you see here, dendritic cells. And so, the |
|
| 65:17 | system, it is only for nuclear . Very blood cells out. |
|
| 65:25 | so, it's for new created So uh so anything that's not |
|
| 65:31 | S. L uh T cell I'm . B cell A macrophage or dendritic |
|
| 65:39 | ? They're type one. Right. basically leaves all your other cell |
|
| 65:43 | right? Your skin cells, your cells etcetera. Right. And so |
|
| 65:47 | MHC Class twos are also antigen Okay, we'll talk about what that |
|
| 65:52 | shortly. So Um again, Class . Everything else? Right? |
|
| 66:01 | Mhm. Basically your body your body and various tops. Right. So |
|
| 66:10 | so okay, so MHC antigens, . We can potentially interact with they |
|
| 66:21 | our MHC energies on the self Okay. Yeah. And we'll get |
|
| 66:27 | about t cells next time. But , if virus affect itself or maybe |
|
| 66:33 | improvement bacterian yourself or have changes in . Right. So they likely lack |
|
| 66:42 | may be or may lack or I have partial amounts of these self engines |
|
| 66:47 | is not normal. Right. There be a certain level of these on |
|
| 66:50 | cell surface and if it's not then signals to the body, there's probably |
|
| 66:57 | wrong. Let's get it, let's rid of it. Okay, and |
|
| 66:59 | what this is about. Okay, um let me just show, let |
|
| 67:06 | see. Wait a couple of I'll talk about this here but I'll |
|
| 67:13 | wait until we get to figure acidic and it's better in the in the |
|
| 67:16 | of that. Okay. Any any ? Well, I'm kind of rolling |
|
| 67:22 | . Okay, so alright, lymphatic . So um this uh is simply |
|
| 67:32 | was of course uh in proximity to circulatory system. Um they don't have |
|
| 67:43 | in fact it was pushed through vibe by uh muscle contractions by likely by |
|
| 67:53 | posting of research, ecosystem blood vessels well, all the movements and kind |
|
| 67:57 | moved. In fact a lot in . So you have um uh |
|
| 68:05 | I think I'm a picture here So where your veins and arteries kind |
|
| 68:08 | connect into these capillary beds, Very thin walled blood vessels. That's |
|
| 68:13 | exchange of materials. Right? So capillary beds occur in your vital |
|
| 68:19 | Okay. And that's what helps speed tissues uh nutrients can pass through the |
|
| 68:26 | material. So these these are coming going and of course it's coming out |
|
| 68:30 | the blood. So you're losing volume your blood. So we called |
|
| 68:35 | Do it. Okay so you want collect that back or you want to |
|
| 68:39 | your blood maintained by the wind. you don't get that fluid back so |
|
| 68:44 | system picks that up. Okay? then it will circulate. And eventually |
|
| 68:50 | think the article is where it dumps into the circulatory system and maintain the |
|
| 68:56 | . Okay. And so but the uh that tissue where you have a |
|
| 69:02 | concentration of in fact cells, these T cells and then you tend to |
|
| 69:09 | the macrophages, dendritic cells and And so you can't have collections of |
|
| 69:16 | that get rid of dense areas and informs lands um uh your armpits are |
|
| 69:23 | concentrated with lymphatic tissue uh in your area as well um around your tonsils |
|
| 69:31 | as well uh spleen, right areas your small intestine, even under your |
|
| 69:36 | . There's areas of highly concentrated lymphatic as where they sell to resign. |
|
| 69:41 | can trap trap material either from congested hailed your spleen has lymphatic tissue that |
|
| 69:48 | kind of float your blood and take the microbes, et cetera. So |
|
| 69:54 | an important system alright again, protecting inhaled ingested microbes um and and it's |
|
| 70:00 | you're at at that time. it kind of does its thing. |
|
| 70:05 | , so any of these, you fluids or anything breathe in, come |
|
| 70:09 | contact with these T cells and B those are energy so they can interact |
|
| 70:14 | and then react to detect and produce response was very, very important. |
|
| 70:21 | . Um Okay, so this is example of of kind of concentrated lymphatic |
|
| 70:30 | in certain spots. And so what call gut associated with what you see |
|
| 70:34 | your intestinal wall, what they call patches. Okay, that looks like |
|
| 70:41 | . That's a that would be a section to an intestine. And then |
|
| 70:45 | see these concentrated purple blobs. Our of islam fatty tissue. Okay. |
|
| 70:52 | there is a picture as well. so these again trap microbes fears that |
|
| 70:58 | reading and passing through the intestinal Um And you see that there are |
|
| 71:03 | here and these are lymphatic cells, waiting on the other side that are |
|
| 71:10 | gobble these things up. Uh But similar, similar types of these uh |
|
| 71:17 | lymphatic tissues in different spots on your , under your skin and uh salt |
|
| 71:23 | associated tissue, very similar type of . Um Now, also you will |
|
| 71:31 | see though that pathogens and these are pathogens. They can also use that |
|
| 71:37 | allowed to escape, right? They get inside these kinds of cells, |
|
| 71:42 | and survive and then and then pass them and then get deeper in the |
|
| 71:47 | . So some pathogens nicely can exploit system. We'll see. Um |
|
| 71:53 | so silicosis. Okay, so obviously is a very important function. I'm |
|
| 72:00 | gonna just obviously it's just physically chemically rid of crunch it up. |
|
| 72:08 | But also this this function of antigen presentation as we'll see. All |
|
| 72:15 | So, in terms of macrophages, we call fixed and wandering um certainly |
|
| 72:23 | are are destined to kind of uh if they're kind of skin that kind |
|
| 72:29 | can wander around. Ok, the ones are things that uh there are |
|
| 72:35 | we call macrophages. They live their in the kind of patrolling figure out |
|
| 72:42 | kind of microbes gonna be there. That's one type. So, there |
|
| 72:46 | types of kind of in a certain of your financial plan where they |
|
| 72:49 | others can kind of move around. right. So, in terms of |
|
| 72:52 | , halitosis, you kind of have steps to chemo taxes that hearing suggestions |
|
| 72:57 | in fact. And so, chemo of course, is what will bring |
|
| 73:04 | specific cells to the site where they're . Okay, and so it kind |
|
| 73:09 | shows you the process here um and it begins with um you know, |
|
| 73:16 | something like maybe a T. R. Or something evacuated, they're |
|
| 73:20 | of thrown out and then that the factor function there that draws them to |
|
| 73:25 | site. Okay. Uh they too . Can have here's the tl are |
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| 73:31 | here, right combined and the macrophage whatever the fingers exalt type is can |
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| 73:37 | produce chemicals that alert more cells to to the side of reflection, |
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| 73:42 | Okay, um adherence as just mentioned . So the ingestion process occurring |
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| 73:51 | engulfing and then in closing it into bicycle, what we call a fake |
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| 73:56 | feeding bicycle, right? That can with a license zone. Alright, |
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| 74:02 | the digestion part. So the acidic kind of break it down. |
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| 74:10 | now the other thing, this other . Right? So obviously we're getting |
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| 74:14 | of microbes this way. But then other function of engine presentation. |
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| 74:20 | So you can have this will produce as they're crunching up the microbes, |
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| 74:26 | , proteins and whatnot, they're left can be our engines and you can |
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| 74:31 | those to the body. Okay, there will be So here are engines |
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| 74:37 | , right, that can bind to molecules that being made inside the |
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| 74:42 | Right then, collectively they go to surface. Right? And now this |
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| 74:48 | visible to the, to the immune . So this is where a T |
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| 74:53 | . Alright for telling me to show T cell can't end up here. |
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| 74:59 | into that and they create more effect here um activated and aggravate make it |
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| 75:07 | draw a face to the side so be other effects will occur, positive |
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| 75:12 | . Okay. Um that's the other of this is interaction with the adaptive |
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| 75:17 | system because they got the system only to energy and this is this is |
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| 75:22 | way to do that to alert to the body which I And so um |
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| 75:29 | options Okay, these are chemicals that vago psychosis. Okay, so they |
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| 75:36 | be antibodies, they can be complement protein factors, right? It's |
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| 75:42 | about coding the pathogen. So, an example. So not all pathogens |
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| 75:48 | easily famous. Fantastic castle it Kind of make it kind of slippery |
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| 75:53 | but you can't latch onto it very . And injustice. Okay, so |
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| 75:58 | you do, we'll try to add on top of it that make it |
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| 76:04 | sticky if you want. Okay, so the Smithsonian's are kind of the |
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| 76:08 | stuff that they attached to the pathogen . So they can easily more easily |
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| 76:13 | them in. Right? So this is your antibodies. The antibodies again |
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| 76:19 | this why shape. And so they'll into the pathogen and then the fingers |
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| 76:26 | Excel itself has receptors for that for antibody to And so collectively The whole |
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| 76:35 | gets engulfed. Right? So otherwise 11 of psychosis here has um could |
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| 76:44 | loved because it can't let do the or something it has but by putting |
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| 76:50 | on it or compliments on it now much more easily figure at times can |
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| 76:55 | taken in and ingested. The whole comes in. So yeah. Something |
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| 77:03 | the antibody itself doing this function or ? Okay. The optimization is the |
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| 77:11 | process of go. Yeah. Um you see a bacteria here with a |
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| 77:17 | thick capsule streptococcus pneumonia for example. Alright. Any any questions otherwise we'll |
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| 77:34 | you all on |
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