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BIOL 2302 Human Anatomy & Physiology II - 2302_lecture21_0418
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00:04 OK. There we go. I we're up and running well, almost
00:11 . We're up and running. All . So on Thursday, last
00:16 we were talking about the male reproductive . I said men are simple,
00:21 ? We do two things. What the two things we do? Make
00:26 and deliver sperm. So every structure the reproductive system is responsible for one
00:32 those two things. So that's an way to approach. This is kind
00:35 like, all right, I have structure. What's its job? And
00:40 I said something that was a little said women are complicated, right?
00:47 some of you probably are sitting back I don't know if we're that
00:51 But with regards to the reproductive women have two functions, right?
00:56 mean, they make eggs, And they deliver o just like males
01:04 . But because you're more responsible I'm just, you, you have
01:10 couple of other jobs, right? when I say you're complicated, you
01:14 to think in terms of the reproductive , what are the different things that
01:17 reproductive system does? And so we're here with this function. So we're
01:21 to produce the o this is that of Ogen that we described about,
01:25 receive the sperm and then what you're to do is you're going to take
01:29 sperm and you're going to deliver it transport it to the site of
01:33 And then on top of that, fertilization occurs, that new organism is
01:38 to go through the process of growth the female reproductive system is responsible for
01:44 the space for that to happen. gestation. All right. And so
01:49 only are you allowing this fetus to and becoming, you know, a
01:55 organism, but you get to grow own brand new organ called a
02:01 And it's actually a shared organ between embryo or the fetus and the
02:05 But we typically just kind of assign to the mom and say there you
02:08 . That belongs to the mom. not, it's actually it's a dual
02:11 that's shared. All right. But a brand new organ. Guys don't
02:15 to grow brand new organs. And on top of that, what we're
02:18 to have is once that baby goes term. In other words, it's
02:22 to the point where now it can released out into the real world,
02:24 you're going to have to go through process of part tuition which is giving
02:28 , labor and delivery. And the the female body is designed to
02:33 nourish the offspring after part tuition through process called lactation. So if you
02:39 at all these things, there's a bunch of uh words that end with
02:42 at the end. And so you kind of look at it like
02:44 It's all right. We have um fertilization gestation part tuition. There's presentation
02:53 is not listed up there, there's and there's another process we're gonna learn
02:58 a little bit later. It's called . So there's a lot of
03:02 right? And this used to be lot funnier when, when,
03:06 when I was teaching earlier because there a skit on Saturday night live that
03:11 Sandler did. He was Cajun And so how he was Cajun Man
03:15 , he would say a lot of was not the and it was
03:19 It's not so funny. Now, it? Yeah. OK. But
03:22 doesn't make sense. All right. , in terms of the structures,
03:27 structures in and of themselves are not difficult. You can see we have
03:31 like structures. So when we looked the male system, we said,
03:34 , we have a gonad, we this kind of reproductive tract and then
03:39 have accessory sex glands and we have copy toy organ and those things are
03:43 going to be true in the Those structures are there as well.
03:46 there's a gonad, that's the You have a reproductive tract. This
03:50 be the odd duck or fallopian Um, sometimes referred to as the
03:54 tube. What do I have up ? Uterine tube? So they use
03:58 words sometimes for that. Um We have the uterus and the vagina,
04:02 is a coul toy organ as well part of the reproductive tract.
04:06 there's not, we really don't talk lot about the accessory sex glands because
04:11 really unnecessary in females. There's actually one and it's not that big of
04:16 deal. Not in fact, not woman has them. Um But then
04:20 have these other structures that we kind , they're not part of the reproductive
04:24 , but they're included in reproduction because , they're associated with this.
04:29 like the memory glands are really a sweat gland, but they're important in
04:34 process of lactation, but they're not of the reproductive system. All
04:38 So, but, so we talk it here and then the placenta,
04:41 , this is a structure that is function of, of gestation.
04:47 it's, it's a unique structure, it's not part of the reproductive
04:51 It's something that kind of sits on own, but we include it here
04:55 it just makes sense. So this our starting off point. And what
04:59 going to do is we're just going walk through these structures just like we
05:02 through the mail. We're going to from the go net through the reproductive
05:05 and then we'll get down to the organs and then what we're going to
05:10 at the end of all, this we're going to talk about the hormones
05:13 govern both the male reproductive system and ultimately the female reproductive system. All
05:20 . So that's kind of what the is today and we'll see what we're
05:23 to get through. Hopefully we'll get it all. But like I
05:25 I get excited about this stuff. I may go off on rabbit trails
05:28 just shake your head at me and , please shut up. That's perfectly
05:32 . All right. So our starting is with this gonad, the female
05:36 is the ovary. And in this , this is the ovary right
05:41 All right. And this is a view of the ovary. And so
05:45 you're trying to figure out what this like, it's not that big.
05:47 only about, oh, I don't about this big, about four centimeters
05:53 . It's not a very large but what it is, it's anchored
05:57 place just like the uterus and other by this network of connective tissues.
06:02 when you look at this, what really kind of seeing here is the
06:05 point of this picture is the You can see here, the uterine
06:09 , which we will go into more a little bit later. But you
06:11 see this, this kind of this of connective tissue. It's that,
06:15 big blanket there that you're seeing is the broad leg. One of the
06:18 that I can envision it looks think about a big skirt and you've
06:22 the big skirt and kind of lifted up like that. That's kind of
06:24 it looks like and what it it holds the uterus in place and
06:28 the ovaries in place and keeps everything moving around inside the pelvic region.
06:34 , I'm gonna just give you a aside here to help you remember the
06:37 of why this connective tissue is All right, or not? Why
06:41 important. But what helps me remember ? Have you ever heard of
06:45 You know, being hysteria is so is usually someone who's acting irrationally.
06:52 this is gonna be offensive. But I didn't make this up. All
06:55 , I just think it's kind of . All right. So the word
06:59 comes from the uterus. It's actually Greek word, the, the his
07:06 what hysteria was was when a woman act irrationally and just be like raging
07:14 . Do you know anyone who's raging ? Who's everywhere you go? That
07:17 is hysterical, right? That's what word came from. And the belief
07:24 , and this is why I think funny the belief was is that the
07:28 in your body had life right inside . And so a woman who was
07:34 hysterically, her uterus was bouncing around your body and making her behave in
07:42 that were not normal, which is they gave it the name.
07:47 Hysteria just simply is outrage madness. . It's just being angry or
07:53 has nothing to do it. And know hysteria is not true because look
07:57 all those connective tissues. So it's still not living. But I
08:03 it's kind of funny and that's one the ways it helps me remember.
08:05 , yeah, everything is being held place by these now, which are
08:10 ones that we're actually interested in. first one. The first connective tissue
08:14 can't even see in this picture. called the mesovarium. All right.
08:19 think of that, that large that's the broad ligament, which looks
08:22 the skirt. And you can see here here is that arm of the
08:27 and here this is trying to show here is the oviduct right there right
08:31 this side. So this is part the broad ligament. This is part
08:34 the broad ligament. You can see has its own names. So we
08:38 the measles cell pinks. We have meso meum, which is that right
08:42 , measle cell pinks and underlying the on the back side of this
08:47 That's the mesovarium and it holds the in place and attaches it to the
08:53 ligament. So if you can think this, if my ovary, this
08:55 my broad ligament it's something that sticks those two structures there. How like
09:02 ? Ok. So you can't see up here. But if you do
09:05 side cut, you can see it's little green thing that they've marked for
09:09 . So the broad ligament has two and basically says, all right.
09:13 , we're going to take this big skirt and we're just going to divide
09:16 up. Sal pinks actually refers to . And so what they're saying?
09:20 the first half of the word mezo to the connective tissue. All
09:25 So when we talk about the digestive , you learned about the mezo
09:30 not me. Excuse me. The uh now means a meum stuck in
09:35 head and it's never gonna go Is it the meso colon is what
09:41 gonna think about meso colon, And basically what it is, that's
09:44 fat and the connective tissue that holds , that surrounds your large intestine,
09:47 ? So when you see that, prefix meso, it's just telling you
09:50 connective tissue. So mesovarium, think , the connective tissue of the
09:57 Meso pinks. Well, what's a ? Well, cell pink refers to
10:04 . Is there a structure up That kind of looks like a
10:08 that kind of look like the horn a trumpet. Let me look on
10:12 side. Does that look better? that look kind of like the the
10:16 of a trumpet? That's where it from. So it's the connective tissue
10:20 the over dut or the fallopian tube the uterine tube or whatever you wanna
10:25 it. And then down here meso , we're gonna learn. Meum really
10:30 to the structures that are part of uterus. And so I was just
10:33 the connective tissue of those structures of uterus. So that's collectively where those
10:40 come from. Um We have the ligament, the ovarian ligament you see
10:44 the ovary in position two, the . Now I'm gonna show you something
10:52 . Once I show you this, never not see it. There's another
10:58 that's funny here, we have the of a cow and there you have
11:04 long horn. Do you see it time you look at it?
11:12 that's what you'll see and explains the at U T too, doesn't
11:19 All right? So, ovarian ligament the ovary to uh to the
11:24 And finally, we have the suspensory that's going to be sitting off off
11:27 the side. So again, think the skirt, you're holding up the
11:30 , take and tie off the end that skirt and tie it off to
11:33 walls of the pelvis and that's what it all in place. So the
11:37 sits in place, the ovary sits place and you don't move around or
11:41 all that much because of these particular . Now, when we look at
11:46 ovary. Here again, we're getting nice and close. You can see
11:48 a uterine tube right there. There's measle cell pink. So this is
11:51 broad ligament. There's your mesovarium. we're looking at here is that
11:56 All right. And like I it's not a particularly large structure about
11:58 to 4 centimeters in length. It its own artery and its own vein
12:03 in. Um, it has its nervous structures that are responsible for innovating
12:09 . These are all autonomic. So not able to govern what's going on
12:14 regard to the ovary. On the layer, we have this thin layer
12:18 cuboidal epithelium. We call this the epithelium. I say it's poorly named
12:23 it has no role or responsibility in of germinating anything. But because the
12:29 is where the eggs came from and didn't understand how structurally it worked.
12:33 were just like, oh, here's this epithelium and this must be
12:36 , where the o comes from. they named it the germ epithelium and
12:41 underlying that you have another layer of tissue. This is called the tunica
12:46 . Did we see tunica albinia in mail? Yes, we did.
12:50 right. And so this again, gonads have the same origin, they're
12:55 to have similar structure associated with So you have a germinal layer,
13:00 have the tunica albinia and then you into the ovary proper and then the
13:04 layer of the ovary is called the . The inner layer of the ovary
13:07 the mela. So just like every structure that has an inner and outer
13:11 , it goes by the same Now, why does it have an
13:15 and outer portion? Because those things different functionalities when we look at the
13:20 , for example, what we're going see is we're going to see a
13:24 bunch of follicles. All right. in this, you can see it
13:29 , really clear. I think this isn't as good as this one
13:34 So the the follicles are where the are being produced or actually not being
13:40 , but where they're found, And it's these follicles that we're going
13:45 pay it, pay attention to. just like the seminiferous epithelium and the
13:50 tubules play a role where sperm are the ovarian follicle is where the ovum
13:58 developing. And each ovum is found its own follicle. And so the
14:03 are going to go through multiple stages remember we said during o genesis very
14:09 on while you're still in development, actually initiate the process of O genesis
14:14 you begin working your way through meiosis then you're arrested and then nothing happens
14:19 puberty. So you have somewhere on order of about two million arrested follicles
14:29 the beginning of puberty. And then going to happen is we're going to
14:33 these arrested follicles and we're going to it's time to mature. And so
14:37 going to go through this process, follicle is going to change and there's
14:41 to be unique appearances that are going take place and things that are easy
14:44 identify in terms of, oh, are stages and we're going to use
14:48 stages to kind of understand the development this o so that it can then
14:53 released and be fertilized. Now, mala, on the other hand,
14:58 is that center area and really in center area, this is where the
15:03 vessels are and what we're gonna see little bit later is that it's important
15:08 have a lot of blood vessels because gonna be using hormones from the ovary
15:13 are going to then speak to the so that those two structures can communicate
15:20 each other to determine the stages of or when it's time to get
15:25 et cetera, et cetera. It's regulates what is called the uterine
15:30 All right. So the blood vessels important and then this outer cortex layer
15:34 important because this is where follicular genesis place. And so the word follicular
15:40 just refers to the changes that are place in the follicles. Now,
15:44 got a lot of stuff written down these follicles. All right. Don't
15:48 caught up in the minutia. All , I'm, I'm doing this because
15:52 like to tell complete stories. All . And so what I want you
15:56 do is when you look at there's a lot of stuff here.
15:59 right. But just think in very basic terms. So the basic
16:03 follicle is called primordial. When you the word primordial, what do you
16:07 of? Yeah, old, Like, you know, like basic
16:12 been developed and that's what this it's an undeveloped one and this is
16:16 is filling the ovary, right? what happened during development? This is
16:21 been formed. And in that what you have here is you have
16:24 , you have this little tiny oum is in stage one. So it's
16:28 O site, right? So it's a stage 10 site, it's
16:32 in myosin one in prophase and it's by this thin layer of cells that
16:37 called granulosa cells. They're not even granulosa cells at this point. They
16:41 kind of like a pre granulosa Now, if the word up there
16:45 cell, yeah, we're going to to granulosa cells on two or three
16:49 . All right. But they're like certo cells. All right. And
16:53 what's gonna happen is is that in course, I mean, at puberty
16:57 the course of the uterine cycle, going to happen is that hormones are
17:02 , are going to kick in and portion of those primordial follicles are going
17:08 be selected for and say, we want you to develop, we
17:11 you to advance and move towards And so the ones that have been
17:16 all of a sudden, those granulosa , they change the pre granulosa
17:19 they fatten up and they start looking cuboidal in shape. And what they're
17:24 to do is they're the ones that responsible for sending the signals to the
17:28 sites. And then those o sites to grow massively. They start off
17:33 little itsy bitsy tiny things and they a lot bigger like they double in
17:38 . So you can see kind of this picture right here. This is
17:41 an example of a primordial follicle. would be kind of a late stage
17:47 to a secondary follicle. So it's a great picture, but I wanted
17:50 use it to show you the difference the sizes so that we can see
17:54 this, there's this growth that takes . And so what we've done now
17:58 we've initiated the process of follicular So when you're a primary follicle,
18:03 in follicular genesis, if you're you haven't begun. And so only
18:09 small portion every 28 days roughly is to be selected to move forward.
18:17 follicles become secondary follicles, secondary follicles become tertiary follicles, secondary follicles.
18:24 we're going to start seeing is we're to see the granulosa cells starting to
18:28 , we're going to increase the number these cells. So you're going to
18:32 multiple layers. So you can kind see down here how there's multiple layers
18:38 the granulosa cells. You're going to seeing a thickening of a layer of
18:42 surrounding the granulosa cells. You can of see in this picture. Do
18:45 kind of see that boundary being formed here? Do you see a boundary
18:49 formed? Ok. This is a cell. These are called the
18:54 which we'll get to in just a , they're equivalent to the late cells
18:58 the male. So all of a now we have different names for
19:01 but we have similar types of cells in both males and females. We
19:05 granular cells that are like not the thing as certo cells. We have
19:11 cells which are like but not the thing as latex cells. So you
19:15 kind of connect those two dots and if I know what's going on with
19:19 the cell, I should know what's on over here with regard to the
19:23 cell or vice firsts or whatever word left out right now. What's gonna
19:29 in the late secondary is that you're start seeing as this thing is multiplying
19:34 you're gonna see the formation of this . All right. And this bubble
19:38 called the antrum. It's a little filled space. So you can kind
19:42 see it right there. But here really, really overt. All
19:47 So here, if you get this tiny, little bit of, of
19:51 bubble, that's an indication that you're from secondary to the tertiary phase.
19:56 once you get this big old what's happening is that's really, you're
20:00 in the tertiary phase. The other that you're going to see forming
20:04 that's not really clear because this particular doesn't stain well, but you can
20:10 of see on the outside of the site. There's this this layer like
20:16 they're trying to draw it in for . And what this layer is is
20:20 the zona pellucida. And so I to when we talked about the sperm
20:26 , hey, the sperm have this that helps it break through the protective
20:30 of the os side. Do you me talking about that? That protective
20:34 is a zonal, it is like shell of a cell or of a
20:39 an egg? It's not, but like one. And in fact,
20:44 order for you to develop past like 32 cell stage or like the the
20:50 stage, you literally have to you have to tear that thing open
20:55 that blastocyst has to pop out. this is after fertilization much, much
20:59 down the road. But this, layer protects, it serves as a
21:04 that covers and protects the oci. so it's going to be developed at
21:07 point. So secondary, we have whole bunch of things going on,
21:14 we? We got this special layer theca cells, we got the formation
21:18 the zone of pallida, right. got the granulosa cells multiplying and you're
21:23 probably sitting around. I don't care granulosa cells are. They're actually
21:26 very important. All right, they're to the points where you can see
21:31 and millions and millions of them. right. Oh, yeah. And
21:35 forming this antrum and then finally, in that tertiary stage. And here
21:43 you're gonna see during the tertiary stage you're gonna see this massive growth of
21:48 follicle. Now, some point between uh in that second area of the
21:53 , you're gonna start, you we, we were stuck in my
21:58 and what we're gonna do is we're divide and so we're gonna shed off
22:03 um a polar body and that's going happen a little bit later. But
22:07 we're doing is we're prepping ourselves and towards that second division. So meiosis
22:14 is actually progressing beyond the prophase But the key thing here,
22:22 we're, we're, we're kind of in the secondary stage or the secondary
22:28 we can go through and we're all right, we're stuck, we
22:30 to go through that second division is I'm trying to get at.
22:34 what we're doing in that tertiary is doing that last, little bit in
22:39 for ovulation now because the antrum is so big and all this fluid is
22:44 in what's going to happen is the side gets pushed off to one
22:47 So here you can see there is early tertiary. So you're looking at
22:52 antrum and antrum. And really what seeing is like a slice like this
22:56 that you're seeing it on either side the O side, it's just a
22:59 angle. So that Antrim is one , it's not two different antrum.
23:04 one, it's just the, the cut through the slide is giving
23:08 making it look like there's two. you can see this is pretty small
23:11 this tertiary follicle is going to become . All right, you're going from
23:17 size of about 20.4 millimeters. So about a millimeter, right? It's
23:22 this and it's half that. And you're gonna do is you're gonna grow
23:26 20 millimeters right now. If you've , you guys have learned your metric
23:33 , right? So what's the next bigger than a millimeter centimeter? So
23:39 millimeters equals one centimeter. All And look at what it says up
23:45 , you go to a size of 20 millimeters or two centimeters. How
23:52 is your ovary? What did I you? Four? So this thing
23:59 grow to about half the size of ovary. And you do this roughly
24:06 28 days. This thing gets huge right. And we're going to see
24:12 picture here to kind of help you demonstrate this. Now there's other
24:17 So the tha layer is going to a lot thicker and easier to identify
24:19 granulosa cells, they're kind of dividing terms of their population. You can
24:24 we have a group of granular cells hang out around the o site.
24:27 have another group of grain lo cells make up the inner lining. So
24:31 like here's granulosa cells, there's tha theca is the dark stuff that you
24:36 see and they have different functions as mentioned. But it's this structure.
24:42 you get to this late stage, gonna happen is, is one is
24:46 to make it to this point and one is the one that's gonna be
24:51 now just to kind of give you sense in terms of size. All
24:54 . So this is how big a 40 microns, it's not even a
24:59 , it's a micron. And here is, that's 400.4 millimeters. So
25:04 can see in terms of size, big you get a doubling of the
25:07 site. But it's the granulosa cells the layer of theca on the outside
25:12 make up the mass of this All right. So this thing is
25:17 huge and then ovulation occurs which we talked about. We'll get to all
25:23 stuff later, right? And then tissues that are left behind because the
25:31 side let me just go back. portion right here is what leads during
25:36 and all the stuff that's there that's here gets left behind and it goes
25:41 this metamorphosis. This differentiation is the term, but metamorphosis is something you
25:48 picture, right? It's a And what you end up with is
25:52 structure here. That massive thing right . That's the corpus luteum.
25:59 what does corpus mean body? What you think means? You wanna
26:04 Take Latin. No, well, , but I'll just name things for
26:12 they do or for what they look back then. They didn't know what
26:15 thing did. So it's what it like. Lua means yellow, it's
26:23 yellow body and it's this structure right that becomes a massive endocrine organ to
26:34 pregnancy. In other words, this organ is going to pump out a
26:38 , specifically progesterone and some estrogen. it's that progesterone, that's there that
26:43 , hey, it's pregnancy time. we don't want you to go through
26:47 process of ovulating or doing anything We just want to make sure that
26:51 pregnancy occurs, that it's going to maintained and it's this structure that is
26:57 for the early stages of maintaining All right. So it promotes what
27:05 work that's going on in the uterus taking place. And again, when
27:09 look at the hormones, I think gonna see what I'm talking about
27:14 But this is a pretty big I mean, look at it.
27:16 your ovary right there. All And you can see it's roughly the
27:21 size for about half the size right . That's showing you an early stage
27:28 follicle to give you a sense of . So, remember we said we're
27:33 start off small and we're gonna get . So this is how big a
27:39 follicle will get. All right, just not going to cut up somebody
27:44 say, look, here's a tertiary because that size of that follicle of
27:49 two centimeters only exists for a very short period of time.
27:54 if pregnancy occurs, it's gonna stick and that's what's gonna be driving the
27:59 of the hormones that maintain the pregnancy the first trimester. But pregnancy doesn't
28:06 occur. You guys haven't been pregnant , have you? I'm looking at
28:10 ladies, some of you may but I'm talking the majority of you
28:13 gone through a pregnancy yet. So time you've cycled, you produce one
28:18 these, it sticks around for about days and then it says,
28:22 well, pregnancy hasn't happened. I'm getting the feedback from the uterus saying
28:27 is occurring. So, what we're to do is we're just going to
28:30 this structure and we're going to leave a remnant of what the structure
28:36 And that's when you get the corpus cans. And again, named for
28:40 it looks like. Corpus body alba is white. And so you can
28:45 here scattered throughout our remnants of those Corpus Luia. Now they're not going
28:55 fill up the entire ovary until it's just a bunch of connective
28:58 They degrade over time, but they around for, for a longer period
29:02 time than just like a couple of as you can see through this
29:07 that's a remnant, that's a remnant so on and so forth. And
29:12 this is happening roughly every 28 days the uterine cycle, you take a
29:18 follicle, it grows, becomes very massive. You get ovulation,
29:23 structure converts or becomes a corpus Corpus luteum sticks around for about 14
29:30 . No pregnancy degrade, become the alba cans repeat the cycle. All
29:38 . Now, I'm gonna reiterate this and over and over again. So
29:40 you didn't get that the first time going to deal with that, I
29:43 you to see the structures that are of the ovary so that you can
29:48 put them in place when we actually about the actual process. Are there
29:54 about the follicle? Yeah, I think I do that. If I
30:00 , it's always going to be really obvious. So like a tertiary
30:04 will have a overt Antrim, It won't be like, oh can
30:10 guess what this might be, what looking at if it's a primary
30:13 right? You're looking for the granulosa and that you should see nice square
30:18 granulosa cells, right? So I remember if I actually put those pictures
30:22 the exam or not. Um I I might, I can't remember if
30:26 cruel or not. OK. But a fair question. I think you
30:30 be aware of the features and then this is in his class. So
30:35 not like guess your way through. . Yeah. So like this would
30:40 an example of like what is that you're looking at this? What is
30:44 primary secondary, tertiary, tertiary? . Big old Antrim, big old
30:49 . You can see the o site been pushed off to the side.
30:52 is the beautiful picture because you can the the cells look at those the
30:55 sitting around and then the granulosa cells um are really, really overt and
31:01 can actually see the kind of the populations. And as I said,
31:04 are really types of two populations of cells. Their job is to convert
31:11 into estrogen. Ok. So, what they do is they make the
31:21 and they're being regulated by a hormone from the anterior pituitary called follicle stimulating
31:27 . Do you now understand where the comes from? It stimulates the follicles
31:31 do what while they get nice and ? Oh, well, what,
31:34 are they getting nice and big because making more and more of these granulosa
31:37 ? Why do we want to make and more granulosa cells? We want
31:41 pump up the estrogen levels? Why learn in just a bit? All
31:46 . But that's it. That's its function. Now, the truth is
31:51 there are two different populations here. have the cumulus granular cells. When
31:56 hear cumulus, what do you think clouds? All right. So that's
32:01 it is. It's basically, it's cloud of cells sitting around the
32:06 That's where it comes from. And the mural, I don't know,
32:09 not like painting, but uh the um are the ones going on the
32:16 . Those are the mural. These ones that are dividing and getting bigger
32:19 more, more common and they're the that are gonna be stuck behind after
32:24 occurs. All right cells, as mentioned are like the lag cells,
32:34 are under the influence of lutin And what they're going to do is
32:39 cells are going to take cholesterol and going to make androgen from them.
32:47 , remember what do the late cells ? They made androgen? Really?
32:51 made testosterone, which is a type androgen. The difference here is that
32:56 androgen doesn't go to the certo cell the certo cell doesn't change it into
33:01 else. It sequesters away and uses here. The androgen is passed on
33:06 the granulosa cells so that the granulosa can make the estrogen. Now,
33:13 are two different layers. We have inner layer. The inner layer actually
33:18 are the ones that are really responsive the luteinizing hormone. All right,
33:23 outer layers just referred to as the the it's the one that responds um
33:28 actually produces uh uh prostaglandins to cause smooth muscle that surrounds these structures to
33:38 . And so part of ovulation is is gonna be gross, but it's
33:42 easy way to remember it. It's the follicle so that it pops like
33:45 zit, it doesn't actually do but it's a visual that you probably
33:51 remember. Now, most textbooks get part wrong. All right. So
34:02 you go off to nursing school and teaching you about this stuff, I
34:05 you to look at the picture that show you and go. This is
34:08 right and then accuse your professor of knowing reproduction and get kicked out of
34:17 . I'm not kidding about the last . Don't do that part. All
34:22 . When you look at a what they'll usually show is they'll show
34:26 a normal uterine cycle, which is 28 days. And I say normally
34:32 28 days because I know some cycles longer, some are shorter. Please
34:36 come up to me and tell me your cycle is. I have to
34:39 this because guess what, I've had come up and say, I want
34:43 talk to you about my cycle and am not a physician and I,
34:49 really don't wanna know. OK, , I'm just telling you right now
34:56 can see down here, here's the , they usually show you a 28
34:58 cycle, which is the average or cycle length. All right. And
35:02 they'll do in most textbooks, they'll you this picture and they'll say,
35:05 , look, here's a primary follicle then they'll show you uh none of
35:09 other steps. And they'll basically just you go from here to there to
35:12 and ovulation. So it takes 14 to go from a primary to a
35:16 follicle. Everything is good and happy that's not true. All right,
35:23 length of time for follicular genesis is 290 days. We don't know
35:28 Some might be over 300 some put down to 2 90. It could
35:32 like 310. We do not know is long. So to put that
35:36 perspective, it is roughly the length 10 months. So depending upon where
35:42 are in your cycling, ladies, , I don't want to know,
35:44 you can imagine if you are at beginning of your cycle, you are
35:49 the process of, of going from to primaries. And then over the
35:55 10 months that primary follicle will slowly its way towards tertiary follicles. Those
36:06 14 days though of the, of , of the process, which is
36:11 beginning part of a cycle will take small tertiary follicle and over 14 days
36:19 grow it massively in response to that S H producing tons and tons of
36:25 , which will cause the follicle to even more. And so you go
36:29 that roughly half a millimeter size to two millimeters or to the two centimeter
36:36 . All right. So what they're you in the textbook is this
36:40 but some Yahoo wrote it down wrong drew a wrong picture and it's made
36:45 into every textbook except for the one you guys have, right. So
36:53 , you can see here the, the time to get from here to
36:56 tertiary focal is a very, very time. But it's those 1st 14
37:02 of massive growth of selecting what we the dominant follicle, that one follicle
37:08 is going to make it to And then you can see ovulation occurs
37:16 then we're going to see the corpus be formed and it sticks around for
37:20 14 days. All right. what we have here in this process
37:26 follicular genesis are those stages which are dependent, right? And we have
37:32 that are gonadotropin independent. All And those two words should be easy
37:38 understand if you're gona open independent, means you are progressing without the influences
37:45 the hormones that come from the pituitary , shh and L H. In
37:49 words, the initiation occurred, but you're just kind of chugging along and
37:53 working your way as you go. these are the independent stages up
37:59 All right. But when you get here, now you're dependent upon the
38:04 of those gonadotropins F S H and H. So to get from that
38:09 that you need to have those hormones . Alright. So this is where
38:17 dominant follicle is going to be Now, I've just hit you with
38:23 whole bunch of information and we just about the ovary. What other structures
38:27 we have a couple of others? . Yeah, we have the uterus
38:31 the uterine tube. Are there questions the ovary? Does it feel a
38:38 bit more complicated than the test? , because I don't think I said
38:46 , men produce 80 million sperm every days or actually it's every day.
38:54 basically the cycles like that. And it's a long time just to get
38:59 one. Yes, ma'am. I think that's particularly important right now.
39:08 asked, do I have to know names of the nerves? I don't
39:12 that's particularly important. Yeah. A . Every Yes. So you,
39:31 the question is, is all And it has to do with
39:34 this selection process is really So, what's, what's kind of going
39:38 I'm gonna kill myself. What's kind going on? Yeah. It's
39:41 that's the thing where you have to your cameras out. Professor falls on
39:46 . Hey, if you make money that, you got to cut me
39:50 . All right. So the question is, is really, is
39:53 so what's, is this really going every 28 days? Am I producing
39:58 yes. unless it gets interrupted by or false pregnancy. Now, I
40:04 false pregnancy because pregnancy is an easy . You can think like I'm either
40:08 or I'm not, but many of are on birth control, right?
40:13 that birth control interferes with this It, it pretends or fakes pregnancy
40:18 your body. So it says, I'm pregnant. So what I'm not
40:22 do is I'm not gonna do these stages. I'm not gonna go through
40:26 steps down here. And so what's is you're getting up to this point
40:30 you're kind of arresting at that stage then maybe it will die off or
40:37 it'll just sit there, you but really that's what you're missing out
40:42 . And so when you're pregnant, don't want to get pregnant again halfway
40:46 your pregnancy, right? So, mean, because that would be
40:49 right? You get one child that's and it has to go nine months
40:53 then, you know, halfway through you got one another organism that's four
40:57 , it still has another five months gestation. It needs to go
41:01 So what, what the process does pregnancy? It basically says,
41:06 don't do this because we don't want to occur. So that's kind of
41:14 going on here. So, under circumstances, you, every 20 to
41:20 days, roughly you're going through the of producing a single tertiary follicle or
41:25 you're lucky two or if you're really three. Now you don't want
41:32 triplets are hard, but you're getting single obvious four event. And then
41:39 find out if we're pregnant. Corpus , stick around, stick around.
41:43 , no pregnancy. OK. Let's begin the process again.
41:47 we haven't talked yet about the right? We haven't talked about the
41:51 . We haven't talked about the regulation what's going on. That's coming
41:57 All right. But we still have couple of other structures because it's not
42:03 about ovulation, it's not just about the egg. Remember, we said
42:07 structures are involved in a whole a whole bunch of different processes.
42:13 we have the uterine tube and I again, depending on which book
42:17 there's a whole bunch of different Fallopian, oviduct, ovarian tube.
42:20 mean uterine tube, there's, there's many names as you need. But
42:26 you see tube, this is the you're thinking of and what it is
42:29 it's this structure here All right. you can see the Ovary and you
42:35 see structurally, it just extends from uterus and it's, and it's all
42:39 . This cartoon does not give it . Actually, the next picture you
42:43 see here, that's what it looks on the inside. All right.
42:47 we like to try to make it like a tube. If you saw
42:50 movie, look who's talking, which with, uh Bruce Willis. And
42:55 they show like this little bouncing through like it's like jumping on a
43:00 And Bruce Willis is like this is much fun. And then you see
43:03 these sperm swimming through this tube like like there's water and fluids like
43:10 no, that's not how this all . All right, you can see
43:13 not an empty tube. That is very, very complex structure on the
43:17 . It's a maze. So the fact that sperm and eggs actually ever
43:20 together when you look at something like like how right. I mean,
43:25 aren't like the mazes you did when were a kid. These are like
43:27 complex mazes, right? All So in terms of structure,
43:31 So remember we said that we had measles cell pink that sits right there
43:35 part of the broad ligament. There's sections. Um We have the
43:39 this is the region over here, indium, that's the portion that looks
43:43 the open end of a horn. can see at the ends of the
43:46 and having little tiny fingers, the tiny fingers are called the Fibria.
43:50 I want to point out something This is the weirdest thing ever when
43:54 start thinking about it. All I don't know how many other organisms
43:58 structures like our, like this u uterine tube and our ovaries, but
44:03 uterine tube is opened up to the cavity. All right. It's not
44:10 a structure. It's not like you the ovary and it's uh a continuous
44:14 . It literally sits like this. so when ovulation occurs, what,
44:19 we're doing is you're ovulating into the cavity and the indium and the little
44:24 are sitting there trying to pull in wash in that ovulated ovum. All
44:33 . Most other organisms don't have these of structure. It's like you go
44:36 into the uterine tube, but humans do that. Don't ask me why
44:43 I don't know the answer. I far too lazy to look it
44:46 All right. But we have this structure. And so you're trying to
44:51 in that o into the uterine tube the indium where you see the
44:57 it really is right around here. called the Aula Aulas. You,
45:00 usually see it where it's an expansion a, of a tube. All
45:04 . So when you see Aula, think it gets bigger. So the
45:07 is the site where fertilization takes So this is where the sperm and
45:12 egg are going to come together. right. And 99.9% of the pregnancies
45:18 the fertilizations that occur start here in aula. And then the isthmus is
45:24 long stretchy part that attaches itself to uterus. And then the interstitial segment
45:29 the uterotubal junction. This is just point that is working its way through
45:34 uterine wall. So this tube is passing into the next open area structurally
45:45 like every other tube. It has mucosa. All right. So that's
45:48 epithelium. Has a submucosa of connective , has a muscularis. It has
45:53 crore cros sits there and surrounds it keeps it from stretching outward.
45:59 I want to point something out about muscularis. All right. There's two
46:03 and what it's going to do is creates these peristaltic contractions that pull sperm
46:09 material into the structure. Now, mentioned this already. Um And I
46:15 know if you caught me saying it's like you may not want to
46:17 pregnant, but your body does. . The goal of the reproduction,
46:24 system is to produce an offspring. every structure is built to bring an
46:30 and a sperm together and get them , really close so that you can
46:34 pregnancy, right? So you can that new offspring. This is no
46:40 . So there is a smooth muscle does this peristalsis just like you'd see
46:43 the digestive system. Instead of pushing forward, it's pulling things inward.
46:49 it's saying, oh, well, sperm. Let me just keep
46:51 bring it up here. The other that the uterine tube does is it
46:55 as a site of, of Uh um It's is the word I'm
47:00 for now is basically, once the arrives, it may not arrive at
47:08 moment that ovulation occurs. And so reproductive tract, your female reproductive tract
47:12 sitting there going, you know what know, ovulation is gonna occur in
47:14 couple of days. So, um not gonna go ahead and store the
47:19 and let it just kind of hang and we're gonna let you guys sleep
47:23 then when it's time we'll wake you . So, how long does this
47:28 ? Well, an of them can last for about 24 hours, but
47:32 can survive in a female reproductive tract to 6 days. And literally,
47:38 releasing signals to that sperm to let's go. All right. You're
47:43 ones waking it up, you're putting to sleep and you're waking it
47:47 All right. So when I say it's not just a passive activity that
47:52 female reproductive tract is doing. It's very active form of trying to become
47:59 even though your brains are saying, , not interested. Oh I,
48:05 point out another thing. Well, , I this because I want to
48:08 out here is just it, it's , it's multiple fold fold. So
48:12 can imagine it's difficult to get the . So it's not, you,
48:16 may have heard at some point. the fastest swimmer. You get the
48:19 swimmer, the fastest swimmer is going get to the egg first.
48:22 it's the one that can actually navigate this stuff. It's, and
48:25 it's not a selection on speed. a selection on working its way through
48:30 being able to find that that um it is a maze. Now,
48:37 uterus is the site of implantation. pause questions about the uterine tube.
48:44 . Ok. So easy thing to this site of implant or not
48:50 uterine tube site of fertilization. All , the uterus. This is the
48:56 of implantation. All right. This where gestation is going to occur.
49:00 right. And you can see it has a couple of different
49:03 You have the upper regions called the . This is the body. You've
49:07 of the cervix. The region that down to the cervix is the
49:10 Um The cervix is actually a very muscular structure we're going to see
49:14 just a moment. It projects into vagina for a very, very small
49:20 . All right. Now, the of the uterus is to first receive
49:25 fertilized, do them is to take fertilize, allow for it to embed
49:31 and implant itself into the walls of uterus. And then it promotes
49:35 And then a portion of that uterine will go through a process called Deidra
49:40 then it will then uh with tissue the embryo become the placenta. So
49:47 of these things are occurring here in uterus. And then after nine months
49:52 gestation or really 42 weeks of then the muscle that makes up the
49:59 are going to contract in response to specific signals and it's going to result
50:05 the release of that organism. All , that offspring, this is part
50:13 and then we'll talk about it in future lecture. So, structurally,
50:20 do we got going on here? , first off, we have the
50:22 of the pelvic floor, basically hold in place. So that's your pelvic
50:26 , right? So that separates the from the abdomen. You have the
50:30 diaphragm again that sits underneath uh the the bladder. Uh and what they're
50:36 to do is they kind of help the uterus and everything into place.
50:39 they don't just kind of drop out the bottom of your body and they
50:42 to resist the abdominal pressure. So when you eat food or if you
50:46 gas or anything else, all that pushing down or basically resists upward to
50:52 of hold that space together. We've a couple of the ligaments like the
50:56 ligament, but we also have the ligament. And you can see here
51:00 is the round ligament. It holds in place. So while you have
51:03 suspense ligament sitting up at the round ligaments holds it down to the
51:07 , the transverse cervical ligament is near um um the, the cervix and
51:13 we have the uteral um which is down here. I'm trying to see
51:17 it is my, it's not even . Uh It's gonna be like a
51:23 if I remember correctly. But these just things again, holding everything into
51:27 so that during pregnancy and you all this stuff, everything just kind
51:33 sits in the right place. So is the site where pregnancy occurs.
51:41 gonna come back to it. But want to deal with the cervix
51:44 All right. Now, first in order for sperm to get to
51:50 , which is found in the oviduct fertilization, there has to be a
51:53 pathway that means there has to be opening from the external environment to the
51:57 environment. All right. So vagina an easy one to think about.
52:01 OK. That's an opening. But have this other structure that's inside my
52:06 . It's a uterus. So there's opening from the vagina to the uterus
52:11 then there's a direct path from the through the uterine tube. And
52:15 as I mentioned, the really weird is that it opens up to the
52:19 pelvic cavity. So you actually have cavity in your body that's open to
52:24 external environment. And if you start about this hard enough, you're
52:30 wait a second. That means nasty things from the outside can get
52:33 the inside. And I'm not, talking about sperm. I'm not talking
52:36 all sorts of pathogens. So how I prevent that? Well, first
52:42 , we're going to use that Cervix a dividing line between the external environment
52:50 the internal environment. So there's still pass through that. So the cervix
52:56 this little tiny hole again, we do it the, the way to
52:59 of visualize it, make a look at that, that you can
53:01 , that's my cervix. And then look at that little tiny hole through
53:05 middle of your hand, that's the ot, the cervical opening and it
53:08 on either side. And what we're to do is we're going to fill
53:11 with mucus and that mucus prevents flora moving from the external environment into what
53:19 would call the sterile internal environment. if I have this mucus plug that
53:26 there and blocks passing things through, am I ever gonna get sperm to
53:32 through that? Well, the mucus consistently at different times of the cycle
53:41 that's what this picture is showing you in the bottom. So here day
53:46 of the cycle. This is post MS. You can see there's
53:49 cervical plug right day 15 of the when ovulation occurs, when you're most
53:56 to want sperm near that. O what the cervix looks like. It's
54:02 and there are not a lot of , it's actually watery mucus. So
54:06 makes it very, very easy and post uh ovulation about another two or
54:11 days later, it solidifies nice and again, nice and thick, preventing
54:16 from passing back and forth. So serves as a structure that divides the
54:28 environment from the internal environment when you inside the uterus, this is the
54:37 of implantation. We need something to into. All right. Now,
54:42 strategy, the human strategy for pregnancy different from other organisms. We go
54:50 a menstrual cycle, meaning that we a portion of the uterine lining monthly
54:58 pregnancy doesn't occur. Other organisms go an cycle where it basically makes
55:04 the lining uh build up and break . But without the shedding or the
55:10 uh the destruction of that structure, just a reproductive strategy that just happens
55:15 work for us. Now, all the structures here you'll notice have marium
55:21 the end of the name. So parametrium is just the name of the
55:24 . The myometrium is the musculature that up the wall of the uterus.
55:28 there are three different layers here we concentric, right. So it goes
55:32 , we have longitudinal that goes up down and then we have oblique,
55:36 means we can do kind of And these are all going to be
55:38 , very beneficial for labor later on help expel the offspring during part
55:48 The endometrium is where implantation takes This is a epithelial layer that grows
55:54 response to hormones and has embedded within . A series of glands and a
56:02 of blood vessels that grow with the in preparation for pregnancy. All
56:08 So there's two unique layers, one always there. And then we have
56:13 one that actually grows and is shed the during the mensies. So one
56:19 sticks, sticks around is called the basi or the basal layer,
56:24 And so you can see here, my parametrium, there's the muscles,
56:28 the myometrium. And so this little down here that they're highlighting is a
56:33 that's always there, that endometrium always . It's an epithelium that just is
56:38 that lines the inside of the uterus the time. And it's from
56:43 that this layer is what produces the layer, which is the functional,
56:49 functional layer, all right. And hormones that are being produced in the
56:54 are acting on that function layer to it to grow upward. And when
56:59 grows upward, the glands that are on baseline down here and the blood
57:04 that are found down here also grow work their way up to provide an
57:10 beneficial for implantation. So that comes along and when everything's ready, it
57:20 a, a bed and a feast for it. In essence, what's
57:24 on here. If pregnancy occurs, this is the layer that's maintained throughout
57:34 pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs or fails, this is what's shed and
57:40 shed it all down and you get back down to that basal layer and
57:44 just waiting to be reinitiated so that can build it back up again.
57:50 there's a whole bunch of connective tissue there, you can see on the
57:53 layer. So if this sheds down works down, that outer layer would
57:57 right there. But that's where the portion is. And this is trying
58:01 show you, oh look, there's and veins and there's uterine glands,
58:05 arteries are called the spiral arteries. do you think they call them spiral
58:11 ? They spiral actually, what it is that as they grow, they're
58:14 of goes kind of go up but become very, very fat. And
58:18 what they do is they kind of on themselves. So it gives them
58:21 spiral appearance of, of, you know, when you look at
58:26 . But what they're there for is provide blood nutrients and the materials necessary
58:32 a developing fetus. The last structure we go back to this horrible
58:38 This, I, I don't like picture because it, it, it's
58:41 clear where everything is. It's I think it's a bad image,
58:45 I still want to use this. you can see. So here's the
58:48 , you can see the position of uterus. It is anterior grade,
58:52 retrograde. So it falls over easy to remember that is there's the bladder
58:56 there. And if you've ever known pregnant woman or if you've ever been
59:00 , you know that they have to to the bathroom all the time because
59:03 baby just uses that bladder as a right there. Look something to bounce
59:09 , right. And that's why it's it sits right on top of
59:16 Now, the vagina has multi All right. It is a,
59:21 mus a fibromuscular tube, meaning there muscle in there, but it is
59:25 epithelium and stuff. It's relatively meaning it can expand. So,
59:31 you ever wondered if you've ever looked a newborn baby's head and you're
59:33 how did that possibly ever happen? because the vagina stretches very, very
59:39 . It is an organ of So we, when we say
59:44 this is what we're talking about. serves as that canal between the
59:48 So it's a birth canal. it is a continuation of the reproductive
59:53 . And finally, it's also the for the, um, the menstruation
59:58 occurs during Menzies in terms of non crain, stratified squamous. All
60:05 . So, you know, on outside that's crain. So it's just
60:10 the inside of the mouth. It's crates. It's an environment that really
60:16 promote the existence of certain flora. , there are bacteria that like to
60:23 in the vagina and actually are They, they are a symbi symbiotic
60:28 . And what they do is the produces secretions of glycogen that cause lacto
60:34 to actually exist and they produce chemicals kill off other bacteria and yeast and
60:39 small organisms. Right? There's some secretions as well. So the vagina
60:47 on the whole, pretty much acidic most microorganisms don't like acidic environments.
60:54 the lactobacilli basically serves as that protective and there's also another immune cells and
60:59 in there. All right. Um two layers of smooth muscle. So
61:05 that is concentric, one that's elongate . So the vagina can actually stretch
61:10 either direction and then it's surrounded by connective tissue and advent tissue that helps
61:16 uh that allows it to stretch and forth. So, in terms of
61:26 external genitalia, when we talked about , the external genitalia is not the
61:30 , it's the scrotum, right? genitalia is not the copy organ.
61:35 the other stuff. So with regard the female, the external genitalia is
61:39 the vulva. There are multiple parts it. We have the man's
61:43 Males have a mom's pubis. We really talk about it all that much
61:47 we have a penis and everyone just of focuses in on a penis,
61:50 ? But the Mon's pubis is basically skin and fat that sits up
61:54 It's where the pubic hair is, typically located. We have uh uh
62:00 the structures that give rise to the give rise to the labia. So
62:04 have the labia majora underneath. And that structure, there are structures that
62:11 equivalent to the spons that you see the penis. You have the labia
62:17 which has a bunch of glands as . Uh I should have mentioned labia
62:21 has sweat and sebaceous glands. But you get down to the la
62:25 no hair, but you do have glands. And then the area between
62:29 labia is referred to as the Here, you'll find the opening for
62:33 urethra. Uh you'll see the opening the vagina. Um And then there's
62:38 two little tiny glands. Some women them. Some do not. There
62:42 the pair urethral glands that are located either side of the uh vaginal
62:47 These are equivalent to the bubble urethral in males. So not every woman
62:52 them. Uh some develop them. don't when we look in terms of
62:59 that is homologous to the penis. would be the clitoris, the clitoris
63:03 a body just like the penis has body, it has erectile tissue,
63:08 arises from the same structure. So have the corporate cavernosum. So here
63:13 can see the cavernosum and you can if this is the labia, you
63:17 see how these structures sit underneath and the labia themselves. The Majora,
63:24 have a pair of kra. So each of the uh of the um
63:31 cavernosa have a crew and so they attached to the pubic arch just like
63:35 saw in the mail. The glands the portion of the glitters that sits
63:41 the very end, just like the of the penises at the end of
63:43 penis has all the sensory receptors. then uh there's a small hood or
63:49 uh pre that sits over the clitus . All right. Um There's also
63:56 bulbs I failed to mention here, sit on either side of the vaginal
64:01 . And so during intercourse, they expand and increase friction during copulation.
64:09 they are equivalent and provide the types pleasures that one might experience during
64:17 All right. So we just ran the anatomy. Are there questions about
64:22 structures so far? Pretty straightforward. , everyone's nervous to say anything about
64:31 things. I get, I get . Maybe I should make you all
64:36 penis and then say vagina, it's . You want to get loose and
64:44 because we're about to get into the stuff. Ready, ready for the
64:49 stuff. All right, let's talk hormone regulation. So all these structures
65:00 an important role in producing these And to get there, there are
65:08 through the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary act on the gonads to produce
65:14 the, the material, both the as well as to govern the process
65:20 gametogenesis that's taking place there in the . The simple hormone that we're looking
65:25 here is called gonadotropin releasing hormone, ? So, remember, hypothalamus is
65:29 responsible for releasing stuff. All so that hormone passes through the portal
65:37 . So moves down to the anterior and acts on two different types of
65:42 . Remember, gonadotroph are just the of the cells that produce the
65:45 The first gonadotroph is a gonadotroph that lutin hormone. The second hormone is
65:51 to be F H A different All right. Now, what they're
65:55 is those particular hormones are then going travel down to the testis and they're
66:00 to act on certo cells or latex , latex cells respond to lutin hormone
66:06 produce testosterone. Certo cells respond to S H to help produce sperm.
66:13 what's going to happen is it's going produce a hormone in response to
66:18 that f that hormone is called And if you had to guess what
66:23 does, it should look at that you say, oh, that's real
66:26 . Inhibin inhibits the question is, does it inhibit, well, what
66:31 does inhibit, acts in a negative to act on the F S H
66:37 to tell it to down regulate FS . So there's your short loop,
66:41 feedback loop. All right. But S H also causes the certo cell
66:47 produce androgen binding protein. Androgen binding binds up testosterone. So it helps
66:52 sequester the testosterone that the late cells making in response to the L
66:58 So this is how you concentrate up in the testis. So, in
67:02 very, very simple pathway, we G R H gonadotropins, shh and
67:07 FH acts onto cell inhibin negative feedback to down regulate and control and then
67:15 in its own negative feedback loop acts luteinizing hormone to down regulate luteinizing
67:20 but also acts all the way back to the hypothalamus to regulate G R
67:25 . So that's that long loop Now, inside there, there's a
67:30 of other ones active in is the of inhibin. It basically promotes F
67:34 H. So if inhibin blocks it in, activates it, and then
67:38 another hormone that's called follows and that negative feedback. But I don't think
67:43 I ever ask you guys questions about . I'm just showing you that it's
67:46 more complicated than you can imagine. right, the key ones here,
67:53 , gona releasing hormone, gonadotropins, testosterone, know that feedback loop,
67:59 it. Now what does testosterone Well, prepartum, what does prepartum
68:08 pre means before partum birth? You've heard of postpartum, postpartum
68:18 So, prepartum is before birth. is after birth. So,
68:24 you're gonna see the masculinization of the tract and the external genitalia,
68:28 So, it serves as a signal reproductive development. It also promotes the
68:34 of the testes. So I I and we're going to learn about
68:37 I think in the next lecture, almost certain in the next lecture that
68:41 o and the sorry, the ovaries the testes, they originate from the
68:45 structure depends on a whole bunch of signals. But they both start up
68:49 in the pelvic cavity, but their aren't located in the pelvic cavity.
68:54 located in the scrotum which sits below pelvic cavity external to the body.
68:59 so you're gonna see the descent of testes into the scrotum postpartum. It
69:07 a lot of different things, promotes and maturation of the reproductive system at
69:12 , right? It's going to play important role in spermatogenesis. So if
69:15 go back here and say, what's testosterone doing well, it's promoting
69:20 activity of the stoli cells, It maintains the structures of the reproductive
69:29 tissue in adulthood and it's responsible for male, secondary sexual characteristics. And
69:34 you don't know what those are, the Barry white voice giving us deep
69:38 . So remember if you talk to 10 year old, they're all high
69:40 squeaky and then they go through that and then somewhere around their sophomore junior
69:47 , you get that nice deep voice . All right. That's part of
69:51 . That's example, one male pattern hair growth. So that's what this
69:56 trying to show you is not just uh puberty or um or pubic
70:00 but axillary hair, chest hair, hair, all that fun stuff.
70:04 pattern of growth is a function of . And then of course, the
70:10 body configuration and remember we said on last week, male body is
70:15 And so I tried to find my carrot. So there you go.
70:18 the carrot, a little bit of cake for you guys. All
70:25 it develops the sex drive at It helps to sustain it throughout
70:29 Um It also has some non reproductive . So it is an anabolic.
70:34 um you can look like that if want, you'll never look like that
70:39 a total Photoshop, right? But can see bone growth and lastly,
70:44 lot of places in the male body actually converted into estrogen to do
70:48 So when we talk about the function testosterone, it's not always testosterone that's
70:53 things. It's might be estrogen. the last little step I'm aware that
71:03 have eight minutes. So we're not to get through everything here. I'm
71:08 certain but male, male hormone is simple, right? Gonadotropin releasing
71:16 F S H L H inhibit negative feedback loops. The uterine cycle
71:23 governed by the same hormones. no, not testosterone per se but
71:28 sort of thing. Hypothalamus, gonadotropin hormone F S H L H.
71:33 gonna deal with estrogen and we're gonna on progesterone for good measure. But
71:38 mentioned that there's this broader cycle. might refer to it as the menstrual
71:43 , but it's really the uterine cycle the whole thing. All right.
71:47 this includes the changes that are taking within the endometrium, which are dependent
71:52 the hormones that are pro being produced the ovary. And we're going to
71:57 changes that are occurring in the ovary terms of the follicle as well as
72:02 going on in the uterus. So have to consider all of these things
72:05 . Most cycles, as I they're roughly 28 days. So you'll
72:08 a calendar, that's 28 days. recognize that there's a wide variation.
72:14 mean, I think the average variation like 21 days to 35 days.
72:19 like I said, I've had students to me and said, oh,
72:20 have a 45 day cycle, I don't want to know. All
72:25 , this will be interrupted by Pregnancy basically stops the whole process and
72:31 pregnancy ends, you reset it, gonna start with the ovarian cycle.
72:35 I suspect this is, as far we're gonna get is the ovarian
72:38 So this is a hormone cycle. we're going to do here is we
72:43 regulate, regulating the events of the , the things that we described over
72:48 and it's going to then send those on down to the uterus and it's
72:52 to regulate what's happening inside the uterus well. There are two basic phases
72:57 the ovarian cycle. And I'm just these in here again just so that
73:01 understand that what we said in the slide is true here. So a
73:05 cycle is just part of the uterine . What we have here are the
73:08 phases. The phases are defined by ovulation occurs. So if it's a
73:14 day cycle, the middle of the that divides the two halves equally is
73:21 . The first half of the cycle called the follicular phase. It's defined
73:24 what's happening with the follicle, And so we describe, we
73:28 look, we've got this tertiary follicle grows massively to the point of
73:35 And that's what they're looking at. going, wow, that's what's happening
73:37 . So we call it the follicular . The other half is defined by
73:42 presence of the corpus luteum. So called the luteal phase. Now,
73:48 actually going on? All right. , when we deal with the follicular
73:53 , what we're doing is we're moving a little itchy bitsy tiny follicle,
73:58 one, not two but three or of these follicles, right. So
74:03 a potential for multiple follicles growing to big and large. But what we're
74:09 is we are responding to the presence F S H. Remember what we
74:14 , we said that some of these gonadotropins dependent phases. This is it
74:20 here. And so you have basically couple of different follicles that are all
74:26 off at the same point. And all responding to the F S
74:30 Some respond faster and quicker. And they're going to be selected for while
74:39 ones that aren't responding are going to down regulated and they will become a
74:43 they will die away so that you'll up with just one. This is
74:47 dominant follicle selection. Now, remember follicle is growing, it's starting off
74:53 , it's getting really, really It's not the O site that's getting
74:56 . It's the number of granulosa cells are multiplying granulosa cells produce estrogen.
75:03 right. So what we're seeing here we're seeing an up regulation of the
75:08 of estrogen and you can see it . What does the estrogen do?
75:12 shoots up massively if you didn't hear sound effect, see it when you
75:19 it, you just think this it's going up. So this estrogen
75:26 an important role. The gonadotropin remembers S H. So this is dependent
75:30 F S H to get the to produce the estrogen. So that
75:34 get to the point where ovulation is occur. Ovulation is the point where
75:39 switch from follicular phase to phase. in the luteal phase, we're going
75:44 see the differentiation of those cells, mural granulosa cells, the ones that
75:49 left behind and they become luteal cells they don't produce as much estrogen.
75:56 , they start producing massive amounts of . And it's the progesterone and the
76:03 that are being released by these two that are acting on the uterus to
76:07 the uterus what to do. there are multiple stages along the way
76:15 we've kind of divided it up. can see the little brick right
76:17 It says there's something going on here then there's something going on there.
76:21 we have early follicular phase, we the late follicular phase. All
76:27 in the early follicular phase, watching clock, we're gonna do these two
76:33 and we're just gonna kill it. right. What we have is we
76:37 gonadotropin releasing hormone acting on the pituitary . It causes the release of F
76:41 H and L A. So Everything sounds normal, right? Good
76:46 S H acts on the granulosa Remember I said granulosa cells are like
76:50 cells. So it causes the production inhibin inhibit is going to be serving
76:55 a negative feedback. L H is on the the cells, it's causing
76:59 production of androgens. Androgens are handed over to the granulosa cells. Granulosa
77:04 says, hey, I know what do with that. And it makes
77:07 . And so what we have is have the granulosa cells making more and
77:11 estrogen. All right. So, far does anything sound weird?
77:20 That's the early phase. But what doing is we're producing two hormones that
77:26 in a negative feedback fashion back to layers above them. So inhibit,
77:31 acting on this game out of trips saying, wait, wait, I
77:34 you to slow down the production of H. All right. So the
77:38 of F S H are going Estrogen also acts in the negative feedback
77:44 back to these gonadotroph as well as L H producing gonadotroph and says slow
77:51 , we don't need as much FS L H. The difference is,
77:55 that instead of stopping the production of H, it stops the release of
78:02 H. So you're still making L , you're just not releasing it.
78:07 then again, we act at the level to say slow down everything.
78:10 at the top level, you're basically everything down. But as you move
78:15 and if you look carefully at this , you can see the F S
78:18 levels start dipping right, you can them going down. What you don't
78:26 is this, you see a little arrow going in a circle. Estrogen
78:34 a positive feedback signal to the granulosa to say, hey, um multiply
78:39 divide and by the way, make estrogen. So this is throwing the
78:44 on the hill and having it get and bigger and bigger and bigger and
78:49 . So, by the late follicular , what do we have?
78:55 we're not producing a lot of F H, there's some there but it's
78:59 a lot. Instead, what we is we have produced tons and tons
79:05 estrogen and the estrogen levels are And as a function of that,
79:10 blocking the production of F S And so this is why we have
79:15 follicle selection. We're basically telling the ones that are slowing down, you're
79:19 going fast enough and you can't keep go ahead and just die off.
79:23 they can't respond because there's no F H for them. But the cell
79:27 is producing tons of estrogen keeps producing and tons of estrogen is getting bigger
79:32 bigger and bigger and bigger as it's along. And then what happens is
79:38 when the estrogen levels reach a certain , a certain quantity in the blood
79:44 no longer serves as a negative Now it serves as a positive signal
79:50 that positive signal acts on the anterior and says, hey, I need
79:56 to release that L H. You the L H that you've been making
79:58 you've been storing up, that L is what I want you to release
80:02 now. And that L H surge as a signal for ovulation. So
80:09 we come back, that's where we're to start. So the key thing
80:14 and I know you guys are anxious get out of here. I'm
80:16 I just want to make sure you this, the key thing here is
80:20 and what it's doing. So if sitting there not focusing and asking the
80:25 , why is this different from From early to late focusing on the
80:30 that will tell you the big I will see you on Thursday where
80:36 will finish this
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