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BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture09_0216
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00:01 Alright then we have uh these non multicellular parasites are just kind of throw
00:08 along a category here. And what talking about are things like worms.
00:13 There are lots of different types of that are trying to live in your
00:15 . What they do is they find way into you in different ways.
00:19 not going to go through all the ones. These are just examples of
00:22 . And what they do is they things that are in your body.
00:26 not actually consuming you, they're consuming things that you produce. All
00:31 Um And so tapeworms isn't is an of one of the digestive system.
00:36 just consuming nutrients inside you um inside digestive tract, but basically it's actually
00:42 allowing you to take those nutrients So basically you are fighting for the
00:47 that you actually consumed flukes are found the blood and in the liver,
00:53 are gonna be digested as well. , sorry, pin worms are hookworms
00:59 , I can't remember. So but , these are organisms that are going
01:03 live on you. And then finally we're just gonna include these. There's
01:07 a lot of them. Um This a weird one. These are our
01:11 proteins and they're not living in any shape or form. They're just infectious
01:15 . Um And you're familiar with them you've heard of mad cow disease,
01:19 ? So prion are these infectious proteins are capable of causing you great
01:25 Um And they spread through the consumption infected meat. Now, the most
01:30 was the mad cow disease, bovine encephalopathy, but this isn't the only
01:35 if you hunt deer and you eat know contaminated deer meat, you know
01:42 can get a form of this type infection. There are Priam's that do
01:47 dear. I'm not trying to say eat deer meat, it's just you
01:51 , there's a way to deal with . Don't don't eat the brains of
01:53 deer for example, that's bad, ? Um But again this is just
01:59 else that's out there to get And so having said all that,
02:03 makes it pretty scary to move doesn't it? Right? I mean
02:09 everywhere you go everywhere you look, mean right now it's cold and flu
02:14 right? Everyone is sick. Everyone know that I'll walk to the route
02:17 they all feel sick because they got colds or the flu or the covid's
02:23 , there's all sorts of stuff out every time you touch something, you're
02:27 picking something up, but you've been to prevent those things from causing you
02:37 . Alright, your system has already up within it, an immune response
02:44 fight off anything that is trying to into your body and then once it
02:48 get in your body it has a to fight off that stuff that's gotten
02:52 your body Alright, so this is the way that your body resist
02:57 You probably sit there but dr We have diseases. Why I
03:01 it doesn't work perfectly. No, doesn't work perfectly right. But just
03:08 any sort of system, it's a a very very strong system. It
03:13 does a lot more than you give credit for. And I want you
03:17 be encouraged by that. All So, first off, what it
03:21 have is we're gonna be dealing with cells. All right. We're gonna
03:24 dealing with plasma proteins that are gonna looking for stuff and we're gonna be
03:28 with signaling molecules that are gonna tell cells how to behave in in light
03:34 infection. All right, now, are two basic parts to this and
03:39 going to focus on the first part . Alright. So, these two
03:43 , these two different approaches are working to coordinate how to fight disease and
03:49 . All right. So, the line is what is referred to as
03:52 innate immune system. Alright, really what this is is that these
03:57 non specific ways to treat or to threats that are coming at you.
04:04 right. So, for example, body is looking at and going,
04:09 , there's a pathogen here. Um a bacteria and I have a way
04:14 go after bacteria, but I don't which bacteria is I don't care how
04:19 bacteria got in my body. I'm gonna attack whatever this is.
04:23 that would be an example of an the second part and this is very
04:27 fast. Alright so typically this is get a very very quick response when
04:32 occurs. So for example if you to scratch yourself for example you'll see
04:37 Alright um if you've been out um uh you know you get you get
04:43 quick effect, I mean if you infected you'll notice a fever just kind
04:46 pops up really really quickly, It's not this is not something that's
04:50 three weeks to show up, It's like oh I feel sick now
04:54 the innate immune system basically ramping itself to attack whatever is attacking you.
05:01 second part is a very specific type attack. Alright, it's basically a
05:06 immune response to a very specific Alright, very specific pathogen is really
05:13 I should be saying here. So is a much more slow response because
05:16 have to tailor it. But what's about this is that it says,
05:21 I've been exposed to this so this be something in my environment so I
05:26 create a a specific response so that I've ever exposed ever again, I
05:32 a way to attack this much more and much more quickly. That's the
05:36 one. Alright. A little bit but it's really cool. So the
05:41 is like like right now you have bubble around you that basically says bring
05:45 , I can take it on and really kind of what we're looking at
05:49 . We're gonna talk through those different . We're gonna look at the plasma
05:52 . We're gonna look at the immune and we're gonna look at some of
05:55 systems that take place in the innate . All right. And so with
05:59 to the immune cells of the immune , we have a bunch of different
06:02 . Talk about the Lucas sides. already seen all these were introduced them
06:06 we're gonna kind of dive in a bit deeper. So we're talking about
06:09 granule site. So that's the The basic skills of the Hills.
06:13 mono sites. Right. The Montecito the ones that become the macrophages.
06:17 we're gonna talk about lymphocytes and we're keep it simple. We're gonna talk
06:20 T cells and B cells and I've in another one here, the natural
06:24 cell because it's one it's it's interesting important but to it sounds really
06:28 I mean you have a name like killer. Come on. Right.
06:34 where do we find these? All now most of your Lucas sites there
06:38 some in circulation but most of them not in circulation. We already learned
06:42 they're kind of located there sitting waiting be alerted. They are surveilling,
06:48 have been made and they are watching points of entry for those things that
06:54 cause problems. Alright. So they in what type of structure? We
07:00 to meet on Tuesday secondary is the . We're looking for lymphatic structures.
07:09 , So that's where they are. right. So they're found in lymphatic
07:13 . So, what we're looking at , we're talking about T cells and
07:16 cells and macrophages, natural kill Are there in that secondary lymphatic
07:21 So, we're talking about your lymph . Were talking about your spleen,
07:25 about your tonsils. These are where hanging out because this is where we're
07:30 going to be exposed to a First on then there's some other
07:35 All right. So, we're going find them in some very specific locations
07:39 where it's most likely to be exposed something that's pathogenic. Alright,
07:45 we will have organisms that reside in skin or these organisms. These immune
07:51 that reside in the skin because that's barrier. This is where things are
07:55 going to find their way in. gonna find them in the mucosa.
07:58 gonna find them in places that are to the external environment. Now,
08:04 often what you'll see is like with , they are gonna either reside there
08:08 when they reside or permanently We call fixed or residents. All right.
08:13 then the other ones are migrating. are kind of like cops on the
08:17 . Right. These are the these the police cars that are driving through
08:20 looking for trouble? All right. where do they drive? Do they
08:24 through the best neighborhoods where nothing ever ? Do cop cars do that?
08:29 . Where do they go where problems occur? And so what they're doing
08:34 they're traveling around and they're kind of and saying, is there anything in
08:37 area that I need to be concerned ? No. Okay. I'm gonna
08:40 ahead and move to the next Is there anything I need to be
08:43 about? And that's what these macrophages doing. They're wandering around the body
08:47 the body looking for trouble. All . And if they don't see
08:52 just keep moving. All right. , we have two different types here
08:56 regard to the organ systems. All . So I mentioned we have them
09:00 the epithelium now in the epithelium. , it's not just select organs in
09:06 epithelium. We have a specific type macrophage that resides there. Alright.
09:10 is called a dendritic cell. All . And we see a little picture
09:14 it that you can see why it's . It has a little dendrites
09:17 Now, it's a macrophages. A of fixed macrophage and this can be
09:22 both in the skin and mucosa because is one of the points where you're
09:28 most likely get invasion. In other , you put them on the
09:32 Alright again, think of a right? You have to defend the
09:37 where you're gonna put your soldiers you're put them inside hanging out in the
09:42 , are you going to put them the wall? Watch him on the
09:47 . And that's what we're doing. dendritic cells are sitting there on the
09:51 watching and when they come across the that activates the dendritic cells, it
09:56 up whatever the pathogen consumes it and it produces little tiny particles and then
10:03 goes off and take to the immune and says, hey check it
10:08 This thing was trying to get into body. Do you recognize this?
10:11 it alerts the immune system to kind say hey this is something we need
10:15 go after and it's basically alerting the immune response for a later attack.
10:23 we have connective tissue. We have type of cell called a mast cell
10:28 is very similar to a bazaar All right. So it's kind of
10:32 the granule site. All right. it's a unique type. And what
10:35 mast cell does is it hangs out basically looks for those things which it
10:41 attack. Alright, so just like macrophage, it's kind of watching for
10:46 because when it gets alerted, what gonna do is it's gonna alert other
10:49 of immune cells to come in and . What's going on? So this
10:53 primarily found in connective tissue and in the places where you'd expect it to
10:57 where you're exposed to the external And so one of the things I'd
11:02 you to think about as you're going this is think about all the different
11:06 that are in your body. I'm not trying to do this in
11:09 perverse way. We're talking about like ears, your pores in your
11:13 your little glands that sit on the of your body. Each of these
11:17 a pathway as an entry point for to get into you, right
11:23 It's an entry point. So we to defend all that. And that's
11:27 we have this innate immune system. , the second thing, so we
11:32 the cells, the second thing we're deal with. We're gonna be dealing
11:36 these signaling molecules. All right. , you probably heard at the very
11:40 of covid that uh one of the that a covid infection caused was called
11:45 cytokine storm. It sounds like really , doesn't it? Cytokine storm.
11:51 like a hurricane in the body. ? And what a sight of kind
11:55 is it's a signaling molecule and your is a little bit different. I
11:58 this was a little bit clear. I put it on this morning,
12:02 cytokine is simply a signaling molecule for immune system. Alright. And there's
12:07 types and what they basically do is regulate and facilitate how the cells are
12:12 to respond and when they're supposed to . And there's a whole bunch of
12:15 of which you do not need to right? You can see all here
12:18 all have numbers. Can you imagine fun it is to memorize all that
12:22 immunologist do this. Alright. My I told you I'm a reproductive
12:27 But the lab that I was trained was in the department of immunology.
12:31 lab was a weird lab. We we were the only ones that didn't
12:35 immunology in this whole department of So we'd go to talks and this
12:39 the type of stuff I'd have to all day long. It's just that
12:44 I. L. To the L. Six that I.
12:47 10. You know it's interesting but wasn't what I was interested in.
12:53 right now, what they do is basically are going to regulate all how
12:57 different cells are activated immune response. you can use these cytokines to activate
13:03 cell to kill something else and you use these side of kinds as a
13:07 to kill other things. You can alert a cell that has been infected
13:10 say you need to go die. the cell goes okay sure. And
13:14 goes and kills itself. All And there are different types. All
13:18 . So the way this works basically gonna be released by a cell.
13:21 this is what all these little arrows trying to show you saying these chemicals
13:24 gonna be really spice l and then target cell has to have the right
13:28 in order to respond to that particular . So cytokines just don't go to
13:33 cell. The cell has to have specific receptor to respond to it.
13:39 . And who we talked to and don't think this one shows it.
13:43 yeah, there we go. It be auto Quran. You see here
13:47 NFL is releasing this particular interleukin L. Five and basically says turn
13:53 on or do this or do So you can auto cringe, you
13:57 talk to nearby cells that would be Quran or you can send it off
14:02 the far reaches which would be endocrine its nature. So these signals are
14:07 how the immune system activates itself and itself and facilitates the response that you're
14:13 be getting. Alright because these are dangerous chemicals right? Remember I said
14:21 storm, what the viruses were doing causing these immune cells to go haywire
14:26 they're releasing way too much cytokine because was the regulatory mechanisms weren't working appropriately
14:33 response to covid and that's where all danger was coming from. Because remember
14:38 act as a weapon, right? that's where all the problems were.
14:43 what you wanna do is you don't this stuff to be around for any
14:46 period of time, You just want to be a quick message. Here's
14:49 message hand, The message off, gone, It's done is destroyed.
14:53 there are four basic families. You have to know all of them.
14:56 know the families we have the inter . The inter Lukens. Usually the
15:00 they have the I. L. they do is their regulators. They
15:03 ways that immune cells talk to other cells to tell them what to
15:06 Right? So enter in between Lucan is leukocyte and the I.
15:12 And the protein. So that's where name comes from. Alright, we
15:16 tumor necrosis factor which is another one those fun names. Right? Sounds
15:20 a heavy metal band. We are factor. No one like that.
15:28 you go see tumor necrosis factor? would no. Okay, tell you
15:35 it does, tumors. It kills . Alright, tumors are basically cells
15:42 your body that have gone haywire that body doesn't want around. So we
15:45 TNF that are there to say, you're behaving inappropriately. I'm gonna go
15:50 and tell you to go ahead and in a fire and it still says
15:52 sir right away and it goes and in the fire. Wait a second
15:55 Wayne. But we get tumors. do you think tumors exist? Because
16:00 stop responding to the tumor necrosis Right. In other words, the
16:06 that are regulating to tell them to stick around. They're ignoring the
16:11 We have colony stimulating factors which isn't on here. But basically it tells
16:15 when to ramp up a specific population cells and then finally the fun ones
16:22 for the name like interferon, What you think it does interferes and that
16:27 just easy. Why do I like on so much? Because this is
16:32 chemical that destroys viral infected cells. notice when you get the flu that
16:39 get a key like it's like your body aches, you feel like your
16:44 is kind of even kind of tingly all you wanna do is get a
16:47 , wrap yourself up. That feeling shakiness is a function of the interferon
16:53 been released into your body is basically cell or signal is saying uh everybody
16:59 have a virus in the body. So uh if you have the virus
17:02 ahead and die and the rest of that don't have the virus um Be
17:06 that the virus is gonna try to you. And so they all put
17:08 their defenses. All the cells put their defenses and that baking is is
17:12 function of that. That response. cool. All right. So those
17:20 our chemicals. Alright. So what innate immunity basically it is what you
17:26 born with innate meaning it is always . You've always had it and it
17:31 against just about everything. It's a non specific type of defense system.
17:38 . Your home is protected from right? Can things get into your
17:44 , squirrels, raccoons, small bears, large birds, dinosaurs,
17:56 . You notice your house is You have innate defense. Now,
18:02 things break into your house? Right. But then we have ways
18:07 deal with that wants to get But that would be kind of an
18:10 of what we're saying. All So, we're talking about structures,
18:14 ? So things that prevent entry and that prevents. So, we're talking
18:19 the skin and the mucosa, for , are a line of defense.
18:24 fact that you have skin is something prevents the outside world from getting into
18:28 inside world. All right. And what we're gonna do is we're gonna
18:32 in a non specific way if something to break past that barrier, we're
18:37 deal with it. So, this our second line of defense.
18:41 So let's say you get squirrels that into your house. What are you
18:44 do? Do you have a way defend against the squirrels? I
18:48 we can be really silly tennis right? Golf clubs, shotguns,
18:57 and matches are all those good defense . Well, maybe not the gasoline
19:03 , but you see not specific because can use a golf club against the
19:06 as well as a squirrel. It'll have the same effect. Lots
19:11 pain and telling that organism stay out my house. Okay. So what
19:17 say is there's a cellular chemical and cellular we're talking about the activation of
19:22 of the cells neutrophils. Macrovision, killer cells, chemical this is what
19:26 talking about interference and a process called . This is a bunch of chemicals
19:31 we're gonna look at that work And then finally physiological inflammation and
19:37 So, when you're dealing with the immune system, these are what we're
19:41 with. This is the first line the second line that comes up and
19:45 with this. So how do we entry? What is our first line
19:49 defense? Well, let's think of skin. The epidermis itself heavily
19:54 Ized. Alright. For those of took A and P. One,
19:57 know what those terms mean? Right like? Of course I do.
20:01 . It was like the very first I learned at the very first semester
20:04 thought this stuff it's gone out your and I know that most of you
20:07 remember this. All right. But we're talking about, we're talking about
20:11 layers of cells that have very, thick, dense protective proteins that are
20:15 there that serves as a barrier between outside world and the inside of your
20:19 . Alright, this barrier is almost . It's not completely impervious, but
20:26 impervious to a whole bunch of different of insults. Physical insult. Chemical
20:31 and organisms insult or biological insult. . So what we can say is
20:36 our skin is tough. I can there and I can scrape at it
20:39 scrape at it and scrape at it nothing's getting in right now in a
20:44 of minutes, you're gonna see there's be a little bit of red
20:47 right? And that's gonna be a of the downstream immune response.
20:53 But you saw I can't cut my with something as simple as a
20:56 Now. Now I can get something lot sharper and I can cut through
20:59 . But notice it takes more than like, oh, let me just
21:03 of rub up against the wall and what happens. Your skin is not
21:07 fall off me. Chemical. I've about this in A and P.
21:10 . I was stupid in the chemistry . I poured stuff all of myself
21:14 myself all the time and whenever report on yourself in the chemistry lab
21:19 So, if you like, acid acid, No. Yeah. So
21:25 following the safety procedures that they've laid for you. Good. Yeah,
21:31 don't care. We were like, see what happens if we do
21:35 Actually. I went home one day knowing I poured sulfuric acid on
21:38 favorite shirt, went home, threw the laundry sulfuric acid activates in the
21:44 of water and basically a big giant in my shirt. I was so
21:49 . Like swiss cheese and I didn't until after I took it out of
21:52 laundry. All right. But if pull put those types of chemicals on
21:57 skin it's it might burn you. feel it but it's not necessarily going
22:02 work its way through. All So chemical and the biological, you
22:09 have organisms living on you if you know this. And so it actually
22:14 your skin is producing chemicals that help prevent the pathological organisms from breaking
22:20 And you're also impervious to them kind working their way and you actually have
22:23 break through the skin in order for to get through. All right.
22:28 the idea here is it is very impervious to a whole bunch of different
22:32 . And then on top of that can trap things to like in your
22:36 you have structures that allow you to materials so that the immune system goes
22:41 , I can deal with this since isolated and put it in a specific
22:46 . And then lastly, what we is we have a whole bunch of
22:50 substances that our body secretes onto the , whether it be on the surface
22:54 our skin, on the surface of eyes, in the mucosa of our
22:58 . And those things help to prevent things from breaking through. So for
23:02 we have something called immunoglobulin A. . G. A. It's an
23:06 . We're gonna talk more about immunoglobulins Tuesday. But in essence what this
23:12 is it basically binds to its an that binds to a microorganism and puts
23:17 big giant flag and says hey um system come get this and the immune
23:23 will we have things like a I'm license. I'm is the most
23:27 chemical that our body produces in my because what it does is it binds
23:32 to bacteria and punches big giant holes them and kills them in a very
23:38 specific way. Alright. We have since we have german citizens and the
23:45 , they even tell you what they . Derm aside I mean it just
23:49 like something you'd go to home depot buy to kill things right? Things
23:54 the skin to kill term aside. ? See Bama. You know every
24:01 I said this in A. And . One. You're gonna remember this
24:03 . Remember I said every one of guys showers regularly. I said that's
24:07 for you. You remember me saying yeah I'm not saying don't shower but
24:13 please shower right? You gross. ? But the secretions that our body
24:19 to see them that makes our face and our hair oily those contain within
24:25 chemicals that kill off bacteria. And really interesting if you go for a
24:31 of days without bathing. So like example if you go camping for a
24:34 of days you might stink but after while you'll notice that you stop stinking
24:38 all the bacteria in your body have to eat. And they're being killed
24:41 the stuff that your body secreted on surface. All right. Because your
24:46 odor, she's looking at me like the most gross thing I've ever heard
24:49 . Your body odor doesn't come from . It comes from the bacteria living
24:52 you. Right? And if you're it all off, you ain't gonna
24:59 now again, please shower. All . It's better for you to shower
25:05 not to shower. But your body produces chemicals that are there to kill
25:11 within your body and on the surface your body you have bacteria living
25:15 Told you you have a microcosm of cells that are bacterial on your body
25:21 in your body then you have your cells. So this is what we
25:24 to as our flora. Alright. these are beneficial floor for multiple
25:29 But they want to live. And bacteria come across other bacteria, they
25:33 like each other and they fight each off. And so what they try
25:36 do is they try to create environments kill off the foreign bacteria. So
25:39 have an environment that you're creating to those beneficial bacteria to live so that
25:45 kill off the foreign bacteria. And we get that stuff out of whack
25:49 things happen. But we have this that's there to serve and prevent pathological
25:56 organisms growth. Um We produce lactic , hydrochloric acid. So reminds to
26:02 five second rule many things can actually their way into the digestive system.
26:06 it's like yeah until it gets to stomach. In which case that's where
26:09 start wiping the whole bunches of things your saliva, your lacquer. Most
26:14 have antibacterial enzymes. Saliva is actually be pretty dangerous if you think about
26:18 . I mean this is what rattlesnakes cobras are. They're not injecting you
26:22 a poison. They're injecting you with that are there to destroy other
26:26 It's their saliva. It just happens destroy cells. And that's why you
26:32 right? They're designed to kill their and start digesting them before you swallow
26:41 . Um Your mucus traps all sorts fun stuff. So if you ever
26:44 why your snotty and snarky and all of mucus coming out of every pore
26:48 your body, it's there because it's and it grabs things, right?
26:52 when you grab mucus and dust and sorts of your trapping it, you're
26:57 it and you can remove it Now let's face it we've all done
27:01 in the morning. Right? You up your have you done that?
27:07 . I know the laser sitting. never done anything like that. I
27:10 pee And I don't poop and I make any sort of horrible noises out
27:13 my body. Guys just go ahead believe that until you can't.
27:20 But yeah, that's us trapping things we breathe. All right. Um
27:28 then when we trap stuff, just our skin, it sheds itself.
27:34 saliva washes materials away. An easy to see this is uh oreo.
27:39 guys like Oreos. All right. eat Oreos and go look in the
27:43 . Like eat the oreo looking look at your teeth and then go
27:48 for about a minute or two and go back and look in the mirror
27:50 their teeth. All right, When first eat the oil, you have
27:54 whole bunch of chocolate bits in your right in about two minutes there will
27:58 no chocolate because your saliva is constantly produced and constantly washing things away lack
28:05 fluids. Those are basically wiping the of your eye there like windshield
28:10 Its like a liquid windshield wiper for eye. And it's constantly removing all
28:14 of horrible things away from the surface your eye. And then you're in
28:17 think of it as like well this gross and horrible. And what we're
28:20 is we're picking out all the waste it's nasty. Yes, but it's
28:23 very very acidic and it cleanses out urethra between the bladder and the bathroom
28:31 so it serves as a way to and flush and kill in creating an
28:36 that is inhospitable to organ Izabal growth regard to the cells we're gonna be
28:44 first at the specific cells specific cells cells that either other things The most
28:48 one. The one that we think are the neutrophils are the most abundant
28:52 . And what they do is wherever is. They're the first ones to
28:57 , right? They're the ones that the signals. Say this is the
28:59 to show up and we need to eating whatever is not supposed to be
29:04 . And then later on we get macrophages they're gonna come in response to
29:10 first line of cells coming in. they're kind of the cleanup crew,
29:14 ? They're the ones that come in say all right. Um I see
29:17 damages occurred. You've called me and do I need to deal with?
29:19 right, there's a whole bunch of here. I'm just gonna start destroying
29:22 that shouldn't be here, damaged things that are pathogenic. All these
29:27 I'm gonna sit there and consume. , as we mentioned, these
29:31 they can be residents or they can wanderers and what they do all together
29:36 you see famous sites Vegas psychosis, basically engulfing and degrading unwanted substances now
29:44 order for this to happen. There's couple of steps that are involved.
29:47 thing you have to be able to the unwanted substance. So remember we're
29:51 with an arms race here, bacteria to hide themselves because they don't want
29:54 be eaten. And the way they themselves they create these sugarcoats. They're
29:59 Eminem's. They have candy on the and they have chewy goodness on the
30:04 as far as the macrophage is Okay. But that sugar coat is
30:11 something that's hard to grab onto. , lack of a better way to
30:15 this. And what they're doing in is they're hiding the things that the
30:20 or the neutrophils should be able to . But hopefully the macrophage and the
30:28 able to keep up. And so they can recognize that's foreign surface,
30:34 going to first adhere to it. that's a step one. So you
30:39 it and then you grab onto it then what you do is you're going
30:41 engulf. All right now when we engulf here this is kind of a
30:47 um structure. Now these cells do have arms. What they do is
30:51 create what are called pseudo podia. so if you have your organism,
30:55 they do is they spread the cell the organism and then they enclose
31:01 And so what they've done now is enclosed that bacterium into a vest sickle
31:07 that vesicles now inside the cell And so now all you gotta do
31:12 take that vessel with that living bacterian the inside and then you introduce enzymes
31:19 it. So this is what the zone is for the license um comes
31:23 it has all these enzymes the Um And that vesicles with that bacterium
31:28 up. You release all the license and you destroy tear apart and
31:33 And now what you are left with little tiny amino acids and nucleic acids
31:39 all sorts of little things that you break down into their subsequent parts.
31:42 you can then use that to be by the cell. You can do
31:47 same thing with a damaged piece of . You come across a damaged piece
31:51 tissue. You recognize that you adhere it. You wrap yourself around it
31:56 vesicles so that's now isolated. You in the license. Um You destroy
32:00 then whatever is inside that license. You can recycle. All right.
32:06 that you can't go through the process X. X. Acidosis. And
32:13 just gonna say, alright, I use it. So this body will
32:16 a way to use it. So the whole process. And this is
32:20 the picture is. Just trying to you right over there. So it's
32:23 particularly difficult. But I hope that of makes sense so far. We
32:28 with what we've talked about any place need to stop. Yeah.
32:36 So we also have the pro inflammatory immune insights trying to see if it
32:43 flamed up. And I really It's just you can barely tell where
32:47 scratched. I tried. All So we have Besa fills and we
32:53 we have mass cells, mast cells just like Besa fills. All
32:56 Uh They're they're identifiable because they look same. The difference is that they're
33:03 resident. All right. And so fills. Circulate mast cells reside.
33:09 where do we reside? Skin mucosa all over the place. All
33:12 And what they do is they are inflammatory. Pro secretary. In other
33:18 , what they do is they're going try to attract in the macrophages and
33:24 and other cells to come in to the site of infection has taken
33:28 So, they're going to secrete those that promote inflation, inflation,
33:34 Alright, So, the first thing gonna do is we're going to secrete
33:38 chemical called histamine. Alright, What histamine? Histamine increases Visa dilation increases
33:46 permeability. Alright. So, what doing here is we're taking a blood
33:50 like this And we're saying blood vessel need you to get bigger when it
33:53 bigger. What does that mean? terms of the flow? It
33:58 Right, So, you have more . More flow into that area.
34:01 then if you increase permeability, what doing is you're causing that fluid to
34:05 into the space around it. Think a mosquito bite mosquito comes along bite
34:12 and then you start scratching and what detecting is the chemical in there that
34:18 was the anesthetic that the mosquito put your body. Is that chemical supposed
34:23 be in your body? What do think? No. So what you
34:27 now is you have mass cells that saying wait, wait, wait,
34:30 , wait. This isn't supposed to here beside dilate and expand. What
34:35 to your mosquito bite. It gets . And what they're doing is you're
34:41 the flow to enter into the right? And what it does is
34:46 traps that chemical in that locale. now we've isolated and we can now
34:53 that pathogen. That's the that's the . Okay, the second thing we're
35:00 do is we're gonna put heparin in area now. What does he
35:04 It's an anti coagulant. If I plasma entering into a space that is
35:08 a blood vessel, it's going to . Do we want that to
35:14 The answer is no. So the is there to make sure that the
35:17 stays a liquid. Alright, so got flow into the area. We
35:22 uh not coagulating. And the last that it's gonna do is we're gonna
35:26 releasing signaling molecules that are going to the area to continue the process.
35:31 chemicals are the acosta noise there type lipid. And what they're doing is
35:35 saying, hey, we started inflammation , keep it up. And so
35:40 why you maintain that that localized area inflammation. Now all of this together
35:47 also going to serve as that chemo signal to call in those neutrophils and
35:53 ultimately the macrophages and so on. natural killer cell, like I
36:02 has the coolest name, It's a lymphocyte, it's granular meaning it has
36:08 and its job is to look around see whether or not you have a
36:12 marker. Now, presumably everyone in room is supposed to be here
36:17 right? You've heard of some classrooms we have the, the video pranks
36:21 Tiktok is coming in with that Is that supposed to be in the
36:25 ? No, and so in every one of us here who's supposed
36:29 be here technically has a identify are them. Now we don't actually have
36:35 , but I want you to picture like having a name tag and it
36:38 I'm supposed to be in A and one or a Mp to whatever this
36:41 is, right? And imagine you in and the first thing you do
36:45 you come in is you slap that on? All right, well the
36:48 killer cell is, is he is bouncer and he's walking around the room
36:53 , um, do you have that sticker? And you're supposed to
36:56 , well of course you see right , do you have that sticker?
36:59 you have that sticker? Do you that sticker? Do you have that
37:02 and is going over and over and again. Now these are what we
37:05 self identify as they do. You in this space, are you a
37:10 cell? And every cell in the should have these stickers, right?
37:15 say yes, I belong in Dr . I am a Doctor Wayne
37:18 Right? And if you don't And is where it gets its name.
37:24 I'm sorry, you're not belonging in . Well you need to go and
37:29 suicide. Go die in a And what does it do? It
37:34 because all cells have to respond to signals that it receives and so it's
37:39 to recognize. It bumps up to and says you are not supposed to
37:44 here, You are a hazard, die. And that cell does hence
37:49 name natural killer. It is targeting cells. Now. Typically what we're
37:55 at here is we're looking at cells are there but they're either cancerous in
38:00 or their virally infected. So the that normally creates that self signal is
38:07 is basically being turned off. They're not fake, acidic. What
38:11 say, they tell them to go die. What they're doing is creating
38:15 process called apoptosis. Say the word me apoptosis. Apoptosis. Do you
38:22 that P in the middle the p silent. It's a PPO santos is
38:27 alright. You're gonna hear some people apoptosis and then you're just gonna look
38:30 them, check your head and another . Okay, it's apoptosis alright.
38:36 is programmed cell death. That's when say you I need you to go
38:41 and you're like yes sir, right . And that whole process occurs right
38:47 . This is a natural process. are all born and developed with webs
38:52 your fingers. You have webs between fingers right now. Know why?
38:58 there is a program that came along said, hey um we're not
39:03 And so you need to get rid all that webbing. And so those
39:09 went through the process of apoptosis. , well, so what they're gonna
39:14 , they're gonna enhance the inflammatory They produce a chemical called preference.
39:20 perforate infected cells. So you see they start dying, right? And
39:26 they produce the grand Symes these are chemicals that induce apoptosis. We're not
39:30 go through the process of what apoptosis . There's a lot of chemicals involved
39:34 , very interesting process that all of cells are programmed to commit suicide.
39:39 just it's a it's a fail safe we don't want sales to behave in
39:44 non appropriate manner because that's problematic. mentioned, the center fills you're probably
39:53 gonna experience these in your life but what these are are very weakly acidic
39:58 against parasitic worms. Now that's why can think about this is that they're
40:02 like pirate ships that come along the which are carrying all the treasure and
40:09 ships do blast holes in the galleons that's really what these do they come
40:13 to the worm and say you're too to eat but you're not supposed to
40:17 here. And so I'm just gonna up next to I'm gonna recognize you
40:20 I'm gonna start releasing all these chemicals are basically punch holes in the worm
40:23 the worm basically dies. All Um So uh that's ultimately what they
40:29 . They do have some other So they play a role in allergy
40:33 asthma. Um And they also play role in recognizing antigen antibody complexes which
40:39 not gonna talk about really so but basically an antigen is something that's
40:42 supposed to be there. And the you're immune system marking it for
40:46 And so um it's NFL's can actually those. So, their weekly fag
40:51 . But this is one of the that they can recognize. Alright,
40:56 all your cells I barely covered scratched surface. Lord knows how far we
41:02 to go. Like I said, fun. All right. I like
41:08 picture. Alright. Antimicrobial proteins. gonna be looking at two basic
41:13 Their job is to initiate and enhance innate response. Talked about the interference
41:19 we're gonna be talking about compliment. , so interference. They're non specific
41:24 against viral infection. Compliment is It's complicated and we're gonna keep it
41:31 . Alright, complement is about 30 proteins. Their plasma proteins are in
41:36 and they're responsible for mediating all of unique types of defense mechanisms. So
41:42 going to start with the interference, , all sorts of different types of
41:45 release these. What they do is prevent the spread of viral infection.
41:50 so when a cell becomes infected, literally says to all the other cells
41:56 been infected, that's what interferon does been infected. Just letting you know
42:01 what it does. It basically triggers whole bunch of enzymes to start trying
42:05 destroy the viral RNA that's there. remember what is the purpose of the
42:12 to replicate itself? So it has that's trying to supersede. So you
42:16 have two systems that are trying to themselves out. All right. But
42:21 idea is the cell itself is look, I don't want to
42:24 I just need to get rid of virus. So I'm gonna try to
42:26 as best I can. What's inside . But what it's also gonna do
42:31 it's gonna tell the nearby cells I've been infected. So you guys
42:35 your systems up and running so that you aren't infected yet, if you
42:39 happen to get infected, you're already to fight off whatever's here or
42:43 If you're partially infected or very lowly , maybe you can overcome the self
42:48 overcome the virus quick. The second it's gonna do is start gonna start
42:53 the immune system. That's where the killer cells and macrophages come in remember
42:57 killer cells are looking and saying hey I hear you've been infected with the
43:04 . Just just go ahead and get of yourself. Now there are three
43:09 . We have interferon alpha, beta, interferon gamma. Um So
43:15 you know, it's a large family two of these help to reduce
43:19 That's alpha and beta. Alright, don't think I ask you specifically those
43:23 of things, compliment on the other , it's like I said is more
43:29 . You can see here we have different pathways there is what is referred
43:32 as the classical pathway. I think classical pathway was one that was discovered
43:37 . Hence the name Classical. Um The alternate pathways. Just a
43:42 one. But really what these things , these are plasma proteins are already
43:45 circulation in your body, They're already . They make up about 10% of
43:50 plasma proteins that are in circulation in body, right? And what they
43:55 is they come together in different combinations do some very unique things.
44:01 so in the classical pathway, the that that gets put together what it
44:07 is it binds to the antigen antibody . Those things that are in the
44:11 pathway. What they do is they and bind up bacteria. The ones
44:17 are trying to slip away and basically up to fungi and basically mark them
44:23 destruction. All right now, these the four things that complement does notice
44:29 didn't name the proteins, proteins are C one C two C three C
44:33 C five C six. You see fun this is? All right.
44:36 we want to know is we want know what these things are. The
44:39 thing that doesn't go through the process optimization is simply taking the compliment protein
44:47 tagging a bacteria to it. So that sugar coat the sugar coated the
44:54 . What is it? What is job? What is it supposed to
44:59 ? Yeah, it makes it so so that neutrophils and macrophages can't recognize
45:03 . So what compliment does it puts big old flag on there that
45:08 hey um you may not be able recognize this but you can recognize
45:12 So why don't you go ahead and to this? And this is how
45:15 macrophages and neutrophils are able to adhere bacteria that can't normally be adhered
45:21 That's what optimization is right. Same with the fungal wall. Right.
45:26 cell wall is there to protect the optimization allows us to recognize it.
45:32 second thing that doesn't cause inflammation whenever have inflammation, what we're doing is
45:37 in other immuno sites to enforce the that the body is trying to
45:42 But also is there too trap whatever is that we're trying to trying to
45:47 . Right? So whenever you see it's basically the inflow of fluid and
45:51 anti coagulant and serving as a chemical to bring in the immune insights.
45:56 thing that it does. Cytology sis , so cytology this is is basically
46:02 what we're gonna do is we're just go ahead and destroy you right now
46:06 we're just gonna punch holes in the your into the sides of the
46:10 And that that foreign agent basically leaks all its fluid and basically gets destroyed
46:14 that way. What we're doing here we're taking the complement proteins that form
46:19 unique structure called the MAC. All . And that's what we're looking at
46:24 is the membrane attack complex. That . That's the MAC. All
46:31 We'll see a picture that I think have a picture there. That's that's
46:34 the MAC looks like. And so this would be the cell membrane.
46:37 are the compliments. You see the and basically fluid to move in and
46:41 . So now we have a way allow fluids to move down their concentration
46:48 ions to move against their concentration That's basically causing the cell to
46:53 And the last thing what we do compliment can be used as a way
46:58 bind up to an antibody that's bound to an antigen. Again, I
47:02 we haven't talked about that yet. the next. That's the adaptive
47:05 But antibodies are your way to flag that aren't supposed to be in your
47:09 and what you can do is compliment along and instead of waiting for an
47:13 cell to recognize antibody complement binds up it and then compliment can also stick
47:19 red blood cells. And then the blood cell basically is used as a
47:24 to move the antibody energy and complex from circulation and into the spleen.
47:30 example where immune insights are waiting. ? So the idea here is your
47:36 is not passively waiting for the pathogens find their way into the tissue.
47:42 actively grabbing things and escorting them to they can be destroyed. That's kind
47:50 cool. Don't you think so basically come out swinging against all sorts of
47:55 things. So the last little bit , what I want to deal with
48:03 I know we talked about a lot things interfering. What is the deal
48:08 starts with b virally infected cells What does compliment deal with a whole
48:14 of different things bacteria in a very non specific way. We got a
48:19 of different types of cells. We've mass cells and besa fills we have
48:23 and neutrophils. We have natural killer . They all have their role to
48:29 for non specific things. We're not I need to recognize this specific
48:33 It's I just recognize a bacteria that's supposed to be here bacteria. Your
48:37 is always bad. Okay, so have these cells, we have these
48:44 . But what we wanna do is anything passes the barrier, we want
48:49 have a couple of specific processes or that help us to fight those
48:55 This is what inflammation is. This what fever is. Okay if you
48:59 want, why do I have to a fever? Well, the fever
49:03 example, we'll see here helps your destroy things and creates an environment that's
49:09 to them. But it's okay for . It's not great for you but
49:13 really not great for the other But let's first start with the inflammatory
49:19 . Alright, this is any sort response or a response that occurs in
49:24 to trauma, intense heat irritation or . All right, so have you
49:30 yourself? Right. You get Get bitten by a bug inflammation.
49:37 This is what we're talking about What we're doing is I've already mentioned
49:40 . We're preventing the spread of the agent fluid is gonna be flowing in
49:44 trapping things in place. What we're do by trapping things and attracting in
49:50 and attracting macrophages. We're now bringing fact ascetic cells to destroy and remove
49:57 tissue and or the pathogens that are and by sweeping it out. What
50:02 gonna do is we're basically creating an that's now ready for repair? You
50:07 been noticing the the construction that's taking over here. Have you guys been
50:11 it or you just you just aware it's there just to wear.
50:15 my building is right next to So, I will, first thing
50:17 did was they broke down the building they did it in such a very
50:21 way as like, I'm gonna break the roof first and I'm gonna go
50:24 then I'm gonna cut down the columns you know, and then I'm gonna
50:27 in. I'm gonna backfill with with dirt. There's a very unique and
50:32 order in which things are being done the reason they do it in the
50:35 that they're doing it is because they're to build a building on a solid
50:39 . They're not just gonna come in knock everything down and just kind of
50:43 to build on top of it. right. And that's kind of what
50:46 talking about here is not your your system and repair that takes place after
50:51 . Aren't going to just do things nilly. They're doing things in a
50:54 ordered way so that your body can itself in the best way possible.
51:01 , we're gonna release different types of . Alright, That's the first
51:04 Alright. So, when damage we're gonna release inflammatory factors and chemo
51:09 . All right. The chemo tactic are the attractive signals, the inflammatory
51:15 are pulling in the fluid into that area. So, in response to
51:21 those chemicals, the inflammatory chemicals, where you're gonna get the Visa
51:25 That's where you're gonna get the capillary . So, fluid is flowing in
51:30 faster and causing an increase in the in that particular area. And then
51:36 gonna happen is you're gonna start seeing expression of chemicals that are going to
51:43 Lucas sites. Now, there's a I think I posted online. I
51:50 be wrong. I may have just you about it where it shows margin
51:53 , where you got the leukocyte just of cruising along. All right,
51:56 got your neutrophils in the blood and of a sudden it comes across the
51:59 signal that says well, and it itself and binds to the wall of
52:03 , of the blood vessel. And it kind of looks for where it
52:07 sneak through and then it flattens itself . And then it works its way
52:10 between the cells of the capillary. process of squishing itself down is called
52:18 ation. And by working its way the cells, is now isolating and
52:23 to where that that signal is coming . Dia pa dcis is simply the
52:29 of wiggling its way through those individual . And when you hear the word
52:34 taxes, it's basically following the chemical . So all three of those are
52:39 of used together. But that's how bring neutrophils which are in circulation to
52:44 site of injury, Other proteins are to be uh moved into the area
52:50 well. We're gonna talk about excuse me, immunoglobulins later. That's
52:54 be on the next talk, talked complement. Already. It's sitting there
52:58 for pathogens. You're gonna see clotting . What we're doing is we're if
53:02 have like a tear in the what we're gonna do is we're gonna
53:05 gonna seal the break so that nothing can come into that area. So
53:09 isolated it. So that now we're this areas where damage has occurred and
53:14 gonna bring in other chemicals like kind which are there to continue the process
53:19 reinforcing the inflammation that's taken place. , one of the things that's gonna
53:25 that's gonna stimulate pain receptors. Why ? Why do you have to have
53:32 ? What do you think you stepped a tack? Why do you have
53:37 have pain, stop yourself from damaging more when I am have pain.
53:43 , give yourself a star, if damaged the tissue, I want to
53:49 it less. I wanted to give an opportunity to heal itself. And
53:52 by creating pain, it basically makes want to stop using it. So
53:59 signals like these chemicals are going to the pain. And then what do
54:04 do we take inside to say stop inflammation, stop the pain. And
54:08 your body is trying to do is basically fighting your body, trying to
54:12 something. Now there's some cardinal signs inflammation. I'm just gonna tell you
54:16 they are. They're real basic. gonna see redness, you know.
54:19 that when you see inflammation that's usually write? Why is that? Well
54:23 means there's an increase of blood flow why do we have an increase in
54:26 flow when we need to supply nutrients to the cells are are dealing
54:31 the damage. We're gonna have increased . Well, if I have more
54:34 in the area, I'm gonna get heat. That makes sense.
54:38 Alright. 3rd, we're gonna see . Why do I have swelling?
54:41 I've increased blood flow into the the capillaries opened up fluids going into
54:46 , it's filling up, it's like balloon. So you're gonna get that
54:49 . Alright you're gonna see pain. again? Pain is so that we
54:55 our movements so you can start repairing and then finally you're gonna see loss
55:00 function. Alright, loss of function because of that that inflammation ever twisted
55:06 ankle. Anyone twist your ankle gets big and swollen, can you
55:13 It doesn't bend, it doesn't want do anything. It just.
55:17 so in severe cases of inflammation, you're doing is you're you're basically preventing
55:22 movement and you get loss of So that repair can take place our
55:32 little bit here is fever. You me fever? This would have been
55:42 if it was on Tuesday I Alright. What is fever? High
55:47 body temperature basically this is called Parex . Um What it does and why
55:52 walking away? I can't stand the of my own voice there.
55:55 What it does is basically resetting your body temperature. So your hypothalamus is
56:01 for maintaining normal body temperature within a range. And what you're basically saying
56:06 we want to create an environment that not beneficial for pathogens that we can
56:12 live within. So what we're gonna is we're gonna reset our internal
56:15 So it's like going to the thermostat saying instead of being 72 degrees it's
56:19 little chilly. I want to make warmer in here. I'm gonna take
56:22 up to 74. And so the of your body gets warmer. Now
56:26 ? This is beneficial because you have range in which your body can actually
56:30 . Right, Your your your proteins stuff don't start DNA tree until it
56:35 to about a 405° inside your That's why that's the dangerous temperature,
56:42 ? But other organisms really really struggle that temperature. They're gonna fall
56:48 Their proteins don't work at those temperatures they die. So one of the
56:52 first things that we want to do create an inhospitable environment to organisms that
56:57 survive at the same temperatures that we internally. Now what we're gonna use
57:04 we're gonna turn on what are called gin. And so inter Lukens
57:08 These are pira jin's they're the ones are resetting the clock or setting the
57:14 . And what's gonna happen is you're see a couple of different things and
57:16 me if this does not sound like you feel sick right? First thing
57:21 on set so you get this vessel and so you start not you start
57:27 warmer and warmer. Alright and then reinforce and produce more heat, your
57:33 starts shivering. You notice that you that shiver, get the shakiness and
57:38 you get shivers right? And then you're gonna do is you're gonna increase
57:42 metabolic process. And so what your is gonna do is it's gonna try
57:46 start consuming and producing more fuel so you can start attacking those things that
57:52 harmful liver and spleen basically are gonna sequestering up things that the microorganisms
58:00 A lot of things can't survive without . A lot of things can't survive
58:03 iron. So let's go ahead and those things or not produce them.
58:07 go ahead and hold them away sequester up bacteria going well I got nothing
58:11 keep me alive here. Third thing gonna happen is that your temperature returned
58:18 to its normal set point. You notice that it's like oh I feel
58:21 you ever had that day? You , you're you're sick, I'm
58:24 I don't feel good. I'm not to school today and all day long
58:27 don't feel good. And then about through the day you're like, I'm
58:29 fine, I'm feeling good and then becomes evening and then all of a
58:33 it's like crap. I feel sick . I don't want to do
58:37 I'm not going to school tomorrow and wake up, I don't feel good
58:42 then find her in the rest of day. You've noticed that,
58:46 So what you're doing is you're going and down like this. And that's
58:49 that last little step is that down said, uh Effervescence. And basically
58:53 you're doing is you're trying to um through this process of All right.
59:00 we deal with it? No, didn't. So we're well, did
59:03 deal with it? I think we . We come back down,
59:05 we didn't. So let's go ahead come back up and so you may
59:08 right back on and so you're gonna through these three steps over and over
59:12 until it finally gotten you've finally gotten of the pathogen? The one other
59:16 I didn't mention up here is I the shivering. Have you noticed
59:20 The other thing that you do when when you start feeling sick is that
59:23 start huddling? You know, you're , you'll get a blanket and you'll
59:28 huddle, what you're doing is you're decreasing surface area so that it stays
59:35 . That's the other thing, like said, what are some benefits here
59:41 , raise the temperature. You're basically with the metabolic processes of the
59:45 You're mucking with the cellular machinery so don't reproduce real well, that is
59:51 going to promote interferon activity. So the cells are going okay, um
59:55 to release that interfere on. And you're the interferon is helping to fight
60:02 . It's going to promote the activity the adaptive immune system, which we're
60:06 to deal with again on Tuesday. helps to accelerate tissue repair.
60:11 what we're doing is we're learning all cells on and so if all the
60:15 are as active as they can they're doing their work at maximum
60:20 And lastly, what we're doing is promoting the immune cells to start moving
60:25 where infection is. So collectively we a lot of things going on right
60:32 , your body and I know you are you excited to get out of
60:36 . Your body is already primed to things as you're leaving here. You're
60:43 on door handles. I guarantee you're gonna wash your hands between now and
60:47 bite of food that you're gonna have lunch, I guarantee it. And
60:51 reason you're not dying this right Everything we looked at is there to
60:59 you fight this and when we come , we're gonna now see how our
61:03 looks, and identify something specifically and I'm attacking you now. All
61:09 No one asked questions because I can you guys getting out of here,
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