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00:01 All right. You guys should be to hear me now. Excellent.

00:05 just gonna get everything in the right . All right? So for those

00:16 you come to class, this is last laugh. Live class.

00:20 um, as I said, I've to go to a Boy Scout thing

00:23 my son, uh, this upcoming , and it's like since they don't

00:28 school and everyone else has work in , I don't know why they do

00:31 , but anyway, they're working through , and I've got a obviously

00:37 but I've also got to be down , so I'm just gonna hopefully figure

00:41 how toe Probably not gonna be internet there. Probably have to travel there

00:44 home. And I'm just gonna let live from home. Um, so

00:49 will be our the lecture right before . And then we have two more

00:53 after Thanksgiving, and then we're done the class. No one's cheering.

00:58 , that Z that's cool. I'm should love being in this class.

01:03 don't want it to ever end, ? Okay. The fake smiles make

01:09 nervous. Um, all right. , so tomorrow is the final

01:14 That's do, right? So if haven't been working on it,

01:17 you have about a little over 24 to get that taken care of.

01:22 taking care of done. And then , you have a peer review that

01:25 need to be doing, Um, soon as you turn in. So

01:29 on Saturday, that's when peer review becoming available. Um, feel you

01:34 to look at your peer reviewed before done. Just remember, they're gonna

01:37 in complete until the due date, is Tuesday. Is that the due

01:42 for the peer reviews? No one's . It's something like that Tuesday

01:46 I can't remember what the idea You're not supposed to be doing them

01:49 the Thanksgiving break. They'll be done all that stuff s Oh, that's

01:53 kind of what's going on. And , um, really, what we're

01:57 be doing today is we're gonna be about the endocrine system and really some

02:00 specific things about the endocrine system we've talked about. Um um you

02:06 just in a chronology in general. this is kind of a good place

02:09 kind of say, Alright, lot of our hormones play a role

02:13 our metabolism. And so we're gonna at the hormones that regulate metabolism.

02:18 that's kind of the frame of You can look at these things

02:21 I see now this is causing me become bigger or causing me to fight

02:27 or whatnot because it's regulating my That's really kind of the big picture

02:32 . Oh, and I just want mention this. If you're wondering,

02:35 you can't see me online, but wearing AUh football jersey today. And

02:39 reason I'm doing that is because, , I haven't been able to wear

02:43 yet at all. So it kind sucks, you know? I wear

02:47 on game days and and it's been of that weird kind of semester,

02:51 ? And then our next game, gonna be out of town and also

02:56 top of that they cancel the game weekend. And so I was

02:59 Well, last day of class might well wear something fun. So football

03:05 . Yeah, go cooks. They that right. It should be this

03:10 to the matter. It's both You guys know know why? It's

03:15 three fingers, right? They teach that, right? Okay, it's

03:19 sure. All right, let's start with the pancreas. Pancreas is actually

03:27 easy. We're gonna be looking at major hormones. Insulin, glue,

03:30 , thes air like a gas pedal a brake. Literally one opposes the

03:35 . So just again, this is simple way to learn things. You

03:39 one and realize the other one does opposite. So that kind of makes

03:44 very, very simple, right? don't have Thio, Philip, your

03:46 with a whole bunch of information. we mentioned these little structures within the

03:52 of the the pancreas. We have little regions called the islets of

03:56 You can see kind of a three structure up here in the top of

03:59 that looks like. They're they're scattered the pancreas. So while we have

04:04 Asiana and Low Bealls within those in context between the Eocene A and their

04:10 , this is where you're gonna find islets of Langerhans. They don't empty

04:12 the ducks. They are innovated. they are perf used in other

04:17 means blood travels through that and so able to pick up these hormones and

04:22 signals to these cells to cause them produce what they do now. Generally

04:27 , we focused on the two Alright, the alpha and the beta

04:30 . Alright, but recognize there's other in there. So like we have

04:34 delta cells, we've mentioned them It secretes amount of Staten,

04:38 It's a regulator of digestion. We pancreatic poly peptide. I have no

04:44 what it does. I'm just pointing different cells. They're doing different

04:48 right? So we're gonna be focusing the first two cells. Alfa cells

04:52 secrete Glueck. A god. All , beta cells secrete insulin. So

04:59 off, that's the first thing you to recognize which sell does which we're

05:02 be focusing primarily on insulin. Insulin begins as a pro molecule. It's

05:07 it's a it's ah, signaling molecule begins with a very large structure.

05:11 once it gets broken down from that insulin, you create C peptide and

05:17 . So that's why you have the peptide. It's actually something you're gonna

05:19 in the body. If you look the amount of C peptide you get

05:22 sense of how much insulin your body producing because it's broken down in a

05:26 rate. And it also produces another called Amylin, which again haven't taught

05:31 mentioned or brought up it. Also pointing out it does stuff. All

05:36 . Now, how do we What? What is what is

05:42 Uh, insulin. Alright, so looking on the beta cells, all

05:46 ? And so what stimulates the beta proves to produce insulin is something you've

05:52 a long time ago, right? my blood sugar gets high, then

05:55 gonna produce insulin so I can start sugars. Right? You've learned

06:00 So that's kind of like the kindergarten , but it's really that's an easy

06:03 . Glucose glucose is our major When there's lots of glucose in the

06:08 , it gets taken into the and that's a signal for the beta

06:13 . Start pumping out insulin alright, there's other things as well, because

06:17 primary source of fuel is not Well, maybe in the first world

06:23 Texas in 2012, that might be , but generally speaking for humans are

06:30 source of fuel is not sugar. primary source of fuel is fats and

06:35 , right? And so what we're do is we're gonna look at the

06:39 acids. What sort of amino acids in circulation and in particular Argentina,

06:45 , are the big boys when it to stimulating insulin? What this is

06:50 to do is it's going to stimulate cell to start pumping out the

06:54 Now, there's other things as well sympathetically, regulating para sympathetically regulate insulin

07:00 . Now without cheating and looking up the slide. So it was.

07:04 told me which system is rest and sympathetic. Compare sympathetic parasympathetic. All

07:14 , so you know which one is to cause the up regulation of insulin

07:19 sympathetic. Okay, so I'm just to get to connect the dots.

07:25 ? But let's look first with regard the sympathetic alright, there is some

07:31 stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in insulin. Alright, that's gonna be

07:36 beta agin ergic. But the sympathetic system pumps out tons and tons of

07:43 which stimulates the Alfred Wegener jinx. . And so the tragedy receptors are

07:48 ones that are found. Um, both found on the cells. But

07:51 sympathetic is pumping out norepinephrine, you're causing inhibition of insulin production. All

07:59 , find that kind of makes If parasympathetic causes me to digest food

08:03 to store away glucose, then sympathetic cause me to not store away

08:08 And why would that make sense? would What would I want to do

08:12 the glucose? So I wanna do with it. You wanna burn

08:17 But you have to get it So you wanna mobilize first so that

08:21 could be picked up and then used , so that's really what's kind of

08:25 on here is we're preventing the uptake insulin for storage or uptake of glucose

08:32 storage. Alright, Now parasympathetic is the Vegas, which is gonna promote

08:37 release. All right, now, also Huma RL stimulation. Other hormones

08:44 you've already seen. We've already mentioned in the previous couple lectures called Assisted

08:48 , produced by the duodenal cells GLP critic also secreted by duodenal cells and

08:56 i p, which is also secreted duodenal cells. Huh? What's going

09:00 ? The duodenum? Remember what to . Odd names for and four people

09:08 the classroom. Everyone's kind of like don't wanna answer re absorption,

09:13 And so when would re absorption I mean, what is what are

09:17 trying to re absorb? What is the duodenum when you're trying to

09:22 hint food, glucose and peptides and and write all of it. It's

09:31 food, right? It's stuff that been broken down completely. But those

09:37 are released. Remember, in response the presence of those chemicals in the

09:43 . And so what you're doing is signaling to say, Hey,

09:47 guess what? Guess what? Guess ? We've got food in our belly

09:51 patriots. Alright, cool. That I can go and put things

09:54 store things away for a rainy That's the whole purpose here. So

10:00 in the digestive tract results in the of different hormones. These were ones

10:05 we've talked about and it tells the cells to start releasing insulin,

10:12 So, in other words, we're ready to store things up. It

10:16 not be here just yet, So we're not dependent solely on the presence

10:21 blood sugar. We're actually anticipating the of blood sugar. Now, here's

10:29 interesting little question I'm gonna ask, for the test. Just want you

10:33 think about it. I know you're generation than I am my generation.

10:37 a whole bunch of sodas and then said, No, no more soda

10:40 soda's they're bad for you. You to drink something else. How about

10:44 sodas? And we're like, please. 44 ounces at a shot

10:50 . That's why you go to Circle . And they've got the big cups

10:53 Bucky's have the big cups. Get sips, you know. But think

11:00 this as food enters into the What is it signaling for the beta

11:06 to do? Bring in and storm . In other words, we're going

11:10 see here, make Fats. Do think diet sodas are going to trigger

11:17 uptake of glucose or uptake of other ? The answer is yes. So

11:25 not as helpful as we think they , All right. Anyway, this

11:39 a beautiful, simple picture to help understand how insulin is secreted.

11:44 What are the signals that cause insulin be secreted? Well, we mentioned

11:51 rest and digest, and we were the G I hormones. In other

11:55 , as I increased food uptake, is gonna be a positive stimulator for

12:00 production. All right, as blood levels rise, that's the easy

12:05 That's the one we learned since the of time. The moment you are

12:08 in biology. You learned about right? How many times have you

12:11 learned about diabetes over the course of biology career? As it like once

12:16 class, every once every other sir, You gotta hold because,

12:21 mean, it's just like, who? Let's talk about that.

12:24 It's just one of those things, ? So anyway, glucose levels up

12:27 insulin. Alright, but remember, not just blood glucose. We also

12:32 those amino acids, and we said sympathetic stimulation serves as a generally speaking

12:38 a negative regulator. And so, a result of insulin secretion, what

12:42 gonna see is this down here at bottom, we're going to see a

12:46 in blood glucose, a drop in fatty acids, a drop in blood

12:50 acids. Why do we expect those to happen? We're taking it all

12:54 , right. We're storing things up a rainy day. Now what's

12:59 And that's what that last one Fuel storage. Interesting. We also

13:03 protein synthesis because we don't store up acids. We use them. And

13:07 amino acids we could do with one two things. One we could make

13:11 with, um right, that's the one. Or to weaken term Uh

13:17 , fuel right in the form of acids. Or we can turn them

13:22 glucose. But we're gonna see what tells us or wants us to deal

13:26 this stuff. All right. But little chart is a simple way to

13:30 of look at that big picture of we just mentioned. And then you

13:33 kind of put in the details to you understand what that means. So

13:37 regard to insulin, what is it on the carbohydrates it is promoting glucose

13:42 in Mosul's? Alright, have the take up the glucose? Alright,

13:48 specifically stimulates glucose Genesis. Excuse Glucose Genesis glycogen icis in the liver

13:55 and in muscle cells. All now, the reason muscle cells we're

13:59 to start glycogen is because We don't to depend on the rest of our

14:03 for the cells, the muscle cells get the fuel it needs. So

14:08 muscles take up glucose and stored away glycogen provides it with instant glucose.

14:12 soon as the muscle needs it, going to see inhibition of black.

14:16 general Isis you guys weren't black journalists right. That's glycogen breakdown.

14:23 So we're making glycogen. We're not break it down. Third, we're

14:27 inhibit glucose Neo Genesis. In other , we don't need any more glucose

14:32 around. We're storing it up, don't make any glucose. Alright,

14:36 , glue konia Genesis does not All right, in terms of

14:44 let's bring in the fats. Let's up the fats, Let's put the

14:47 away. And then what we're gonna is when we're gonna move those fats

14:51 , we're gonna promote lipo Genesis. gonna make triglycerides, and then we're

14:58 gonna transport glucose into the adipose All right? And what are we

15:02 do with the glucose? We're gonna it up, We're gonna turn it

15:05 fatty acids, and then we're gonna , like policies regarding the amino

15:12 Very simple. Transport the amino acids the blood into the muscles. Muscles

15:16 primarily going to use that as fuel another tissues as well. We're gonna

15:21 protein synthesis. And what we're gonna is we're gonna inhibit protein degradation.

15:28 , having said all that, we're come to glue Luca gone in a

15:32 , and everything we said here for insulin is the opposite. When we

15:37 to glue, gone with one all right? And so this is

15:41 your you should perk up and say exception. We do not with

15:47 Coogan promote protein degradation. All Breaking down your body's proteins is a

15:54 idea as a source of energy. it is not promoted by Glueck,

16:00 God but all the others. So other words, you could just take

16:05 one line going across it out. all the others just reverse it,

16:09 . It's like instead of glucose going , glucose comes out mobilization, glucose

16:13 of glycogen yada, yada, yada for glue. Gone. Now

16:16 gonna have another slide exactly like this glue gun. I'm just kind of

16:20 because I'm excited, right? I'm my shirt. Therefore of you in

16:26 classroom? Yes. Great. Eso is s o the question is,

16:37 there anything? Would there be anything promotes protein degradation? Obviously, when

16:42 are, um, starving or undergoing stress, our bodies resort as a

16:49 resort protein degradation. I'm not sure the specific signal is for that,

16:55 that's an abnormal situation. I do we're gonna see this a little bit

16:59 cortisol plays a role in protein But is that the signal that causes

17:05 when you're starving? I don't know answer to that. All right,

17:11 let's look at the specific cells. right? And again, the the

17:14 specific cell types we're looking at here liver. We're looking at muscle,

17:18 we're gonna look at adipose tissue because a kind of the three big major

17:23 that insulin effects. All right. doesn't mean it's the only place for

17:27 , like the major places. All , so with regard to the to

17:31 liver promotes glycogen synthesis. Notice how repeating myself here. Promotes glycol.

17:39 , huh? What does that Well, here, what we're saying

17:42 , we're gonna use black glucose as fuel to power the activity of the

17:47 . All right, so we're not storing up glucose. We're just gonna

17:51 ahead and use it while it's All right, We're going to promote

17:56 synthesis of and the storage of fats lastly protein synthesis and the inhibition of

18:02 degradation that's in the liver in the again. Uptake, glucose,

18:11 synthesis promoting like Allah assists and obviously oxidation. In other words, we're

18:16 things to make. Maura ATP. promoting protein synthesis, inhibiting protein

18:23 So far, do you see a , right? That's the idea is

18:26 a theme here. And then, , what do you think is gonna

18:29 in Adipose tissue? There you It's gonna be the exact same

18:34 It's basically glucose uptake. Right? what? We're gonna promote like Allah

18:39 , in other words, to power going on? And we're also breaking

18:43 down to get that pirate of right? That to carbon molecule so

18:47 we can create large fatty acid All right, And that's what we're

18:52 do is we're gonna make fatty Triglycerides were gonna promote the synthesis of

18:59 light base. All right, So other words, we're making ah,

19:03 , pace available. Why do we , like pace? Because later we're

19:07 break down lipids. So that's what does. Promotes the movement of of

19:15 absorbable sub units that we would call in the cells and allows us to

19:21 them up and prepare for those periods time when were fasting. Look,

19:28 gun, as I've mentioned already, the opposite of insulin. So everything

19:33 learned about up about insulin glucose guns the opposite except for one thing which

19:39 mentioned is protein degradation. Luke Gone off as a pro hormone or pro

19:47 , just as as insulin does, then it gets chopped up. There's

19:51 two places where it's made the office we're focusing on, but it's also

19:55 in the duodenum. And then out Alfa cells is what actually gives us

19:59 glue Coogan and then l cells. we're doing is we're going to chop

20:04 up, and we're gonna be making other stuff, all right, One

20:06 them being GLP one. Alright. that GLP one is what we're familiar

20:11 . There's also GLP to. No really knows what it does, and

20:14 we're not concerned about it. But just want to show you Here is

20:17 starting point of that pro hormone. you could see the glue could

20:20 And then over there, that's where make another stuff. So one of

20:23 crazy things about learning biology is that have a gene. It creates a

20:29 , and then, depending on where are, you get different things.

20:33 , joy. You know, just you thought biology would get easy,

20:37 just touches us in the gut and our lunch money. Now, why

20:47 we get this? Well, it is stimulated by high circulation of

20:52 acids, But glucose by itself? . Go back. Sorry. Glucose

21:02 itself is an inhibitor. All So, again, you can just

21:08 of think of it as one of Gasque. One is a break.

21:11 oppose one another. Now, I'm gonna go through all of these things

21:16 again just because I told you they basically do the opposite with one

21:21 . But basically what we're seeing here we're antagonizing insulin activity. So when

21:27 Coogan goes up. Insulin activity goes when insulin activity is present.

21:33 glu God's activity goes down and really antagonized one another at the level of

21:38 as well. At least that appears be what? What the effect

21:42 All right, But notice. The effect is that we're basically promoting breakdown

21:47 glycogen. We break down glycogen. end up with glucose where we do

21:50 . We could then mobilize it. can also do glue. Konia

21:54 You guys remember glue? Konia Genesis glucose from perfect? No. So

22:02 mean it. Well, it but it's basically it comes from amino

22:05 . That's that's its starting point. basically taking amino acids and breaking them

22:10 so that you could make glucose from , Which is the brilliant thing.

22:13 love this. All right, You for Dr Wayne? Uh, philosophy

22:18 theory of metabolism. This is not the test, and you probably shouldn't

22:22 your life this way. Okay. can live on a diet of Cheetos

22:27 survive. E appreciate that. You laughed. I'm hoping you guys laughed

22:35 . I really dio. But the here is remember that everything is

22:40 All right, Now, I'm not for real. You can live on

22:43 because there's vitamins and other nutrients that not fuel. But supposing for a

22:48 that you could take a pill that all those vitamins and minerals and nutrients

22:52 you need. You could literally live Cheetos because what you're taking in could

22:59 converted into whatever your body needs, the essentials. So we're talking about

23:05 essential amino acids, you know, presuming Cheetos has, um I don't

23:10 they do because it's corn and then strange alien things, you know?

23:15 , you know, for example, could live solely on meat, which

23:20 every amino acid, right? So the idea is everything is gonna be

23:26 . You convert fats and amino acids Luke and they all kind of go

23:31 . That's the fun part about You get to learn how they're all

23:34 . All right. Anyway, the thing here, So we're making,

23:38 , you know are making glucose from acids. And lastly, we're breaking

23:42 fats so that we can mobilize the fatty acids. This is a

23:47 simple way to look at this you know, just focusing on blood

23:51 , but understanding that the other molecules a role as well. When blood

23:55 goes up, what we wanna do we wanna bring blood glucose back

23:59 So we're gonna promote insulin production. going to repress or inhibit glucose gone

24:04 . And then the opposite is When blood glucose levels are down,

24:08 gonna promote glue coogan activities so that can mobilize glucose and we down regulate

24:13 activity so that we're not trying to in or glucose in into the cells

24:18 storage. That's a nutshell thing. it's real simple, right? So

24:23 learned all about insulin, and then throw a glue gun out of here

24:25 the side to say, Yeah, just the opposite. Minus one or

24:28 things pretty cool. All right, that. So let's go to the

24:36 underappreciated organ on the planet. The adrenal glands, all right. And

24:42 we're gonna be talking about now. we did the, uh, metabolism

24:46 through insulin and glucose gone, we're be looking at, uh, specifically

24:52 hormones here. One is kind of precursor for going into reproduction that would

24:57 the androgens like D h e All right, But what we're gonna

25:02 on primarily is cortisol. The Now the adrenal gland Sit right above

25:07 kidney. That looks like a dollop whipped cream. It looks like So

25:10 your kidney. It looks like a , but it's been blown up to

25:13 the size of your fist. And then you take some cool whip

25:17 you scoop that and put it right top of that being. That's your

25:20 gland. Okay, you're imagining the whip. Okay, Now, if

25:28 look at at this the internal right? The medulla is,

25:34 uh, the region where we're producing epinephrine and norepinephrine. It's that modified

25:40 , uh, sympathetic gangland. we talked about that, but the

25:44 portion, right? The cortex has different layers. And in these different

25:49 , we have different cells that have , uh, enzymes that produce different

25:56 . So there's a lot of difference there right now. The good

25:59 I'm not making you memorize these different , right? If you're in the

26:03 class, guess what you get to . All right, but you have

26:07 different regions, and so you could mineral core turquoise. You produce the

26:11 that you produce the androgens or the steroids. And the truth is,

26:15 we're not gonna really talk about this deeply about puberty, but puberty starts

26:19 the adrenal glands before you even know in puberty, Like, two years

26:25 you're in puberty. It really You're in puberty, right in that

26:30 . So, like, ladies, know, you probably started puberty around

26:34 recognizably started puberty around 10 to 12 old. Most of you write the

26:40 is it was actually two years before . And was your adrenal gland started

26:44 . It started pumping out sex, . Guys were the same way.

26:49 just start a little bit later. that's what actually starts a signaling process

26:53 the adrenals and ultimately the hypothalamus. then those they're gonna cause the go

27:00 to grow. And then the go take over, and then they basically

27:03 your life for the rest of your , for the most part. Go

27:06 nuts. We get to whole lectures go nets. All right, so

27:15 first focus on cortisol. the All right, this is producing the

27:22 lotta Alright, that's that middle region need them. I'm not gonna say

27:25 is own. I'm not interested that I asked, I don't test

27:28 Just say you didn't answer the Then email me and say that wasn't

27:31 . And I'm gonna throw the question , but I'm pretty sure. Almost

27:34 sure. I never asked that question you guys. Okay, Now,

27:39 is under the access if you pull to the way back time machine when

27:44 learned about the hypothalamus and the pituitary , it's regulated through the hypothalamus and

27:49 pituitary gland through what is called the R H a C T axis.

27:53 is cortical releasing hormone. So Korda refers to the cortex of the adrenal

28:00 and the A C T H is cortical thyroid truck or thyroid trope or

28:05 Tropic hormone. Excuse me. Adrenal Tropic hormone. Excuse me. There's

28:09 many words in there. That's why use the abbreviations a C T H

28:13 again adrenal cortex. That's the a . The tea tropic means to regulate

28:19 hormone. So adrenal cortical our cortex hormone is really kind of what that

28:25 . Now A C T. H comes from a larger molecules, so

28:28 a whole bunch of different things. what it's doing is it's acting on

28:31 adrenal glands to produce this glucocorticoids. court is all all right. And

28:36 what we're also gonna see is we're to see that negative feedback loops.

28:38 that's what all that picture is trying show you here is, like up

28:42 is our hypothalamus, right? There's CRH. It's acting down here in

28:46 pituitary gland, which is acting down on the adrenal gland. And then

28:49 cortisol that's being produced acts backwards and its own regulation through that access that

28:57 learned about a long time ago. nothing new here. We're just kind

29:01 revealing. All right. Now it a steroid. That means it works

29:06 the cell. It binds to its receptor called the glucocorticoids receptor. All

29:10 , and once it binds that it as a transcription factor to change the

29:15 activity of the cell in which it's . So that is the how we

29:20 cortisol. So what does quarters all . Generally speaking, what we think

29:26 cortisol, we think of it as stress hormone. All right. It

29:30 the hormone your body produces when you're stress. Now, let me be

29:34 . Under stress is not like, , no, I have a test

29:38 . That's not stress. That's just , right? It feels stressful,

29:44 it's an inconvenience that what we're living right now is stress. Those of

29:49 who haven't left your house in a over four months, you're stressed.

29:54 basically in self imposed jail. That's . What we how we mimic stress

30:00 laboratories, will take a mouse or rat. And here's an example will

30:04 him at four Degrees C. That's put him in a refrigerator toe.

30:09 . All right, that's stressful. you all agree with that? Would

30:11 be stressful living in a refrigerator? , how about changing your light cycle

30:18 of having a normal you know, 8 and then slowly changing it down

30:23 that you have these periods? It's dark, or it's 100% light all

30:30 time. That's stressful. All here is my fun one. This

30:35 experiment they used to do in They take rats and put him in

30:39 tank like like an aquarium filled with . And they couldn't climb out and

30:44 had to swim all the time. would you like to do that?

30:48 touch the bottom. You can't hang the edges. You just had to

30:53 . And that's how you live. that stress, you get it.

30:58 starting to kind of get the This is what stress is. It's

31:02 elongated periods of time that are causing body to change or respond to its

31:10 uniquely or differently than it normally All right, so that's what cortisol

31:14 normally expressed in those periods. That's you see an up regulation of

31:19 Now, in terms of its metabolic , it actually is kind of

31:24 And I'm just gonna have you think what? What this all says.

31:27 it acts on the liver and promote . Konia Genesis. What am I

31:33 glucose? Okay, so in the it promotes proedl Isis, what am

31:39 doing? Making what? Say I'm breaking down proteins to make what

31:49 a proteins become when you break them . I mean, no assets I'm

31:52 for. All right. And lastly, in adipose tissue, I'm

31:55 , like policies. So I'm making acids available as well as glycerol for

32:01 . Konia Genesis. Now all three . What have I just done to

32:09 smaller? And what can I do the small things? I could create

32:14 else that's true, but already have created. Why would I want to

32:18 it down? Energy is what I'm for. That's the exact answer.

32:23 . So what we're doing is we're fuel, right? I'm breaking

32:30 Um, are making available glucose. making amino acids available for fuel so

32:36 could do other things with it. making fat available. So think about

32:41 who are undergoing stress. What's one the things you see? If you

32:44 someone who is undergoing severe stress, is one of the characteristics they

32:52 But I mean physically, what do look like to you? Are they

32:55 weight or they losing weight? They're weight. Their body is burning through

33:01 own fuels. And why would they doing that? Well, the answer

33:05 , they're responding to the stress. trying to use energy to fight whatever

33:10 stressor is on their system. So you think about the rats, you

33:14 , we throw him in a swimming in essence and say, live your

33:17 this way. What do they have do all the time? They have

33:20 swim. They have to burn energy burn energy. But it's not just

33:24 . They also have to deal with , right? And their body is

33:29 to all of that negative, react activity by burning fuel to make it

33:34 . All right, now notice. also inhibits glucose uptake. So,

33:39 other words, the idea here is not going to mobilize glucose and send

33:42 around the body, except for in place. And where do we need

33:46 glucose in the brain? All So we're doing Is any glucose that

33:52 available in the body is being sent to the brain. Otherwise, we're

33:56 and internally in all those cells. it has other effects. Now,

34:01 want you to think again. Think stressors, right? Let's say you

34:06 a UN contacted tribe in South Are you gonna be big,

34:11 robust, uh, individuals? So let's take a look on the

34:17 . It interferes with osteogenesis in the I tract. It interfered with calcium

34:24 . In Lucas sites, it's anti . What? When do we see

34:29 ? Inflammation is our bodies mechanism because forget you guys don't get to do

34:35 and this it's basically to fight It's your body's response as to basically

34:44 , uh, pathogens is one of things that it does, and then

34:47 C. N s. We see modification and learning. So stress is

34:52 a good thing when it comes to new things. Right? Let me

34:57 you an example. Alright, here's I stressful. If you put your

35:00 on a hot stove right, you're burn yourself. Are you gonna

35:05 Do not do that ever again. , right now. It's not an

35:10 of true stress, but you can behavioral modification, right? That's that's

35:16 be an example. Alright. Last my son got a viral infection of

35:22 sort. We don't know what it , all right. And then,

35:25 a result of the infection, his got, uh, basically allowed bacteria

35:31 his bloodstream and it went to his osteomyelitis, right. Scary stuff,

35:37 ? And kids, Not so much adult's big time bad, All right

35:43 this day, actually, not to day. But a couple weeks

35:46 he told or asked. My wife , Do you know what day this

35:52 ? I don't know. Tuesday, know, my wife and I were

35:55 , Whatever it is, this was day I went into the hospital,

36:00 know? Do you think that there have been a little bit of stress

36:03 his life that it made an And in fact, it has changed

36:07 behavior? He's Mawr cautious because at time he was playing football and he

36:13 noticing the pain in his bone because when he was running and stuff.

36:17 so now when he plays football, still likes it. But he's a

36:22 more cautious because he was fearful that football resulted in the viral infection which

36:28 in the osteomyelitis. It didn't but the behavioral modification or the learning aspect

36:37 an example. All right, so can see here the effects that it

36:43 in terms of development people who are ah high deal of stress tend to

36:50 poorly, attended, basically using fuels a way just to cope with their

36:55 , as opposed to in terms of . Right. So cortisol plays a

37:01 in that happening. And actually, cortisol levels rise and fall over the

37:06 of the day. When do you our lowest levels of quarters all our

37:15 All right, I need one of time because I can barely hear with

37:18 on. So I'm gonna go in classroom and go online. What do

37:20 think when you're sleeping and when you up, What do we have

37:26 Night time in bed. And then heard two people say, Go

37:31 Unlike I heard sleeping, I guess hard. It's hard to tell Morning

37:38 heard Morning. The answer is, lowest cortisol levels are in the early

37:42 morning, right, because you haven't anything yet. And then over the

37:46 of the day, you're doing and then your body starts producing more

37:49 more cortisol. The highest levels of are in the evening. All

37:53 all right. Now here's Here's the part When is the lowest levels of

37:57 mean the lowest levels of cortisol in morning? When do we do surgeries

38:02 the morning, Right when we have lowest levels of stress stuff like

38:05 And then over the course of you allowed the cortisol levels to build

38:08 . It helps you fight infections and fun stuff for our fight as the

38:13 goes on. Kind of interesting. . Anyway, that's cortisol. In

38:18 nutshell. Cortisol stress hormone. I got two hands up, and

38:23 answer the question. In a It's the stress hormone. It's promotes

38:30 to deal with stress. That's the thing. All right, we'll

38:33 12 Peter. Okay, you'll be one. Mhm. So that's That's

38:48 what the question is is. So you say adaptation and learning or behavioral

38:52 learning, why is that? The is, is that stress allows us

38:57 change how we work in our All right, that's the idea,

39:03 right. The more stress you the better you retain. Information is

39:08 what it is, is why that . Um, and it's correlated,

39:13 ? It should make sense. It's , Oh, If I mean,

39:16 if something is causing me harm or be stressed, it would be best

39:20 learn how to cope with it or to work around. It is really

39:23 of what's going on there. life. So So there's part of

39:36 ? Yes, all right now, wouldn't say that. That's how why

39:39 is designed the way it is. right, So the question is,

39:42 you think and see if I'm To paraphrase the way that we deal

39:46 college in the way that the college more or less designed? Does it

39:49 us learn better is what the question , and I would say that it

39:54 . It's conducive to that. All , this idea of Oh, if

39:59 if I am being challenged and really what you gotta think about when I'm

40:03 that causes me to learn more and better. All right, it's It's

40:08 a natural outcropping to say, I'm I'm gonna push you, and in

40:13 pushing you're going to to learn better you would is if you we're being

40:18 it all all right. But I say that it's the environment. But

40:23 will ask this question. This is that you have you ever noticed that

40:26 get mostly sick around Christmas time, know, right around finals right

40:32 Why is that? Let's think about sleep habits. All right? You're

40:36 for finals and stuff. Are you ? Well? No. Because you're

40:40 time studying because you're all good right? You know, I

40:44 you could do it the other When I go out and party a

40:46 , I don't sleep a lot. I noticed I get sick. All

40:48 ? Are you eating well during No. You're just shoving food in

40:53 body as fast as you can just that you can get things done.

40:57 right. And so what you're doing you're creating an environment that is

41:01 but it's not necessarily that the stuff , you know, the way that

41:04 designed is causing stress. It's how responding to it that is leading to

41:09 stressful environment. So, Leslie, , poor diet. Um And

41:15 of course, actually, coping and with the stress of performance together creates

41:21 stressful environment altogether. Yeah, because, like during his well,

41:32 much more frequently around. Chris, you think in my husband to do

41:38 , like, the fact that bacteria older than, like, hot life

41:44 ? I'd say summer. Well, So there is part of that,

41:47 ? I mean, when you're dealing this time of year, you're already

41:52 with differing temperatures. So we So dealing with lower temperatures. We have

41:57 produce more mawr heat. Granted, is Texas, but still wearing

42:02 I mean, what? I wore to my son's football game on

42:07 and I sat there and had to my arms because I was cold,

42:11 ? But, you know, I have avoided that if I had been

42:15 , just worn jeans and a light . But notice I created my own

42:20 . The temperature was 65 to 70 , as opposed to 90 to 100

42:25 . Right? So that's that's That's an example. So we have less

42:30 . We have lower temperatures. We , you know, dealing with a

42:35 of things converging at the same And so part of the thing that

42:38 seeing right now nationally is you're starting see Oh, we're starting to see

42:42 rise in covert cases. Well, going to see that naturally, you

42:46 , just viruses are and viruses, fact, and viruses just they propagate

42:53 . But when are they going to themselves and become more apparent? It's

42:57 a wintertime. And why it's because environment we're moving indoors. So we're

43:02 closer together, right? It's So our immune systems are a little

43:07 are dealing with all sorts of things to invade into our systems,

43:11 We're already stressed, So all this is going on as simultaneously. And

43:15 it's just kind of convergence of factors result in that increase in sickness.

43:20 know, I bet you if you look at the equator where the light

43:23 changed where the temperatures haven't changed, you don't see the same degree.

43:27 , I know this to be true I remember seeing report early on when

43:31 were looking at co vid numbers and like, we're not seeing a curve

43:34 below this latitude. And then someone , I was like, Oh,

43:38 , there was a research that was in the early 19 hundreds by the

43:41 neurologist that basically showed that the the there is like it's like at the

43:46 parallel is that there's basically that's the line between the two different environments.

43:51 so you see early stuff happening, , like in January and stuff and

43:56 and stuff in the higher latitudes Been latitudes. You'll see that the rise

44:01 stuff in April and May. And did we see? If you look

44:05 you go back and look at the , the early curves air in the

44:08 and then the latter curves air in south on it's basically you. Take

44:11 34th parallel coincides. So it's you know, just different environments.

44:19 responses. I know I'm going way on tangents here, but the key

44:24 here to remember stressors when stress cortisol is there to help mobilize fuel

44:32 help you fight the stuff. Go team cortisol. Sorry. All

44:40 , here's the fun one. Sex . All right. Now, we

44:46 gonna be talking about a lot of hormones over the next couple of

44:50 The adrenal glands produce androgens and androgens just that class off of sex steroid

44:56 are the testosterone alright, and there's different testosterone. But I want to

45:02 out here. This is actually kind cool, that there are no sex

45:05 that are unique to males or I mean, there are some that

45:09 more predominant females, and there are that are more predominant males. But

45:13 because of the presence of the enzymes allow them to be made right so

45:18 do produce estrogen's. We do produce . In fact, you couldn't get

45:22 unless you first producer progestin all but the enzymes were there, so

45:26 no progesterone lingering about. All Well, it's basically it's a zone

45:33 step before you get to testosterone, or androgens, I really should say

45:39 are in immediate step intermediate steps before get to estrogen's. All right,

45:45 one exception to this rule. The actually is the Onley structure, and

45:49 in female that produces its own unique of sex hormones. Alright so males

45:56 produce the same hormones that are produced the placenta, all right, but

45:59 a unique Oregon now. The adrenal hormones, as I mentioned there,

46:04 very early on, and they're not enough nor their abundant enough to actually

46:09 do anything. In other words, what we would consider sex hormones.

46:13 other words, they don't masculine You are feminized you, right?

46:17 so the hormone that we're gonna be at here is called dhe A.

46:21 can see it's die hydro epi and for a nice long name. That's

46:24 we abbreviate things. Because saying that times fast is a lot of

46:29 All right, now I'm just gonna made up numbers here for just for

46:33 purposes of our discussion. Let's say have testosterone. We're gonna testosterone a

46:38 hormone power of 10. All That's not even the males. Strongest

46:44 hormone. Five D h t. Die hydro Testosterone is the males most

46:49 sex hormone? Alright, testosterone gets to that. And so if testosterone

46:54 the 10, um, DHT is 100 all right, so it's like

46:58 10 fold to 100 fold. Powerful relative Testosterone is like a one all

47:06 ? Or even less. It might a 0.1, so it's not

47:09 So even though males air pumping up A We have test on. So

47:14 have DHT. So it doesn't matter much dhe you have, it's not

47:18 make a It's like a drop in bucket bucket. It's like having a

47:21 bucks and throwing a penny on the . All right. So D h

47:26 males, no big deal now in , right? This is actually kind

47:32 an interesting hormone because it plays a in many of the androgen dependent processes

47:40 females have that that that we that share in common between males and

47:44 All right, now, this isn't only androgen females produced the the we're

47:48 to see the gonads producing androgen. what we do with that androgen,

47:51 immediately sent it over to the cells the well, I don't wanna get

47:59 it all right now, but basically gets produced really, really quickly into

48:02 . All right, so there's not lot of circulating androgens except for those

48:05 come from the adrenal gland and what does. It deals with primarily your

48:09 hair. So actually here, pubic . So basically the thicker hairs it

48:13 with the pupil Grossberg, It actually a role in developing and maintaining the

48:18 drive in females. All right. mean it's the only one, but

48:22 helps start it all off. All ? Now, what's interesting about it

48:27 not just those little things, That it kind of has these little

48:31 . Um, but it also regulated that adrenal cortical tropic or CRH a

48:38 axis. Alright. But even though make it that way because it's an

48:44 , it feeds back to a different . And so it could be problematic

48:49 it's if there's, like a tumor if it's poorly regulated. All

48:54 I think I have a slide I do not. All right,

48:56 I want to kind of I want paint this picture for you here.

48:59 right. So I'm just gonna have draw in the little margins on the

49:02 here, so just give me a . All right? So we have

49:08 . Sorry about that. We got regulates a C T. H.

49:15 that causes the production of D h A. All right now, what

49:19 don't see happening is we don't see feedback loop. All right? This

49:23 not happening. Okay, so I'm to race that instead. We have

49:35 little pathway over here, right? have gonadotropin releasing hormone cause production of

49:42 and LH. LH is responsible for production of testosterone. So what happens

49:51 dhe a works in this direction. right, Now, in females,

50:00 need f Uh, basically, you estrogen like that. All right,

50:07 , in other words, estrogen's depending both these hormones. Now, if

50:11 have a tumor adrenal tumor that's pumping dhe a What you're doing is you

50:15 blocking the production of all the female . And so what ends up happening

50:23 that you have this kind of over of D. H A. You

50:27 slight masculine ization in the female. right, now, we don't really

50:34 to worry about adrenal tumors all that . I mean, they exist,

50:37 not a big deal. But let's you a different picture here. All

50:42 ? Now, I'm not making fun your grandma's. All right? So

50:46 hear this is that. But I you to think of Grandma's figure.

50:49 Grandma his grandma Perfect tin, his even a perfect five or six

50:57 What sort of shape does Grandma Does Grandma have the hourglass shape or

51:01 more of ah, brick shape, ? I mean, again, I'm

51:09 making fun of Grandma, but what of shape does she have? She

51:13 have the typical female shape. She a typical boyish shape. I'm not

51:17 the male shape. Male shape is of a carrot, Right? We're

51:21 of like this shape until we kind get older, and then we start

51:24 the apple as well. So we the, you know. All

51:29 So why does that happen? remember, in menopause, basically,

51:33 down regulating the production of estrogen through loss of those hormones. And so

51:38 only thing you have circulating around is A, which results in a slight

51:43 ization. So you kind of get boyish shape. It's kind of a

51:47 shape. And again, I'm I'm not making fun of grandma,

51:51 does she have a little those hairs her chin? Maybe a little bit

51:55 a little bit of that mustache going , too. It might be a

51:58 bit bleached very, very thin. light you guys are looking at me

52:03 I'm not going to MIT it. , Some races more than others.

52:09 . My grandma, she's got the or four little little hairs coming out

52:12 chinny chin chin. You know she's a goat, but she still got

52:19 . Of course, she's also 96 old, but all right, why

52:24 a It's having a flight nationalization effect females don't have testosterone like males have

52:33 . Alright. Again using those fake . The 100 the 10 and one

52:38 of gives you that sense, So bring up the H a now because

52:45 just talked about the adrenal glands Didn't have a roller metabolism. Not

52:50 . Okay, we're gonna be using a springboard when we start looking

52:54 um, reproduction. Thyroid. Thyroid a structure that looks kind of like

52:59 butterfly that sits on the trachea. don't know why they always say

53:04 I mean, it also looks like bow tie. And wouldn't that be

53:06 better thing to talk about on the or on the throat? All

53:10 It's like a bow tie right Yes, I think so. All

53:14 , Now, if you look it's basically a bunch of spheres,

53:17 ? Basically the lobes or spheres, what you have is you have a

53:20 of cells on the outside. they are follicular cells. They produce

53:25 material that's on the inside that's called Lloyd, and then then side.

53:29 also have some C cells, which deal with in just a minute the

53:31 of follicular cells or C cells. play a role in calcium regulation,

53:35 we'll talk about right in the Colle in that in those inside these lobes

53:41 these little tiny globes, the CAA is where we're making a thyroid

53:47 all right? And so what we're at here is the material is called

53:51 globulin. Thyroid globulin is the structure which were making thyroid hormone.

53:56 thyroid hormone is actually two molecules to molecules. It starts off as

54:02 That's bound up to another tyrosine. what we're gonna do is we're gonna

54:04 a whole bunch of iodine on. so the two forms or t three

54:08 t four try out of irony. . I, Roxanne is the T

54:12 , which is also technically Tetra oath , all right, but t three

54:18 t four, that's probably good We're not gonna make you spell it

54:21 out, because that's a lot of letters in there, all right,

54:25 really, the more powerful form is T three, but we produce more

54:30 the T four, and so there's lot of conversion that goes on once

54:34 stuff gets into circulation. Right it's carried in blood by a

54:40 It's a fire. A thigh rock by binding globulin is what it's

54:46 But albumin can also do it. have another carrier transpire region again.

54:50 can see the names, what it of does, what it does.

54:53 kind of goes through the body, then when it's released by the binding

54:57 , it's released in the blood. passes through the plasma membranes of the

55:01 . It then acts kind of like steroid and binds to an internal

55:05 and then it. Once it binds internal receptor, it causes the metabolic

55:10 in the cell. So again, acting kind of like a steroid,

55:14 though it's not now. What we is we like to talk about

55:18 I'm gonna I guess it be better I just go to the next slide

55:21 do this. All right? And do this because I don't know.

55:28 textbook talks about the senses of thyroid . I think the only reason we

55:33 it is because they discovered it very on, and they never took it

55:35 of textbooks. So we're not gonna all the different steps, but it

55:39 down to this. You take a , a scene, right? And

55:42 I organize it. You take another . And you had No, I

55:46 not. I didn't see it. I can't say the word. I

55:51 that one, and then you can to ideas or just one iodine.

55:56 then so those are called mono iota or die iota tire scene. And

56:01 easier just to abbreviate admit m i or D d I t. All

56:05 . And so what happens is you a minute and a dit and you

56:08 t three and you can take a in a ditch and you get t

56:11 . But you could never take a . Plus another minute So it's a

56:14 plus a ditch or a mitt, a dip, but no mitt,

56:17 , um, it. And that's Dr Seuss version of thyroid hormone

56:25 See, that's a lot fun in mitt, plus a debt or

56:28 plus a debt. But no two , all right, But you can

56:32 there's lots of different steps and basically bounded that thyroid globulin until such time

56:37 time to release. And then what is that follicular cells pinches off a

56:40 of that call Lloyd. It cleaves the T three or the T

56:44 Anything that's not T three or T gets recycled, and then what we

56:48 is we send that T three and four out of the bloodstream, and

56:51 it gets bound up by those that or the albumin or the trans thyroid

56:57 , and it basically moves it around body to where it needs to

57:01 and then it binds to a When it binds up to its

57:04 it causes all sorts of interesting things one of those interesting things. Real

57:15 . All right. Do you have friend who can eat anything and never

57:20 announce. You're not in your You that friend. Yeah. Do you

57:26 that person? Okay. All Online. Do you have that friend

57:33 know who can eat anything that they and never gain a pound? In

57:38 , they have to eat double of everyone else has to eat. And

57:41 just wanna punch them in the okay? They probably have a incredibly

57:48 thyroid gland. I'm not saying they're , they have hyperthyroidism. They just

57:53 an active one. Because the way thyroid hormone works, is it modifies

57:58 idling speed. In other words, it modifies the metabolic rate at which

58:05 process materials and Audie And so if have, ah, high metabolic

58:11 metabolic rate, One of the byproducts that is that your hot all the

58:15 . But you also have to consume all the time. So basically,

58:19 a giant furnace, and what you're is you're consuming that fuel and burning

58:24 very, very quickly. Thyroid hormone a role of that. Now it

58:28 other other effects. And I think like the big chart over there.

58:32 kind of shows you what what it . But in essence, it's

58:36 Um, a medic. Basically, supports the sympathetic nervous system and its

58:41 or the cells. Responsiveness to the means it plays roles. For

58:45 reproduction. If you don't have, , thyroid hormone, it effects whether

58:50 not the sex hormones and whether or you develop appropriately. Um, here's

58:54 example. Another one. It stimulates hormone, right. Promotes the effects

58:59 growth hormone in this matter meetings, we're gonna learn here in just a

59:03 . Okay, so in other it's a metabolism promoting hormone. So

59:09 you're young, like, you like, two years ago, you

59:13 , before you hit your freshman right? Remember that? Remember how

59:18 awesome everyone's body was was between those years And like the fresh freshman

59:23 remember that? It's like maybe a long. I'm not saying you should

59:29 ashamed of your body or shape. just having fun with this,

59:33 But the idea is that when you're and like, I think I've told

59:37 guys I would go and have six before getting a meal, right,

59:43 just hungry. High metabolic activity now cheeseburgers Body says, Look, we're

59:50 for winter. Eso stores it Uh huh. So that's that Z

59:57 thyroid hormone is. And so some think, Oh, the secret is

60:00 got to do is take some thyroid and that could help me lose

60:03 And the answer is no. It mucks with all sorts of systems because

60:06 such a supportive hormone. Now it's is the same thing that we've seen

60:12 . We have the hypothalamus, Tyra Releasing Hormone. We have the,

60:16 , pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid

60:21 the production and release the thyroid hormone hormone works in a negative feedback loop

60:26 both structures. All right, that's this shows you two more things that

60:33 done here. Hopefully, I can them done in the next 20

60:36 In the control and in control of . We think of growth hormone growth

60:40 even says in the name. It with growth. But it's not just

60:44 only thing. For example, if have too short parents, parents who

60:48 4 ft eight and a parent, 5 ft two. What is the

60:51 that you're gonna be playing center for rockets pretty low, right? So

60:56 is a genetic component to height, component to grow. You have to

61:01 an adequate diet. All right. have to be free from chronic disease

61:06 stressful conditions because cortisol is gonna send fuel in the opposite direction. And

61:11 , you have to have, a whole bunch of normal levels of

61:14 hormone insulin, sex hormones. All . And that's what I'm talking

61:18 The abnormalities, like gigantism and Those would be the abnormal things as

61:23 result of over expression of many of stuff. All right, so what

61:27 looking at is the normal growth. , your growth growth rate is never

61:31 . Yes, We've got a question . Go ahead. Service.

61:46 So what we do in America? one of the hardest things to get

61:50 our bodies is iodine. Alright. is why did the doctor friend having

61:55 issues? The thyroid gland was growing that goiter, which is awesome.

62:00 basically the doctor said, hey, , Probably getting the goiter is actually

62:05 the opposite, but basically getting, , issue with the thyroid gland,

62:09 said. Stop in taking salt. is the relationship? The answer here

62:14 that in America, if you look most salt right, it says it

62:18 . I organized, right iodized right? And what they're doing is

62:22 adding iodine. They realized or not but very early on someone said,

62:27 , you know what? People need in order for their thyroids toe

62:31 why don't we get iodine in their ? Well, how are we going

62:33 do that? Well, let's throw in the salt. It is a

62:37 , or at least it's an Why don't we put it in with

62:40 other ions? And no, no will ever know, right? You

62:43 taste it because if you ever I'd on its Yeah, right,

62:48 that's what they did. That's The thinking there behind that is that

62:52 there's too much iodine, which is the CAA Lloyd to expand outward as

62:56 uptake the iodine. That's the idea now. Not all salt has iodine

63:02 it. If you get like a salt, they don't know out.

63:05 don't add iodine to that. If buy that pink Himalayan salt at

63:09 you know the really fancy shmancy It's neither pain, it's not.

63:13 neither from the Himalayan snore. Is fancy? It's just marketed well,

63:18 ? But again, you know it's itemized, right? It's something that

63:22 add in. Is milk come naturally vitamin D and vitamin A in

63:26 No, it's fortified with vitamin so that's what you need its

63:30 So there's a relationship, all so obviously you don't grow constantly or

63:36 in a linear fashion. There's actually periods of spurts, and they're regulated

63:41 different factors. Depending upon where you , feel growth primarily by factors from

63:46 placenta, but your genetics environment play role in how well you grow the

63:50 . Postnatal growth, growth hormone, , genetic factors. Um, and

63:55 , people growth. Now you can here I'm taking my growth Hormone plays

63:58 major role, but so did the , um, as well as your

64:02 in your genetics. All of those a role, and you could just

64:04 there's just periods this kind of you know, small linear growth,

64:08 all of a sudden you got this birth and there's a little bit more

64:11 growth and massive spurred again. And the EPA official plates clothes, and

64:16 you're screwed in. And you're just at the height that you are no

64:21 for the rockets for you. growth hormone is not just one

64:27 It's actually a whole bunch of different . We have growth hormone itself,

64:31 is smarter trough that's produced by the pituitary. We have PV growth

64:36 What's placental variant, which might play role in fetal growth? What do

64:40 think it does? All right, have the placental lacked regions as well

64:45 the chorionic. So, madam, , so mato mammo trope ins,

64:51 word, basically prepare the breast for . All right, so when you're

64:56 , your breasts grow. All In other words, you you're

65:01 We're gonna learn this again. We're the structure of the glands and and

65:05 them, uh, rather, nonfunctional into functional lack taters. All

65:10 . And we have prolactin, which milk production. So you can see

65:14 not just one molecule, they're all to each other, and they start

65:17 as a large precursor. These air and they're stored up and they're kept

65:22 you need them. Now what happens in terms of regulation, we have

65:28 access we actually have to regulators up the hypothalamus. We have growth hormone

65:33 hormone. That's an easy one, of the hypothalamus, and says,

65:38 , let's go ahead and release it break. We have a gas pedal

65:42 a break. Here is some out status. This molecule keeps coming

65:46 doesn't it? It's an inhibitor. right, So when you have growth

65:51 releasing hormone high, you're producing growth . If you have Samantha, Samantha

65:57 High, you're gonna basically drop growth , so they basically oppose one

66:02 Grilling is a hormone that's produced in stomach, and it promotes the stimulation

66:09 growth hormone secretion, Right also plays role in promoting appetite. Alright,

66:14 Grella is a molecule that helps produce hormone. Now, why would we

66:19 to reproduce growth hormone after a Why do you think that's right?

66:26 . So use that fuel to make bigger, alright? Or those those

66:30 sub units. So this is the of the pathway here, So you

66:34 G h R H and G. I H or Samantha Staten that sits

66:38 there at the top in the It acts on the anterior pituitary to

66:42 a release of growth hormone growth hormone released and acts on multiple tissues.

66:46 the primary tissue that we're worried about the liver, and in liver it

66:51 the insulin like growth factors, E . F one and the family of

66:56 like growth factors are called the Samantha . So this isn't just about

67:05 all right? It doesn't act on individually. It's serving as a signaling

67:10 . So it's a tropic molecule, like many of the other ones that

67:13 coming out of the anterior pituitary. the I G F one that's doing

67:17 big work, right, and D F one has a massive effect

67:24 it increases insulin resistance. Basically, says, quit responding to the

67:30 Don't take up and store away the and amino acids and lipids instead.

67:36 them to be out there instead, muscles were going to increase fat

67:41 What? We're gonna use fat for . You betcha. Best fuel ever

67:46 good, too. What we're gonna the adipose tissue. Let's break that

67:50 down. Let's mobilize that liver. are we gonna do? Let's make

67:54 glucose and let's send it out in world. And what are we gonna

67:57 ? We're gonna use that glucose to the growth. And so there's two

68:01 types of growth that's hyperplasia and Hyperplasia refers to increasing the number of

68:07 hypertrophy Baines, making the cells Typically, when we hear hypertrophy,

68:12 think cancer right cells that are hyper and hyperplasia are basically growing in number

68:19 getting bigger, and that's usually a thing. But when you're trying to

68:22 an organism, that's a good all right, so when you hear

68:26 terms, make sure you understand right? So hyper plastic hyperplasia in

68:33 kid in puberty is great, That's a good thing. Hyper plastic

68:40 in your lung tissue. Not so sense. Now there are a bunch

68:49 other hormones that are involved in This includes thyroid hormone, right?

68:54 permissive glucocorticoids. They probably play a inhibiting, uh, the EPA official

69:01 growth. So basically it keeps you . In other words, what we're

69:04 is instead of growing, you were go ahead and use the fuel for

69:07 important things, like keeping you Um, sex, hormones, androgens

69:11 estrogens play a role. Androgens um, important in terms of linear

69:18 in terms of of gaining muscle Um, eso on estrogen, on

69:25 other hand, terminate linear growth. basically because yep, official plate to

69:30 is where I started feeling kind of because I wanna kinda explain. So

69:36 and women go into puberty at different , right? Women enter puberty

69:40 and so they get their puberty puberty spurt early, right? But that

69:44 means that they terminate puberty puberty and so that causes the estrogen causes

69:51 the release of, or basically the of the official plates. So you

69:55 growing. Stopped growing earlier. So, like, I have twins

70:00 a boy and a girl. My went into puberty first, so she

70:04 up and she's a little bit taller my son right now. Now they're

70:07 13. So they're in the midst all the fun, right? And

70:10 she's going to continue growing, and she's gonna stop going around the age

70:13 15, right? But my son entered into puberty about a year or

70:19 after she did. So he's barely to get those growth spurts,

70:24 But he's gonna have that growth spurt gonna last as long, if not

70:29 . And then he doesn't have as estrogen. So he's gonna keep growing

70:32 when he passes here. And that's generally speaking, men and women have

70:36 sizes on average. Right men, a larger on average. And women

70:42 . We have more muscle mass that general truth, right? It's because

70:46 these hormones. All right, insulin actually act on I g fr promote

70:56 . Even though I g f is inhibitor of insulin stuff. There's a

71:00 bunch of other factors as well that not going to get into. So

71:05 hormone isn't acting on its own. has a whole bunch of helpers to

71:09 that. Our last hormone in terms metabolism last two hormones is dealing with

71:18 levels. Alright, calcium is really . Remember Mom told you, drink

71:23 milk, right? Drink your Makes your bones strong. Back when

71:27 was up in in high school and college. There was a massive milk

71:33 milk. It does a body And they had these commercials where it

71:38 like this little kid talking to this woman and saying, You know,

71:43 I'm gonna be big, I'm drinking milk, blah, blah,

71:45 and you're gonna, you know, me type stuff. And it was

71:47 a guy to a girl in the way. A girl to an adult

71:51 , you know? And then the were always really sexy, and so

71:55 connected really easy with that. yeah, I get that Gonna drink

71:58 milk because I want some of We had a lot more fun than

72:06 guys did. Anyway, of all calcium, your body, most of

72:10 sequestered away, about 1% is not , but of that 1% 90% of

72:16 is basically found in your soft So that means 1% is about out

72:21 circulation in the plasma. Half of is an active and unavailable. So

72:25 means anything that we're talking about being is that half of 1/10 of a

72:32 right. 10th, not a 10 0.5% of your calcium in your body

72:38 regulated and through these mechanisms now, gone through all these functions, so

72:43 not gonna list through them. But seen calcium over and over again.

72:46 you seen calcium over and over again the class. Okay, so think

72:50 that. That's what we gotta gotta with. So how do we go

72:53 balancing this? Well, simply we have three tissues where we can

72:58 we can deal with this stuff. right. When we consume food,

73:02 where calcium comes from. All So we need to have a mechanism

73:05 absorb the calcium in. And once have the calcium into our bodies,

73:09 we're gonna either put it away for . If it's too much or we're

73:12 excreted from the body through the kidney what we could do is we can

73:19 use it for the activity that we . So what we're gonna do is

73:21 gonna monitor around how much is in blood. All right, that's the

73:27 . So if if it gets too , if my calcium would give levels

73:30 too low, I can go to bone and pull calcium out. My

73:34 get too high. I can take and put it back into the

73:37 All right. I'm also naturally secrete it out right through the kidneys.

73:42 if I'm secreted out through the one of the things I can do

73:45 I can slow the rate of right? In other words, instead

73:49 excreting it, I'm gonna return it to the body so that it just

73:54 Doesn't leave the body. All so I can regulate the kidney.

73:58 right, if I have it in diet And if I'm in need of

74:01 , I could go to my to digestive system and pull the calcium

74:04 but I'm never gonna push it back . Right. So if I don't

74:08 calcium, what's it gonna do? going to go right through me,

74:13 ? That kind of makes sense. , so that's kind of our levels

74:17 regulation. Alright, So, kidney and intestines. All right,

74:21 we're trying to maintain constancy to despite the fact that there's gonna be

74:26 modifications and adjustments and the two hormones we use to regulate This one is

74:31 parathyroid hormone. The other one is calcitonin. Parathyroid. Hormone is responsible

74:38 dealing with lope plasma calcium levels. when the calcium levels get low in

74:44 , uh, in the blood in plasma, what are we gonna

74:48 We're gonna act on. We're basically gonna produce parathyroid hormone, which is

74:52 act on the bone and sell the . Let me have some of your

74:57 . All right, So that's in . It's going to cause the breakdown

75:00 bone, all right? It can on the digestive system, and it

75:04 , digestive system. Do you have calcium that happens to be coming

75:07 You do. Okay, allow me bring it back in and then

75:12 Oh, instead of getting rid of , I don't want you to get

75:15 of it. I want you to it back in so it causes a

75:17 absorption of calcium, promotes re absorption calcium. So that's the basic

75:22 Now, notice that I have I say it enhances the direction of

75:25 trial. Vitamin D. Well, trial, remember, is made in

75:29 in the kidney, and what that is it uses that calc travel to

75:33 you absorb the calcium from your Okay, so p th promote the

75:41 regulation of calcium when calcium levels What do you think Calcitonin does?

75:48 the opposite. That's right. And way I remember this is calcitonin in

75:53 . The bone. Alright, It calcium back in the bone. So

75:58 is doing the opposite of here. dealing with the deke. Uh,

76:02 said increased calcium levels should be Right. So this says sorry I

76:09 it right. This says low This is gonna be Oh, it

76:12 role is to decrease. Should I I'd miss read that its role is

76:16 decrease. So when the calcium levels high, what are we gonna

76:19 Well, we're gonna go ahead and p that stuff out, right?

76:23 no problems. That's what Calcitonin Okay, go ahead and just let

76:26 go. Oh, digestive system. not gonna take the council trial so

76:30 can't bring in the calcium. So go ahead and leave the calcium,

76:33 , going through the digestive system, have this calcium. We don't want

76:36 get rid of it. Let's push into the bone. And so we

76:40 the osteoblasts to help stop the calcium the bone. All right, so

76:44 the effect is to decrease plasma calcium . So that's the balance there.

76:55 is a nice little, uh Showing you that feedback or that

77:00 Basically, if you're trying to maintain middle value right there, right,

77:06 this is what we're trying to it depends on if this is high

77:10 low, right? So if you rising levels, you're gonna go this

77:14 . If you have dropping levels, gonna go that way. All

77:20 So P t h is for dropping for rising. And just to remind

77:26 what is Cal Satriale's just vitamin D , right? Starts off his

77:31 you modify it multiple times, multiple , basically the liver kidney, and

77:37 what does it do? It causes intestinal re absorption of calcium helps to

77:43 the renal system in terms of re calcium, and allows you to

77:49 It helps in all three of So in response to that pea th

77:54 the one helping or causing all that happen. That's it for today.

78:01 before we go, I know there's , right? Course not. Do

78:06 guys know? Do you guys ever calcium supplements? You get calcium

78:10 Have I mentioned this already? Think did for this class now. So

78:15 know, it's like, take a that has calcium carbonate, you

78:19 Take. You know, Gummy has in it. You know where that

78:22 comes from? Well, they go to the Gulf of Mexico. They

78:27 up seashells, they wash them they crush them into a powder,

78:30 then that powders put it into And if you don't like that,

78:35 other places you could go get you grind it down into powder,

78:40 you can now have calcium. I that part of the story. You

78:46 where you get iron from. You're love this one because you all eat

78:52 , right? You know, you your captain Crunch. You know,

78:55 got you got you know, it's Berries or winner. Winner.

78:58 But you got your lucky charm. got the whole nine yards right you

79:01 . And what I mean is part this well balanced diet. You

79:04 in that picture. Well balanced right? Or, you know,

79:08 like, Well, maybe I'll just a box is because has all the

79:10 . Where did that iron come What was that? That's right.

79:20 take, you take old cars and one will buy. And what you

79:23 is you put them into a grinder you turn all that steel, you

79:28 the iron out of the steel, then what you do is you have

79:31 filings. And then what you do you take the filings, you ship

79:35 up to Kellogg Michigan, and what do is you put that into the

79:38 meal and wheat meal. You mix all in, and then you make

79:42 cornflakes and your all your yeah. . But it's so small, it's

79:51 gonna do anything. You're basically just tired, E. I mean,

79:54 other place you get artist, that should do it. Okay. Sorry

80:54 that. My batteries finally died I was just talking about where iron

80:58 from. That's the end of So when we come back next

81:02 there is no classroom face to face . Okay? I'm not gonna be

81:07 on campus. I'm gonna be doing , uh, remotely so basically everyone

81:11 log it, okay? Yes, . Yeah. Theater slide that Now

81:24 create and decreasing your party. So So what we're gonna do is

81:33 calcium and phosphate really like to hang with each other, and so they

81:37 to crystallize. And so the idea is that we're gonna reabsorbed, or

81:42 going to re absorb calcium. But gonna let the phosphate go, all

81:46 ? Because we can get Morris That's not a problem. The idea

81:49 , the calcium is the harder thing regulate. And so the idea

81:53 if we get rid of that phosphate we make more of that free calcium

81:57 . That's the key word. There the free calcium. So that's what

82:01 you're doing is that your effectively making calcium stay? But the phosphate leaves

82:07 that you have more free calcium. the idea. Could I answer that

82:11 ? I hope thumbs up or thumbs on answering that question about calcium and

82:21 ? Yeah. Yes, I'll love . Okay. Well, you guys

82:25 a great weekend. Um, you , go out. Get yourself a

82:29 latte for pumpkin beer or pumpkin Call somebody, pumpkin. You

82:38 I don't know. Um, I will see you online on

82:43 Make sure you finish up whatever you to do on your papers. Get

82:46 turned in. If you get it today, you don't have to worry

82:49 it tomorrow. Wouldn't you like to that once you like? Why put

82:54 today which you could just get It would be awesome. And then

82:59 go out and party like it's 1999 something. I don't know. Here's

83:04 song about that. What's sad is was in junior high before it came

83:09 . So we're all looking forward to . All right, Anyway, you

83:15 have a great day. I'm logging

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