| 00:11 | No, I, yeah, see was. Ok. I got |
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| 00:44 | See. Ok. Testing and testing . All right. Um Oh, |
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| 01:04 | pictures yet. Hold on here. . Ok. Uh I think class |
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| 01:14 | filled up already, so I don't anybody's added, but if you have |
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| 01:20 | , let me get this here. , we have that you have access |
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| 01:24 | canvas where everything is located. Um right. Uh What else we got |
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| 01:31 | ? Um Clicker. So remember they'll for real Thursday. Ok. |
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| 01:39 | um, so I'll upload the points from today. Ok. And any |
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| 01:47 | you're seeing on campus, uh don't about it. I mean, |
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| 01:53 | it's gonna go away right, right . It's just to make sure, |
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| 01:56 | yourself. Oh, I'm using clicker class. I'm seeing my points on |
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| 02:00 | . That's the sole purpose of posting . Right. Right. So, |
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| 02:06 | , so if you're not seeing points you are using quicker, then you |
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| 02:11 | to fix that. Ok. So to quicker help. Uh They're, |
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| 02:17 | physically located in the two spots. is um uhit basement behind the library |
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| 02:26 | the stairs. Um I think uh classroom and business building a clicker person |
|
| 02:33 | located, they're called SDIS. Um , syllabus is your resource. So |
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| 02:39 | that. But uh you got options . Um So the usual thing, |
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| 02:44 | make sure you register it, you the access code. All right. |
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| 02:53 | And uh register through the canvas Uh Speaking of that. All |
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| 03:01 | So, and I, I'm, communicating with the um uh local for |
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| 03:15 | book and they, and smart is homework thing. OK. So remember |
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| 03:21 | for grade, right? Clickers or a grade um canvas quizzes are from |
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| 03:32 | smart work is great. Nothing So if you wanna do homework |
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| 03:37 | for the smart work, you're going right there. OK? And I |
|
| 03:44 | that if you click on, OK. Book chatters. But don't |
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| 03:52 | with anything that comes out of that terms of questions. OK? It's |
|
| 03:59 | for great. The only thing for is this top not that I, |
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| 04:04 | didn't realize that that was even OK. So the annoying part is |
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| 04:10 | show up as, as columns in . So just going, I am |
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| 04:15 | trying to get this resolved. So the time being just ignore it and |
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| 04:20 | it will go away sooner or I I only want these things just |
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| 04:26 | to be the course content, There's nothing in there to do for |
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| 04:30 | break. OK. Reading the OK. So just keep that in |
|
| 04:36 | , right? So the only just on this in terms of homework, |
|
| 04:40 | ? Chapter one, right? Just on that. Ok. And |
|
| 04:45 | so again, yeah, there's So I'm dealing, I'm working with |
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| 04:49 | publish with people. So hopefully this be resolved sooner rather than later. |
|
| 04:54 | anyway, we just got to put with it for the time being. |
|
| 04:57 | . Um, I think that's all had to say about that. Uh |
|
| 05:03 | , yeah, go ahead. You four days to do it. But |
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| 05:14 | you start, if you start at o'clock on Saturday, you'd be done |
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| 05:19 | 1 30 Saturday. Yeah. uh and that will, yeah, |
|
| 05:25 | are, is that so, so instructions are in the Silvis. They'll |
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| 05:30 | , I think on the quiz as when you open it, it'll tell |
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| 05:33 | . Ok? No, no, not. It's not available yet. |
|
| 05:38 | , it's available. These are always Fridays at noon. Um Any other |
|
| 05:45 | ? Yeah. Right. Forget Don't ignore it. Just go. |
|
| 05:52 | . So, so user ID, prompts you for your user ID with |
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| 05:56 | uh point solutions thingy. Ignore. need to do not need to worry |
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| 06:01 | that. Ok. Any other Ok. So let's get out of |
|
| 06:08 | . Um, what else we got ? Uh This is chapter one. |
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| 06:17 | we're gonna start on 13th, So 13. So we're gonna begin |
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| 06:21 | to begin at the end of the towards the end of that. And |
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| 06:27 | , uh will be really the beginnings the segue into metabolism, right? |
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| 06:34 | I know that metabolism is one of areas where it's like, ok. |
|
| 06:41 | , because you see lots of chemical . Seems like a lot of organic |
|
| 06:46 | stuff, right? But uh uh, don't work out. |
|
| 06:51 | Uh I will lead you through Ok. Um, but it's, |
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| 06:57 | put it up, I put it the beginning this semester because really of |
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| 07:01 | importance of it and it sets up bunch of other stuff that follows. |
|
| 07:06 | . Uh So weekly quiz, first one that'll cover basically these quizzes |
|
| 07:13 | cover what we talk about in lab the week. So we didn't have |
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| 07:17 | quiz last week. So cover basically one, what I'm talking about Thursday |
|
| 07:22 | week and Monday, Tuesday to we talk about that on Thursday. |
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| 07:30 | . And then the smart work do . Ok. Um Anything else? |
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| 07:37 | else? Any a min and Ok. So, uh let's be |
|
| 07:43 | a little bit of rehash. So that's what I do at the start |
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| 07:47 | a little bit of rehash from last . And so, uh this |
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| 07:53 | so I remember the um to always at the corner up here, put |
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| 07:58 | thing in here. Oh app, worry about user ID. Just this |
|
| 08:04 | all you need. OK? So start with a, you start with |
|
| 08:09 | heat, a advance question. Open that up. Uh and move |
|
| 08:21 | , OK? So, which Yeah, let's see. So I |
|
| 08:50 | have an alarm. Uh, 11 I'll be out here at 12 |
|
| 08:54 | Not 11 45. 12 45. alarm would go off set to a |
|
| 08:59 | tone. Uh, the song is Solders of The Lonely. Anybody know |
|
| 09:04 | song. Uh, I'm the age your, I'll be honest. Probably |
|
| 09:13 | grandparents. Ok. So, of I'm steeped in music of a certain |
|
| 09:18 | , but I do listen to modern . Ok. That's one of them |
|
| 09:22 | modern. Um I tell you, talk about lots of different stuff in |
|
| 09:27 | , not just science. All Ok. Let's uh flip it. |
|
| 09:35 | . Yeah, if um you answered you are correct, which was the |
|
| 09:43 | . Ok. So, uh so go through very quickly, kind of |
|
| 09:47 | of the things here, right? we talked about second one is basically |
|
| 09:51 | who, what, why, what where of micro, right? |
|
| 09:55 | um who are, where are how do you find them? |
|
| 09:59 | So you actually see their entities. They actually be parts of the, |
|
| 10:09 | they are represented by these groups So the sailor, a sailor is |
|
| 10:14 | virus micro, right? Um They groups forms Tortilla, um right |
|
| 10:26 | right? That's a group that uh call um the different environmental conditions, |
|
| 10:44 | asterisks or that shelves, um Are alive and not alive and they can |
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| 10:50 | care of the whole cell, you , of course, they're reproducing. |
|
| 10:57 | . They have various on the Right. Very viable while outside |
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| 11:07 | And I feel like she no longer because I gonna hang out for, |
|
| 11:14 | , contact your white nose and they begin to reproduce and they're kind of |
|
| 11:18 | unique, um, uh, aspect that. Uh, my previous is |
|
| 11:24 | of, kind of a familiar, know, and three size groupings. |
|
| 11:30 | , viruses and, you know, pros and then the one that's hanging |
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| 11:36 | on OK. Um creation, So, you know, I is |
|
| 11:46 | of great, right? And so my pro uh the perspective of my |
|
| 11:53 | , all right. So um super cells, you can have bacteria that |
|
| 11:59 | , you know, in, in physiological function, they may have a |
|
| 12:04 | bit that cool it can buy you , these aren't microbes in themselves that |
|
| 12:16 | made of millions of them come together the physical, right? Uh tissue |
|
| 12:24 | and tissue. These aren't considered by and cells, you know, called |
|
| 12:30 | , multi types, uh multi cellar , they're always tiny, right? |
|
| 12:35 | thing called a water there or um types of food that can be almost |
|
| 12:41 | down, right? These are, are multi animals. Yeah, you |
|
| 12:48 | do have uh the basic I'm sure . Um So uh taxonomy went through |
|
| 12:58 | taxonomy of uh of microbes. Remember driving force there is really a large |
|
| 13:06 | of the advancement in the microscope over resolution, you will see structures uh |
|
| 13:17 | once one on my uh um what , OK. And all those er |
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| 13:33 | uh eventually periods. And then so the, the uh that the 16 |
|
| 13:53 | probable of our Asian comparison. Right that among Caros, there were actually |
|
| 14:01 | , the state are key our you have the imperials. OK. |
|
| 14:11 | You know, you can still relationship um bacterial types in the cell or |
|
| 14:22 | mitochondria example. Um And right, this allows us to um identify that |
|
| 14:32 | there are culture and is culture because don't know how to grow. And |
|
| 14:38 | you don't know growth requirements in the of what's out there, we really |
|
| 14:45 | , characterized refusal to, right. , um and that is basically all |
|
| 14:59 | DNA from the samples, environmental So what have you and then just |
|
| 15:05 | is your DNA using the sequencing and to, to know the uh right |
|
| 15:11 | the bottom or at least see what similar, right? Um And kind |
|
| 15:19 | ended with the spontaneous generation, in . So anything else? So, |
|
| 15:33 | Right. So here thought process give a little bit of see back |
|
| 15:40 | Uh pull that back. OK. a little better. All right. |
|
| 15:46 | um so again, you need to yourself in the mindset of somebody in |
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| 15:50 | 16 hundreds. OK. Um And is it that? OK. |
|
| 16:00 | please. Organic. Turtle air, , the Bible force was part of |
|
| 16:08 | , that and you had the to life. Right? Of course, |
|
| 16:12 | know this. Um, but in terms of experience, right? |
|
| 16:23 | , um, the idea of a life long, right? So they |
|
| 16:31 | kind of 22 perspectives from this kind visible light you could see without naked |
|
| 16:46 | . So those the screw, Right. Very common to have |
|
| 16:53 | uh, hanging around. And since no refrigeration, right. You soon |
|
| 16:58 | you, right. So the he dr supplies, you basically go. |
|
| 17:05 | , let's, uh, and you see the, that's kind of a |
|
| 17:13 | . So it's, it's separate from . Come on. Well, that |
|
| 17:19 | , the satisfy the parts get out air over the air of the |
|
| 17:23 | Well, let's put some cheese cloth right here again. But flies |
|
| 17:29 | And as long as that's the you don't see flies half way up |
|
| 17:34 | the vessel. So there those um, it's flies with rides to |
|
| 17:44 | . He flies with a, a . Ok. So, uh, |
|
| 17:53 | then, ok, fine. I can stop one and it just |
|
| 17:58 | . Ok. Where are these weird ? Generation? Right. So certainly |
|
| 18:04 | , there are micro response. let's put it, let's put an |
|
| 18:10 | to that. We're back to not that weird, right? We |
|
| 18:17 | to the top. He the right if you need to fast programs, |
|
| 18:24 | know, does when they have to because you they said this is |
|
| 18:33 | Yeah. Um, yeah, in air you're getting material in the air |
|
| 18:38 | then you spontaneously. Ok. But the problem unless you over, expose |
|
| 18:48 | and again, these, these sponte , I hope. Yeah, this |
|
| 18:57 | . So it's still somewhat convenience Um, but it's kind of, |
|
| 19:10 | it's like, um, it, , yeah, first it is, |
|
| 19:21 | time go to the, uh, it, it helped, it really |
|
| 19:27 | shows that that my group are in , you know, so it's really |
|
| 19:39 | forerunner of correct, you know how transfer in, in culture, if |
|
| 19:50 | like how to wrote it on And he, yes. So |
|
| 19:57 | it's, it's really goes to this idea of big. So um |
|
| 20:04 | that's kind of part of life. some past uh the and uh over |
|
| 20:21 | uh the RNS um molecule W That was his thing in chemistry. |
|
| 20:33 | uh but he entered into biology and and the remote area. So um |
|
| 20:43 | so being chem is probably a good here. So if we look, |
|
| 20:50 | OK. Right. So this is question and question every once in a |
|
| 20:57 | . And so we'll continue past here in a second. Um This is |
|
| 21:01 | type of question that I call the thing appears in about 20 minutes or |
|
| 21:07 | . Same here. OK. First when this goes through it and answer |
|
| 21:13 | , you'll answer it and then um to worry about going over the right |
|
| 21:20 | wrong answer because we're gonna see it just to see in 20 minutes or |
|
| 21:25 | . Maybe so let me open this . Excuse me. Have you changed |
|
| 21:28 | mind from your first answer? So see, talk about from now |
|
| 21:38 | the end of class to these All right, let's count down from |
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| 22:43 | here. 17, 16. 321 and took a picture of that |
|
| 23:09 | we'll move on. OK. We'll what happens the second time around. |
|
| 23:14 | right. Um Back to peer. . So um so the French um |
|
| 23:24 | think the French like is their OK. So, but mine doesn't |
|
| 23:32 | off, you know. OK. so they proceeded to call to uh |
|
| 23:43 | out that the basic wine making equations centuries before works. Um give some |
|
| 23:58 | get rid of the oxygen, And eventually produce alcohol, alcohol for |
|
| 24:05 | is uh basically uh chemical reactions occurring the actions. So I like, |
|
| 24:17 | , of course at the east of makers, beer makers um uh what |
|
| 24:26 | strengths and especially the strength of their , I think didn't have that. |
|
| 24:40 | . Like see some pocket they have , what did they do? What's |
|
| 24:45 | source you don't have, you don't no choice here when you ask the |
|
| 24:55 | of the Y I absolutely agree. the skin. OK. And so |
|
| 25:01 | a indigenous East, right? um so uh like that should be |
|
| 25:15 | biological allow to be chemical process under microscope. Over time, sales in |
|
| 25:27 | company is increased in alcohol. Room . OK. So it's the micro |
|
| 25:36 | that already catalysts to produce these Right? And uh right. And |
|
| 25:47 | when you get off tasting wine, , there's a macro not yeast, |
|
| 25:53 | can have bacterial contaminants that can take and you can make other stuff, |
|
| 26:00 | can make alcohol, but they can make things like acetic acid uh app |
|
| 26:05 | acid. Uh um uh you so lots of like C four to |
|
| 26:14 | one as is now um of um bye. So is it really |
|
| 26:23 | of go down the road? You got your operation process um um |
|
| 26:33 | minimize. But the point here is the establishing micro apparently have these chemical |
|
| 26:44 | , right? And so the uh theory of is really about um just |
|
| 26:52 | for the micro, the companies that uh and the form of |
|
| 27:05 | this one, this fermentation platform, will have some type of, for |
|
| 27:17 | , is called but um it's really point of these micro transformation um and |
|
| 27:33 | converted very organic. It means uh the thought process in terms of |
|
| 27:47 | So what I'm I'm not saying fermentation but in saying this idea of microbes |
|
| 28:01 | transformer the matter into that, that is what uh kind of is the |
|
| 28:11 | for thinking? Well, OK. maybe microbes can transform these organic structure |
|
| 28:22 | in the bodies of the right So it could be it's not being |
|
| 28:31 | do certain types of diseases that So this time, early 18 15 |
|
| 28:44 | that was taken off by code, , which will get to in a |
|
| 28:51 | . So this this is pretty, , yeah, 36.5. So all |
|
| 29:01 | does is makes it flash. So is our to the top of |
|
| 29:07 | Uh it is extended a swan OK? And so it's open to |
|
| 29:16 | air. OK. So, so fills that criteria here and why you |
|
| 29:27 | just keep it in this fashion. is not, but you know, |
|
| 29:33 | occurs as things they, they, are on those part of the by |
|
| 29:44 | , you can see like there's crack this curvature. So it's rumor that |
|
| 29:53 | had flask like these, it is a in where I used to work |
|
| 29:59 | this day, they're still uncontaminated. not sure about that, but that's |
|
| 30:06 | I've heard. And in any case ingeniously uh fulfills the by teenage generation |
|
| 30:13 | like over there like so you if or just break the top off and |
|
| 30:29 | . Thank so, uh again, uh Mr you know, everywhere just |
|
| 30:39 | tools to kind of work with these in the ways you can study that |
|
| 30:47 | , right? Why you doing And right. So uh these have |
|
| 30:56 | thinking, OK. So now uh about the same time this guy Kendall |
|
| 31:09 | to repeat basic passes, but occasionally fact, why do they not kill |
|
| 31:24 | ? They're super resistant heat, radiation. Um, they are |
|
| 31:33 | It's only and the, and are form fashion. There, stores |
|
| 31:46 | there's another type of bacterial forms. There's often, I think almost every |
|
| 31:52 | what your wife has some kind of assist you, you have your own |
|
| 32:05 | , uh mean they're all kind of forms of organism. That's so this |
|
| 32:14 | here. Uh His dance will compete those sports and actually remain for hundreds |
|
| 32:23 | thousands of years. I can see that in Germany, in Germany, |
|
| 32:29 | the right condition, it anymore, go into the the cells of that |
|
| 32:36 | that, but the is just the , of course, you need to |
|
| 32:41 | , right? And so um and can throw around their containers. |
|
| 32:47 | So when you take the, you do. Yeah. So the boarding |
|
| 32:57 | would um forms that were not in forms. OK. Um Tended to |
|
| 33:07 | rest. No, some of these , those are formed. So he |
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| 33:16 | , with boiling water and he So each cycle is excessively killing more |
|
| 33:22 | more uh of these as a right? Because they don't call that |
|
| 33:27 | it's gonna continue, right? So have to have cycles of boiling and |
|
| 33:32 | them to actually kill four. So again, that's, that's one |
|
| 33:44 | lot. Uh kind of things or , you don't get such kind of |
|
| 33:58 | . OK. So um OK, me questions that we are that in |
|
| 34:05 | form big a semester in more detail that's on top in this context is |
|
| 34:13 | . Go with that. Um he and you, so uh so back |
|
| 34:22 | academical micro. OK. So this of micro and right? And so |
|
| 34:33 | code is kind of it wants to a framework for how you process |
|
| 34:45 | Same process with true you today, ? Although a lot 100 years and |
|
| 34:52 | now have, yeah. OK. , so the disease um is what |
|
| 35:01 | this chemistry is doing. I so just refers to cause cause of |
|
| 35:10 | Yeah. So right now the the one he looked at was anthrax relatively |
|
| 35:17 | in terms of this uh that because anthrax uh in his time, uh |
|
| 35:29 | of anthrax and among cat in So if you look at disease, |
|
| 35:37 | can see the and so if you animals, nothing in the blood like |
|
| 35:48 | those apples up, OK. This what? Right? So they even |
|
| 36:00 | um now you slip that you really , that is a whole different |
|
| 36:06 | right? Um It is not a does not, but it really advance |
|
| 36:15 | to leave all one. And so I ended it up um to, |
|
| 36:28 | because he kind of small the crosis you see the are our longest, |
|
| 36:40 | bigger ones are. So you have shows my skin there on your |
|
| 36:49 | It was just a the culture. So OK. OK. And so |
|
| 37:08 | you learn this and do these things so he just use like a size |
|
| 37:16 | potato honor of development solidifying agent. you see here uh so um but |
|
| 37:30 | place first is and think OK, different uses. Hey uh get your |
|
| 37:45 | . We love that liquid. These are all the problems here. |
|
| 37:52 | have to handle that form as easily you can, right? You uh |
|
| 37:59 | can't go into this open media. So you get in a four |
|
| 38:09 | get it different prototypes, don't show fresh and now you have only that |
|
| 38:21 | one, type two as so now gonna study for you get the disease |
|
| 38:30 | . Yeah. Yeah. OK. , so liquid may be part of |
|
| 38:36 | process. Yeah. True here. it's gonna get the on the |
|
| 38:49 | So you know, once this was they call like a group from |
|
| 38:59 | 19 3900 of global debate all But you were in ecology, you |
|
| 39:11 | to study microbes and problem. If wanted to study, you know, |
|
| 39:18 | types of disease, infectious disease, have to study all of micro now |
|
| 39:33 | the next 30 or 40 years. . So um OK, this special |
|
| 39:41 | includes options, right? So he's putting the framework together to um |
|
| 39:51 | figure out to establish um microbe disease . Right. So, but they |
|
| 40:05 | here is a, she's just right. So we know kind of |
|
| 40:10 | not everything works like he's not just of my, I know what this |
|
| 40:18 | . Hi, hinting at here. . They came down from five |
|
| 41:10 | Ok. It's what it's f so let's go one by one. |
|
| 41:17 | disease may become more than one type microbe. Think that is true, |
|
| 41:29 | ? Name. Uh name a disease um uh is caused by more than |
|
| 41:39 | microbe. Actually, you must What's an example of an infectious disease |
|
| 41:48 | by more than one type of micro . Pneumonia caused by because like |
|
| 41:56 | bacteria, some types can cause So pneumonia is more like a specific |
|
| 42:03 | of symptoms of a disease uh but be caused by multiple types. |
|
| 42:08 | So um uh a is not, not consistent with coach. Ok? |
|
| 42:14 | he was of the mindset. Uh disease, one micro. Ok. |
|
| 42:21 | Healthy people may possess an infectious microbe be unaffected by it. We all |
|
| 42:27 | the post code would ever know about one because that person is called what |
|
| 42:34 | character. All right. So, fact, uh a lot of human |
|
| 42:39 | , diseases are due to these as characters. Um monks measles uh cold |
|
| 42:51 | . Um there's people that carry, these organisms and never come down with |
|
| 42:56 | , but when an outbreak occurs, the ones they're the source. |
|
| 43:01 | Um So b is also inconsistent because thought um only, only disease animals |
|
| 43:10 | gonna care about, you have the organs, you're going to show the |
|
| 43:15 | , right? That's what he But we now know that's not the |
|
| 43:19 | . Um So some of Petch microbes not capable of being cultured. Is |
|
| 43:29 | true? But you have an example that one battery is as simple as |
|
| 43:38 | one. Uh still not having to culture. OK. And there, |
|
| 43:41 | there are others. Uh but we identify these things through uh we have |
|
| 43:46 | diagnostic tests, typically immunological tests that detect these things even though we can't |
|
| 43:52 | . Um So yeah, that was of the things um coke uh |
|
| 43:58 | He studied kind of were such that have to deal with a viral |
|
| 44:03 | Think about you have the culture of , sometimes it's sometimes not so |
|
| 44:07 | right? You have to have a cell to grow it in, |
|
| 44:09 | And he wouldn't have known about right? So he didn't pick |
|
| 44:12 | he wasn't, didn't research viral diseases by chance, chance luck, |
|
| 44:17 | So um a single pa type may multiple diseases. You're missing an example |
|
| 44:24 | that, you know. So one um OK. So drink pop and |
|
| 44:43 | , right? OK. Um that may be kind of one of |
|
| 44:47 | gray areas because it's a um it's a kind of a natural course for |
|
| 44:55 | chicken pox virus. Oh, it occur in everybody. Everybody. But |
|
| 44:57 | would, I would be ok with . I would, I would accept |
|
| 45:00 | . Um, shingles, chickenpox first to you. Typically in a child |
|
| 45:06 | that virus kind of travels up through nerves in the body and it hangs |
|
| 45:10 | for a long time. Then as older person, my age it kind |
|
| 45:15 | breaks out, comes out of comes out of those nerves and produces |
|
| 45:20 | very kind of burning type of Ok. Uh Streptococcus pio strep |
|
| 45:27 | right? That can lead to things fever, um the flesh feeding disease |
|
| 45:34 | that can be a part of So uh the point is there |
|
| 45:37 | there are some microbes that can cause than one disease, right? And |
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| 45:42 | , um Coke 0.01 for one, . Inoculation of a healthy animal with |
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| 45:48 | infectious microbe would produce disease symptoms in AM. Is that consistent with |
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| 45:55 | Yeah, that's the one. So that's uh that is one of |
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| 46:01 | postulates. OK. Any questions? , yeah, one through four. |
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| 46:08 | just, it's the stuff we've you know, over the past |
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| 46:12 | right? In terms of that, know, it doesn't always fit, |
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| 46:16 | mean you throw out what he's right? Um Still, it's still |
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| 46:21 | framework, but we now know he be the knowledge we have. So |
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| 46:29 | so the basics of this are really fact that you're isolating, ate twice |
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| 46:37 | it very consistent. OK. So so having a poor culture of the |
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| 46:43 | healthy animals, right? Uh don't the microbe, although we know in |
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| 46:49 | cases, it can be true. these animals do possess the, you |
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| 46:54 | isolate the uh disease causing agent from shown here. OK. Uh rather |
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| 47:01 | here. OK. Culture it and um taking that culture, injecting it |
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| 47:09 | a rabbit. In this case, rabbit model and rabbit dies. So |
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| 47:13 | time you get the status, but , the good part here is the |
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| 47:18 | part here is this doing this right? And getting the same |
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| 47:23 | right? And so that uh uh data we go, right? So |
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| 47:31 | pretty well established that but again, I said, we know not |
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| 47:36 | necessarily, not every disease follows this . There's, there's variations and we |
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| 47:40 | about that in the uh quicker OK. Um The uh oops, |
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| 47:49 | . So take, so OK, we do establish micro, I don't |
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| 48:00 | rid of how can we eliminate So, American drugs vaccination, |
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| 48:07 | And so um so this, of , vaccination is all but his immune |
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| 48:17 | , they can activate it, so speak. OK. And so uh |
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| 48:25 | OK. Uh so it was a time but you produce a live |
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| 48:36 | smallpox these little and we take some that material from a let's buy the |
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| 48:44 | . They found that they put that a healthy person, um, |
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| 48:48 | that healthy person usually was immune. they die mind full blow the mind |
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| 49:00 | , right? So I was OK, how can we do this |
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| 49:03 | ? And well, a safer way to inactivate somehow the, then put |
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| 49:11 | in the bottom, then you have likelihood of that, of giving somebody |
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| 49:14 | live organism in their body that could cause disease. OK. That's what |
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| 49:21 | is about. OK. So attenuation to um those account for that. |
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| 49:33 | something can be active with it, keep it intact. OK? Because |
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| 49:40 | you're looking for is to maintain So that's what your body looks for |
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| 49:47 | you have an immune response. So is already in, in a |
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| 49:55 | your life. You have, we'll about those. Uh and one of |
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| 50:04 | most, uh I think that area this, what are the self energies |
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| 50:09 | you have? You, you're A bo those are one example of |
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| 50:24 | cell. OK? There's a right , that's specifically for your red blood |
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| 50:29 | , but all your other tissues have system too. It's just not the |
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| 50:33 | bo system. OK? We'll talk that later. But, but that's |
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| 50:38 | are your yourself. So you, have to, it's something different. |
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| 50:44 | I mean, you know, so other antigens are, are not |
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| 50:48 | obviously, that's how you can recognize the body produces immune response. |
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| 50:53 | So, uh it just very We all know this virus, other |
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| 51:03 | agents have these, they were on periphery, whatever it is on the |
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| 51:09 | , whether it's so all so envelope , um viral proteins sticking out uh |
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| 51:19 | around in the bathroom, you know on perfect and your system cells can |
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| 51:25 | and can respond to it. And, and so you can reproduce |
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| 51:31 | shape things called antibodies. OK? As part of the response, |
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| 51:36 | That's 11 part of it. we'll learn more of this thing. |
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| 51:41 | ? So with Jenner, you use , right? So kind of what's |
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| 51:46 | principle here? Small safe uh the um OK. Very similar. So |
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| 52:05 | to one and work on the other plus reaction, right? So an |
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| 52:14 | produce a smallpox uh to count from smallpox. He gets oop sorry, |
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| 52:22 | take the smallpox, then those antibodies still respond, right? So it's |
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| 52:26 | safer, right? How pox is doesn't cause disease in humans. So |
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| 52:32 | the goal is always with the vaccines make it safe, obviously, |
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| 52:35 | Don't let the vaccine kill you, the immune body's response occurs. So |
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| 52:39 | can deal with the pathogen. So, and we'll talk about vaccines |
|
| 52:44 | well there. The, so II, I saw this in the |
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| 52:49 | uh because this is one of the my pet peeves is terminology involved |
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| 52:56 | So let's take a look here. getting the shot in the doctor's |
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| 53:01 | Ok. How would you phrase Ok. Right. Especially if you're |
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| 53:47 | , it's applicable in. Ok. count down from five. Ok, |
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| 54:04 | see. B what's b uh, see. All right. Who |
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| 54:14 | Wait, I can't remember. All . Uh Who answered neither A or |
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| 54:18 | A? Why did you say I've heard that they put the alcohol |
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| 54:25 | your arm not to like, get of anything but something about like getting |
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| 54:31 | , something about. So there is , there is a term for, |
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| 54:38 | a term for this. You're applying what to the arm? Which |
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| 54:46 | Antiseptic? So this antisepsis didn't disaffect arm. You disaffect the countertop, |
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| 54:54 | the toilet bowl. Thank you. cleaning of surfaces, instruments, |
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| 55:06 | That's disinfection. OK? Sterilization. glad you didn't take sterilization. Most |
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| 55:12 | didn't. OK? Because you sterilize arm, your arm would not be |
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| 55:17 | just like fall on skin would be up, throw your arm out of |
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| 55:23 | . Generally something. Every single thing then you took it out there would |
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| 55:32 | no living empty or for on Completely lifeless. OK. That's sterilization |
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| 55:41 | not many things do that. Auto certain chemicals, certain radiation. |
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| 55:48 | And when I say sterilization, I mean can't have kids anymore. This |
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| 55:52 | the other sterilization. OK. So so just, you know, in |
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| 55:58 | you disinfect on the countertop on your top, right? With disinfectant, |
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| 56:04 | you're putting it in on your body antisepsis, right? Antiseptic anis. |
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| 56:11 | . Um OK. So I'm not spend a lot of time here. |
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| 56:14 | wanna get on to the last part this. So, um, |
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| 56:19 | just to mention the basic difference between and when you apply it, |
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| 56:25 | and the objects is, in fact tissue and before you go to surgery |
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| 56:31 | put stuff on you, that's an sepsis. Uh Of course, generalization |
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| 56:38 | different. OK. So, um . So se wife and Lister are |
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| 56:44 | of the ones that initially put this . Uh some um uh and |
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| 56:52 | Lister disinfection, surgical instruments, things that. Ok. Uh Antibiotics, |
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| 56:58 | course, we're all aware of that uh resistant types. So this is |
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| 57:02 | picture of uh flemming this plate where mold just plopped on it, |
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| 57:09 | Normally this growth of bacteria you see else here, wood is, is |
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| 57:16 | . So you can see kind of dark zone around the mold, that |
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| 57:21 | around it is, is the the bacteria can't go in there because |
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| 57:26 | have the antibiotic is prevent it. . So of course, lots of |
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| 57:31 | have been discovered and then of lots of antibiotic resistant bacteria have occurred |
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| 57:37 | a result. So like I we'll delve into that uh in more |
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| 57:42 | later. But um you know, the kind of the basics and don't |
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| 57:49 | about, I worry about memorizing these . Uh But just you know, |
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| 57:58 | what you might think, uh, , specific targets in the cells they |
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| 58:04 | . Right. And so it's just matter of what does the, what |
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| 58:07 | the one being attacked to do? , you have a way that when |
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| 58:10 | pump it out, if it comes you have a way of altering the |
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| 58:16 | it buys to change that. Uh, maybe just all together have |
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| 58:21 | chemical that just ban about it, ? But these are all do |
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| 58:27 | OK. So, you know, , it's, it's a war between |
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| 58:31 | and them, in terms of they , we gotta come up with new |
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| 58:35 | , right? Whether new ones or what we've got and it's likely to |
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| 58:41 | it. So it's, it's something have to deal with. Ok. |
|
| 58:48 | now let's spend the last part of on. Uh So um important things |
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| 58:59 | very diverse and facts and we'll Yeah. So, um until this |
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| 59:12 | when the, when the gray's time then, you know, the cultivation |
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| 59:16 | microbes was done with, you things like think of um uh beef |
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| 59:22 | , like handled soup, beef right? Basically to cook with |
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| 59:26 | right? Pretty high organic fruits, ? Beef, they go to |
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| 59:32 | Cow in a can, right? like organic, right? And so |
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| 59:40 | that right? But then these when Ray discovers a type that doesn't |
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| 59:48 | that kind of food doesn't like those uh organic things like an apple, |
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| 59:55 | ? Hm. Oh. Um, does he find this out? |
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| 60:06 | soil ecosystem and in the lab. they put these things in chambers because |
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| 60:18 | saw things like hydro gas disappear. . And he found that he took |
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| 60:26 | same soil samples and auto claimed sterilized them to cure that. They |
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| 60:35 | , they could no longer transform these weird inorganic gas mask. I |
|
| 60:42 | Hm. This is so strange. heard that can you eat stuff that's |
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| 60:49 | like like this organic, very complex materials like beef broth or whatever? |
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| 60:57 | . And he goes, well, this about? So enrichment culture type |
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| 61:02 | culture you use to, to formulate growth medium to the specifications you want |
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| 61:11 | grow a certain and you do. your favorite network typically you can typically |
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| 61:21 | types tenders in smaller amounts. So wanna get them out, you wanna |
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| 61:29 | their growth and you use it by them what they want to eat. |
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| 61:34 | should get you enrich for their OK? You take a gram of |
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| 61:40 | , you and me, you, just gonna overwhelm it, right? |
|
| 61:45 | if I those ones that maybe are , you gotta give them something very |
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| 61:49 | and only they like and others don't that's how you can put them on |
|
| 61:55 | um that's what they did. So looked at stuff like inorganic, the |
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| 62:02 | . OK? These things not not uh um are fast, very |
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| 62:16 | organic material they use completely inorganic. , see whatsoever. Ok. And |
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| 62:22 | things grew, we find stuff they on. So this win a gray |
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| 62:26 | , it's kind of a, I a former enrichment culture, it's full |
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| 62:30 | mud, right? That's the source the bacteria. Then you put some |
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| 62:35 | newspaper. Where's the newspaper? what's, what's in the source |
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| 62:41 | Yeah, like the, and what . So, there's a carbon source |
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| 62:48 | then calcium salt sulfate um carbonate. they found that these are rich in |
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| 62:56 | metabolisms of sulfur, right? As source in different ways. OK. |
|
| 63:03 | so he found this hierarchy of different growth, right? Synthetic types that |
|
| 63:11 | like like sano bacteria photosynthesizes like a , right? That's, that's what |
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| 63:17 | know, that's what that was most for to do the same way. |
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| 63:24 | these other types, purple and non sulfur bacterium, purple sulfur. |
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| 63:30 | are kind of other weird photosynthetic types unlike how plant and so um and |
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| 63:40 | these different types of sulfur metabolisms, ? H two S to sulfate, |
|
| 63:44 | to sulfuric acid, right? Sulfate hydrogen sulfide. OK. So he |
|
| 63:50 | these kind of metabolisms that were so able to use inorganic materials, |
|
| 64:01 | right, as a energy source. . So um that that opened up |
|
| 64:09 | of microbial ecology and how these types very um important in the cycling of |
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| 64:23 | or chemo autotrophs, right? They just use this ammonia. H two |
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| 64:31 | as the energy source, right? , it's the, it's the glucose |
|
| 64:36 | us. Think about that for Now, glucose for them. Inorganic |
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| 64:41 | two and H four, right? are the en that's the energy |
|
| 64:47 | OK. So if we look at let's look at this question. So |
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| 64:51 | just found out the li use is . It should, it should be |
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| 64:57 | meaning uh H two S for I'm gonna have uh nitrogen. I |
|
| 65:09 | know yet. But you can, buy, you gotta make uh amino |
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| 65:17 | , you gotta make fats, These things require, right? So |
|
| 65:23 | was like uh nitrogen in the form sulfur form of. So provide an |
|
| 65:32 | to um maybe he had some other in just to help them out. |
|
| 65:39 | . So what else does it OK. Those with a little troph |
|
| 65:47 | here. OK. What is Think of erotic chart to make |
|
| 66:00 | a letter missing here. Yes. for carbon, right? So how's |
|
| 66:11 | gonna get its carbon? People grown this? So next. Yes. |
|
| 66:22 | the atmosphere. OK. CO2. right. So are also auto, |
|
| 66:35 | does it's good? But there are types that don't photosynthesize that use |
|
| 66:44 | And that, that's your familiarity. that U CO2 are, those that |
|
| 66:48 | , there's a lot that don't photosynthesize still use CO2. OK. And |
|
| 66:53 | what that, and this is that . OK. And so you can |
|
| 66:57 | it from CO2, you can get from here, this ingredient here, |
|
| 67:03 | salt of carbonate, right? Or could be a calcium carbonate, it |
|
| 67:06 | be potassium carbonate, right? This solution, right? That in solution |
|
| 67:13 | produce CO2 and you can use that fix that. Ok. So um |
|
| 67:20 | again, these unique metabolisms, And so it kind of fits in |
|
| 67:24 | we call it the cycling of we call this geochemical remember the |
|
| 67:30 | Yeah, ever metabolisms. Uh but gotta have the basics, right? |
|
| 67:40 | are the basics? So I always back to this list cho NPS, |
|
| 67:47 | ? Those the main elements making up mole, right? You gotta, |
|
| 67:49 | gotta supply those in some form or . So we cycle these things through |
|
| 67:54 | through various metabolisms, right? And nitrogen cycle is something we'll focus on |
|
| 67:59 | but very critical. Um And so the context of Lioy because that all |
|
| 68:06 | signs have unique metabolisms where is lit this trial is on the side is |
|
| 68:13 | the bottom. I guess it's either be this one, this one or |
|
| 68:21 | one. That's what a trophy is this one, right? Uses |
|
| 68:30 | ammonia. So uh so the hetero and I know you're going man, |
|
| 68:36 | so basic. Why are you telling ? Because now that it's still don't |
|
| 68:45 | it. Right. Right. So all about what you call, call |
|
| 68:50 | , a hetro or an autotroph is sea source carbon source. What form |
|
| 68:54 | it? If it's this apple, a hero. OK? Among other |
|
| 69:01 | . OK? If it's CO2 and on this site, um, so |
|
| 69:07 | like um, auto using, And so when we look at the |
|
| 69:17 | and basing, right, that produces , different levels of consumers, |
|
| 69:25 | You have herbivores playing for like car to be about that. So, |
|
| 69:35 | , but even if you are the of carnivores, you hate plants, |
|
| 69:41 | ? You still must rely on those because the plants are feeding your food |
|
| 69:47 | to produce the right. So you gotta keep that in mind, |
|
| 69:52 | And so microbes where are microbes found this cycle? Certainly it would be |
|
| 70:00 | . OK, among others or are gone anywhere else problems they fill micro |
|
| 70:12 | on all of them. OK? consumers, their producers, the |
|
| 70:17 | OK. They're all throughout OK? so because of that, you |
|
| 70:21 | they do so many kinds of especially this, not from the |
|
| 70:26 | They're pretty much responsible for all signs that, that is a bacteria. |
|
| 70:31 | , and they supply these forms of or what these guys need. Producers |
|
| 70:39 | because they can't make that. You them some light water, but you |
|
| 70:44 | give them essential minerals like nitrogen. what micro recycle this stuff. |
|
| 70:52 | So auto and heteros. So autotrophs producers. OK? Heteros our |
|
| 71:05 | So um let's look at this one quick. OK. This kind of |
|
| 71:14 | hand in hand with cats as So, um, so this kind |
|
| 71:20 | we talk about and kind of spontaneous . Ok. So that you kind |
|
| 71:25 | coming back for because obviously go, , it spontaneous. Hm. |
|
| 71:36 | let's not go. Let's not call that. Ok, let's call it |
|
| 71:41 | . Maybe. Like, um, , I think they determine a, |
|
| 71:45 | biosis maybe. But, yeah, we got, you know, where |
|
| 71:56 | taken, we can simulate early earth , produce things like amino acids and |
|
| 72:01 | , right? So, and there are still working on this. So |
|
| 72:04 | haven't done it yet, but it's close right to, to create life |
|
| 72:10 | from, from, you know, chemical constituents, of course. |
|
| 72:14 | So in terms of early bacteria, bacteria have been the first one to |
|
| 72:21 | . Uh we would see to this the metabolism that they have right little |
|
| 72:26 | . OK. So using these kind what we call reduced compounds, think |
|
| 72:31 | them as electron rich, we get . I just get energy from |
|
| 72:38 | OK? And so these are the of gasses and elements you would have |
|
| 72:42 | in early earth. OK. That have, that would have been a |
|
| 72:46 | of energy. OK. And so is a diagram you'll see and because |
|
| 72:54 | source, right, so something like , right being oxidized and then um |
|
| 73:05 | then those electrons feeding going to an which could be 02 but in anaerobic |
|
| 73:12 | can be something like nitrate, Reduced to nitrate. So completely |
|
| 73:20 | using inorganic sources to survive, to in this building. The earth and |
|
| 73:26 | . OK? It is OK. so one of those being right |
|
| 73:37 | what in the atmosphere that are 0202 metabolism, OK. Very energy |
|
| 73:49 | . And then of course you carry and on more complex. OK? |
|
| 74:00 | Let's get something point. So we'll going on 13 next time. Thanks |
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| 5999:59 | |
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