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GEOL6395 Petroleum Seismology - Dr. Zhou 2
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00:00 so some of its allies Thank Maria, for recording. So some
00:06 the issues will see again so we also come back, You know,
00:11 next. Chopper, if you have issue of the first one, feel
00:14 to bring up. So this issue not escape because you're gonna taking courses
00:20 down one, even house and others , uh, geologically invitation. Maybe
00:25 Tron in geology. I didn't mention here that all this detail, the
00:33 , such as a sequence analysis relies on the quality offsetting data.
00:40 what are we learning here? Can very useful. So this is a
00:43 escape real fast. Okay, I kind of fly by those things because
00:47 guys put in all this. But , if there are issues, you
00:51 want me to go through the I'm happy to do it. So
00:54 is very beyond my so the modern . This is like interpretation side.
01:00 just want to show you here the are interpreted, the sequence boundaries,
01:06 know, on shorelines, or this shoreline example cross sections. I'm not
01:12 talk about the same script here in class. Just one kid showing them
01:16 as here as a motivation in the . Okay, interpretation. It is
01:22 an island. Emphasize here. you guys wanna work on this
01:26 I'll be happy. Oh, Okay, you can see all the
01:31 fault here, for example, uh, uh, the sea water
01:38 change Use that change. Uh, alot, definitional terms. You
01:45 high standards stand so on the how make them together on the computer.
01:52 is the old figure. Right There is a lot better than
01:57 but they are issue about sorting, . So on what? I'm seeing
02:03 , actually, the reflection that are relevant not to those details.
02:10 This is something maybe logging. Most are responses. People believe most people
02:18 they are response off on conformity. . Do you know why?
02:26 I'm saying most reflections are responsible by committees, for example, Here you
02:33 on the left all those air I'm saying most reflections are observable toe
02:41 on communities. Anybody want explaining why argue against it? Okay,
02:53 the reason is sad. Similar solution very coarse. Okay. At the
02:59 kill or his uncle resolution. We very coarse. Uh, if you're
03:05 , for example, 50 hertz frequency Second. Okay. Now, if
03:15 have a velocity, I'm just Make a simple example. Uh,
03:20 don't know which was easier. How the 2500 m per second? So
03:27 prevalence? You divided per seconds by hurts. So this that gave you
03:36 50 m in violence? Okay, too sick for most rocks. That's
03:46 vertical resolution, which is the highest , if laterally or even wider
03:51 maybe one mile, half mile, lateral resolution. Okay, so there's
03:56 way we can see individual grants or rock pebbles. The other reason is
04:04 across on, conformity the fabrics off aligned. Okay, for example,
04:12 beneath the opportunity, you have the of surface right so materially and rocks
04:20 a compact much mawr than anyone Even the orientation off brands, grand
04:28 orientation are different. So across on is where you have more chance retained
04:39 lateral continuity off ethnic importance. I the word size of independence. You
04:47 what it is? Says many books that he goes toe velocity times
04:58 heavy. So seismology of fleshing with are more sensitive. The changing
05:08 If there's no change in evidence, want that we won't have reflection.
05:14 , so assuming there so across uncle , is the location most likely you'll
05:23 currently changing. Besides being fitted, the power hurting reflection. You will
05:32 . Okay. So of course, you have ah, amuses 1 50
05:38 violence, which may be extreme in cases, but very typical. If
05:44 have a higher frequencies, you'll get . You get smaller. Smaller,
05:49 example, you have a 100 Okay. For the same velocity,
05:54 will give you 25 m. So find it, I'm sure, but
06:01 almost impossible getting beyond 100 or Very, very, almost impossible unless
06:06 very shallow. Something that I have high frequencies for very, very
06:13 But unfortunately, most petroleum reservoirs a than say, uh two miles.
06:20 least one more half okay, two than the attenuation off the rock medium
06:28 overburden. Well, not a The higher freaking energy go through
06:36 That's that's why What does coherency mean the context? Coherency? Good
06:44 You talk about this, Uh, talk about a sizable attributes,
06:51 You just had mentioned that you said word. I was Yeah. I'm
06:58 . I'm sorry. Not here, in the worst. I'm just saying
07:02 . We could say continue ET. other words, the similarity between
07:08 location, location, lateral continuity. used the word concurrency. Concurrency.
07:16 mean, here, the lateral similarity contiguity. Okay, So most
07:26 if you look in this left left here, you can see a lot
07:30 a lot off Represent beds, So you can see most times when
07:36 see those continues reflections that mean corporate , corporate events on You can see
07:42 , riel. But it is this location here, you see a
07:46 of patches. Reflectors. That is like, off coherency. That's why
07:55 implication here, you won't see much a strong attributes on the attribute.
08:00 plot. Okay, so those are issues. That's why we analyze in
08:06 . We want to see dependence. mentioned a moment ago. Evidence is
08:11 time already. The deviation off if you do that. How
08:19 Uh huh. She or their I don't know I'm sorry, this
08:24 thing that given off activity, then come out with Riblet. We'll give
08:30 a sense. Me on Saturday we get. We'll talk about that end
08:34 today. This is This is a we call the wedge model. This
08:38 a wedge right? Triangular wedge. purpose of these models tried to testing
08:44 the vertical resolution. How things to then you are safe phenomenon, for
08:50 , Here. Very happy to hear . Tony. Tony England's due to
08:56 constructive interference off top. Refreshing bottom flashing because there's nothing bad their top
09:03 there barking information. The two of can join together, either constructively or
09:11 . I'm talking about reflection energy when have worked. Separation on the right
09:17 , Very sick area. The top are separate. Nice enough there.
09:21 interference between them. But when I'm very close to each other, they're
09:24 top of each other. So they're getting issues here. Do they have
09:30 be separated by greater than one In order to create two separate events
09:36 on your frequency and velocity is function ambivalence, a period clearly when I
09:43 a very low velocity are very high . They have more separation. But
09:49 you have ah, higher velocity or frequency combine their separation can be very
09:55 . Another, of course, to with the sickness of the bath.
10:00 oil gas, This of our beds much thinner than, uh, seismic
10:08 we have in the data. So of you all get rid of our
10:11 are in this room, so we're a way kind of hopeless in that
10:17 . But we still try our best resolve something. Alright, Most if
10:22 go to see West Texas or got , I doubt you have. You
10:26 see any all you're producing gas producing thicker than 100 ft. Rarely you
10:35 see a 30 ft bad. It's sick. Most of them probably just
10:39 ft on 5 ft the half So they're much, much thinner than
10:44 Waveland. A periods. So the common common cases you have very,
10:51 you can see. There, there there is. I,
10:55 two surfaces. You just say one combined. That's the challenge.
11:04 Yeah, again. Welcome to I'm showing something about about actually that
11:09 is This is a flow chart. not gonna go detail here, just
11:13 case you have. You have interest look through this later on. Have
11:16 time toe, discuss them So we'll this again. Here's some example.
11:23 invitation, this one, uh, reef. Okay, so nice.
11:28 to see geologically, but as you know, that we need some other
11:33 to help us. Like gravity and . Okay, so they're already useful
11:38 they have a strong moderation intensity, magnetic properties. Onda Then the other
11:47 about the reef is, uh, , uh There are dramatic process after
11:54 operational can be huge. Factors changing , uh, parameter we care about
12:01 . Porosity permeability. Okay, so can rework. We're easily Andi.
12:09 because covenants there are good, they're restaurant, restaurant, rock, But
12:13 not the source Walk. So you be. You got holding. You
12:18 have a space holding those holding oil . Okay, so this this cross
12:24 cattle shows you the contrast between original say off for national optimization. All
12:32 versus, uh, organized, property. They can see there's no
12:39 between boundaries off original supplementary features versus rial reservoir property features right as it
12:48 come by. By the probability this this percentage of probability values. There's
12:54 there's no correlation between those two This is why carbonates is very a
13:01 animal flung plastics. If you work the industry, if you're working in
13:07 company's worth the classic, you're to your knowledge, er, very
13:16 Okay, uh, this year, . So between 2012 or 7 to
13:26 , I spent five years as professor Texas Tech. I was always professor
13:31 that time, but I wonder for years Lama calling thereby named George asked
13:36 is Is the what what experts on lodging? Okay, so that's a
13:46 rare scale because most people doing logging classic logging loggers. Okay, so
13:54 you doing logging, for example for it's versus classical is a totally different
14:00 . I'm just telling you, that's imprint incense off when we interpret.
14:05 is also why you need to know about seismic as well as the
14:10 Because if you're only using geology that faces, it won't help you for
14:17 . You got combine them to give some clue about what's going on.
14:21 course, as you know, it's a big issue about fractures or
14:26 organization issues. Okay, so I'm interested. Help people that even at
14:33 beginning level. So you do. must degree here. You got?
14:36 , both. You gotta be more with people through discussion. Communication is
14:42 lot more. So this is called I'm taking from my undergraduate class for
14:47 engineers. Just shows you, you , a number examples. I always
14:52 to showing a number examples because they basis for you to have your scientific
14:59 a lot of time. Your You needed that intuition to kind of
15:04 you a sense. This is in right direction around direction. You have
15:07 very basic idea to build this basic members. Okay, so this is
15:13 product credibility horizontally. Probability versus You have the same rock, for
15:20 . Classics. You have a low , low property, and hyper have
15:26 course. That's the plan. But don't have a confidence is different coming
15:32 this competition. Because you here. , okay. In there.
15:37 So this location here is a bad because you have goals. Basically,
15:42 lighted up property space. They're not . So you have very high
15:49 Very low term. Very bad Very tight. Andi, this other
15:56 , you have actually relatively low perm than 10%. But you have a
16:00 high probability because it's pressure. It's connected. Okay, so fracturing is
16:09 . Key factors, okay, Fracturing one of the key factors impacting carbon
16:17 . I can't even say almost over bars are patrolling tap fractures, huge
16:24 . You can change you the probability quickly. Very significantly. Of
16:30 that's not always good news. Sometimes reservoir destroy a reservoir. But,
16:36 know, it's a big impact because why fracking off the unconventional become big
16:41 . Now they basically changing the probability four through fracturing. Okay, I'm
16:52 go to hear uh, from that first break because I'm sorry for taking
16:57 early break. Let me go a bit here, or you wanna take
17:01 break, which we want to Do you guys want to be a
17:06 You can keep going. It's All right. I'll keep going.
17:10 mean, Maybe we're lucky we We can teach earlier, right?
17:14 don't mind, but our time here that then? Mm Data. What
17:20 ? To me, data means a of things, right. A persuasion
17:25 . But the key point here every that piece you have from field has
17:30 parts. Signal the noise. The problem, however, is a
17:37 defined signal. What is useful? not useful so often for the same
17:43 assets you can using different parts off signals. The final purpose.
17:52 So, for example, as a , I'm not using reflections to the
17:57 images, but I also using the rivals certainly toe building by my last
18:06 . So So my different objectives off are using different part of the data
18:11 a signal. This is a very because for processing guys like me,
18:17 you decided this one signal otherwise, want then have the design the corresponding
18:23 flow to suppress the one you want extracting the one you want,
18:29 You can. That's very simple So that's all for the issue
18:34 It's actually easy to learn a very issue about technology, but in real
18:40 is hard to you optimizing the Okay. You don't want to be
18:48 what he called a multi hands. , you know on the one
18:51 on the other hand, you your wouldn't like that You both want to
18:56 what's the best solution in the UAE same time you need to know the
19:03 reasons why this is my work and much chance it will fail. So
19:09 the answer level? So this is issue. So let me talk about
19:13 quickly about general issue about quality. , certainly there I using zero not
19:20 zero small because zero is strong. public Everything Okay? So my number
19:29 point is the cost in time of . Okay. You don't have a
19:36 . Money toe. Where there's nothing happen. It won't happen now.
19:41 ones Snr first one, of That depends on how you defined what
19:47 signal What is noise? You have that. So you got a different
19:54 resolution. Okay, resolution. Do have resolution? This evolved bandwidth frequency
20:02 with and also low frequency. I'll elaborate about this. Third one
20:08 sampling. Somebody's also cannot for But you need that. You need
20:14 . This almost like a fault for , for example. Example uh,
20:19 redundancy denomination to help you get the quality next one's coverage we call the
20:27 courage, especially in the way something the temporal coverage. Angler courage is
20:32 a mutual and offset of coverage. need this one to help you toe
20:39 it can be. You guys know we lost the model building the last
20:48 beauty. Okay, you lost a of buildings. Most imaging methods require
20:54 to be correct. Elaborate the last small component. But this is a
21:00 importance is go this way. This less important. Number one is the
21:04 important number five usually not so important it's about about the World War Ocean
21:11 situation that the reason not important here because for for for land survey,
21:17 example, it's very hard recording horizontal Somali component is theoretically very useful.
21:25 , uh, it can be very to deal with unless you have adequate
21:31 , technology and money. Okay, I would also give you some of
21:38 raw form here. Here's one typical for because if you say Snr so
21:43 , you're well wrong from raw form Snr, that is about 100 to
21:49 cycles after propagation From this phone source snr probably too poor 120 cycle is
22:00 very far away. You can do simple calculation using my example this moment
22:04 . Okay, so let's say a ago. I give example of 50
22:08 , right? 50 Hertz frequency. gonna go talk about that. I
22:13 about 2.5 kilometer per second velocity, ? So every second you travel 50
22:28 . So after two seconds, you 100 psych already. So maximum four
22:37 . Four seconds right for two Give you 100 cycles. Two thirds
22:43 give you 200 cycles, right? sense. I'm saying beyond four seconds
22:48 hopeless and I didn't go very far if you have lost 2.5 is to
22:53 time because you go, you're You're only going down about five kilometers
22:59 beyond five kilometer. You are I'm just give you a practical
23:05 Of course, if you change the this robe song will change. But
23:10 robes, some actually very important because off in the field. You have
23:15 something. Hurry. They're not you know, to teach other
23:19 So you gotta use your intuition to , Is this too far for the
23:23 resolution or SLR on? Those are practical skill you gotta have.
23:32 There are also other issues involved with quality of imaging. I want to
23:36 to develop here because there are very with the first one. But I
23:40 want to show you the issues involved discussing quality, you gotta have a
23:45 off. The parameters are attributes that feel important. This is also very
23:53 . My working I cooperation the company's looking for you working for Chevron,
23:59 Mobil or where else in the discussion gotta keep your opening Scientific opening
24:09 right? That That's the way Mm hmm. Exchanging professional information.
24:16 gonna give you some practical example about here. This is a radiation pattern
24:23 . Off. Uh, Joe I'm sorry. Uh, Air
24:30 Okay. Why not? Have ah you off the air down there?
24:33 . Here is the map view Air , Probably on both sides, because
24:40 air down both. So you're told like a two array, maybe 12
24:43 side. So here's your air gun . They saw the results. Another
24:48 sauce. It's like, uh, off group all together, Sing
24:55 That's the air down, Ray. you have heard a array. You
25:00 in geology, you know we can can look in the map view
25:04 Jaime. Spherical projection, right? don't know what you guys with your
25:11 ology about keeping strike angles. So is a full circles are lower hemispherical
25:21 . So you're basically putting a ball until July. Rifle lower hemisphere your
25:29 on top of flat service. So middle Let me see the color.
25:33 is red already is to read. using different colors. Sorry. Let
25:39 quickly. How about how about I green? Well, what? I'm
25:43 sure I agree there too. So hard to Children. This is very
25:46 . Already very hard to give me good color. Let me try this
25:50 . Okay. Come on. You blue in the sense So middle here
25:55 going downwards on up there is This is a matter of you.
26:02 , Last east. A sauce. . The map view so middle is
26:10 downwards on the yellow age here. ring is horizontal outside. You see
26:16 number here They're 20 degree for Those angle angle measure from vertical.
26:23 90 degrees horizontal zero degrees Vertical. me. Right. Very simple.
26:29 what do we talk here? Is plotting the energy on the corresponding angle
26:35 to angle here there's a GP There's as unusual angle. So every
26:40 here we put angle so you can the pattern we call the radiation
26:45 What we're saying is that you fire in, you know, in the
26:49 one shot was fire There you can there's a sphere around the shop.
26:55 say along that sphere. What energy function, location, angle they're
27:01 They're not only directional, we'll have equally equal intensity. We call that
27:09 the directional normally directional or m and the rational direction directional. Only the
27:19 means you You have the same energy doesn't matter with direction, but in
27:25 they're not. So we're simple reason sources array is not a single
27:32 You have a many, many different , right? There are many different
27:36 . So they're not air guns. air guns. You can imagine the
27:44 energy wouldn't be operated over the irrational there. Always detail when you claws
27:52 the central frequency of low frequency. hurt. They're actually more only
27:56 But when I goto higher frequency, , he 60 1990 acres. All
28:04 official authority shall come out. This this is this is this blue area
28:10 the area off destructive interference between the signal off individual air guns? All
28:21 , that's the problem. If your has a signature, you can imagine
28:26 results gonna be ugly, right? the horrors homogeneous, you will be
28:30 to say fault because their their sauce this signature is a fake signal
28:37 That's that's the problem. This shows the limitation even from so sorry.
28:43 cannot go very high frequency. I a low frequency. You have a
28:49 homogeneous case. But you get a frequency. There are more political Come
28:55 . Okay, That's the limitation. have a physical war. You can
29:01 if you go to a land data be worse if I'm putting a Bible
29:06 ground while you're changing angle from The intensity of signal changes.
29:15 that's the biggest problem in the land . The non uniformed sauce radiation
29:24 I use the word radiation pattern. , they're not uniformed. That's one
29:30 the biggest problem is very hard to this problem, so we should monitor
29:35 . Let me show you what Here's and learned how you're taking times
29:39 . You can see they are. , they're kind of a spherical
29:43 But not every direction has same phase amplitude are those issues okay? And
29:56 some multitude detail about the deep Of course, geometrical spreading energy will
30:00 with geometry and on the receiver side issue. I'm not going to spend
30:06 time. Most. Joe has a , very low frequency. For
30:10 I'm a very high frequency job. times more than $10. The lower
30:16 , the more expensive, actually, very hard recording low frequency.
30:21 Because imagine if you city in your , drive around the booth pothole,
30:30 can feel the pothole, but if see the trend or big bowl.
30:34 don't feel nothing. It's very hard measure very low frequency emotion because your
30:39 Nativity lost so little free music It's very hard to measure is easier
30:46 measure high frequencies, but higher frequency be attending little more. So we
30:54 these natures restriction. There's no much . Urgency. The heart disease measure
31:02 country Low frequency was very hard to a low frequency. You see the
31:07 here and cost hearing about verticals You can measure very low frequency uses
31:15 thermometer. You talked about more than . You can buy a car.
31:19 just one piece. So you have limitation anyway, So we have to
31:25 what we can do. Another 11 here. Multiple here. Uh,
31:31 a geologist you could feel the measure across the fall. Okay, here's
31:35 for here. You measure the fall want. You want to see how
31:38 changes this three component? You can the change over time. Okay.
31:44 , but you can also do in the relative off the displacement, which
31:49 a velocity, right? You we lost. You basically equals toe
31:56 displacement. Partial time. Tom Violation of different times velocity if you
32:05 Mawr Ikle Observation. Right. So operation here is, uh, part
32:11 the French initiative off velocity or I don't want you think too much
32:18 here, but I'm going to show the idea. There there's three are
32:21 together. But why a marriage with same events? You gotta measure one
32:26 the other because there's issue about accuracy recording. And so in the
32:34 if you geologist measured information across the the instruments we call the Strand meter
32:41 a strand meter measure. Okay, you engineer you care about the
32:48 right? Because engineer care about Newton's force proposing a little operation comes mass
33:00 ? Because that force so engineer, about measuring acceleration. That engineer,
33:06 is geologist. Guess what your vicious usually prefer Well, asking most of
33:13 off are measurable asking were between deformation displacement operation. Sometimes we also have
33:23 parameters to measure, but they all the same thing. But But of
33:28 , the detail of resolution. Yes. Here I will show you
33:35 experiment very famous. One. 19 fifties by this guy recur?
33:42 , the same record we talk about . Really? Okay. Is the
33:46 we talk about? Let me go to my red color pink color.
33:51 the color become a problem here? , this is the impulse. Important
34:00 this spike impulse. Okay, impulses the words will spike. While you're
34:07 an impulse in the source. Everything we call the in course response impulse
34:16 is the response to impulse. Under near field on their far
34:24 If nearby near field means within several evidence. Say to evidence away within
34:29 evidence roughly, you know, 1 5 England's that's come here.
34:34 Far Field museum far away. How we deal with we will deal
34:38 the far field Now you can measure . I said, as I said
34:44 moment ago by but information, velocity or acceleration here. Same
34:50 So we can measure displacement. The t operation where whichever you measure you
34:59 can see that one of them looks Ricker Wavelet, right? Is that
35:09 ? This guy here in watercolor here called a wrecker. Regulate. How
35:17 of you have you seen recommended everybody. Yes. You see,
35:28 I saw people read Handle. Thank . But you see, you're really
35:32 from this maker. What's the different your record on this? Weaker.
35:42 . Flipped there are different. I , I think the requirement that you
35:46 a different from this record, you that if you look your recommend
35:53 see you get Google Online, you see this way. You will say
35:58 . You will see the direction off of this will be like a growing
36:02 of this way. This Rikers upside the usual recommended. That will be
36:09 I like W That's your reader? , Like this way. This is
36:16 upside down rigger. My question. question is why? Why the record
36:23 is upside down. The answer is . Okay. Imagine an air gun
36:32 . You know how we're gonna was . They're gonna basically the high pressure
36:35 the chamber pulling together. Suddenly they air Suddenly that I got walls is
36:43 . You can imagine what when air come out from the air down in
36:49 water. They had a con toe grow, so when they grow from
36:57 Toby, the volume, the maximum that process take time. That the
37:02 is not a very pretty was I mean, it's not like
37:06 It'll be very dynamic. You Barbara in like this. Okay,
37:11 when we reached the maximum size, gonna collapse. You gonna collapse.
37:18 the first collapse inclusion is the most . Nice. More energy. The
37:29 is not is the coming back. I want to tell you is that
37:36 real world it's not. This is this guy is the downside.
37:43 Which Israel source The biggest, Biggest side, not outside. So when
37:50 source upside down. Of course. records after down. So this weaker
37:54 director. So parties reversed the reaction off, uh, for example,
38:06 head heimer to the ground. The force going down is the first we
38:12 that except expectation. The response of media is the biggest signal. So
38:19 have a party reversal. You want say All right? Maybe came to
38:27 too much detail, but I want try to tell you those issues.
38:30 right, so, uh, there issue about the law off decomposition
38:38 So this guy here Young did a time ago in England. Experiments they
38:43 to hold on a war tow It came by. Of course,
38:47 wave goes through this to hold because new will will you live Source sitting
38:53 that I can see the interference off away from so area the two baby
38:57 face They're constructively fear So this is in their construction of fear. That's
39:02 they show this higher energy start here energy But the area of the kind
39:09 kill each other destructive interferes is lower , right? So either way,
39:15 are the way the constructive or destructive defined which way? Okay, so
39:21 shows you the superposition property of This is what the technologists, you
39:28 , try to figure out well We all see the overlapping overlapping a
39:33 a moment ago when describing that a model, the wedge model is basically
39:38 that, from top to bottom, to one interfere, interfere with each
39:44 . Do they interfere constructively from the or destructively kinds of each other?
39:51 the detail. Okay, Clearly, something to do with the distance,
39:56 frequency, attitudes and so on on face. This is talking about
40:03 Horizontal resolution. Okay. Defined You have to Christ for well from
40:11 the space between them on the ways that that's the Waveland. So you
40:17 a way. Have first been from signal from on the spacing between how
40:23 that area between. So from toe here the width of the area
40:28 constructive affair. That's the weight of cardinal resolution. You can imagine,
40:36 is where bra Very, very This is what I said. I'm
40:40 go about why most reflections are laterally events over a large area. They're
40:49 on communities. Okay, I don't to go too much about mathematics
40:55 but you can read about video because a Fresnel zone. I'll tell.
40:59 tell you in a moment, that my first now, Okay? Also
41:03 the moment, Here's what I'm gonna . All. So this is
41:07 little. Since that example, I'm you from Pratt. Is professor in
41:13 . Okay, this is what put source on the upper left corner.
41:17 , one sauce. I will send the waves off. What? We
41:21 this a monochromatic. In other single frequency. So we propagating the
41:25 frequency in the model of a constant . So the frequencies of 300 hertz
41:31 frequency. We fired the shop. what you see. A lot of
41:35 . Just a lot of wiggles. frequency. Okay, then the same
41:41 with fire. Another shot on this . Okay, well, on a
41:48 here, it turned out this second . Here we call this YouTuber wide
41:53 because the first one called the the second one cannot shoot because in
42:02 , it's like Newton's third law fourth and reaction source Receiver are the same
42:09 in the seismology size measurement. They are the responses off the medium whether
42:14 velocity, uh, defamation or acceleration same issue of our medium while putting
42:22 single frequency from the source on a freezing from the shiver. Then you
42:28 put them together. We call the as a way to describing the total
42:34 for us all to receiver. In words, here's a source response
42:39 The zero response. If you stack , you get a response off sauce
42:44 the receiver. Okay. For this so if you do that, you
42:51 this one. This is the same off the receiver on a sauce.
43:00 , so this basically is interference between two ways. Field pattern. You
43:05 those? We call this result friends zones is plural flash No zones.
43:15 first one here showing circle is the friends. No, the first
43:19 They also signal one third. 1/4 . You have this serious off in
43:24 first pattern. Basically. Okay. see this occasion here, this mathematical
43:32 . Short, short conclusion. You this word here. G writes
43:37 You know what she stands for? course. Someone will tell me a
43:42 . I'm sure Church, The sea standard green. Why green? Because
43:52 a guy. Dr Greene. Long ago in Monday's first discovered. This
43:58 is called also called the Greens Function function is another way to describing so
44:04 the impulse response. Remember, talk impulse response for record. Label
44:09 This is all the same thing. is a more mathematical way to describing
44:14 impulse response because the greens function now we care about this one. Because
44:19 is the one single solve single Well, we do things.
44:24 Time? If you can describe One pulse. Now you can take
44:28 same idea to describe the whole Another idea off decomposition on the
44:36 Okay, now this can tell you basically destruction. This is basically your
44:42 . That's the resolution. You talk it. So the example we say
44:46 in the horizontal resolution in just one case. Not with here. The
44:52 resolution. Samos. This was Sam Payne. The same thing.
45:01 you're hard on the resolution is about perpendicular to the direction of a probation
45:06 , social receivers, The resolution. you do reflections in the same
45:12 that's the vertical resolution. So the are hard on the verticals relative.
45:17 me say, I don't know. mean perpendicular to the direction of a
45:21 . It was a very cold means the same direction. So it's actually
45:26 simple, very straightforward, right? most times technology, we care about
45:33 ones which is in the same or we will create propagation. But
45:37 there are many way of defining about three best ones. One by
45:42 Same rigor. One by By this is the one using a larger model
45:48 there's the most famous for the edge No. One but Roddy Roddy is
45:52 finishes, the Colorado principles. So have a different way to find vertical
46:00 . So what is your working Well, what the resolution says along
46:05 trace also small grams. How much you can you see? Is that
46:11 small or that? Why? How can you see? So if I
46:18 you define resolution is ready. How ? Two points you can kill close
46:25 they can tell their their two So here are three way off defined
46:29 resolution one to sweet. So there multiple, always defined resolution. I
46:36 know about you guys are I think most cases I will prefer using,
46:42 the ability, the ability to separate two features that are close to
46:51 You tell their two things not just thing. We're very small,
46:53 very close. Well, I like also because the same as my
46:59 My TV resolution right off my printer doesn't matter. You pick which one
47:06 like. But you can you get idea of a resolution here. This
47:10 how small you can tell there two . Okay, there's a lot of
47:17 here. I'll just give you one . You hear about this TV,
47:23 ? Disable TV. So when we spectrum as the vertical skills often measuring
47:32 that part d d the TV is us. The maximal aptitudes normalized dance
47:40 , normalized of everything else. So I know which one to choose.
47:44 choose this one solely. The dogs Also the curb here for this curve
47:51 the maximums here. So the I still the maximum. For example top
47:58 measure here, that's your a right, That's your a maximum Whatever
48:06 ground zero. So your first thing do is you dividing everybody by the
48:12 which means that location is divide. maxim will be one West region will
48:17 less than one Everybody else less than but only location peak. There will
48:21 one. Okay, then you apply multiple 20 from this localism is time
48:30 . That's why twenties, actually 22 10. Okay, why so Because
48:41 is the power power is the double amplitude so That's why it's to ah
48:46 power, which shows you why the P values always matters. Why it's
48:54 minus volume. Never be part of . Because maximums Why on the local
49:02 zero right. So TV values always always miners my sense. We can
49:18 more about this later on. We a minus 20. That means the
49:23 is 10 times less matters of The violence of 100 times were lower
49:32 2010 times its exponents Slow rhythm logarithms . Okay, I just want to
49:41 something to you from time to This is not a very important but
49:45 just want to show you in case time you saw what DB means?
49:48 , why? It's a way to because we're not. We develop a
49:53 so we can compare apple with Otherwise, apples apple, orange,
49:58 . Meanwhile, the apple with one orange Another survey. I cannot compare
50:03 until normalized. So normalized maximum. , now there are many examples of
50:12 here. I'm gonna give you some measures very often. We want to
50:16 resolution. Was very hard resolution to with band with in this case that
50:21 similar. You can see. I'm you, the right side has high
50:25 because this is the frequency. this Russian frequency, I'll show you
50:30 . So because of this one Slotted , This one for the same trays
50:36 this plot here. I did not . That looks very ugly. Normalized
50:41 that d be will be much Take a log rhythm function.
50:47 This is a real data That's very , like Israel. Data on the
50:55 model showing here again. Show you moment ago so you can talk about
50:58 issues here. But I I'm not multiple and repeated issue. I want
51:04 give you a similarity between tracing We're the same tracing frequency I will
51:10 you. Some similarity disappears. We this a Fourier transform. Have time
51:16 left, left side. You can to the frequent to the right
51:24 Okay. They're probably each other And I started by Nyquist frequency,
51:28 is the maximum possible notice that the , by the way, is achieved
51:35 this one. This was a sink . Things function give you the broadest
51:43 bad ways because it's high resolution because Spike. It was bigger. Richard
51:52 not. Richard. Richard. The looks like triangle. Okay, Now
51:59 say, how come we don't Think something real world. While we
52:03 achieve that, it's only theoretical in real world. You see the example
52:07 recur the real world world. He this by field measurements for some reason
52:14 real world, the impulse response or words like rigorously. Okay, so
52:23 records paper reason I dig it out though some long time ago, you
52:26 , like Grandpa. Great grandpa. . 19 forties, right. 19
52:32 . God, that work was based experimental. The fieldwork they put in
52:37 sauce in the BSP. Well, the field. It's not a theoretical
52:48 . I give you some dry but I gotta do this.
52:50 So this is the nature of this . Uh, the way you can
52:54 me down is the ask questions. have a question on the house on
53:01 previous slide. So what we're saying is that when you have a narrower
53:10 , it's more favorable for resolution because accessing a greater portion of frequency
53:17 Exactly. Actually, you point out important principle behind There's something called uncertainty
53:27 in physics. But in the athletics also called the same name. Which
53:33 the whiff on the same signal or web late in the time.
53:40 the frequency they are reciprocal. In words, something very short in
53:46 In time, space will be very in frequency. Something we're showing frequency
53:52 be very wide in time. So we said higher frequency. We mean
53:59 , very, very broad in I'm sorry when we say high resolution
54:05 in high means the time very narrow . We're narrow like spy like
54:11 A spy? Yeah, Spy you have a flat frequency. But
54:16 you put out of spite here, got a monochromatic way forever because a
54:22 frequency this is a very, very physical principle called uncertainty principle. Al
54:30 received Procol off time frequency. Something long time will be very sorry infrequency
54:37 very long frequency will be very short time, which is reason why we
54:44 have banned with the wider bad The more higher resolution. So is
54:51 really sorry General. Go ahead. ahead. Just say are we
54:55 Because when you observe it, you know which one. It was necessarily
55:01 about yellows with you. I don't the name but someone else I had
55:05 me. I don't have to go the name, so I can't change
55:09 . I wouldn't call it because it does nothing to do with the
55:13 I will say receive. Prosecute Yeah, all time. First
55:18 I don't know. Some of names our city It seems like a misleading
55:27 . Exactly. Exactly. So there a lot of those issues, you
55:31 , I saw your name's macaroni. , I might your name be too
55:35 ? I call that McConnell principle. even better. I like it.
55:40 first step towards fame. Exactly. mean, making them easier to remember
55:45 . Okay, remember, I was if if they were talking about uncertainty
55:51 an analogy to If you observe something the distance in its light source,
55:56 don't know if it's bright or if far away. It could be another
55:59 . E. I think that just they actually talk about this one,
56:06 talk about a different demand. Things 30 can I surprise. These are
56:11 short here. Come from a very So it's not. It's not that
56:17 . But this actually why? Illustrated what? What we see a
56:20 ago. So here example we shall spied on. We show time.
56:26 more ground. Okay, so this very broad band. This kind of
56:30 future almost filter is is the Basically, it's the off the correlation
56:35 a sweep. Okay, we'll talk later on. Don't worry. Too
56:38 detail If you filtering by different band . Way. Call this,
56:44 uh, band pass filtering. I'll this troubles oil filter this four number
56:49 . Once way. 67 Those are four frequencies. We care about it
56:54 the troubles I The first one is lowest pregnancy. The second one is
57:00 low corner, low corner frequency. sort of wise, the high corner
57:06 that the last ones and highest So what? I have traveled
57:10 You have to. Connor's low high corner are low frequency and high
57:16 . So when you see those while can see, you can understand what
57:19 are defined by. Okay. The thing here low, low corner,
57:24 corner, high frequencies on both the we define frequency band with using something
57:31 the octave after the same as the instruments in the 188 degrees or
57:38 Right? So the active, divine following You have, for example,
57:44 low corner on the high corner. this case of low corner is three
57:51 , sweet hi Connor City too. you make a ratio. So seeing
57:56 on top the higher Come on top local mayor Bottoms really beauty wide What
58:02 get somebody Quick, Quick, quick, quick 20 something, Right
58:10 y roughly right? That's the right? That biologicals toe money concepts
58:19 , Somebody engineer somebody I did I can't help but tell you a
58:22 about that, okay? Their story everything like that. Now you have
58:28 21 close to to the power of ? This will be slow. Nobody
58:32 tell me. Was the answer to to power walk. Give you
58:37 That's okay because of X Was X two. Anyone could tell me.
58:43 sure you guys not cheater. I'm be a cheater. That's fine.
58:48 already is fire. So the to exponents is called active is the power
58:55 to That's the octave. Okay, could do the same thing. 62
59:03 by 23 here. Then there's the of 1.5. So we define the
59:13 by the octave which is the two is financial the power index off to
59:24 the band with we talk about Okay, so you can see when
59:29 fielded by different bandwidth you wider. They look nicer complete with original
59:37 my ankle below two. We're not no longer acceptable. I mean,
59:42 getting worse and worse. Worse. , Not about the peak. It's
59:49 the side rules is a slide groups wars the worst. Okay, this
59:57 very similar. If we do test pencil, You know, sometimes I
60:03 student give me homework exam backed by . I'm compliant. Said hey,
60:08 have such a thick pencil, their rules But the right on the signature
60:13 can say you cannot say what they're now. All the sidewalks messing up
60:19 in real world you won't have a spike. Relativity will be up,
60:24 up. Down, up, up, down. So why don't
60:28 too many side groups the site look ? Different letters were overlapping with each
60:35 , so I can imagine you cannot reflection anymore everything or lapping. How
60:39 you tell? You can easily go the first one to go here over
60:48 . But you cannot go back. cannot go back there anymore because they're
60:51 laughing. They're getting messed up. resolution in technology is not just the
60:58 narrow or shop they are is how saddle loops. So several actually mawr
61:06 than the sharpness off the central Because the rial earth has reflected he
61:13 I said, Like, I call a fish bomb like a no,
61:17 cannot finish. You finished a fish , right? Like a fish.
61:21 boom of fish, right? The of fish. I mean, the
61:25 group of each individual Spike. We're writing the neighbors, so make the
61:30 to tell. That's the key issue all the resolution issue in real
61:36 So I think technology we care about ways practically minimum is about two
61:45 Okay, 12 times the minimum. you go beyond below. Two we
61:48 We don't like anymore. It's basically . I could tell you many,
61:52 stories off failure do today's well, flies. I think I will skip
62:01 , issue here and take one more . Okay. I don't always follow
62:10 the plan sections. No worry about . I think I will take a
62:14 me look time so Maria can record . I'll be back between our
62:24 Everything. E means this pays okay is too much too slow too
62:36 Okay. Thanks. Uh, I might have too much you mentioned
62:43 so I'm kind of, uh, myself in the corner later on.
62:49 see. You know have escaped someone's key ones, but its natural beast
62:55 the very beginning of any subject used multi learning terms technology, basically basic
63:04 . I am sure after maybe the couple meeting tomorrow afternoon starting you might
63:11 more, more interesting stuff. Also, I don't know you guys
63:17 . Do you have a lot of this background before? Not if you
63:22 other information issues you found, you Ah, because shadow zone our
63:29 You need mawr elaboration. He also up. I'm happy toe to go
63:35 that or whatever you want to need bring you to. In a
63:41 I feel like I mean, how I say that? See, I'm
63:45 bus driver. You guys, the , you tell me where to drive
63:49 . Okay. I saw within the off subject. I'm happy.
63:54 So, uh, again pay attention the material ahead of time. That
64:00 we can escape or whatever. You see that I should escape. So
64:07 me share the material again. Go . I always curious about one thing
64:11 bandwidth are actually resolution. Is that resolution synonymous with data density? Not
64:22 , Uh, in a way, depend on what I mean. That
64:25 identity if you talk about the bouncing , resolution is more like a defined
64:34 . Uh, if data if data the image you're working out, if
64:39 image result, interpreting in a way heavy. Okay? It's about the
64:45 resolution, defined quality of image. have a picture, for example.
64:51 print out you have lousy printer only you know, 100 pixels per inch
64:56 low resolution. You have TV set very high resolution. That's very high
65:00 . That's high quality. The resolution the images size that the basic
65:05 how big it is smaller. Okay. However, the density of
65:11 has different concept. You know what mean? Rod it up in a
65:17 field Over time or space, I about our pockets. How much hit
65:23 Hit comes on the market on all data issues. Attributes to the quality
65:30 the image on the resolution is only aspect of image if you, in
65:37 to have a best result of require have at least resolution and also
65:45 well, you see there is a signal or fake. Okay, so
65:50 use the words called having a while call the Fidelity. Fidelity is still
65:55 fancy averse. So the image quality quantified the fidelity. But there is
66:02 standard away to say what I I hardly measure physiology. That means
66:07 like high five high fidelity. So certain images, I know the paper
66:14 , very general paper talk about fidelity sentiment in called a measure that so
66:20 factor I feel most important. Three while the resolution, which is well
66:26 on the other one, is a era in university. How accurate.
66:31 position. Your location? Yes, example, you gotta You gotta cross
66:35 profiles, as you could see, fall. Is that food right on
66:40 or can be off in some study ? The core mantle doesn't matter where
66:46 are. But for Twitter Trivia if in the wrong location that they
66:52 gonna miss target, the location can very important. The third one,
66:58 feel important, is, uh, to detecting art effects. In other
67:03 , whatever your shoulder, which was , which features riel feature which feature
67:08 fake. I will have example lateral those those issues, you know,
67:14 for interpreters. I think there's a of appreciation of this for many
67:20 Yeah, so it's a good I appreciate that. So let me
67:24 share the slides again. Uh, where we stop, I have more
67:30 about resolution. Maybe too much, I just give you some practical one
67:34 . Example off bandwidth this time, , kind of 80 hertz, One
67:40 of 1, 500 or so on the importance of low frequency e mean
67:46 blue color Israel low riel model. pink is the result off image.
67:52 , so just show you issue I was in pants and I make
67:57 panel to the game on pan I don't know. I'm not trying
68:01 red color. Yeah, who It's the color. I'm not
68:06 Uh, one ready? Yes. some simple example. Question. I'm
68:13 show you see things. Example. your resolution. We're fine with a
68:19 exercise. I'm doing this for Okay, so he accused the
68:23 So there's three cases off empty special the input, which is green color
68:28 output. So the question is to the frequency change for each case.
68:34 example, a What happened? The answer is ready is a frequent
68:38 on changing the same bandwidth. Why that unchanged? You notice I'm change
68:44 . Right? This is higher here going down has changed. Well,
68:49 you plot, that means you plot as bouncing off original intensity or
68:55 But you're refusing tp using TV or thing. Remember TV with normalizing maximum
69:05 . And it's all the same, ? So case be, You see
69:09 original screen, This one afterwards is . Let narrow down. So my
69:17 that one is the loss of high . The last one, of
69:21 is a lot of low frequency. , So if you ask me which
69:29 the highest quality, of course original not change the highest quality on then
69:34 next one is B. This is . The low frequencies. Most
69:41 So even hospital pregnancy. You have trouble, right? The band With
69:46 ? Change? Okay, I'll just you some concept. For example,
69:52 here's one more example Shows correspondents in left side time on the right side
69:58 frequency by the ways so you can the wider graduates theme, all high
70:04 . So the highest resolution here on works around here. This is worse
70:08 because they're very narrow the sidewalks. will kill you. This is more
70:16 exaggerated. But I'm just give you same thing over and over the same
70:21 mentioned over and over. Here's one off Somebody is kind of all comedy
70:29 a lot of Heisman. What they do with higher with broad one with
70:34 called a brawl the size Basically certain . Dining with for the same
70:39 roughly the same area. This is Norway. This shows you the difference
70:44 detail you can see when broadsides. a lot more detail than you have
70:49 original. Of course, it's more to produce in the producing the bra
70:59 . Okay, Uh, where time a finality about finality. This is
71:06 a measure. Okay, so that's my first one resolution 61 position era
71:15 I'm gonna show example. Here's one . Position. Uh, this is
71:19 test migration priest at this migration. was a long time ago, not
71:24 . Okay, this be this guy , Not me. I call him
71:27 cousin. Well, we're not I just need that home. Although
71:34 know him in person, he can't Houston too. So the same that
71:38 can be the left side of he's . But also model was choppy.
71:45 , the as lobby he has a . Of course you can see which
71:51 is correct. Well, that depends which one models, right? That
71:54 don't know. The model is which was the right which was right.
71:59 I'm just showing you a point that location off the result can be wrong
72:05 can be changed around by your That's why I feel resolution alone is
72:12 enough. You gotta have the right position until drill. You don't know
72:21 . Can you have the jail there know for sure. So you have
72:24 lot of work to assure that which actually practically very difficult on issue with
72:33 . Along with defendant will be number , by the way. But there
72:37 other factors. For example, phase some artifacts. But number one,
72:43 most important wise went with look on . Well, signal with a building
72:51 B and B acronym with BNB on interface image ing on migration.
72:59 I don't know what you guys realize are roughly on schedule. Okay,
73:03 is the third part I anticipate. speaking off the lecturing, our intention
73:12 will be less less. Time goes my last one shorter usually.
73:19 so but this is still very I want to give more detail here
73:23 I believe most of you guys ideologist your dishes. I'm not sure you
73:28 that familiar with face? For you might not amplitude. I'm not
73:33 your face so I'm gonna grow tissue this example is very highly use.
73:40 ? Again. You need to bring your question if you get lost or
73:43 puzzles. Okay. In this plot , I'm showing a signal. The
73:49 lines of signal the landscape is one . So this window here, one
73:54 long, one second data and in . Deadline is a single frequency wave
74:02 20 hertz. The tiny hurts calls . Okay, so I'm compared to
74:08 ways, right? The solid rises signal the deadline is one frequency a
74:14 for 20 years. You can come in this one second time as I
74:19 one second. All right. So we do is we don't do a
74:26 . We cross correlated the two trains here. The true signal versus the
74:32 frequency coastline. Way to do a . Now we can we can changing
74:38 data. We cannot change. But can change that. This single 20
74:42 frequency coastal can change. We thought we can shifting. We can move
74:47 The dash line will around around The data we can also stretch squeeze
74:53 operatives right? You can do So every time we changed the course
74:57 in wave. We completing the correlation . We see the changing of origin
75:04 shifting time shifting or squeeze the Everton's Tragic squeeze that Z we're doing.
75:13 good thing is, you don't do . With just three months, we
75:15 thinking, we do this. so here's the result. It's a
75:21 result. Was it part here? the coefficients off across cooperation? It's
75:28 correlation. So when we have the trees of all being A when they're
75:32 similar, there's a high correlation. they have no similar college Global 01
75:38 college in mid minus. Okay, we just compute that this is
75:44 This here a percentage just percent. of cooperation. It's not 100% because
75:49 different. Curve right? They're not . No, If you look at
75:55 curve here, you can see the here we can changing to thing
76:00 We continue to thing here in this . As I said, we can
76:04 the That's the lines in a here can change the attitudes off this line
76:09 dance, you know, bigger or , or we can shifting the time
76:15 . Right. While we're changing we talk about empty power. When
76:22 shifting time We talk about the part face something to do with time
76:28 time shifting interface. Okay, this , we have the maximum peak.
76:36 maximum correlation between two curves. If measure that location, we can see
76:42 result. Basically, we got a here that that location give you,
76:47 , 100 75 degree because the heart the direction for the sine wave you
76:57 measure by degree. So at this , 175 degrees, we have the
77:04 correlation between the two faces, which showing right here. So that's that
77:10 they're showing here right now. The curve has the same as the best
77:16 . If you're shifting kind or after will be reduced. Okay. This
77:23 actually how we computing. I am through the spectrum. You,
77:30 whatsoever? Well, I was just ask the question about the approximate forget
77:36 and phase. So is that Is the point of greatest harmony between the
77:42 curves. The two way, in way, when we say what we
77:46 the similarity comedy, Miss Similarity. , so when we're doing fully
77:55 we actually try one frequency time looking the best coronation. If you go
78:03 , you know, frequency one hertz hurt three her for hers.
78:07 So 20 hertz, The capital coalition that best coalition we say.
78:13 that's value for this. Frequencies This is how we actually completing a
78:21 We do one frequency of time. for each frequency we try, different
78:27 were looking for the best collagen then measured aptitudes. If you do
78:34 for everything that they might have you will form your empty special like
78:40 . Something like this. So in case, we have 20 hertz right
78:43 . So this is 20 years. that's the value you plot here.
78:47 your That's a value for 20 I'm too special. Of course.
78:51 case, my signal different. This this signal. This is my
78:55 But the similar idea So it doesn't what the input there is.
79:00 you can do in for transforms. transform this way. So can we
79:05 that we just did spectral decomposition? , you can say that this is
79:10 exactly what's going on with the fully . Although the first transform you're familiar
79:16 a mathematical ones. This is the how we actually do it.
79:21 I always say that this is one to do this. You can do
79:24 ways too. It is a decomposition are decomposed. The data into different
79:31 . One frequency of time. I can already tell you. It's
79:38 tell you that this frequency you got bodies. You've got amplitude here.
79:43 still here. It's very for blue . You also gotta face here,
79:48 I got to value. Actually, got aptitudes on the face. So
79:55 we're doing, for instance, for way, for every frequency we got
79:59 readings. One is aptitudes you don't to face. So in this
80:04 are the 2. 20 hers. a particular signal. The face is
80:11 night 1 75 degree. What? mean, what You know, I'm
80:18 you know the empathy. That means biggest small What phase mean? I'll
80:23 you the moment, but I will you right now. First means why
80:28 Why you measure from time zero the from time zero to the notarized
80:38 So every period is a 360 So we're saying you're 175 degree
80:47 Time zero with here to the nearby . Where is nearby? Peak can
80:56 my pain here, right here that distance from their type zero that distance
81:05 distance is small if you don't mean 175 degree. All right. Everything
81:16 to be consistent. No. Where don't get the first time. What
81:21 ? Small. Okay, so any Do this, then we can become
81:27 in tow. Each frequency we call , um, to the spectrum.
81:33 , this shows you the relative energy ample. Choose as functional frequency in
81:40 signal. No data. This is we get spectrum, which is using
81:47 moment ago to complete the resolution. . Right. So special. We
81:51 users especially tell us so now you say that. Hey, this is
81:56 travels. All this is like to their peak. Here. Repeat
82:00 What it looks like. Well, feel that usually we say there's a
82:03 level, which is noise level. of all, that will say
82:07 approximately will be like this. We our transformations, maybe maybe like
82:12 Okay, What's it like? Something that, but with no practical
82:18 It's really deviate too much from travel . We say Okay, it's not
82:21 . I agree. Using whatever you . So travel, though, is
82:26 way off practical way we're using over future. You did have They're not
82:32 on it. There's no reason why is the trouble. Okay,
82:39 out of detail here. Amplitude defended many, many reasons. So media
82:46 , they all impacted employees. If are researching objectives or your business objectives
82:54 care about everything that is not But if you do care without whatever
83:01 then every step you gotta monitor Make sure you won't give you alterations
83:08 everything. Okay? I'm also give example of a rial snr signal
83:16 This is a bottle measurement. The cases the left right, similar
83:20 So the color are three components recording This one on the left. This
83:27 noise level. This is noise. you can see the signals ratio is
83:31 this is not a spectrum. This just the show most level, as
83:35 our Okay, if you follow currency is going from very high going
83:42 then about Noah. But that noise , I'm going up. Same
83:46 Highlights level than going down so usually surface. Very near services, noises
83:53 going down, much higher quality. other exceptions, they're exceptions. Sometimes
83:59 some moist zone, usually something off wave area due to some local channel
84:05 low level. We lost the You have a guide away.
84:12 Have a lot of emerging. I know he was cited. One.
84:15 worried about too much intense mathematics, I will give you some Some people
84:20 between. So here's debate. People Microsoft's monitoring, they argue. So
84:25 using both measurements because of the higher Snr Here versus surface, which is
84:32 deployed more sensors. So people debating a long, long time, which
84:36 more better and so on. But they want they. They agree that
84:42 show host best way kind of balance sides. It's very calm. Com
84:46 . Okay. Ah, Shadow holds cheaper than deeper holes also achieve high
84:54 level. I'm just giving example general . This is not a very this
84:59 of salt information on some issue about in the result. This is a
85:05 shows you really war. Your result not be agreed with each other.
85:11 , The left side is, result of micro earthquakes from I will
85:20 to the world world. Uh The right away from the surface
85:23 So they they don't agree. I , the left what they agreed and
85:27 they don't agree. So it's always problem on. They treat the reason
85:32 the problem. They found a timing . So GPS time sometimes has a
85:37 has, you know, total era some drifting era by one second.
85:42 seconds, three seconds of it Every . Every so often there's jumping
85:50 so you have to worry about Those artificial human Matthew Manmade eras in really
85:55 real world. Next big issues gain game is you correcting the attitudes opportunity
86:04 re skilled amplitude arbitrary. Lett's gain most famous one called ngc automatic gain
86:12 . Okay, their their their their process changing attitudes for example, geometrical
86:19 on attenuation. But there are also mad in processing people, changing
86:25 using a D. C or No control. All right. There
86:30 many others should hear some couple will also lost the impact. So
86:35 agency, I'll make a gain control on gain control. Uh, if
86:40 do, if you're doing you don't do it. You want You want
86:43 use it? Okay. On DPR , we have our RMS agency and
86:52 lance issue. There's a lot of . I think I better show you
86:56 using example. Here's my example. . This is that how that I
87:01 a long time ago using physical This is the biggest shock hater.
87:06 I have a new you're you're upset a farm set. You can see
87:10 wiggle comes by Kind of clean okay? And so I'm just show
87:15 this raw data. You can see quick decay, amplitude element about
87:22 That's a long time direction. They decay very quickly, exponentially. So
87:27 first thing I did I did is do I automatic gain courage in a
87:32 . C per chase. So this the agency portrays HTC portrays, which
87:40 I'm making opportunity. Well, I some function e g. See,
87:46 actually making the statistical aptitudes kind of as function of time. So every
87:54 has similar statistical attitudes. You gotta this because this is the Wiggles.
88:01 it's not equal. So somehow making roughly equal, usually making some function
88:06 wow or T. You know, T square, something like that.
88:11 every trees is balanced. That's the one is then the signal. One
88:16 see, this time I'm balancing every . I'm sure back in the medium
88:23 , different trees equal. Okay, go from original here in a come
88:32 to see, you can see that becomes more kind of evenly.
88:38 uh, isn't traced. Traced from time. Okay, now you can
88:44 that you this arbitrary. Why do ? Well, sometimes you have
88:49 You have to do this. there's nothing. You know you can
88:51 us that come in on the C. A blob of events and
88:54 . Everything else. Why? Nothing see. So almost every professional software
89:02 will display by agency that has not but display has the agency otherwise.
89:06 cannot see anything so you can do if you need to do but not
89:13 this can be undue. Can be . Do you don't want to do
89:19 that you cannot undo, right? can go back then you're in trouble
89:24 we don't know what more we can and do it any more. So
89:26 can do and that's okay. But you're stacking that, it's too
89:30 You cannot. You cannot ask that , right? I just want to
89:34 the example. Show you the Hearing evolved. It's not difficult.
89:39 just issue involved. You're backtracking exactly you're doing. What's the purpose you
89:45 undo as no big deal. But you, while telling am produced you
89:52 to the face because empty the face combined together. Okay, Well,
90:00 I did agency here, I'm not changing amplitude, imagining also changing
90:06 Why? Because they're different frequency The data is composite, different
90:14 When you changing amplitude, you can a distorting your relationship relation relationship between
90:22 frequencies that, in a way, a face. Okay, Now,
90:29 me explain the face in more This is a single frequency we call
90:32 monochromatic single frequency. So what's the for that? Well, if you
90:40 times zero Where time zero. If hear top zero, that's zero
90:45 Because the distance between time zero on peak is now distant 00 degree.
90:53 you change in time zero. Say want this time zero. Okay,
90:57 is a 90 degree faith. This is a wide degree. You can
91:06 that at all. I don't like like a minus one e.
91:09 agree. My, my I'm not argue. This is the issue off
91:13 way. They have multiple picked So pick which around your life?
91:20 we pick the right one. That's how that's how he is.
91:27 can also say that actually is minus degree. Sure. Other than whatever
91:31 feel you follow the same convention you're will be happy. So, in
91:38 , the face off a single frequency depends on where the time zero is
91:46 measured from time zero Tony, arrest The distance, if you're using
91:53 are using radiate. How many pies you, however real that are not
92:02 single frequency. You that our Right? So? Well, it
92:05 be different story. But before we about, let's say one phenomenon about
92:10 way face special, Okay? This actually very, very important, but
92:16 detail. Why? I say I can tell you you can
92:21 say, 10, 0 vs for company you ask them. What?
92:26 face bedroom from my experience, I about half of them don't know for
92:34 . So there's something less use, people offering more, but I usually
92:40 know about it is that that's my for this class. So I show
92:45 , this is a very clear on . I tell you, this is
92:48 face bedroom. Okay, pay attention detail. The very cold is
92:53 Okay, Harmony degree. Why he Melissa, my 80. How many
92:59 ? Okay, remember this degree from nearest time. Zero this time of
93:04 . Time zero Felony arrest peak. , if you're the type zero from
93:09 recipe, okay? For his Now let me do one thing
93:15 You feel to convince my point? . Idea ties. This is
93:22 Applaud this again. I re scale what I did here. I use
93:29 same clock. Come here. I plug here again. I squeeze a
93:32 bit. This is something remarkable. it goes along with a lot of
93:37 , every frequency. See that they being a better frequency. Why?
93:45 saw that's what I said. The is from the peak near its peak
93:51 zero. So if you for the signal. If you're changing the time
93:59 say I don't like the important to this is my new time. Zero
94:04 many times you hear that wants my . Well, your face will be
94:09 this. That's your face special, . Or whatever other one you
94:18 Shoes doesn't matter which one while those one. So when you're changing
94:24 zero your face, that'll change. , you have the same ample
94:34 But you have different phase, which also why we say for the same
94:39 sets you don't change on his very , but time zero your face.
94:44 will change, which is one reason few people people using what? Using
94:49 Because it is so complicated. It's , it is, But I believe
94:57 the future will be more usage of . It's one part of the data
95:01 that very much under used. now, for most time, we
95:08 have a single friend. We have Really? This is really this is
95:11 possibility, you know? Now I see why. Cause zero visibility because
95:16 the peak is right on time. . That's zero face with zero face
95:27 . This was kind of minimal face one from a maximum face.
95:36 What do you mean? Well, the first. Understand why they call
95:41 , but it's a million on People also call this the front loaded
95:46 the loading right from loaded. This called Tell Loaded from time to time
95:54 . Here. Time zero. So what else is beginning? Zoom
95:59 office has energy from maximum face. a view has managed to the tail
96:05 I really mean is everybody has different . The minimum face means among those
96:13 frequencies. They are relative. first peak has minimal difference because they
96:22 minimal difference to that time. Zero , they have maximizing the constructive interference
96:29 different frequencies. Therefore, your front has more energy because they were constructing
96:35 fear. Their location maximum face, contrast, means between the frequencies off
96:44 energy here they have a maximum difference their face off maximum. You
96:51 with alignment among different frequencies. So don't have much constructive interference in
96:59 They have a more constructive here to end. Typically, they are
97:07 So the conclusion is a The face of a blade depends on the
97:15 This is a This is a part what I said about single single frequency
97:20 where Time zero? Yes, but waylaid, which means modern and frequency
97:25 about the ship. If the ship symmetrical, is zero face The front
97:32 one is a minimal face. The one is a pill loaded. This
97:40 terminology here. Okay, Then you ask me what's useful power? What's
97:44 useful? Well, I can tell , my family has a Houston,
97:51 , two useful ones. 10 Last mineral. Face this to a
97:57 common. If you forget about everything about face. Remember two things.
98:02 face. Regulate zero face regulated. . Interpreters loves zero face liberated
98:15 Why? Because your time. Zero on the right, I'm talking.
98:18 example, this is on community, peak right on there so they can
98:22 tracking that right? So, like zero face processing people usually like
98:33 face. It's not because they like because they prefer why. Because there
98:39 many processing methods, for example, convolution become he can often require minimal
98:47 privilege. Okay, Requirement of If you don't have that one they
98:52 do, they won't be stable. , geophysicists will argue that, you
98:58 , faces a physical one the real , the real world signal most likely
99:04 a record like a minimum face. will argue that way, but that's
99:08 true. I can also argue that show about record label it the real
99:12 like Ryker, like Zero Face. are argument that they're not already a
99:18 which were right or wrong. The is, interpreter like zero face processing
99:25 like a minimal face. No We can easily community computing back
99:30 You can change the face through So in the field of processing,
99:36 data sets processor while covering the face through the car everything but before they
99:42 to the interpreter that makes you allow face into zero face. Okay,
99:53 that's the face issue here. So important for interpreters that many of you
99:58 and geologists with that in mind, hear some argument. I'm just showing
100:06 the same little same after special here here. But, you know,
100:12 zero face showing different, different So this guy, Mike Schlumberger or
100:19 friends, I haven't seen him for long time. Hey, clears the
100:23 1974 demonstrating zero face as the best . Another reason why Interpreter loves zero
100:35 . Give you the best resolution. last top today it's something called the
100:45 Signal. This is my last topic . No word of the time.
100:48 doing fine. Okay, So What's a little signal? Okay.
100:53 also called I'm complex trees. Their names for the same thing. The
100:59 arises from practical reason. Okay, I give you a wiggle like those
101:07 notice, those will go. Any of those we go doesn't matter which
101:10 . Maybe that's choosing this one. this easy one if you show
101:16 Is there clear verticals? Amplitude, ? Amplitude. And here's the bottom
101:22 . Okay. Do you notice? ? Many points on along the
101:27 There's something called zero crossing. In words, there's one location. The
101:32 showing zero aptitudes. My initial zero . Does that mean energy?
101:42 Anybody can answer that question by your and zero does that Does that means
101:51 . Zero empathy. It means destructive between frequency components. Good try.
101:59 that's not the reason the energy is zero. Okay, let me try
102:04 to you. I'm gonna join I one father oclock a grandfather clock
102:11 a Mandarin swing. McGrady's I don't . I'm not the artist. Swing
102:18 that side to both sides, I can enjoy the where.
102:25 but I still pending in office Club back forth. So there are two
102:31 energy here involved. There is a energy. There's a kind of magic
102:40 , The energy of e p E . When you are this side or
102:48 side, your potential energy is maximum minimum. Why in the middle lowest
102:54 , you're practically zero. However, the kind of manic energy is the
103:01 here, the lowest 0.0 where the maximum. So this tool is like
103:08 like a sine wave. The other , like cozying way. Okay,
103:13 are also faced by 90 degree So what we're saying is what you're
103:22 system a ground. You mentioned mammograms the ground motion here is here with
103:27 . Open here. Okay, here's cue upon here. You measure ground
103:31 . You're measuring like potential energy. shaking off the now this is a
103:37 the leg of geophones. You can the shaking right off program, but
103:45 only one side. There also can Energy. They're 200 there. Interchange
103:50 other sometime. So you're zero crossing . Has energy not be measured?
103:55 only measure? One side. This the reason for the analytical signal because
104:02 rial energies, like little coil, the real access. Your measuring They're
104:09 imaginary. One. You didn't measure . So if you draw the projection
104:15 t plan, you see a way like this. There's zero crossing on
104:20 projection. But really energy is that a coil three dimensional. So we
104:27 to We need tohave deriving the coil the projected rt plot. We need
104:35 find out what is also, I we missed the I the I
104:41 So the original signals X, which a function off ts functions are
104:49 The analytical one is the three dimensional a three dimensional are imaginary on t
104:55 called a complex. That's what's I'll get a full energy.
105:02 So, Tom Goldman, this is signal here. This is the kind
105:07 humor transform Hilbert transform and I But if you call, the frequency
105:13 be like this. This is how how you care about this. This
105:17 your present form. I don't need go to the hell mathematically. I
105:20 want to spend time on this, know, I can do it,
105:23 it's not. It is not necessary you guys. Eso But you can
105:28 this concept gave you something of the property. This work is the time
105:34 just means is functional time. This a very different from frequency spectrum.
105:40 special is functional. Frequency is the youth dysfunctional time. Okay,
105:47 for example on the Lord envelope. my coil here again. Envelope is
105:55 time. What's the distance from the to the coil? That's envelope.
106:05 , on face is the angle on R I access. So if you
106:12 if you're looking for a side of , you are here. You have
106:16 hear this whole thing rotates right like on this angle here for our to
106:27 there's angle onder angle is your face angle. Are you with me
106:40 Make sure you can write your voice you know, you know,
106:43 It doesn't make sense. So here's illustrations from people's paper. So the
106:50 is a complex traits here. So this is your restart original your
106:57 data. I'll put this as I sorry. Are on this otherwise model
107:05 ? I lost last slide. So said McGrath's crossing here, but it
107:11 is a sweet dimensional. But you envelope. The states around here envelope
107:16 a senior. So energy no. if you can be zero. But
107:21 times no. Zero. This is is God. This is the Chinese
107:27 . This is kind of the Those are important. The attributes all
107:35 , It's actually a lot off way use those in real world. And
107:43 some detail here. I don't need largely. You can do this in
107:46 . You know, you can use question and using for a sensible
107:49 This is how to do this. going to show you some example
107:54 Just final closing off my concept here the concept I never gave you
108:00 We should example. So you know ? I'm talking about it. So
108:04 this example, my signal is, is one. Why is this trade
108:09 ? Traces. Why? See, the business is single figures away.
108:14 ? I'm using them using, amusing pointer. Uh, I'm using
108:20 , so I don't want to read So this is my signal. I
108:23 on here. This is my Okay, so if you do you
108:27 a handful, you'll get the which is a 90 degree after.
108:33 which is this curve here? So that the solid was original two
108:40 the imaginary part, which is uh otherwise I don't see the
108:45 That's what I'm saying. They're offset other. The third one constant
108:49 This third wise middle Evan. All the single frequency. So there's no
108:54 a constant energy. Don't worry about . this'd side issues A graphical is
109:03 fact number four is the instantaneous which is which is constant. Doesn't
109:09 . You have single frequency on his . Remember, face depend on
109:16 Times earlier. So you continue? , for a single frequency, you
109:22 tell the imaginary easily because the same . Just shifting the the angle.
109:29 90 degree. But I have two . It's complicated. This is why
109:35 had to Mathematically. Okay, Why is original signal and go like
109:41 ? Okay, this is basically to either Inter looking on top of each
109:48 so that the Hilbert transform this guy . Okay, but But they're two
109:56 , so they don't have the same . You cannot a shifting achievements.
110:01 have the decomposing frequency. Notice the . Also it also why? Because
110:09 is where the two frequency constructively interfere is where they kinds of each
110:17 Right? So they in face our in face our face. So the
110:23 go like this and then their frequency like this, You know, in
110:29 office in face office. The last here. Five Eastern Daniel's face.
110:40 , One more last example is showing same thing, but for lower
110:46 Same mission as a closure. I you use all this, for
110:50 Oh, I'm sorry. I forgot to example. This is the left
110:54 Time. Right side is instantaneous. , notice. Horizontal is time.
111:00 is not special. This is the frequency. This wine is changing frequency
111:06 . A sweep is changing frequency. one is a few data change
111:12 This was the same frequency that There's no change in frequency, but
111:16 can tell they're different. Uh, wiggles. The last one.
111:22 so some examples that attributes example this looking through opposite is wise. Another
111:29 . I'm all the time here so I'm not going toe elaborate Much
111:33 shows you're using using the this idea transform to detecting detective attributes.
111:42 so I think I'm down for the part. I'm trying to be right
111:46 time. That's why I'm I'm stopping and moving there. And so
111:51 Any questions, folks, I'm always prepared. That's the problem. So
112:02 other questions? I will take a break before we do the crease.
112:08 about that? So we'll do the or you want to crystals after
112:18 Any opinion? Let's take a Okay, let's take a break,
112:25 . Okay. How do we actually ? Do we keep shifting? The
112:32 times You We don't need toe do way. Like I said, if
112:39 using, uh, clever, completely complex trees. Now, you
112:47 complete that easily. You know, why. Why illustrate something as a
112:54 ? That's the concept. But in , we actually using mathematical form like
113:00 hero transform. Okay, so in , it is very easy,
113:05 Using for using forest and form. one slides near the end. I
113:11 that steps three steps for for the time, people multiplied by something that
113:18 works for a transformed. It is fast, very efficient. Yeah.
113:23 conceptual thing different from real competition, things. Which is why we're using
113:28 meth. Okay, so, we're still waiting for everyone else coming
113:35 . Like I said, a few . Embassy every here, off every
113:39 . Great. So if you guys able to using, uh, logging
113:47 blackboard, you can see the I'm just trying to make sure you
113:53 able do that. That's why I'm this way. I'm gonna show you
113:57 mom in the shootout on screen as . So if anybody have difficulty,
114:02 me know. I can email to are, and we can see
114:08 I'm going to share that right now the screens open book anyway. So
114:14 point here, I'm going to show what looks like. And then we
114:19 go over with it because I don't , in the middle of doing you
114:23 some questions. As you know, been ta or taking other courses like
114:30 before is always tricky. Uh, some kind of tricky, but I
114:35 with truthful question because the officials call our binary filtering. You're forced
114:44 They're choosing yes or no. that's not always easy, right,
114:50 not everything just yes or no. why don't feel ambiguities? You should
114:58 the most likely case not you know one is more tools or force is
115:03 likely or less likely, right? you so choose, you can also
115:10 some words there if you can. you can choose with one that maybe
115:15 some reason why I chose this What's reasoning? Mhm. Now, my
115:20 here for you to learn to not for penalize anyone. So if
115:25 can see on screen, I put quiz one here. Let's not worry
115:30 time limits were coming from when we . Okay, so I'll give you
115:35 minutes on first question, eight Eight questions release statements that you
115:43 uh, circle T o f. or false? On the be the
115:50 two parts, only one page three , four point each. So I
115:57 you to describe the difference. Of . Only briefly. There's no need
116:02 you to say, you know, . He discussed discussion. You should
116:05 enough space. But if you need get more in the pages if you
116:10 first one, for example, is minimum face. They've laid maximum.
116:14 it bravely. I'm ask you for differences. Okay, uh, in
116:20 case, someone say I'm gonna draw . Well, you can draw,
116:24 I didn't see the words. You , while you're working a company or
116:30 , I'm not sure the boss always to see your drawing. How about
116:34 do over the telephone? What do say. Okay, total clients.
116:39 customer. What do you say? the difference? Is that's what I'm
116:44 toe describe. So that is challenging your ability to describing things. The
116:51 one is a face off, Chromatic way versus faith off label
116:59 What are their differences? Maybe only difference. That's fine. You see
117:06 style here? I'm just like you quickly described the main issue. The
117:13 one is a face special versus instantaneous . Okay, this is easy,
117:21 not so easy. If your first See, this is not required to
117:25 of that. So I'm going to through the first eight questions. I
117:30 to make sure you understand the I don't want you miss on
117:33 Then we have issues, right? I'm gonna read this one. I
117:38 see the quiz and blackboard. I don't either. Okay. So
117:44 don't Why why don't I live Oh, I can see you guys
117:47 about it. Okay. I can you guys email. Okay, let's
117:52 that right now. Because, I forgot e don't want to That
117:59 , let me see how they remove thing, Okay? let me shoot
118:02 guys email. Oh, I know you guys able to access.
118:08 teams. Okay, good teams, teams. I put one in teams
118:18 quickly. Which email address is used our team because my cougar net email
118:26 I don't see any, uh, . All right, if you can
118:31 the teams. You I put one already, If you cannot. I'm
118:35 you email. Let me say I believe that something happened today. Lots
118:41 emails coming, I say, 50 emails. Oh, something Some
118:47 on fire now. Today. I know what happened. Okay, let's
118:53 one I sent you last minute. , let's say one second. Give
118:57 one moment. I don't want to I just since everyone their night off
119:04 , so that shouldn't be too And also, of course,
119:12 Okay, give me a moment. never fast hands. My eyes not
119:17 look anymore after three are a No worries. I'm just I'm
119:24 okay. Oh, the second. . Squeeze water. The first day
119:44 always worry about I mean, I'm this will happen almost there.
119:55 All right. If anyone said already me know by email. Okay.
120:06 pieces C very one. You got . A perfect. So let me
120:15 , go through. Go back to screen. No worries. We don't
120:18 until we start. Okay, If already got it, regardless, I'm
120:24 you will get it. Uh, going toe in the future.
120:31 make sure it's in the email. ready. Right on time. The
120:36 thing we have a small class. ago, I had a 40 50
120:41 . That's that's big trouble. Somebody across it doesn't come back, you
120:47 , not having Because the good thing away. We were coming time.
120:51 start. All right on de. the first question in a is a
120:59 . A minimal face. Very. could also be a zero face.
121:04 , is that's true or not? . I mean, maybe a special
121:10 is true. So you don't try pollute. Everything is okay. Even
121:14 one case is true. It's true data sets the two data sets 5
121:22 hertz On what? The time hers different bandwidth. Is that true or
121:28 ? True, Three inspiration to your covers some, but not all preconditions
121:39 Petroleum Reservoir. Remember, we talked five conditions. Four most agency.
121:47 know what agency is now, Automatic game correction. Most logical operators
121:53 alter both the amplitude on the face five Petroleum Reserve, ours. You
122:04 typically related toe on communities. Six the resolution measures how small feature can
122:17 detected. France as needed. Seven time shifting off with it. What
122:29 Face special on the empire to the university of both. Is that true
122:36 not? True? Last one, eight The radiation pattern often air gunnery
122:44 smoother of the lower frequencies. You're rest. Question. If anything
123:00 we're happy Looks like. Okay, take your high. We're starting
123:08 say four or seven. Let's say 10, you know, we can
123:12 generals so you can turning like C 35 about that. If you have
123:20 do some more times from more you know you can stop. Try
123:25 similiar RTM e. Pdf file Toe blackboard if you can. If you
123:31 shooting us back the email by right? I mean, we just
123:35 our best. The key is do best and the untimely manner. We're
123:42 today. Can you believe while down have a good rest. Tomorrow we're
123:48 to see each other. A 30 guard. Get a good rest.
123:54 . Take a look at the material we see each other again. I'll
123:59 here for more for a few If you want to start, you
124:01 say goodbye. Do you start? can quit dark. Okay. Good
124:09 . I'm not stay a few more in case anybody has been any question
124:11 come back. Okay, I'm I'm gonna put out fires on my
124:17 email that got, like, 50 coming out. What's going on?
124:22 . Good luck, folks. Go . We have 25 minutes from can
124:29 for, So I'm coming us, , before 35. Past 44 35
124:37 the tell your quiz. And tomorrow I'll try to go through the
124:43 Okay? All right. Good luck you guys.
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