| 00:23 | Ok, let's go. Um Let's here. We got, uh let |
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| 00:35 | do this and um coming up. we've got uh welcome back by the |
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| 00:43 | long weekend, hope it was somewhat . Um So today we have to |
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| 00:51 | up 99 7 September 13, uh flip classes. So I all |
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| 01:03 | the video last week. Um It's your job to kind of master the |
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| 01:10 | as best you can OK, to the video like your not book, |
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| 01:14 | cetera. OK. So it's OK, it's your job to, |
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| 01:19 | always your job, but this time gonna kind of teach yourself before you |
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| 01:23 | to past 30. And so we'll through, we'll discuss it through, |
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| 01:29 | know, about Clipper questions and we'll discussion around those. And so, |
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| 01:35 | anyway, so 14 1 is one those areas that is, we already |
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| 01:41 | at it. It's a red reduction and so that can be kind of |
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| 01:46 | . So uh just heads up, not that complicated, but it takes |
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| 01:50 | little bit of thinking about. So um usual stuff, uh another |
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| 01:57 | quiz starting Friday smart work next week chapter 13 CASA scheduler. Ok. |
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| 02:06 | , and I'll confirm but that's, supposed to open, it was open |
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| 02:10 | weeks before an exam. Ok. I will start remembering is now also |
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| 02:17 | scheduler is integrated with, it's a interface than what you're used to being |
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| 02:22 | possible for. Ok. And um email you uh stuff about it probably |
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| 02:31 | tomorrow. Ok. So if you be aware of what uh what to |
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| 02:37 | . So I email you some stuff the, how you sign up and |
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| 02:42 | . OK. It's not that but it may be different from what |
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| 02:45 | used to before. Ok. Uh . So lab, remember um |
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| 02:53 | Thursday, you're not going to lab , right? You're going Thursday, |
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| 02:58 | ? Lab two is can be done in one lab period, right? |
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| 03:03 | So you're gonna Thursday, Tuesday, , first Wednesday, Monday, |
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| 03:08 | just go tomorrow. Ok. So two is only being held tomorrow and |
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| 03:14 | that the Labor Day holiday. So else? The other thing is anybody |
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| 03:20 | here in the Monday, Wednesday 4 lab or 5:30 p.m. Lab. Is |
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| 03:30 | in the Monday or Wednesday? Four 5 30 lab? Wow. Are |
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| 03:36 | just not fessing up anybody on the , Monday, Wednesday? Because if |
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| 03:40 | are here, who your T A , right? There's a whole thing |
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| 03:47 | the scenes that I don't even get . So, uh the bottom line |
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| 03:52 | that T A is no longer teaching Monday or Wednesday, those sections and |
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| 03:56 | we're scrambling to find a. Um I'm it all right. So you |
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| 04:01 | the top notch lab instruction you in life. So, uh hey, |
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| 04:10 | , let's so a little bit of about stuff here. OK. Um |
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| 04:16 | let's go to this here. Um . So context, OK. So |
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| 04:27 | context of this chapter is basically how world on this and we're focusing specifically |
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| 04:38 | approach those that need these complex organic like you or I, you and |
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| 04:44 | do. OK. Um Not the that you co2, we'll talk about |
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| 04:50 | later, right? Next week. . We're focused on these kinds of |
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| 04:56 | you see up there in the OK. Respiration, fermentation. |
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| 05:02 | And uh the breaking down there. remember that we have this underlying |
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| 05:12 | how this happens on. So I'm forward to this. So um remember |
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| 05:23 | the reactions over here, restoration and , all right, has a on |
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| 05:34 | both do and restoration but certainly um to it's all about these of transfer |
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| 05:43 | electrons transfer electrons transfers energy. And so you're giving up electrons, |
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| 05:50 | are good at grabbing electrons. And so the energy you produce is |
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| 05:58 | . So remember the concept here, coupling um associating uh combining, combine |
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| 06:07 | better word, right? Whatever word for you, that means to put |
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| 06:14 | together, right? Whatever word suits the best that makes you associated with |
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| 06:20 | you know, break up the source whatever but whatever your favorite word |
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| 06:24 | right um should make energy required. ? And so the rest is all |
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| 06:34 | maintaining the electron flow, right electron . So we use the energy to |
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| 06:40 | proton. OK? And that in is using this, this this uh |
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| 06:48 | concept, right? Energy releasing transfer electrons energy requiring pumping protons out, |
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| 06:56 | them together, one makes the other . OK. Um Again, |
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| 07:03 | you give them a chance to come , right? Positive charge, |
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| 07:07 | They like negative charge, right? what the inside of a cell |
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| 07:10 | Negativity charged net negative charge. So got that force, then you have |
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| 07:14 | concentration difference, right? High and , right? So diffusion force of |
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| 07:22 | , right? They have both those together. That's a pro time mode |
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| 07:25 | force, but you just have to them away it, right? They |
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| 07:29 | penetrate through that water heating lipid right? So you have to give |
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| 07:35 | a way in, here's the way the A TP A right? A |
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| 07:39 | sent things and here again, energy going down high to low energy requiring |
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| 07:46 | make, make form, produce an TP requires. OK. So |
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| 07:57 | coupling those two things together. And so um so to keep the |
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| 08:04 | running, OK. So think of as the arrow is going like |
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| 08:08 | OK? You gotta keep feeding right? You gotta have a source |
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| 08:14 | keeps dumping them in, right? dumping in is the oxidation oxidation give |
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| 08:19 | electrons. All right. And so then you have to have something back |
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| 08:24 | that you and you have nowhere to . It stops. Eventually you gonna |
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| 08:29 | going and that's that keep going to , but not quite getting there because |
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| 08:35 | know, if you do, you're , so you keep eating and then |
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| 08:43 | that we use, right? So breathing and keep eating and you'll be |
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| 08:46 | . OK. So because you the gradient which allows you to engage |
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| 08:58 | so it's all OK. And so these factors are built in, |
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| 09:05 | ? That's that parameter. We're looking energy that you can do something with |
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| 09:13 | ? And so they need to be positive or a negative, right? |
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| 09:17 | G A negative releases energy, A TP hydrolysis. And OK. |
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| 09:26 | that's a good example. So we at this before I put it in |
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| 09:28 | little bit different form just really to home the point here, right? |
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| 09:35 | here is an example of how how you, how you do |
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| 09:39 | this is how you good. So our OK. Right. OK. |
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| 09:49 | it takes, takes energy two to this reaction go right. Well, |
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| 09:58 | it is a TP hydro, that's OK. So we're gonna combine, |
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| 10:10 | our glucose, right? Here's our and um going to glucose six |
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| 10:19 | which is by itself a positive But we're gonna combine a TP |
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| 10:28 | OK? And that, that's that's negative, right? So you |
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| 10:32 | it up, it's a net right? That, that's all we're |
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| 10:36 | here. It's not magic. Um Logically should make sense. Maybe |
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| 10:45 | works, right? Maybe you needed add not this process, maybe |
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| 10:50 | maybe one A TP that's possible to it. But the, the bottom |
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| 10:55 | is if this, if the combining the two processes gives you a net |
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| 11:03 | , that's a negative delta G, you're good. It will work. |
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| 11:09 | ? So, so just looking just tie this uh up here, |
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| 11:16 | Here is, let me, let just real quick. That's, this |
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| 11:21 | what I want to show. I it in the wrong should be dis |
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| 11:24 | in that. Um So here's the opposite, here's the um pot |
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| 11:33 | the negative point out to the my , we'll talk about this in a |
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| 11:40 | bit. OK? That's, that's cause that's the first step of respiration |
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| 11:45 | and it's, then it's formation, it's prep cycle, et cetera, |
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| 11:50 | cetera. That, that much energy released in the process. OK. |
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| 11:58 | , that's the thing, right? the park and so you just |
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| 12:03 | right, you actually get stuff but here is the, here is |
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| 12:12 | , this part of it back up is this part, right? The |
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| 12:17 | to pyro, right? Negative delta , right? And then here's, |
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| 12:24 | is energy requiring. So too. this ok. And so they guarantee |
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| 12:33 | make a TP to make is coming like, right. So, but |
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| 12:40 | course, this is not, this occur in one step. It's like |
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| 12:48 | , 10, 12 reactions or right? It doesn't occur one |
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| 12:52 | But the overall net result is to this. It's a negative delta |
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| 12:59 | Yeah. Other than that was, know, things that require a um |
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| 13:07 | questions about that. OK. And I know you don't have these |
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| 13:14 | but they'll, they'll be posted up . So you can have access to |
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| 13:17 | if you wish. Uh literally came with this stuff like a half |
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| 13:21 | So um OK, so we went all this as well. So factors |
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| 13:26 | to del, right, we, went through, you know, um |
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| 13:32 | concentration, right, right. As come back down, you can use |
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| 13:41 | to use them, right? The reactants and products right? Excess or |
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| 13:48 | change the to a negative or an or if you know, you can |
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| 13:56 | mean products or whatever way increasing OK. So it just kind of |
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| 14:04 | you know, we just saw with , right? That releases energy, |
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| 14:12 | can use that to make a TPS that is energy required, right? |
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| 14:21 | make them to, to hydroly them energy and we can use that as |
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| 14:27 | break them down, going that way run anabolic processes because they require So |
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| 14:35 | , it just feel bad that leasing it associated with, integrated with, |
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| 14:42 | it with your favorite word with, an energy at least. And, |
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| 14:48 | that's all. So um OK. we'll come back to this. I |
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| 14:58 | , I uh we saw this in of a simpler version. OK. |
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| 15:02 | we'll see more of this uh Thursday week. Um But you know, |
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| 15:08 | just breaking it down, right right? Organic inorganic that feeds the |
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| 15:14 | , remembering that the food source necessarily the thing that interacts with the electron |
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| 15:20 | system, you have carriers that are , right? These actually do the |
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| 15:27 | of the interaction with this interaction with chain, but you only generate these |
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| 15:34 | carriers by oxidate, oxidizing a right? So uh in our |
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| 15:42 | most example, we show these textbooks glucose starts with glucose, but it |
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| 15:46 | be many other things. But, that's the source. But ultimately, |
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| 15:50 | producing these carriers that interact with the transport chain and give up electrons. |
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| 15:56 | . And then you have flow going way to an acceptor of some sort |
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| 16:02 | um that becomes uh uh reduced in process. Uh oxygen in the |
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| 16:11 | I tried and I tried what but this is the aerobic anaerobic |
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| 16:16 | OK. Over here, the source be organic in organic, that's your |
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| 16:22 | , you know, and these kind things OK? Or you, you're |
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| 16:29 | , obviously, OK. So and uh using this energy from transfers to |
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| 16:35 | protons out, as mentioned going down ad pe so energy, energy |
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| 16:42 | that's what's going on and that some these things are able to work. |
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| 16:49 | um any questions about that, if think of it logically like that, |
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| 16:55 | , I think, I hope that works. OK. So this is |
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| 17:00 | we ended last time and we ended this question here, right? And |
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| 17:05 | don't, I'm not answering again. just uh this was the answer |
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| 17:08 | OK. So, uh so of , as we just talked about um |
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| 17:18 | Rector actions, right? Moving, , right? You wanna move |
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| 17:24 | process others, receive them, becoming , right? And so very often |
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| 17:29 | the movement of protons that you see here. Hy hydrogens, excuse |
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| 17:33 | hydrogen atoms being moved around, Uh That's how we see this |
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| 17:38 | in terms more so than naked OK? It's, it's hydrogen |
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| 17:43 | And so we can see that Pate reduced simply by looking at where those |
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| 17:49 | went to, right? And so donator of them and a DH right |
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| 17:55 | them up and becoming oxidized, And so that's the source of electrons |
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| 18:01 | this reaction. And so the other to point out here was sometimes people |
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| 18:06 | this mistake. So as written, , pirate reduced and a DH |
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| 18:12 | OK. So maybe the question to , well, what about N ad |
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| 18:17 | about lactate? It's, it's nothing hasn't been oxide or reduced, lactate |
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| 18:24 | simply the end product. OK. I would ask you ask you |
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| 18:28 | lactate is oxide. But no, is simply the end product of |
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| 18:33 | of the product. That's it. . N ad is the product of |
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| 18:41 | N A DH oxidation. OK. N ad isn't reduced for ox. |
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| 18:46 | just the end product. The thing got oxidized was pyro, I'm |
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| 18:52 | The thing that was oxide was N DH, right? Because it gave |
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| 18:56 | those electrons in the form of Um Here here OK. Just received |
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| 19:07 | used in product like you know, just something about people have the idea |
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| 19:13 | the end. So don't oh All . So how does this all fit |
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| 19:21 | ? Right. So this, we know, right? Um OK. |
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| 19:27 | what is the reaction that we code uh oxidation like CO2? Right? |
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| 19:39 | simplified obviously this is actually representing, ? What we saw here, |
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| 19:47 | If this is, if it's right? And then this is um |
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| 19:53 | glucose. All right. This is what's going on. All right. |
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| 19:58 | that is what's implied when you're looking that reaction. OK. You see |
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| 20:07 | on a piece of paper but what's on underneath that, right? |
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| 20:13 | So um OK. So OK. this is what we're gonna use, |
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| 20:20 | is a, this is a use it, use it to make |
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| 20:26 | TP among other things. OK. um so again, the energy |
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| 20:32 | you mentioned last time molecules bonds, , bonds or sharing of electrons. |
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| 20:39 | . So we're gonna break down in uh reactions. OK. Um And |
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| 20:45 | that energy. So mycosis right takes to pyro uh two of those. |
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| 20:52 | And then in between there, we're capture energy we're gonna make, |
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| 21:00 | So they're both energy molecules. And um as we keep, |
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| 21:06 | right? Pirate the CO2. So capture more, more a DH another |
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| 21:13 | enters the, enters the picture S DH. OK. So again, |
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| 21:18 | electron carriers, right? And so so this of course, is a |
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| 21:25 | process what you see here, image you releasing. And so um |
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| 21:31 | CO2, so we're gonna form six these over here. OK. So |
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| 21:36 | glucose there is a very ordered molecule . OK? Think of all the |
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| 21:44 | clouds around the atoms, right? electrons are in proximity that very |
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| 21:51 | negatively charged. So it's gonna create lot of instability in glucose. So |
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| 21:56 | has a pretty good amount of inherent energy, you just gotta release |
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| 22:00 | And that's what we do as we it down in this process. |
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| 22:05 | And capture it a different place. . And so um and so we're |
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| 22:12 | it to 6 CO2, I'd say a less water more than gas, |
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| 22:21 | CO2 in the atmosphere, you break the window. So that's a increase |
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| 22:26 | entropy, right? As we do and those are typically canet processes for |
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| 22:33 | entropy as the end result. And CO2 is very stable. OK? |
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| 22:39 | why you can process that. It , right. And so um at |
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| 22:51 | , I'm worried this takes too much . So all you can do with |
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| 22:56 | is to build it's a building right? That's what Co2 fixation is |
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| 23:00 | about, right? So you may at this and go OK. |
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| 23:03 | here to glucose again. OK. trust me, the the CO2 glucose |
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| 23:09 | not, is not simply reverse of OK. Way different enzymes, different |
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| 23:18 | , et cetera. OK. So process is, you know, but |
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| 23:24 | do, right? And so um think of look at all the you're |
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| 23:30 | CO2 and you're having to build this molecule here, right? Using |
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| 23:36 | right? And order structure and that lots of energy. OK? So |
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| 23:43 | fixation is a very energy requiring Um So um but but in |
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| 23:53 | that's the only way an electro gets carbon by fixing Co2. OK. |
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| 23:58 | you think about it, OK. are carbon and the carbon we we |
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| 24:02 | get is we consume, we recognize energy, the carbon that our it |
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| 24:09 | to build it up to make organic , you need to make it very |
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| 24:15 | blocks, right? So there you . OK, then what's the |
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| 24:19 | So for us, you know, get we get more back for I |
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| 24:23 | we can both breakout and then um this source to make our carbon |
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| 24:34 | So we get two things from right? The does it Yeah, |
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| 24:43 | come from light is your water? If you're a chemo right now in |
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| 24:52 | materials, right? A little iron is the energy source, |
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| 24:58 | So, um so, you kind of keep that in mind these |
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| 25:03 | differences. OK. So um all , any questions? But in |
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| 25:13 | I'll try to simplify it if I . OK. I'm not, that's |
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| 25:16 | , that's what I'm trying to Not make this. So OK? |
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| 25:21 | it can get out of control pretty . OK. So just keep it |
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| 25:26 | of, I'm gonna say to the but you know, uh always think |
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| 25:32 | energy requiring energy release those two things . OK. All right. So |
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| 25:38 | molecules, right? We focus all time on A TP but there's |
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| 25:42 | there's even GTP, we see that some graph um NABH is electron carrying |
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| 25:50 | form, right? So, don't confused here. Any D is the |
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| 25:55 | that gets reduced. OK? And an A DH. OK. Um |
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| 26:01 | , F ad reduced to FA DH . So you don't see a lot |
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| 26:04 | that, you just see that, one stop in the creb cycle. |
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| 26:09 | , you see um at several, stages during the restoration. OK. |
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| 26:17 | N AD PH, that's something you see general and any um they used |
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| 26:28 | lot of photosynthetic uh co2 fixing So a lot of times in biosyn |
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| 26:34 | you see in ad PH is being . Uh don't worry so much about |
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| 26:38 | , but it's, it's another uh carrying molecule, electronic carrying molecule. |
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| 26:42 | see that in, in photosynthesis. . So um I'm only throwing this |
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| 26:49 | here just to show you when you this reaction out or any of these |
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| 26:56 | and you're gonna see this um this , a number of spots, |
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| 27:01 | right? Preparation. Um Missy, N A DH and fa DH |
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| 27:15 | any DH is the most you you do that you end up, |
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| 27:22 | ? And so um so it's one , it's, you see a lot |
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| 27:26 | and so when you draw the you always draw it like this and |
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| 27:29 | has to do with where the electrons , right? So that's the part |
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| 27:34 | the molecule where the action happens, to speak. OK. So here |
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| 27:39 | our electrons again, biological reactions. are hydrogen atoms typically OK? And |
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| 27:46 | remember two hydrogens is basically two electrons two protons right there, one |
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| 27:50 | one electron and protein, right? here's the part of the molecule where |
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| 27:54 | interact. And so I remember with rings or if you don't, don't |
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| 27:59 | about it, they have this property resonance. OK. Electrons are kind |
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| 28:04 | just move around and hang out at different carbons. Um But it |
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| 28:11 | and it can hold two electrons. ? But only one from the |
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| 28:16 | right? So that's, that's the A DH. Now, before then |
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| 28:19 | always have an extra, I'm I do the wrong one. This |
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| 28:23 | . OK. So you had a and you had two electrons, but |
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| 28:27 | you have one proton left over. that's why you always see it drawn |
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| 28:31 | that. OK? Um So this is something you guys, you |
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| 28:35 | see a lot of as one of main electron carrying molecules. OK. |
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| 28:43 | All right, generating a TP think it as very basic way and a |
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| 28:49 | complicated way. OK. Uh Substrate phosph correlation. So basically, you're |
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| 28:55 | taking a the first one here, just taking a substrate, that's a |
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| 29:00 | of them among the reactions, And you simply take that and add |
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| 29:07 | on and that's it pretty simple. . That's, that's what fermentation still |
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| 29:15 | on. Subtly. You see it your aspiration, but you see other |
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| 29:22 | and respiration as well. OK. the oxidative and photo phosphor are the |
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| 29:32 | in that they both involved uh in electron transport chain and A TPS. |
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| 29:44 | that is part of the process. only difference is what's driving them |
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| 29:50 | Wow. OK. Um oxidated phos is chemical reactions. OK. And |
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| 30:00 | it's by comparison involves more stuff and more complicated. Um But uh we |
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| 30:08 | ferment and way more A TP through activated phosphorylation. OK. So um |
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| 30:20 | right. Now this one this will , this will end the part one |
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| 30:27 | . So this is just to show , you know, it's a |
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| 30:32 | for example, the type of carbon you use, this is some |
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| 30:38 | you know, for those that are to generate high yields bacteria, for |
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| 30:44 | you that are actors sells a um one of your jobs will be to |
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| 30:58 | wanna grow cells in high yield because have an enzyme that's a commercial value |
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| 31:03 | whatever. And so you need lots cells. And so you explore different |
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| 31:08 | sources because that's gonna have the biggest in yield. OK. Carbon. |
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| 31:14 | uh OK. What what, how it grow on these different sources? |
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| 31:18 | . Maybe they don't use glucose, have to use something else, |
|
| 31:21 | Regardless. So this is kind of comparison of, of different sources um |
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| 31:28 | different conditions, aerobic anaerobic. So when we look at oxidant, |
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| 31:34 | oxidant becomes reduced. OK. So this is everything in blue is aerobic |
|
| 31:42 | , right? And so the its carbon source right? In this |
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| 31:47 | here, everything in the first column is a potential electronic source, not |
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| 31:52 | , it is OK. And so the term acceptor is the oxygen, |
|
| 31:58 | ? So, aerobic versus a OK. And so uh you can |
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| 32:04 | the trend right? Because the under aerobic carbon, uh ethanol is shown |
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| 32:12 | uh is the only one shown for different processes. And so that's |
|
| 32:17 | right? You can see ethanol, and ethanol jack. And so the |
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| 32:25 | of cells biomass. So biomass is the now living in. So if |
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| 32:32 | of us wouldn't step on a scale the same time that we will be |
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| 32:37 | biomass of this roof. OK. So similarly, the amount of cells |
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| 32:42 | get in the mass. OK. uh a big biomass number means lots |
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| 32:48 | cells. OK. So we look , you see that aerobic is better |
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| 32:55 | anaerobic, but it's, but anaerobic , uh respiration is not that far |
|
| 33:00 | , right? Even if you look glucose, right? 70 with oxygen |
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| 33:08 | glucose with nitrate, right? 60 bad, doesn't drop off horrific pretty |
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| 33:16 | . So, aerobic and restoration isn't my department. OK? They're not |
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| 33:23 | far off from each other. But you know, oxygen is aerobic |
|
| 33:28 | is still better in terms of Uh But aerobic respiration can be some |
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| 33:35 | depending on the condition, but it's still very good. Uh Both observers |
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| 33:41 | course, are much better fermentation. can see just the ethanol comparison, |
|
| 33:47 | ? 3.5 is a biomass, When you, when you lost in |
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| 33:54 | , 30 to 26 and 24 using . So fermentation you drop off. |
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| 34:05 | it simply goes back to the fact preparation hands the oxygen phosphorylation they look |
|
| 34:12 | made that way, right. So the so glucose with oxygen is yielding |
|
| 34:19 | most biomass. So you can see also see that delta G, all |
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| 34:25 | , that the amount of delta G energy release directly equates to more cells |
|
| 34:31 | so as well. Um because you more energy, you can more growth |
|
| 34:41 | occur. OK. More cell is for buying. OK, you also |
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| 34:47 | off lots of heat in the process well. OK. So when you're |
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| 34:52 | these um if you're doing high So growth experiments, you gotta make |
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| 34:58 | that and they are these fires are jacket. He cool because the heat |
|
| 35:05 | be super intense as you're growing these that high and water. OK? |
|
| 35:09 | this thermodynamics, you're always giving out in these processes. Uh You, |
|
| 35:14 | do the same thing giving off OK. So um uh and so |
|
| 35:21 | is what this has the difference like say glucose, aerobically glucose a |
|
| 35:27 | ? That difference is what we were about Thursday, right? We talk |
|
| 35:31 | the induction potentials because it has the difference here has to do with |
|
| 35:36 | the oxygen versus nitrate. OK? the value of often is the highest |
|
| 35:46 | . OK. Um nitrate, nitrate a little bit less. So it's |
|
| 35:51 | the grab of. So uh oxygen little bit better than nitrate. Nitrate |
|
| 35:59 | still good but not quite as good oxygen. And that equates to a |
|
| 36:04 | in delta gene. So, um other differences here, of course, |
|
| 36:11 | aerobically versus acetin, right? I small, right? It's too far |
|
| 36:20 | card. So you see some differences way as well. OK. |
|
| 36:25 | um drink. So certainly if you a biotech manager, you'll be looking |
|
| 36:32 | different food sources for, for cells seeing how, what differences you see |
|
| 36:37 | growth yield and whatnot. OK. So let's look at this question. |
|
| 36:42 | couple of quicker questions, right? it's a review. OK. So |
|
| 36:50 | you're looking at this same picture you've before. All right. So you |
|
| 36:57 | electron transport system there, the proton uh that's number two, right? |
|
| 37:02 | you have five locations. One I mean, these are obvious, |
|
| 37:07 | ? Here's one, one, then go two, there's three over |
|
| 37:14 | I think you know what those So what you're looking for is this |
|
| 37:18 | Liz? What location if you look the same app that because of what |
|
| 37:28 | see here, what is location? basically man. Oh What? Oh |
|
| 37:42 | the second question. All right. we go. Similar question. Same |
|
| 37:47 | is different words. So a So let me switch it up. |
|
| 37:52 | diagram you just saw. Now we're the question. OK. The one |
|
| 37:56 | saw was the second one, this the first one. So anaerobically spa |
|
| 37:59 | would you look, I'm you deduce as an aerobic re spiral. You |
|
| 38:04 | . So because of what you Oh So if you answered the other |
|
| 38:27 | , just change your answers in the he had to. Uh yes and |
|
| 38:59 | . Oh yeah. Right. Um right. We're gonna let it go |
|
| 39:17 | speak now your case. OK. . Location three, right? So |
|
| 39:28 | term acceptor. All right. So was a, you're gonna see something |
|
| 39:35 | . No two there you're gonna see , you'll see um maybe iron, |
|
| 39:42 | maybe uh uh uh what else? else? Oh, sulfate is another |
|
| 39:52 | . Um There are some others not coming to me at the |
|
| 39:58 | but different types of organic molecules can the purpose here. The most common |
|
| 40:04 | you see here are typically nitrogen sulfur compounds that are tend to be |
|
| 40:11 | most common sulfur compounds in marine environments sulfur is more abundant in marine |
|
| 40:18 | um nitrate terrestrial environments. But that's what we'll talk about next |
|
| 40:24 | Um All right. Next one. should be a slam dunk, |
|
| 40:30 | Same, same diagrams, same but now you're looking at it. |
|
| 40:34 | , this a proof. OK. . OK. Cut down from |
|
| 41:34 | 21. OK. Perfect. of course. Right. Right |
|
| 41:47 | So it could be, again, like iron this time. Two plus |
|
| 41:57 | ion, uh H two S compound s right. And other stuff |
|
| 42:05 | we'll talk about this stuff next But um that's your little OK. |
|
| 42:10 | Donor source of electrons. OK. , um all right. So that's |
|
| 42:17 | of wraps up section one. Let get this out of the way. |
|
| 42:22 | , um, let's look at, what we're gonna do here before we |
|
| 42:27 | , any questions? Let's look at right. So when you're, |
|
| 42:38 | about aspiration? Yeah, in terms the reactions and things, right? |
|
| 42:43 | don't need to know each individual each enzyme. Ok. Don't need |
|
| 42:50 | know it. Just know it in , know what goes in and what |
|
| 42:55 | out. OK? Uh These many of them are just chemicals, |
|
| 43:03 | you should be familiar with. If see these things, these words appear |
|
| 43:07 | the screen, you should know what mean. So um stage one |
|
| 43:13 | right? Glucose to pipe, Two of these to par then um |
|
| 43:21 | para is kind of the uh fork the road, right? So depending |
|
| 43:26 | the or the bacterium, you can different paths, right? And so |
|
| 43:33 | course, it depends on the capabilities the cell. If it's capable, |
|
| 43:38 | depends on what's available to it, the environmental conditions determines which way it |
|
| 43:44 | ? OK. So um in the of forming. So knowing those that |
|
| 43:52 | this stage and what, what form energy then um when do you |
|
| 43:59 | when you have two wraps when you ? OK. Here and so remember |
|
| 44:06 | these are incomplete oxidants. We're not to CO2 here. We're going to |
|
| 44:12 | like acetate lax at them. Organic , alcohols, small ones. |
|
| 44:21 | Uh if you go to a and assumes that there's a terminal acceptor |
|
| 44:28 | right? Oxygen or something other than option, if you reach anaerobically, |
|
| 44:36 | . And you go, OK. see the um so we go from |
|
| 44:42 | two. So remember that we're doubling . So we have two of |
|
| 44:45 | OK? Two and we go to and we lose carbon and then um |
|
| 44:58 | cycle. So we form more energy and then these will all come this |
|
| 45:08 | here. All right, this guy , these here, OK. We'll |
|
| 45:15 | two electron transport chain. OK? uh that's where they give up their |
|
| 45:23 | . That's how we keep the product chain running. OK. And so |
|
| 45:31 | right. So it's more about, know, again, the stages, |
|
| 45:34 | going in and out and happening at stage. I'm not even asking, |
|
| 45:38 | know, the models of the I know what the crypt cycle is |
|
| 45:44 | and we'll, we'll touch on each these in varying detail. OK. |
|
| 45:52 | , and we'll start, of with black colleges, this is kind |
|
| 45:55 | what they know here. So as go through each stage, I'll a |
|
| 45:59 | bit more of a, I don't it's a whole lot more. |
|
| 46:03 | So again, I'm trying to simplify for you not make it more |
|
| 46:06 | OK? Um And believe me, is, this is simplified what? |
|
| 46:13 | OK? This is simplified. All . So let's look at um my |
|
| 46:20 | . OK. So um they are 20 months by now um in very |
|
| 46:34 | , I assume. Uh So the and that, no, I |
|
| 46:39 | the other person out here. So usually called EE MP. Uh Parnas |
|
| 46:44 | the other guy's name E MP Uh That's the one. Yeah, |
|
| 46:51 | was uh we haven't, bacteria have , we have not everything but most |
|
| 46:57 | has but causes. Um but there's be a couple of variations of |
|
| 47:02 | We'll see, uh bacteria can do variation of this. Um And there's |
|
| 47:08 | one as well. So, but just gonna focus on this one right |
|
| 47:12 | and um there's gonna be two. it's just, it sounds a little |
|
| 47:17 | because I actually use a P here the beginning, right? So it |
|
| 47:23 | back to that analogy, right? this guy calls this process, |
|
| 47:29 | Is a downhill process, right? . OK. But we have |
|
| 47:40 | this is our glucose. OK? got to get the ball rolling |
|
| 47:46 | How are we gonna get it going a little bit? You go, |
|
| 47:53 | , you push on it then it indeed go downhill and you're getting energy |
|
| 48:01 | . OK. But you just gotta it going, right? That's why |
|
| 48:04 | have energy investment in the beginning. ? Even if it's an overall metabolic |
|
| 48:11 | is very common for this to you have to get it going in |
|
| 48:15 | beginning with a little bit of energy then you, you'll get it back |
|
| 48:19 | then, so you get a surplus . OK. So that's what we're |
|
| 48:22 | in a couple of steps here. TPATP being hydroly. OK. So |
|
| 48:30 | eventually get down to um two So, so we, we go |
|
| 48:37 | the six carbon molecule and we eventually down to um two what's called |
|
| 48:45 | The high three phosphate. Don't worry memorizing the name we're forming two of |
|
| 48:51 | . OK. Um So now we're at the three part, right? |
|
| 48:56 | they're correlated. All right. So can kind of see that we |
|
| 49:00 | what we can do with that. we'll form some N A DH as |
|
| 49:02 | break it down further to pyro OK. So N A DH A |
|
| 49:09 | , right? So that's this is substrate level phosphate, right? Using |
|
| 49:17 | phosphates from uh here from the molecule , to make a substrate. Um |
|
| 49:26 | one and a DH S, we're use that later. It's gonna become |
|
| 49:31 | of oxidative. OK. So um , it's anaerobic. So this can |
|
| 49:39 | . That is what is, this what a fermenter relies on. |
|
| 49:48 | that's a fermenter mode of making OK? And that's it. |
|
| 49:54 | Now we, we tack on one two reactions here. OK? But |
|
| 50:01 | it. And that's fermentation, You, you produce maybe ethanol etoh |
|
| 50:08 | lactate or something, right? But what you see here is essentially the |
|
| 50:14 | a fermenter makes energy, right? have that later, but just uh |
|
| 50:20 | I mentioned it now. Um but respiration, we keep going on, |
|
| 50:24 | ? We go on beyond this. . So in that game, |
|
| 50:27 | We form a couple of a a couple of N A DH S |
|
| 50:32 | . Um OK. So that's eme pathway. OK. So a couple |
|
| 50:39 | variations here that's E MP in the . So a number of variations, |
|
| 50:46 | is called the or E D. that's very common for gut microbes that |
|
| 50:57 | like your E coli and your um and others. OK. Um |
|
| 51:05 | intestines, like many of your uh membranes produce secretions, right? Um |
|
| 51:16 | in your nose and your throat, produce secretions to keep those tissues |
|
| 51:20 | really from drying out uh intestines. really to keep things flowing, |
|
| 51:27 | Food stuff, you eat the intestines kind of keep things flowing along. |
|
| 51:32 | But that, that's those secretions are in these kinds of molecules, what |
|
| 51:38 | call sugar acids. OK. So aldose, if you remember organic |
|
| 51:45 | you've had it. Uh And in kind of aldehyde group, that's, |
|
| 51:51 | glucose, fructose, et cetera, ? Other types have carboxylic acid instead |
|
| 51:59 | now, don't worry about that level detail. Let me just tell you |
|
| 52:02 | difference between the two. So, sugar acids have, that's why they're |
|
| 52:06 | carboxylic acid group. OK? But those kind of sugars are rich in |
|
| 52:13 | right. So bacteria that that could these, you know, would have |
|
| 52:17 | advantage where they look to use a kind of carbon source, right? |
|
| 52:23 | , and that's the pathway you see . OK. So the sugar acids |
|
| 52:28 | in uh to some similar react But um and they produce energy but |
|
| 52:38 | not as much as the E MP . OK. That and generally, |
|
| 52:47 | for a couple of outliers, bacteria , that view that have the ED |
|
| 52:53 | also have the EP pathway. So have both, typically there's a couple |
|
| 52:59 | powers that only have Ed pathway but coli can has both of these, |
|
| 53:04 | ? And so so do many. they will have both. OK? |
|
| 53:08 | that's typically the case, right? it gives, make sure they have |
|
| 53:12 | of these different options in terms of they can eat. OK? Um |
|
| 53:17 | the third one here variation pentose phosphate we have this as well, but |
|
| 53:24 | don't have to, but we do the pimps phosphate. OK. So |
|
| 53:30 | you see that in terms of use biosynthesis, OK? And use it |
|
| 53:38 | make stuff. And so typically the , uh carbohydrates are converted to rilo |
|
| 53:44 | phosphate, which is a building block make different length, organic molecules for |
|
| 53:52 | of things like nucleotides, certain amino , stuff like that. Although it |
|
| 53:58 | produce energy if needed is its role simply for biosynthesis, oops sorry biosynthesis |
|
| 54:06 | you see there. OK. Unless a dire you need funnel isn't |
|
| 54:17 | Yeah. So um OK. So uh takes us to glucose to |
|
| 54:26 | OK. Um All right. So we, it was overseen, |
|
| 54:33 | So we see that first stage. and yeah, self uh respiration. |
|
| 54:44 | , fermentation is really the point of one. So, restoration, uh |
|
| 54:48 | of stuff involved, right? Lots molecules formed. Uh We're gonna, |
|
| 54:52 | gonna do a bunch of stuff with things, right? Lots of different |
|
| 54:55 | , right? So if you're it's no air, right? So |
|
| 55:00 | oxygen is present under those conditions. you can and um you of |
|
| 55:09 | generate, you're relying on glycolysis, ? As your energy production. All |
|
| 55:15 | . Here you go. But you're be producing N A DH in the |
|
| 55:18 | as well. That's part of OK, but you're just not using |
|
| 55:24 | A DH s like you gotta do like that. So if you |
|
| 55:31 | if you don't, if it all to N A DH, you have |
|
| 55:36 | , what makes glycolysis go is the of N ad that becomes reduced to |
|
| 55:44 | N A DH. Right? And you make a TP that's, |
|
| 55:49 | you know, the, but it doesn't. So what is |
|
| 55:58 | So this will be accumulating and you have a way to keep wema this |
|
| 56:04 | that's the only way you're gonna have keep going. So that's what really |
|
| 56:10 | add-on reactions. If you will to lactic acid that not what have |
|
| 56:16 | but really the purpose of reforming N OK? Because then you can keep |
|
| 56:24 | like train right. Right. Because , this is the only way a |
|
| 56:31 | can do that, OK? To that just like that because I keep |
|
| 56:39 | right. Keep supplying glucose or whatever and keeps supplying any B plus and |
|
| 56:46 | do that by continually oxidizing this in DH U form and following it back |
|
| 56:53 | to here, right? And this is oxidized through these fermentation dot |
|
| 57:01 | . OK. So, uh so the life of a fermenter. |
|
| 57:05 | That's what it does. Now, coli can do all three of these |
|
| 57:10 | . It can ferment, it can it in. And so it's basically |
|
| 57:17 | three headed monster. OK? It's a monster, but only some ecoli |
|
| 57:23 | . Most are benign. Uh But has, it has these three |
|
| 57:28 | you know. So that's, that's good if you're an eco. Um |
|
| 57:35 | here is what happens here. And so we can keep having to |
|
| 57:41 | a fermenter any right? And that's the fermentation reaction is enabled. |
|
| 57:49 | So we'll um see that here. let's look at fermentation. So um |
|
| 57:58 | is a incomplete oxidation, right? VM products, right? Lactate. |
|
| 58:05 | not going to CO2, you can bacteria on lactate, they can use |
|
| 58:09 | as an energy source. There's energy in the model. OK. Um |
|
| 58:16 | then you see the cycling of N DH back to N AD. |
|
| 58:20 | But here's the energy forming reaction. . So, so like the gas |
|
| 58:26 | fermentation, then here's a, let's what we get here. The |
|
| 58:32 | OK. So the question is so we've got a Yeah. B |
|
| 58:44 | see, OK. So what is ? What is oxidized? A B |
|
| 58:54 | C? So, yeah. A B molecule C which of those is |
|
| 59:18 | oxidized in this process. Hey, go down from 10. Uh |
|
| 60:01 | it's a. Um So we're oxidizing N A DH N ad. All |
|
| 60:12 | . And that means what's being Of course, fire is being |
|
| 60:20 | OK? Nothing is happening to c the improv, OK? So A's |
|
| 60:25 | B is reduced. OK? Um in the process you regenerate that and |
|
| 60:32 | keeps the, keeps the whole thing . OK? All right. So |
|
| 60:36 | fermentation. Um again, here's all . And product of glycolysis, we |
|
| 60:47 | . OK. Take the CO2 gives us acetaldehyde and then uh becomes |
|
| 60:56 | to ethanol, right? So you see that here, right? So |
|
| 61:03 | H again, oxidized, right? acetaldehyde reduced to ethanol. OK. |
|
| 61:12 | um so life or ferment me OK? You're not getting a lot |
|
| 61:17 | energy, but they can, it be substantial if you keep supplying them |
|
| 61:27 | and keeping air out, right? have a way to get rid of |
|
| 61:33 | end products, right? Because actually happens with the fermenter is the end |
|
| 61:38 | actually prohibit their growth, right? a lack of you build up uh |
|
| 61:44 | long it can actually get the So example, like beer and wine |
|
| 61:48 | the street, you can actually get , wine used to be only a |
|
| 61:53 | of about 9 to 10% alcohol because was a limit of tolerance for be |
|
| 61:59 | . But this is years ago nowadays can get wine with how much |
|
| 62:04 | Only 20%. Um I think right and that's because they've engineered y drinks |
|
| 62:13 | be more tolerant to, to the . So, um so they have |
|
| 62:18 | able to presentations to go longer with alcohol being produced. So, um |
|
| 62:23 | not condoning the use of alcohol. ? But that's what they do. |
|
| 62:27 | ? You, you engineer or you alternatively just there's ways engineering ways to |
|
| 62:32 | rid of the products from and what and lower the levels of a product |
|
| 62:37 | doesn't become so inhibitory, you can pretty decent use of product. |
|
| 62:41 | So, uh for you, you have to look at the, the |
|
| 62:47 | office, right? People with right? That, that results from |
|
| 62:50 | fermenting bacteria in your mouth, So uh the can, can break |
|
| 62:56 | the um an so anyway, um already answered that. All right. |
|
| 63:04 | up TC A. OK. All . So now we're assuming that, |
|
| 63:09 | know, the organism can, there's terminal acceptor that it can use and |
|
| 63:15 | go through as fermentation. And so the first part of this um is |
|
| 63:25 | um formation. OK. And that book doesn't present it as a |
|
| 63:32 | I kind of do I call this in respiration you have like then you |
|
| 63:38 | this, I call this is right . OK. And so what's going |
|
| 63:44 | here uh much like uh so the aim this molecule. So like in |
|
| 63:54 | glucose, we had to put some in to make it start rolling that |
|
| 64:00 | and become uh reactive and, and through like you really care. Um |
|
| 64:08 | now we've now come to the bottom the hill, right? And so |
|
| 64:12 | we have to put more energy back it again. OK? So now |
|
| 64:16 | rate is kind of low energy. we need to basically pump it up |
|
| 64:20 | you will, right? And we that by using a right. So |
|
| 64:26 | see here this sulfur bond that squiggly , it's a high energy bond. |
|
| 64:33 | you see an a tp hydrogen phosphor , this is also high. |
|
| 64:38 | So if you add that co a , right, that's basically what we're |
|
| 64:44 | . We're adding it to, We're taking out CO2 as well, |
|
| 64:49 | we're adding it to what's left and two carbon. So it's a sea |
|
| 64:54 | . So this too, and it a more energetic molecule if you |
|
| 65:00 | And so instead of expanding a TPS pump it up, so to |
|
| 65:07 | And that gives you the energy that can go through GC A cycle. |
|
| 65:12 | . So, um ok. Now what enters the C prep cycle. |
|
| 65:21 | . There's like three different names, cycle, TC A cycle, citric |
|
| 65:26 | cycle all over the same thing. The uh and so it begins with |
|
| 65:33 | uh the, the combining of ali this molecule oxo acetate. You don't |
|
| 65:39 | to know that. But then we crate, all right. So that's |
|
| 65:43 | of the called gas, for um it uh kind of begins the |
|
| 65:51 | . And so the main thing here the formation of energy molecule, |
|
| 65:55 | N A DH fa DH two. . Of course, you form a |
|
| 66:01 | here and that's again, substrate OK? And um and then you |
|
| 66:08 | rid of all the remaining CO2. here's CO2 here up here and here |
|
| 66:15 | here. So now you've completely oxidized glucose molecule by the end of the |
|
| 66:20 | cycle. OK. Um And the production, right? So there's two |
|
| 66:25 | to look at it, right? remember we got two of these one |
|
| 66:31 | to to a, so we're gonna through this twice. So you can |
|
| 66:38 | at it as per glucose molecule oxidize look away. So one turn of |
|
| 66:46 | cycle gives it 311. OK. we go, look at it as |
|
| 66:52 | glucose, you just go twice because get to see, look away for |
|
| 66:58 | , you just see the away and through the right. So just, |
|
| 67:03 | doubling the amount the output. Um So, so the oxidation we've |
|
| 67:12 | that, OK. So the other about the crips like the TC A |
|
| 67:19 | , if you look at this in context of all the metabolisms going on |
|
| 67:25 | the cell, you include um of reaction, you see a over this |
|
| 67:33 | and that way. OK. But see the creb cycle and you'd |
|
| 67:38 | you see a bunch of stuff going it away from it. It's what |
|
| 67:43 | call a central point, the So you have a number of these |
|
| 67:50 | molecules in the crypt cycle are used building blocks to make different amino |
|
| 67:57 | Um Right. So crypt cycle provides building blocks for anna. But then |
|
| 68:06 | see Michael is feeding into it from and formation of course, but also |
|
| 68:15 | protein protein uh break out of break down the fats funnel in to |
|
| 68:21 | as well. OK. So that's you mean. It's, it's, |
|
| 68:25 | a, it's a common to both and metabolism. OK. So um |
|
| 68:35 | by now that we've accumulated uh a of N A DH N fa DH |
|
| 68:42 | . So like 10, I think A DH is we add it all |
|
| 68:46 | . All right. And so these gonna then do their work, so |
|
| 68:50 | speak at the electron transport. OK. And so uh here is |
|
| 68:57 | accumulation of energy, here's an A from glycolysis N A DH from a |
|
| 69:04 | uh ne DH fa DH two from cycle. And so that's uh |
|
| 69:12 | 10, 10 and A DH into the H two. So these are |
|
| 69:19 | then go to the electron transport So that's when they become oxidized, |
|
| 69:24 | electrons. That's a whole phosphor uh a TPAS et cetera, right? |
|
| 69:34 | whole oxidative class formation, right? so net result of a TP |
|
| 69:42 | OK. So four. So once class uh and, and in crip |
|
| 69:55 | , but the comparison of what you by oxidated 34 to 4, |
|
| 70:03 | 34 to 4, the big OK. So it's going to be |
|
| 70:08 | organism. OK? In terms of production. OK? Um Now a |
|
| 70:14 | of questions. So the um oh show I'll put this up, I |
|
| 70:21 | about a couple of things. Take look. OK? Um The um |
|
| 70:32 | we'll get into the nuts and bolts can transport things starting tomorrow and then |
|
| 70:41 | Thursday and then next week we'll get that stuff. Um I put this |
|
| 70:47 | up here because a couple of things that people mistake what certain processes are |
|
| 70:55 | what they are. And it has statement in here that I really wanna |
|
| 71:04 | in on. OK. So let's . So looking for a true |
|
| 71:19 | Um he's a pig ask another food let's put A to E which, |
|
| 71:42 | a to e is true. I they're not, not a word. |
|
| 71:45 | . Think. OK, it's cut from 34. All right. |
|
| 72:54 | it's, it's, I'm gonna wait do this next time. It's |
|
| 73:01 | it's not, it's not, it's b so change your answer and we're |
|
| 73:05 | show it next time we'll start with next time. So it's not |
|
| 73:13 | Right. See |
|
