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00:01 | All right. You guys should be to hear me now. Excellent. |
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00:05 | just gonna get everything in the right . All right? So for those |
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00:16 | you come to class, this is last laugh. Live class. |
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00:20 | um, as I said, I've to go to a Boy Scout thing |
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00:23 | my son, uh, this upcoming , and it's like since they don't |
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00:28 | school and everyone else has work in , I don't know why they do |
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00:31 | , but anyway, they're working through , and I've got a obviously |
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00:37 | but I've also got to be down , so I'm just gonna hopefully figure |
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00:41 | how toe Probably not gonna be internet there. Probably have to travel there |
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00:44 | home. And I'm just gonna let live from home. Um, so |
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00:49 | will be our the lecture right before . And then we have two more |
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00:53 | after Thanksgiving, and then we're done the class. No one's cheering. |
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00:58 | , that Z that's cool. I'm should love being in this class. |
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01:03 | don't want it to ever end, ? Okay. The fake smiles make |
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01:09 | nervous. Um, all right. , so tomorrow is the final |
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01:14 | That's do, right? So if haven't been working on it, |
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01:17 | you have about a little over 24 to get that taken care of. |
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01:22 | taking care of done. And then , you have a peer review that |
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01:25 | need to be doing, Um, soon as you turn in. So |
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01:29 | on Saturday, that's when peer review becoming available. Um, feel you |
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01:34 | to look at your peer reviewed before done. Just remember, they're gonna |
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01:37 | in complete until the due date, is Tuesday. Is that the due |
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01:42 | for the peer reviews? No one's . It's something like that Tuesday |
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01:46 | I can't remember what the idea You're not supposed to be doing them |
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01:49 | the Thanksgiving break. They'll be done all that stuff s Oh, that's |
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01:53 | kind of what's going on. And , um, really, what we're |
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01:57 | be doing today is we're gonna be about the endocrine system and really some |
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02:00 | specific things about the endocrine system we've talked about. Um um you |
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02:06 | just in a chronology in general. this is kind of a good place |
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02:09 | kind of say, Alright, lot of our hormones play a role |
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02:13 | our metabolism. And so we're gonna at the hormones that regulate metabolism. |
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02:18 | that's kind of the frame of You can look at these things |
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02:21 | I see now this is causing me become bigger or causing me to fight |
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02:27 | or whatnot because it's regulating my That's really kind of the big picture |
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02:32 | . Oh, and I just want mention this. If you're wondering, |
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02:35 | you can't see me online, but wearing AUh football jersey today. And |
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02:39 | reason I'm doing that is because, , I haven't been able to wear |
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02:43 | yet at all. So it kind sucks, you know? I wear |
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02:47 | on game days and and it's been of that weird kind of semester, |
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02:51 | ? And then our next game, gonna be out of town and also |
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02:56 | top of that they cancel the game weekend. And so I was |
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02:59 | Well, last day of class might well wear something fun. So football |
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03:05 | . Yeah, go cooks. They that right. It should be this |
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03:10 | to the matter. It's both You guys know know why? It's |
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03:15 | three fingers, right? They teach that, right? Okay, it's |
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03:19 | sure. All right, let's start with the pancreas. Pancreas is actually |
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03:27 | easy. We're gonna be looking at major hormones. Insulin, glue, |
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03:30 | , thes air like a gas pedal a brake. Literally one opposes the |
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03:35 | . So just again, this is simple way to learn things. You |
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03:39 | one and realize the other one does opposite. So that kind of makes |
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03:44 | very, very simple, right? don't have Thio, Philip, your |
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03:46 | with a whole bunch of information. we mentioned these little structures within the |
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03:52 | of the the pancreas. We have little regions called the islets of |
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03:56 | You can see kind of a three structure up here in the top of |
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03:59 | that looks like. They're they're scattered the pancreas. So while we have |
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04:04 | Asiana and Low Bealls within those in context between the Eocene A and their |
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04:10 | , this is where you're gonna find islets of Langerhans. They don't empty |
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04:12 | the ducks. They are innovated. they are perf used in other |
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04:17 | means blood travels through that and so able to pick up these hormones and |
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04:22 | signals to these cells to cause them produce what they do now. Generally |
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04:27 | , we focused on the two Alright, the alpha and the beta |
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04:30 | . Alright, but recognize there's other in there. So like we have |
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04:34 | delta cells, we've mentioned them It secretes amount of Staten, |
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04:38 | It's a regulator of digestion. We pancreatic poly peptide. I have no |
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04:44 | what it does. I'm just pointing different cells. They're doing different |
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04:48 | right? So we're gonna be focusing the first two cells. Alfa cells |
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04:52 | secrete Glueck. A god. All , beta cells secrete insulin. So |
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04:59 | off, that's the first thing you to recognize which sell does which we're |
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05:02 | be focusing primarily on insulin. Insulin begins as a pro molecule. It's |
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05:07 | it's a it's ah, signaling molecule begins with a very large structure. |
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05:11 | once it gets broken down from that insulin, you create C peptide and |
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05:17 | . So that's why you have the peptide. It's actually something you're gonna |
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05:19 | in the body. If you look the amount of C peptide you get |
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05:22 | sense of how much insulin your body producing because it's broken down in a |
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05:26 | rate. And it also produces another called Amylin, which again haven't taught |
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05:31 | mentioned or brought up it. Also pointing out it does stuff. All |
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05:36 | . Now, how do we What? What is what is |
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05:42 | Uh, insulin. Alright, so looking on the beta cells, all |
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05:46 | ? And so what stimulates the beta proves to produce insulin is something you've |
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05:52 | a long time ago, right? my blood sugar gets high, then |
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05:55 | gonna produce insulin so I can start sugars. Right? You've learned |
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06:00 | So that's kind of like the kindergarten , but it's really that's an easy |
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06:03 | . Glucose glucose is our major When there's lots of glucose in the |
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06:08 | , it gets taken into the and that's a signal for the beta |
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06:13 | . Start pumping out insulin alright, there's other things as well, because |
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06:17 | primary source of fuel is not Well, maybe in the first world |
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06:23 | Texas in 2012, that might be , but generally speaking for humans are |
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06:30 | source of fuel is not sugar. primary source of fuel is fats and |
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06:35 | , right? And so what we're do is we're gonna look at the |
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06:39 | acids. What sort of amino acids in circulation and in particular Argentina, |
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06:45 | , are the big boys when it to stimulating insulin? What this is |
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06:50 | to do is it's going to stimulate cell to start pumping out the |
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06:54 | Now, there's other things as well sympathetically, regulating para sympathetically regulate insulin |
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07:00 | . Now without cheating and looking up the slide. So it was. |
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07:04 | told me which system is rest and sympathetic. Compare sympathetic parasympathetic. All |
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07:14 | , so you know which one is to cause the up regulation of insulin |
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07:19 | sympathetic. Okay, so I'm just to get to connect the dots. |
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07:25 | ? But let's look first with regard the sympathetic alright, there is some |
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07:31 | stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system in insulin. Alright, that's gonna be |
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07:36 | beta agin ergic. But the sympathetic system pumps out tons and tons of |
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07:43 | which stimulates the Alfred Wegener jinx. . And so the tragedy receptors are |
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07:48 | ones that are found. Um, both found on the cells. But |
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07:51 | sympathetic is pumping out norepinephrine, you're causing inhibition of insulin production. All |
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07:59 | , find that kind of makes If parasympathetic causes me to digest food |
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08:03 | to store away glucose, then sympathetic cause me to not store away |
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08:08 | And why would that make sense? would What would I want to do |
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08:12 | the glucose? So I wanna do with it. You wanna burn |
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08:17 | But you have to get it So you wanna mobilize first so that |
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08:21 | could be picked up and then used , so that's really what's kind of |
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08:25 | on here is we're preventing the uptake insulin for storage or uptake of glucose |
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08:32 | storage. Alright, Now parasympathetic is the Vegas, which is gonna promote |
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08:37 | release. All right, now, also Huma RL stimulation. Other hormones |
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08:44 | you've already seen. We've already mentioned in the previous couple lectures called Assisted |
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08:48 | , produced by the duodenal cells GLP critic also secreted by duodenal cells and |
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08:56 | i p, which is also secreted duodenal cells. Huh? What's going |
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09:00 | ? The duodenum? Remember what to . Odd names for and four people |
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09:08 | the classroom. Everyone's kind of like don't wanna answer re absorption, |
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09:13 | And so when would re absorption I mean, what is what are |
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09:17 | trying to re absorb? What is the duodenum when you're trying to |
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09:22 | hint food, glucose and peptides and and write all of it. It's |
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09:31 | food, right? It's stuff that been broken down completely. But those |
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09:37 | are released. Remember, in response the presence of those chemicals in the |
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09:43 | . And so what you're doing is signaling to say, Hey, |
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09:47 | guess what? Guess what? Guess ? We've got food in our belly |
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09:51 | patriots. Alright, cool. That I can go and put things |
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09:54 | store things away for a rainy That's the whole purpose here. So |
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10:00 | in the digestive tract results in the of different hormones. These were ones |
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10:05 | we've talked about and it tells the cells to start releasing insulin, |
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10:12 | So, in other words, we're ready to store things up. It |
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10:16 | not be here just yet, So we're not dependent solely on the presence |
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10:21 | blood sugar. We're actually anticipating the of blood sugar. Now, here's |
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10:29 | interesting little question I'm gonna ask, for the test. Just want you |
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10:33 | think about it. I know you're generation than I am my generation. |
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10:37 | a whole bunch of sodas and then said, No, no more soda |
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10:40 | soda's they're bad for you. You to drink something else. How about |
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10:44 | sodas? And we're like, please. 44 ounces at a shot |
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10:50 | . That's why you go to Circle . And they've got the big cups |
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10:53 | Bucky's have the big cups. Get sips, you know. But think |
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11:00 | this as food enters into the What is it signaling for the beta |
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11:06 | to do? Bring in and storm . In other words, we're going |
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11:10 | see here, make Fats. Do think diet sodas are going to trigger |
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11:17 | uptake of glucose or uptake of other ? The answer is yes. So |
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11:25 | not as helpful as we think they , All right. Anyway, this |
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11:39 | a beautiful, simple picture to help understand how insulin is secreted. |
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11:44 | What are the signals that cause insulin be secreted? Well, we mentioned |
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11:51 | rest and digest, and we were the G I hormones. In other |
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11:55 | , as I increased food uptake, is gonna be a positive stimulator for |
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12:00 | production. All right, as blood levels rise, that's the easy |
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12:05 | That's the one we learned since the of time. The moment you are |
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12:08 | in biology. You learned about right? How many times have you |
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12:11 | learned about diabetes over the course of biology career? As it like once |
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12:16 | class, every once every other sir, You gotta hold because, |
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12:21 | mean, it's just like, who? Let's talk about that. |
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12:24 | It's just one of those things, ? So anyway, glucose levels up |
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12:27 | insulin. Alright, but remember, not just blood glucose. We also |
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12:32 | those amino acids, and we said sympathetic stimulation serves as a generally speaking |
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12:38 | a negative regulator. And so, a result of insulin secretion, what |
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12:42 | gonna see is this down here at bottom, we're going to see a |
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12:46 | in blood glucose, a drop in fatty acids, a drop in blood |
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12:50 | acids. Why do we expect those to happen? We're taking it all |
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12:54 | , right. We're storing things up a rainy day. Now what's |
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12:59 | And that's what that last one Fuel storage. Interesting. We also |
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13:03 | protein synthesis because we don't store up acids. We use them. And |
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13:07 | amino acids we could do with one two things. One we could make |
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13:11 | with, um right, that's the one. Or to weaken term Uh |
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13:17 | , fuel right in the form of acids. Or we can turn them |
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13:22 | glucose. But we're gonna see what tells us or wants us to deal |
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13:26 | this stuff. All right. But little chart is a simple way to |
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13:30 | of look at that big picture of we just mentioned. And then you |
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13:33 | kind of put in the details to you understand what that means. So |
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13:37 | regard to insulin, what is it on the carbohydrates it is promoting glucose |
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13:42 | in Mosul's? Alright, have the take up the glucose? Alright, |
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13:48 | specifically stimulates glucose Genesis. Excuse Glucose Genesis glycogen icis in the liver |
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13:55 | and in muscle cells. All now, the reason muscle cells we're |
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13:59 | to start glycogen is because We don't to depend on the rest of our |
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14:03 | for the cells, the muscle cells get the fuel it needs. So |
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14:08 | muscles take up glucose and stored away glycogen provides it with instant glucose. |
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14:12 | soon as the muscle needs it, going to see inhibition of black. |
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14:16 | general Isis you guys weren't black journalists right. That's glycogen breakdown. |
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14:23 | So we're making glycogen. We're not break it down. Third, we're |
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14:27 | inhibit glucose Neo Genesis. In other , we don't need any more glucose |
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14:32 | around. We're storing it up, don't make any glucose. Alright, |
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14:36 | , glue konia Genesis does not All right, in terms of |
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14:44 | let's bring in the fats. Let's up the fats, Let's put the |
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14:47 | away. And then what we're gonna is when we're gonna move those fats |
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14:51 | , we're gonna promote lipo Genesis. gonna make triglycerides, and then we're |
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14:58 | gonna transport glucose into the adipose All right? And what are we |
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15:02 | do with the glucose? We're gonna it up, We're gonna turn it |
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15:05 | fatty acids, and then we're gonna , like policies regarding the amino |
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15:12 | Very simple. Transport the amino acids the blood into the muscles. Muscles |
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15:16 | primarily going to use that as fuel another tissues as well. We're gonna |
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15:21 | protein synthesis. And what we're gonna is we're gonna inhibit protein degradation. |
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15:28 | , having said all that, we're come to glue Luca gone in a |
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15:32 | , and everything we said here for insulin is the opposite. When we |
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15:37 | to glue, gone with one all right? And so this is |
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15:41 | your you should perk up and say exception. We do not with |
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15:47 | Coogan promote protein degradation. All Breaking down your body's proteins is a |
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15:54 | idea as a source of energy. it is not promoted by Glueck, |
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16:00 | God but all the others. So other words, you could just take |
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16:05 | one line going across it out. all the others just reverse it, |
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16:09 | . It's like instead of glucose going , glucose comes out mobilization, glucose |
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16:13 | of glycogen yada, yada, yada for glue. Gone. Now |
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16:16 | gonna have another slide exactly like this glue gun. I'm just kind of |
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16:20 | because I'm excited, right? I'm my shirt. Therefore of you in |
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16:26 | classroom? Yes. Great. Eso is s o the question is, |
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16:37 | there anything? Would there be anything promotes protein degradation? Obviously, when |
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16:42 | are, um, starving or undergoing stress, our bodies resort as a |
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16:49 | resort protein degradation. I'm not sure the specific signal is for that, |
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16:55 | that's an abnormal situation. I do we're gonna see this a little bit |
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16:59 | cortisol plays a role in protein But is that the signal that causes |
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17:05 | when you're starving? I don't know answer to that. All right, |
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17:11 | let's look at the specific cells. right? And again, the the |
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17:14 | specific cell types we're looking at here liver. We're looking at muscle, |
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17:18 | we're gonna look at adipose tissue because a kind of the three big major |
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17:23 | that insulin effects. All right. doesn't mean it's the only place for |
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17:27 | , like the major places. All , so with regard to the to |
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17:31 | liver promotes glycogen synthesis. Notice how repeating myself here. Promotes glycol. |
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17:39 | , huh? What does that Well, here, what we're saying |
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17:42 | , we're gonna use black glucose as fuel to power the activity of the |
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17:47 | . All right, so we're not storing up glucose. We're just gonna |
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17:51 | ahead and use it while it's All right, We're going to promote |
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17:56 | synthesis of and the storage of fats lastly protein synthesis and the inhibition of |
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18:02 | degradation that's in the liver in the again. Uptake, glucose, |
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18:11 | synthesis promoting like Allah assists and obviously oxidation. In other words, we're |
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18:16 | things to make. Maura ATP. promoting protein synthesis, inhibiting protein |
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18:23 | So far, do you see a , right? That's the idea is |
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18:26 | a theme here. And then, , what do you think is gonna |
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18:29 | in Adipose tissue? There you It's gonna be the exact same |
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18:34 | It's basically glucose uptake. Right? what? We're gonna promote like Allah |
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18:39 | , in other words, to power going on? And we're also breaking |
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18:43 | down to get that pirate of right? That to carbon molecule so |
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18:47 | we can create large fatty acid All right, And that's what we're |
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18:52 | do is we're gonna make fatty Triglycerides were gonna promote the synthesis of |
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18:59 | light base. All right, So other words, we're making ah, |
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19:03 | , pace available. Why do we , like pace? Because later we're |
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19:07 | break down lipids. So that's what does. Promotes the movement of of |
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19:15 | absorbable sub units that we would call in the cells and allows us to |
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19:21 | them up and prepare for those periods time when were fasting. Look, |
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19:28 | gun, as I've mentioned already, the opposite of insulin. So everything |
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19:33 | learned about up about insulin glucose guns the opposite except for one thing which |
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19:39 | mentioned is protein degradation. Luke Gone off as a pro hormone or pro |
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19:47 | , just as as insulin does, then it gets chopped up. There's |
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19:51 | two places where it's made the office we're focusing on, but it's also |
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19:55 | in the duodenum. And then out Alfa cells is what actually gives us |
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19:59 | glue Coogan and then l cells. we're doing is we're going to chop |
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20:04 | up, and we're gonna be making other stuff, all right, One |
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20:06 | them being GLP one. Alright. that GLP one is what we're familiar |
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20:11 | . There's also GLP to. No really knows what it does, and |
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20:14 | we're not concerned about it. But just want to show you Here is |
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20:17 | starting point of that pro hormone. you could see the glue could |
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20:20 | And then over there, that's where make another stuff. So one of |
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20:23 | crazy things about learning biology is that have a gene. It creates a |
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20:29 | , and then, depending on where are, you get different things. |
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20:33 | , joy. You know, just you thought biology would get easy, |
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20:37 | just touches us in the gut and our lunch money. Now, why |
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20:47 | we get this? Well, it is stimulated by high circulation of |
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20:52 | acids, But glucose by itself? . Go back. Sorry. Glucose |
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21:02 | itself is an inhibitor. All So, again, you can just |
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21:08 | of think of it as one of Gasque. One is a break. |
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21:11 | oppose one another. Now, I'm gonna go through all of these things |
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21:16 | again just because I told you they basically do the opposite with one |
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21:21 | . But basically what we're seeing here we're antagonizing insulin activity. So when |
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21:27 | Coogan goes up. Insulin activity goes when insulin activity is present. |
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21:33 | glu God's activity goes down and really antagonized one another at the level of |
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21:38 | as well. At least that appears be what? What the effect |
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21:42 | All right, But notice. The effect is that we're basically promoting breakdown |
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21:47 | glycogen. We break down glycogen. end up with glucose where we do |
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21:50 | . We could then mobilize it. can also do glue. Konia |
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21:54 | You guys remember glue? Konia Genesis glucose from perfect? No. So |
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22:02 | mean it. Well, it but it's basically it comes from amino |
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22:05 | . That's that's its starting point. basically taking amino acids and breaking them |
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22:10 | so that you could make glucose from , Which is the brilliant thing. |
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22:13 | love this. All right, You for Dr Wayne? Uh, philosophy |
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22:18 | theory of metabolism. This is not the test, and you probably shouldn't |
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22:22 | your life this way. Okay. can live on a diet of Cheetos |
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22:27 | survive. E appreciate that. You laughed. I'm hoping you guys laughed |
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22:35 | . I really dio. But the here is remember that everything is |
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22:40 | All right, Now, I'm not for real. You can live on |
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22:43 | because there's vitamins and other nutrients that not fuel. But supposing for a |
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22:48 | that you could take a pill that all those vitamins and minerals and nutrients |
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22:52 | you need. You could literally live Cheetos because what you're taking in could |
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22:59 | converted into whatever your body needs, the essentials. So we're talking about |
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23:05 | essential amino acids, you know, presuming Cheetos has, um I don't |
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23:10 | they do because it's corn and then strange alien things, you know? |
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23:15 | , you know, for example, could live solely on meat, which |
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23:20 | every amino acid, right? So the idea is everything is gonna be |
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23:26 | . You convert fats and amino acids Luke and they all kind of go |
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23:31 | . That's the fun part about You get to learn how they're all |
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23:34 | . All right. Anyway, the thing here, So we're making, |
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23:38 | , you know are making glucose from acids. And lastly, we're breaking |
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23:42 | fats so that we can mobilize the fatty acids. This is a |
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23:47 | simple way to look at this you know, just focusing on blood |
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23:51 | , but understanding that the other molecules a role as well. When blood |
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23:55 | goes up, what we wanna do we wanna bring blood glucose back |
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23:59 | So we're gonna promote insulin production. going to repress or inhibit glucose gone |
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24:04 | . And then the opposite is When blood glucose levels are down, |
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24:08 | gonna promote glue coogan activities so that can mobilize glucose and we down regulate |
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24:13 | activity so that we're not trying to in or glucose in into the cells |
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24:18 | storage. That's a nutshell thing. it's real simple, right? So |
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24:23 | learned all about insulin, and then throw a glue gun out of here |
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24:25 | the side to say, Yeah, just the opposite. Minus one or |
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24:28 | things pretty cool. All right, that. So let's go to the |
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24:36 | underappreciated organ on the planet. The adrenal glands, all right. And |
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24:42 | we're gonna be talking about now. we did the, uh, metabolism |
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24:46 | through insulin and glucose gone, we're be looking at, uh, specifically |
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24:52 | hormones here. One is kind of precursor for going into reproduction that would |
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24:57 | the androgens like D h e All right, But what we're gonna |
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25:02 | on primarily is cortisol. The Now the adrenal gland Sit right above |
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25:07 | kidney. That looks like a dollop whipped cream. It looks like So |
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25:10 | your kidney. It looks like a , but it's been blown up to |
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25:13 | the size of your fist. And then you take some cool whip |
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25:17 | you scoop that and put it right top of that being. That's your |
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25:20 | gland. Okay, you're imagining the whip. Okay, Now, if |
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25:28 | look at at this the internal right? The medulla is, |
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25:34 | uh, the region where we're producing epinephrine and norepinephrine. It's that modified |
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25:40 | , uh, sympathetic gangland. we talked about that, but the |
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25:44 | portion, right? The cortex has different layers. And in these different |
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25:49 | , we have different cells that have , uh, enzymes that produce different |
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25:56 | . So there's a lot of difference there right now. The good |
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25:59 | I'm not making you memorize these different , right? If you're in the |
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26:03 | class, guess what you get to . All right, but you have |
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26:07 | different regions, and so you could mineral core turquoise. You produce the |
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26:11 | that you produce the androgens or the steroids. And the truth is, |
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26:15 | we're not gonna really talk about this deeply about puberty, but puberty starts |
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26:19 | the adrenal glands before you even know in puberty, Like, two years |
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26:25 | you're in puberty. It really You're in puberty, right in that |
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26:30 | . So, like, ladies, know, you probably started puberty around |
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26:34 | recognizably started puberty around 10 to 12 old. Most of you write the |
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26:40 | is it was actually two years before . And was your adrenal gland started |
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26:44 | . It started pumping out sex, . Guys were the same way. |
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26:49 | just start a little bit later. that's what actually starts a signaling process |
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26:53 | the adrenals and ultimately the hypothalamus. then those they're gonna cause the go |
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27:00 | to grow. And then the go take over, and then they basically |
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27:03 | your life for the rest of your , for the most part. Go |
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27:06 | nuts. We get to whole lectures go nets. All right, so |
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27:15 | first focus on cortisol. the All right, this is producing the |
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27:22 | lotta Alright, that's that middle region need them. I'm not gonna say |
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27:25 | is own. I'm not interested that I asked, I don't test |
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27:28 | Just say you didn't answer the Then email me and say that wasn't |
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27:31 | . And I'm gonna throw the question , but I'm pretty sure. Almost |
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27:34 | sure. I never asked that question you guys. Okay, Now, |
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27:39 | is under the access if you pull to the way back time machine when |
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27:44 | learned about the hypothalamus and the pituitary , it's regulated through the hypothalamus and |
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27:49 | pituitary gland through what is called the R H a C T axis. |
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27:53 | is cortical releasing hormone. So Korda refers to the cortex of the adrenal |
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28:00 | and the A C T H is cortical thyroid truck or thyroid trope or |
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28:05 | Tropic hormone. Excuse me. Adrenal Tropic hormone. Excuse me. There's |
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28:09 | many words in there. That's why use the abbreviations a C T H |
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28:13 | again adrenal cortex. That's the a . The tea tropic means to regulate |
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28:19 | hormone. So adrenal cortical our cortex hormone is really kind of what that |
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28:25 | . Now A C T. H comes from a larger molecules, so |
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28:28 | a whole bunch of different things. what it's doing is it's acting on |
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28:31 | adrenal glands to produce this glucocorticoids. court is all all right. And |
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28:36 | what we're also gonna see is we're to see that negative feedback loops. |
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28:38 | that's what all that picture is trying show you here is, like up |
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28:42 | is our hypothalamus, right? There's CRH. It's acting down here in |
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28:46 | pituitary gland, which is acting down on the adrenal gland. And then |
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28:49 | cortisol that's being produced acts backwards and its own regulation through that access that |
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28:57 | learned about a long time ago. nothing new here. We're just kind |
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29:01 | revealing. All right. Now it a steroid. That means it works |
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29:06 | the cell. It binds to its receptor called the glucocorticoids receptor. All |
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29:10 | , and once it binds that it as a transcription factor to change the |
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29:15 | activity of the cell in which it's . So that is the how we |
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29:20 | cortisol. So what does quarters all . Generally speaking, what we think |
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29:26 | cortisol, we think of it as stress hormone. All right. It |
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29:30 | the hormone your body produces when you're stress. Now, let me be |
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29:34 | . Under stress is not like, , no, I have a test |
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29:38 | . That's not stress. That's just , right? It feels stressful, |
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29:44 | it's an inconvenience that what we're living right now is stress. Those of |
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29:49 | who haven't left your house in a over four months, you're stressed. |
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29:54 | basically in self imposed jail. That's . What we how we mimic stress |
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30:00 | laboratories, will take a mouse or rat. And here's an example will |
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30:04 | him at four Degrees C. That's put him in a refrigerator toe. |
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30:09 | . All right, that's stressful. you all agree with that? Would |
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30:11 | be stressful living in a refrigerator? , how about changing your light cycle |
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30:18 | of having a normal you know, 8 and then slowly changing it down |
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30:23 | that you have these periods? It's dark, or it's 100% light all |
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30:30 | time. That's stressful. All here is my fun one. This |
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30:35 | experiment they used to do in They take rats and put him in |
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30:39 | tank like like an aquarium filled with . And they couldn't climb out and |
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30:44 | had to swim all the time. would you like to do that? |
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30:48 | touch the bottom. You can't hang the edges. You just had to |
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30:53 | . And that's how you live. that stress, you get it. |
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30:58 | starting to kind of get the This is what stress is. It's |
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31:02 | elongated periods of time that are causing body to change or respond to its |
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31:10 | uniquely or differently than it normally All right, so that's what cortisol |
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31:14 | normally expressed in those periods. That's you see an up regulation of |
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|
31:19 | Now, in terms of its metabolic , it actually is kind of |
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31:24 | And I'm just gonna have you think what? What this all says. |
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31:27 | it acts on the liver and promote . Konia Genesis. What am I |
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31:33 | glucose? Okay, so in the it promotes proedl Isis, what am |
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31:39 | doing? Making what? Say I'm breaking down proteins to make what |
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31:49 | a proteins become when you break them . I mean, no assets I'm |
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31:52 | for. All right. And lastly, in adipose tissue, I'm |
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31:55 | , like policies. So I'm making acids available as well as glycerol for |
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32:01 | . Konia Genesis. Now all three . What have I just done to |
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32:09 | smaller? And what can I do the small things? I could create |
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32:14 | else that's true, but already have created. Why would I want to |
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32:18 | it down? Energy is what I'm for. That's the exact answer. |
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32:23 | . So what we're doing is we're fuel, right? I'm breaking |
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32:30 | Um, are making available glucose. making amino acids available for fuel so |
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32:36 | could do other things with it. making fat available. So think about |
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32:41 | who are undergoing stress. What's one the things you see? If you |
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32:44 | someone who is undergoing severe stress, is one of the characteristics they |
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32:52 | But I mean physically, what do look like to you? Are they |
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32:55 | weight or they losing weight? They're weight. Their body is burning through |
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33:01 | own fuels. And why would they doing that? Well, the answer |
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33:05 | , they're responding to the stress. trying to use energy to fight whatever |
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33:10 | stressor is on their system. So you think about the rats, you |
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33:14 | , we throw him in a swimming in essence and say, live your |
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33:17 | this way. What do they have do all the time? They have |
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33:20 | swim. They have to burn energy burn energy. But it's not just |
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33:24 | . They also have to deal with , right? And their body is |
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33:29 | to all of that negative, react activity by burning fuel to make it |
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33:34 | . All right, now notice. also inhibits glucose uptake. So, |
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33:39 | other words, the idea here is not going to mobilize glucose and send |
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33:42 | around the body, except for in place. And where do we need |
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33:46 | glucose in the brain? All So we're doing Is any glucose that |
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33:52 | available in the body is being sent to the brain. Otherwise, we're |
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33:56 | and internally in all those cells. it has other effects. Now, |
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34:01 | want you to think again. Think stressors, right? Let's say you |
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34:06 | a UN contacted tribe in South Are you gonna be big, |
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34:11 | robust, uh, individuals? So let's take a look on the |
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34:17 | . It interferes with osteogenesis in the I tract. It interfered with calcium |
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34:24 | . In Lucas sites, it's anti . What? When do we see |
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34:29 | ? Inflammation is our bodies mechanism because forget you guys don't get to do |
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34:35 | and this it's basically to fight It's your body's response as to basically |
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34:44 | , uh, pathogens is one of things that it does, and then |
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34:47 | C. N s. We see modification and learning. So stress is |
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34:52 | a good thing when it comes to new things. Right? Let me |
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34:57 | you an example. Alright, here's I stressful. If you put your |
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35:00 | on a hot stove right, you're burn yourself. Are you gonna |
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35:05 | Do not do that ever again. , right now. It's not an |
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35:10 | of true stress, but you can behavioral modification, right? That's that's |
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|
35:16 | be an example. Alright. Last my son got a viral infection of |
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35:22 | sort. We don't know what it , all right. And then, |
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35:25 | a result of the infection, his got, uh, basically allowed bacteria |
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35:31 | his bloodstream and it went to his osteomyelitis, right. Scary stuff, |
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|
35:37 | ? And kids, Not so much adult's big time bad, All right |
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|
35:43 | this day, actually, not to day. But a couple weeks |
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35:46 | he told or asked. My wife , Do you know what day this |
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|
35:52 | ? I don't know. Tuesday, know, my wife and I were |
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|
35:55 | , Whatever it is, this was day I went into the hospital, |
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|
36:00 | know? Do you think that there have been a little bit of stress |
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36:03 | his life that it made an And in fact, it has changed |
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|
36:07 | behavior? He's Mawr cautious because at time he was playing football and he |
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36:13 | noticing the pain in his bone because when he was running and stuff. |
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|
36:17 | so now when he plays football, still likes it. But he's a |
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36:22 | more cautious because he was fearful that football resulted in the viral infection which |
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36:28 | in the osteomyelitis. It didn't but the behavioral modification or the learning aspect |
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|
36:37 | an example. All right, so can see here the effects that it |
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|
36:43 | in terms of development people who are ah high deal of stress tend to |
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36:50 | poorly, attended, basically using fuels a way just to cope with their |
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|
36:55 | , as opposed to in terms of . Right. So cortisol plays a |
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37:01 | in that happening. And actually, cortisol levels rise and fall over the |
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|
37:06 | of the day. When do you our lowest levels of quarters all our |
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|
37:15 | All right, I need one of time because I can barely hear with |
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|
37:18 | on. So I'm gonna go in classroom and go online. What do |
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|
37:20 | think when you're sleeping and when you up, What do we have |
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|
37:26 | Night time in bed. And then heard two people say, Go |
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37:31 | Unlike I heard sleeping, I guess hard. It's hard to tell Morning |
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|
37:38 | heard Morning. The answer is, lowest cortisol levels are in the early |
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|
37:42 | morning, right, because you haven't anything yet. And then over the |
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|
37:46 | of the day, you're doing and then your body starts producing more |
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|
37:49 | more cortisol. The highest levels of are in the evening. All |
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|
37:53 | all right. Now here's Here's the part When is the lowest levels of |
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|
37:57 | mean the lowest levels of cortisol in morning? When do we do surgeries |
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38:02 | the morning, Right when we have lowest levels of stress stuff like |
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38:05 | And then over the course of you allowed the cortisol levels to build |
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|
38:08 | . It helps you fight infections and fun stuff for our fight as the |
|
|
38:13 | goes on. Kind of interesting. . Anyway, that's cortisol. In |
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38:18 | nutshell. Cortisol stress hormone. I got two hands up, and |
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|
38:23 | answer the question. In a It's the stress hormone. It's promotes |
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38:30 | to deal with stress. That's the thing. All right, we'll |
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38:33 | 12 Peter. Okay, you'll be one. Mhm. So that's That's |
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38:48 | what the question is is. So you say adaptation and learning or behavioral |
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|
38:52 | learning, why is that? The is, is that stress allows us |
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38:57 | change how we work in our All right, that's the idea, |
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39:03 | right. The more stress you the better you retain. Information is |
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|
39:08 | what it is, is why that . Um, and it's correlated, |
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|
39:13 | ? It should make sense. It's , Oh, If I mean, |
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39:16 | if something is causing me harm or be stressed, it would be best |
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39:20 | learn how to cope with it or to work around. It is really |
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39:23 | of what's going on there. life. So So there's part of |
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|
39:36 | ? Yes, all right now, wouldn't say that. That's how why |
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|
39:39 | is designed the way it is. right, So the question is, |
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|
39:42 | you think and see if I'm To paraphrase the way that we deal |
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39:46 | college in the way that the college more or less designed? Does it |
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39:49 | us learn better is what the question , and I would say that it |
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|
39:54 | . It's conducive to that. All , this idea of Oh, if |
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|
39:59 | if I am being challenged and really what you gotta think about when I'm |
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|
40:03 | that causes me to learn more and better. All right, it's It's |
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40:08 | a natural outcropping to say, I'm I'm gonna push you, and in |
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|
40:13 | pushing you're going to to learn better you would is if you we're being |
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|
40:18 | it all all right. But I say that it's the environment. But |
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|
40:23 | will ask this question. This is that you have you ever noticed that |
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|
40:26 | get mostly sick around Christmas time, know, right around finals right |
|
|
40:32 | Why is that? Let's think about sleep habits. All right? You're |
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|
40:36 | for finals and stuff. Are you ? Well? No. Because you're |
|
|
40:40 | time studying because you're all good right? You know, I |
|
|
40:44 | you could do it the other When I go out and party a |
|
|
40:46 | , I don't sleep a lot. I noticed I get sick. All |
|
|
40:48 | ? Are you eating well during No. You're just shoving food in |
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40:53 | body as fast as you can just that you can get things done. |
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40:57 | right. And so what you're doing you're creating an environment that is |
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41:01 | but it's not necessarily that the stuff , you know, the way that |
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41:04 | designed is causing stress. It's how responding to it that is leading to |
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41:09 | stressful environment. So, Leslie, , poor diet. Um And |
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|
41:15 | of course, actually, coping and with the stress of performance together creates |
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|
41:21 | stressful environment altogether. Yeah, because, like during his well, |
|
|
41:32 | much more frequently around. Chris, you think in my husband to do |
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|
41:38 | , like, the fact that bacteria older than, like, hot life |
|
|
41:44 | ? I'd say summer. Well, So there is part of that, |
|
|
41:47 | ? I mean, when you're dealing this time of year, you're already |
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|
41:52 | with differing temperatures. So we So dealing with lower temperatures. We have |
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41:57 | produce more mawr heat. Granted, is Texas, but still wearing |
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|
42:02 | I mean, what? I wore to my son's football game on |
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42:07 | and I sat there and had to my arms because I was cold, |
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42:11 | ? But, you know, I have avoided that if I had been |
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42:15 | , just worn jeans and a light . But notice I created my own |
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42:20 | . The temperature was 65 to 70 , as opposed to 90 to 100 |
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|
42:25 | . Right? So that's that's That's an example. So we have less |
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42:30 | . We have lower temperatures. We , you know, dealing with a |
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|
42:35 | of things converging at the same And so part of the thing that |
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|
42:38 | seeing right now nationally is you're starting see Oh, we're starting to see |
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|
42:42 | rise in covert cases. Well, going to see that naturally, you |
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|
42:46 | , just viruses are and viruses, fact, and viruses just they propagate |
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|
42:53 | . But when are they going to themselves and become more apparent? It's |
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|
42:57 | a wintertime. And why it's because environment we're moving indoors. So we're |
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|
43:02 | closer together, right? It's So our immune systems are a little |
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|
43:07 | are dealing with all sorts of things to invade into our systems, |
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|
43:11 | We're already stressed, So all this is going on as simultaneously. And |
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43:15 | it's just kind of convergence of factors result in that increase in sickness. |
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|
43:20 | know, I bet you if you look at the equator where the light |
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43:23 | changed where the temperatures haven't changed, you don't see the same degree. |
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|
43:27 | , I know this to be true I remember seeing report early on when |
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43:31 | were looking at co vid numbers and like, we're not seeing a curve |
|
|
43:34 | below this latitude. And then someone , I was like, Oh, |
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|
43:38 | , there was a research that was in the early 19 hundreds by the |
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|
43:41 | neurologist that basically showed that the the there is like it's like at the |
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|
43:46 | parallel is that there's basically that's the line between the two different environments. |
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|
43:51 | so you see early stuff happening, , like in January and stuff and |
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|
43:56 | and stuff in the higher latitudes Been latitudes. You'll see that the rise |
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|
44:01 | stuff in April and May. And did we see? If you look |
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|
44:05 | you go back and look at the , the early curves air in the |
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44:08 | and then the latter curves air in south on it's basically you. Take |
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|
44:11 | 34th parallel coincides. So it's you know, just different environments. |
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44:19 | responses. I know I'm going way on tangents here, but the key |
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44:24 | here to remember stressors when stress cortisol is there to help mobilize fuel |
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|
44:32 | help you fight the stuff. Go team cortisol. Sorry. All |
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|
44:40 | , here's the fun one. Sex . All right. Now, we |
|
|
44:46 | gonna be talking about a lot of hormones over the next couple of |
|
|
44:50 | The adrenal glands produce androgens and androgens just that class off of sex steroid |
|
|
44:56 | are the testosterone alright, and there's different testosterone. But I want to |
|
|
45:02 | out here. This is actually kind cool, that there are no sex |
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|
45:05 | that are unique to males or I mean, there are some that |
|
|
45:09 | more predominant females, and there are that are more predominant males. But |
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|
45:13 | because of the presence of the enzymes allow them to be made right so |
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|
45:18 | do produce estrogen's. We do produce . In fact, you couldn't get |
|
|
45:22 | unless you first producer progestin all but the enzymes were there, so |
|
|
45:26 | no progesterone lingering about. All Well, it's basically it's a zone |
|
|
45:33 | step before you get to testosterone, or androgens, I really should say |
|
|
45:39 | are in immediate step intermediate steps before get to estrogen's. All right, |
|
|
45:45 | one exception to this rule. The actually is the Onley structure, and |
|
|
45:49 | in female that produces its own unique of sex hormones. Alright so males |
|
|
45:56 | produce the same hormones that are produced the placenta, all right, but |
|
|
45:59 | a unique Oregon now. The adrenal hormones, as I mentioned there, |
|
|
46:04 | very early on, and they're not enough nor their abundant enough to actually |
|
|
46:09 | do anything. In other words, what we would consider sex hormones. |
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|
46:13 | other words, they don't masculine You are feminized you, right? |
|
|
46:17 | so the hormone that we're gonna be at here is called dhe A. |
|
|
46:21 | can see it's die hydro epi and for a nice long name. That's |
|
|
46:24 | we abbreviate things. Because saying that times fast is a lot of |
|
|
46:29 | All right, now I'm just gonna made up numbers here for just for |
|
|
46:33 | purposes of our discussion. Let's say have testosterone. We're gonna testosterone a |
|
|
46:38 | hormone power of 10. All That's not even the males. Strongest |
|
|
46:44 | hormone. Five D h t. Die hydro Testosterone is the males most |
|
|
46:49 | sex hormone? Alright, testosterone gets to that. And so if testosterone |
|
|
46:54 | the 10, um, DHT is 100 all right, so it's like |
|
|
46:58 | 10 fold to 100 fold. Powerful relative Testosterone is like a one all |
|
|
47:06 | ? Or even less. It might a 0.1, so it's not |
|
|
47:09 | So even though males air pumping up A We have test on. So |
|
|
47:14 | have DHT. So it doesn't matter much dhe you have, it's not |
|
|
47:18 | make a It's like a drop in bucket bucket. It's like having a |
|
|
47:21 | bucks and throwing a penny on the . All right. So D h |
|
|
47:26 | males, no big deal now in , right? This is actually kind |
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47:32 | an interesting hormone because it plays a in many of the androgen dependent processes |
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47:40 | females have that that that we that share in common between males and |
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47:44 | All right, now, this isn't only androgen females produced the the we're |
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47:48 | to see the gonads producing androgen. what we do with that androgen, |
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47:51 | immediately sent it over to the cells the well, I don't wanna get |
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47:59 | it all right now, but basically gets produced really, really quickly into |
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48:02 | . All right, so there's not lot of circulating androgens except for those |
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48:05 | come from the adrenal gland and what does. It deals with primarily your |
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48:09 | hair. So actually here, pubic . So basically the thicker hairs it |
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48:13 | with the pupil Grossberg, It actually a role in developing and maintaining the |
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48:18 | drive in females. All right. mean it's the only one, but |
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48:22 | helps start it all off. All ? Now, what's interesting about it |
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48:27 | not just those little things, That it kind of has these little |
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48:31 | . Um, but it also regulated that adrenal cortical tropic or CRH a |
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48:38 | axis. Alright. But even though make it that way because it's an |
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48:44 | , it feeds back to a different . And so it could be problematic |
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48:49 | it's if there's, like a tumor if it's poorly regulated. All |
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48:54 | I think I have a slide I do not. All right, |
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48:56 | I want to kind of I want paint this picture for you here. |
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48:59 | right. So I'm just gonna have draw in the little margins on the |
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49:02 | here, so just give me a . All right? So we have |
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49:08 | . Sorry about that. We got regulates a C T. H. |
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49:15 | that causes the production of D h A. All right now, what |
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49:19 | don't see happening is we don't see feedback loop. All right? This |
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49:23 | not happening. Okay, so I'm to race that instead. We have |
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49:35 | little pathway over here, right? have gonadotropin releasing hormone cause production of |
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49:42 | and LH. LH is responsible for production of testosterone. So what happens |
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49:51 | dhe a works in this direction. right, Now, in females, |
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50:00 | need f Uh, basically, you estrogen like that. All right, |
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50:07 | , in other words, estrogen's depending both these hormones. Now, if |
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50:11 | have a tumor adrenal tumor that's pumping dhe a What you're doing is you |
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50:15 | blocking the production of all the female . And so what ends up happening |
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50:23 | that you have this kind of over of D. H A. You |
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50:27 | slight masculine ization in the female. right, now, we don't really |
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50:34 | to worry about adrenal tumors all that . I mean, they exist, |
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50:37 | not a big deal. But let's you a different picture here. All |
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50:42 | ? Now, I'm not making fun your grandma's. All right? So |
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50:46 | hear this is that. But I you to think of Grandma's figure. |
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50:49 | Grandma his grandma Perfect tin, his even a perfect five or six |
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50:57 | What sort of shape does Grandma Does Grandma have the hourglass shape or |
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51:01 | more of ah, brick shape, ? I mean, again, I'm |
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51:09 | making fun of Grandma, but what of shape does she have? She |
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51:13 | have the typical female shape. She a typical boyish shape. I'm not |
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51:17 | the male shape. Male shape is of a carrot, Right? We're |
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51:21 | of like this shape until we kind get older, and then we start |
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51:24 | the apple as well. So we the, you know. All |
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51:29 | So why does that happen? remember, in menopause, basically, |
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51:33 | down regulating the production of estrogen through loss of those hormones. And so |
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51:38 | only thing you have circulating around is A, which results in a slight |
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51:43 | ization. So you kind of get boyish shape. It's kind of a |
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51:47 | shape. And again, I'm I'm not making fun of grandma, |
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51:51 | does she have a little those hairs her chin? Maybe a little bit |
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51:55 | a little bit of that mustache going , too. It might be a |
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51:58 | bit bleached very, very thin. light you guys are looking at me |
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52:03 | I'm not going to MIT it. , Some races more than others. |
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52:09 | . My grandma, she's got the or four little little hairs coming out |
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52:12 | chinny chin chin. You know she's a goat, but she still got |
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52:19 | . Of course, she's also 96 old, but all right, why |
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52:24 | a It's having a flight nationalization effect females don't have testosterone like males have |
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52:33 | . Alright. Again using those fake . The 100 the 10 and one |
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52:38 | of gives you that sense, So bring up the H a now because |
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52:45 | just talked about the adrenal glands Didn't have a roller metabolism. Not |
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52:50 | . Okay, we're gonna be using a springboard when we start looking |
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52:54 | um, reproduction. Thyroid. Thyroid a structure that looks kind of like |
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52:59 | butterfly that sits on the trachea. don't know why they always say |
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53:04 | I mean, it also looks like bow tie. And wouldn't that be |
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53:06 | better thing to talk about on the or on the throat? All |
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53:10 | It's like a bow tie right Yes, I think so. All |
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53:14 | , Now, if you look it's basically a bunch of spheres, |
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53:17 | ? Basically the lobes or spheres, what you have is you have a |
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53:20 | of cells on the outside. they are follicular cells. They produce |
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53:25 | material that's on the inside that's called Lloyd, and then then side. |
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53:29 | also have some C cells, which deal with in just a minute the |
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53:31 | of follicular cells or C cells. play a role in calcium regulation, |
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53:35 | we'll talk about right in the Colle in that in those inside these lobes |
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53:41 | these little tiny globes, the CAA is where we're making a thyroid |
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53:47 | all right? And so what we're at here is the material is called |
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53:51 | globulin. Thyroid globulin is the structure which were making thyroid hormone. |
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53:56 | thyroid hormone is actually two molecules to molecules. It starts off as |
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|
54:02 | That's bound up to another tyrosine. what we're gonna do is we're gonna |
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54:04 | a whole bunch of iodine on. so the two forms or t three |
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54:08 | t four try out of irony. . I, Roxanne is the T |
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54:12 | , which is also technically Tetra oath , all right, but t three |
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54:18 | t four, that's probably good We're not gonna make you spell it |
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54:21 | out, because that's a lot of letters in there, all right, |
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54:25 | really, the more powerful form is T three, but we produce more |
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54:30 | the T four, and so there's lot of conversion that goes on once |
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54:34 | stuff gets into circulation. Right it's carried in blood by a |
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54:40 | It's a fire. A thigh rock by binding globulin is what it's |
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54:46 | But albumin can also do it. have another carrier transpire region again. |
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|
54:50 | can see the names, what it of does, what it does. |
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54:53 | kind of goes through the body, then when it's released by the binding |
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54:57 | , it's released in the blood. passes through the plasma membranes of the |
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55:01 | . It then acts kind of like steroid and binds to an internal |
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55:05 | and then it. Once it binds internal receptor, it causes the metabolic |
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55:10 | in the cell. So again, acting kind of like a steroid, |
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55:14 | though it's not now. What we is we like to talk about |
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55:18 | I'm gonna I guess it be better I just go to the next slide |
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55:21 | do this. All right? And do this because I don't know. |
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|
55:28 | textbook talks about the senses of thyroid . I think the only reason we |
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55:33 | it is because they discovered it very on, and they never took it |
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55:35 | of textbooks. So we're not gonna all the different steps, but it |
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55:39 | down to this. You take a , a scene, right? And |
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55:42 | I organize it. You take another . And you had No, I |
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55:46 | not. I didn't see it. I can't say the word. I |
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55:51 | that one, and then you can to ideas or just one iodine. |
|
|
55:56 | then so those are called mono iota or die iota tire scene. And |
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56:01 | easier just to abbreviate admit m i or D d I t. All |
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56:05 | . And so what happens is you a minute and a dit and you |
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56:08 | t three and you can take a in a ditch and you get t |
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56:11 | . But you could never take a . Plus another minute So it's a |
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56:14 | plus a ditch or a mitt, a dip, but no mitt, |
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|
56:17 | , um, it. And that's Dr Seuss version of thyroid hormone |
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|
56:25 | See, that's a lot fun in mitt, plus a debt or |
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56:28 | plus a debt. But no two , all right, But you can |
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56:32 | there's lots of different steps and basically bounded that thyroid globulin until such time |
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56:37 | time to release. And then what is that follicular cells pinches off a |
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56:40 | of that call Lloyd. It cleaves the T three or the T |
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56:44 | Anything that's not T three or T gets recycled, and then what we |
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56:48 | is we send that T three and four out of the bloodstream, and |
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56:51 | it gets bound up by those that or the albumin or the trans thyroid |
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56:57 | , and it basically moves it around body to where it needs to |
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57:01 | and then it binds to a When it binds up to its |
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|
57:04 | it causes all sorts of interesting things one of those interesting things. Real |
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|
57:15 | . All right. Do you have friend who can eat anything and never |
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|
57:20 | announce. You're not in your You that friend. Yeah. Do you |
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|
57:26 | that person? Okay. All Online. Do you have that friend |
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57:33 | know who can eat anything that they and never gain a pound? In |
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57:38 | , they have to eat double of everyone else has to eat. And |
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|
57:41 | just wanna punch them in the okay? They probably have a incredibly |
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57:48 | thyroid gland. I'm not saying they're , they have hyperthyroidism. They just |
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|
57:53 | an active one. Because the way thyroid hormone works, is it modifies |
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57:58 | idling speed. In other words, it modifies the metabolic rate at which |
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58:05 | process materials and Audie And so if have, ah, high metabolic |
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58:11 | metabolic rate, One of the byproducts that is that your hot all the |
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58:15 | . But you also have to consume all the time. So basically, |
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58:19 | a giant furnace, and what you're is you're consuming that fuel and burning |
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58:24 | very, very quickly. Thyroid hormone a role of that. Now it |
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|
58:28 | other other effects. And I think like the big chart over there. |
|
|
58:32 | kind of shows you what what it . But in essence, it's |
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|
58:36 | Um, a medic. Basically, supports the sympathetic nervous system and its |
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|
58:41 | or the cells. Responsiveness to the means it plays roles. For |
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58:45 | reproduction. If you don't have, , thyroid hormone, it effects whether |
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|
58:50 | not the sex hormones and whether or you develop appropriately. Um, here's |
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|
58:54 | example. Another one. It stimulates hormone, right. Promotes the effects |
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|
58:59 | growth hormone in this matter meetings, we're gonna learn here in just a |
|
|
59:03 | . Okay, so in other it's a metabolism promoting hormone. So |
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|
59:09 | you're young, like, you like, two years ago, you |
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|
59:13 | , before you hit your freshman right? Remember that? Remember how |
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|
59:18 | awesome everyone's body was was between those years And like the fresh freshman |
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|
59:23 | remember that? It's like maybe a long. I'm not saying you should |
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59:29 | ashamed of your body or shape. just having fun with this, |
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|
59:33 | But the idea is that when you're and like, I think I've told |
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59:37 | guys I would go and have six before getting a meal, right, |
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|
59:43 | just hungry. High metabolic activity now cheeseburgers Body says, Look, we're |
|
|
59:50 | for winter. Eso stores it Uh huh. So that's that Z |
|
|
59:57 | thyroid hormone is. And so some think, Oh, the secret is |
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|
60:00 | got to do is take some thyroid and that could help me lose |
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|
60:03 | And the answer is no. It mucks with all sorts of systems because |
|
|
60:06 | such a supportive hormone. Now it's is the same thing that we've seen |
|
|
60:12 | . We have the hypothalamus, Tyra Releasing Hormone. We have the, |
|
|
60:16 | , pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid |
|
|
60:21 | the production and release the thyroid hormone hormone works in a negative feedback loop |
|
|
60:26 | both structures. All right, that's this shows you two more things that |
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|
60:33 | done here. Hopefully, I can them done in the next 20 |
|
|
60:36 | In the control and in control of . We think of growth hormone growth |
|
|
60:40 | even says in the name. It with growth. But it's not just |
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|
60:44 | only thing. For example, if have too short parents, parents who |
|
|
60:48 | 4 ft eight and a parent, 5 ft two. What is the |
|
|
60:51 | that you're gonna be playing center for rockets pretty low, right? So |
|
|
60:56 | is a genetic component to height, component to grow. You have to |
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|
61:01 | an adequate diet. All right. have to be free from chronic disease |
|
|
61:06 | stressful conditions because cortisol is gonna send fuel in the opposite direction. And |
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|
61:11 | , you have to have, a whole bunch of normal levels of |
|
|
61:14 | hormone insulin, sex hormones. All . And that's what I'm talking |
|
|
61:18 | The abnormalities, like gigantism and Those would be the abnormal things as |
|
|
61:23 | result of over expression of many of stuff. All right, so what |
|
|
61:27 | looking at is the normal growth. , your growth growth rate is never |
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|
61:31 | . Yes, We've got a question . Go ahead. Service. |
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|
61:46 | So what we do in America? one of the hardest things to get |
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|
61:50 | our bodies is iodine. Alright. is why did the doctor friend having |
|
|
61:55 | issues? The thyroid gland was growing that goiter, which is awesome. |
|
|
62:00 | basically the doctor said, hey, , Probably getting the goiter is actually |
|
|
62:05 | the opposite, but basically getting, , issue with the thyroid gland, |
|
|
62:09 | said. Stop in taking salt. is the relationship? The answer here |
|
|
62:14 | that in America, if you look most salt right, it says it |
|
|
62:18 | . I organized, right iodized right? And what they're doing is |
|
|
62:22 | adding iodine. They realized or not but very early on someone said, |
|
|
62:27 | , you know what? People need in order for their thyroids toe |
|
|
62:31 | why don't we get iodine in their ? Well, how are we going |
|
|
62:33 | do that? Well, let's throw in the salt. It is a |
|
|
62:37 | , or at least it's an Why don't we put it in with |
|
|
62:40 | other ions? And no, no will ever know, right? You |
|
|
62:43 | taste it because if you ever I'd on its Yeah, right, |
|
|
62:48 | that's what they did. That's The thinking there behind that is that |
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|
62:52 | there's too much iodine, which is the CAA Lloyd to expand outward as |
|
|
62:56 | uptake the iodine. That's the idea now. Not all salt has iodine |
|
|
63:02 | it. If you get like a salt, they don't know out. |
|
|
63:05 | don't add iodine to that. If buy that pink Himalayan salt at |
|
|
63:09 | you know the really fancy shmancy It's neither pain, it's not. |
|
|
63:13 | neither from the Himalayan snore. Is fancy? It's just marketed well, |
|
|
63:18 | ? But again, you know it's itemized, right? It's something that |
|
|
63:22 | add in. Is milk come naturally vitamin D and vitamin A in |
|
|
63:26 | No, it's fortified with vitamin so that's what you need its |
|
|
63:30 | So there's a relationship, all so obviously you don't grow constantly or |
|
|
63:36 | in a linear fashion. There's actually periods of spurts, and they're regulated |
|
|
63:41 | different factors. Depending upon where you , feel growth primarily by factors from |
|
|
63:46 | placenta, but your genetics environment play role in how well you grow the |
|
|
63:50 | . Postnatal growth, growth hormone, , genetic factors. Um, and |
|
|
63:55 | , people growth. Now you can here I'm taking my growth Hormone plays |
|
|
63:58 | major role, but so did the , um, as well as your |
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|
64:02 | in your genetics. All of those a role, and you could just |
|
|
64:04 | there's just periods this kind of you know, small linear growth, |
|
|
64:08 | all of a sudden you got this birth and there's a little bit more |
|
|
64:11 | growth and massive spurred again. And the EPA official plates clothes, and |
|
|
64:16 | you're screwed in. And you're just at the height that you are no |
|
|
64:21 | for the rockets for you. growth hormone is not just one |
|
|
64:27 | It's actually a whole bunch of different . We have growth hormone itself, |
|
|
64:31 | is smarter trough that's produced by the pituitary. We have PV growth |
|
|
64:36 | What's placental variant, which might play role in fetal growth? What do |
|
|
64:40 | think it does? All right, have the placental lacked regions as well |
|
|
64:45 | the chorionic. So, madam, , so mato mammo trope ins, |
|
|
64:51 | word, basically prepare the breast for . All right, so when you're |
|
|
64:56 | , your breasts grow. All In other words, you you're |
|
|
65:01 | We're gonna learn this again. We're the structure of the glands and and |
|
|
65:05 | them, uh, rather, nonfunctional into functional lack taters. All |
|
|
65:10 | . And we have prolactin, which milk production. So you can see |
|
|
65:14 | not just one molecule, they're all to each other, and they start |
|
|
65:17 | as a large precursor. These air and they're stored up and they're kept |
|
|
65:22 | you need them. Now what happens in terms of regulation, we have |
|
|
65:28 | access we actually have to regulators up the hypothalamus. We have growth hormone |
|
|
65:33 | hormone. That's an easy one, of the hypothalamus, and says, |
|
|
65:38 | , let's go ahead and release it break. We have a gas pedal |
|
|
65:42 | a break. Here is some out status. This molecule keeps coming |
|
|
65:46 | doesn't it? It's an inhibitor. right, So when you have growth |
|
|
65:51 | releasing hormone high, you're producing growth . If you have Samantha, Samantha |
|
|
65:57 | High, you're gonna basically drop growth , so they basically oppose one |
|
|
66:02 | Grilling is a hormone that's produced in stomach, and it promotes the stimulation |
|
|
66:09 | growth hormone secretion, Right also plays role in promoting appetite. Alright, |
|
|
66:14 | Grella is a molecule that helps produce hormone. Now, why would we |
|
|
66:19 | to reproduce growth hormone after a Why do you think that's right? |
|
|
66:26 | . So use that fuel to make bigger, alright? Or those those |
|
|
66:30 | sub units. So this is the of the pathway here, So you |
|
|
66:34 | G h R H and G. I H or Samantha Staten that sits |
|
|
66:38 | there at the top in the It acts on the anterior pituitary to |
|
|
66:42 | a release of growth hormone growth hormone released and acts on multiple tissues. |
|
|
66:46 | the primary tissue that we're worried about the liver, and in liver it |
|
|
66:51 | the insulin like growth factors, E . F one and the family of |
|
|
66:56 | like growth factors are called the Samantha . So this isn't just about |
|
|
67:05 | all right? It doesn't act on individually. It's serving as a signaling |
|
|
67:10 | . So it's a tropic molecule, like many of the other ones that |
|
|
67:13 | coming out of the anterior pituitary. the I G F one that's doing |
|
|
67:17 | big work, right, and D F one has a massive effect |
|
|
67:24 | it increases insulin resistance. Basically, says, quit responding to the |
|
|
67:30 | Don't take up and store away the and amino acids and lipids instead. |
|
|
67:36 | them to be out there instead, muscles were going to increase fat |
|
|
67:41 | What? We're gonna use fat for . You betcha. Best fuel ever |
|
|
67:46 | good, too. What we're gonna the adipose tissue. Let's break that |
|
|
67:50 | down. Let's mobilize that liver. are we gonna do? Let's make |
|
|
67:54 | glucose and let's send it out in world. And what are we gonna |
|
|
67:57 | ? We're gonna use that glucose to the growth. And so there's two |
|
|
68:01 | types of growth that's hyperplasia and Hyperplasia refers to increasing the number of |
|
|
68:07 | hypertrophy Baines, making the cells Typically, when we hear hypertrophy, |
|
|
68:12 | think cancer right cells that are hyper and hyperplasia are basically growing in number |
|
|
68:19 | getting bigger, and that's usually a thing. But when you're trying to |
|
|
68:22 | an organism, that's a good all right, so when you hear |
|
|
68:26 | terms, make sure you understand right? So hyper plastic hyperplasia in |
|
|
68:33 | kid in puberty is great, That's a good thing. Hyper plastic |
|
|
68:40 | in your lung tissue. Not so sense. Now there are a bunch |
|
|
68:49 | other hormones that are involved in This includes thyroid hormone, right? |
|
|
68:54 | permissive glucocorticoids. They probably play a inhibiting, uh, the EPA official |
|
|
69:01 | growth. So basically it keeps you . In other words, what we're |
|
|
69:04 | is instead of growing, you were go ahead and use the fuel for |
|
|
69:07 | important things, like keeping you Um, sex, hormones, androgens |
|
|
69:11 | estrogens play a role. Androgens um, important in terms of linear |
|
|
69:18 | in terms of of gaining muscle Um, eso on estrogen, on |
|
|
69:25 | other hand, terminate linear growth. basically because yep, official plate to |
|
|
69:30 | is where I started feeling kind of because I wanna kinda explain. So |
|
|
69:36 | and women go into puberty at different , right? Women enter puberty |
|
|
69:40 | and so they get their puberty puberty spurt early, right? But that |
|
|
69:44 | means that they terminate puberty puberty and so that causes the estrogen causes |
|
|
69:51 | the release of, or basically the of the official plates. So you |
|
|
69:55 | growing. Stopped growing earlier. So, like, I have twins |
|
|
70:00 | a boy and a girl. My went into puberty first, so she |
|
|
70:04 | up and she's a little bit taller my son right now. Now they're |
|
|
70:07 | 13. So they're in the midst all the fun, right? And |
|
|
70:10 | she's going to continue growing, and she's gonna stop going around the age |
|
|
70:13 | 15, right? But my son entered into puberty about a year or |
|
|
70:19 | after she did. So he's barely to get those growth spurts, |
|
|
70:24 | But he's gonna have that growth spurt gonna last as long, if not |
|
|
70:29 | . And then he doesn't have as estrogen. So he's gonna keep growing |
|
|
70:32 | when he passes here. And that's generally speaking, men and women have |
|
|
70:36 | sizes on average. Right men, a larger on average. And women |
|
|
70:42 | . We have more muscle mass that general truth, right? It's because |
|
|
70:46 | these hormones. All right, insulin actually act on I g fr promote |
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70:56 | . Even though I g f is inhibitor of insulin stuff. There's a |
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71:00 | bunch of other factors as well that not going to get into. So |
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71:05 | hormone isn't acting on its own. has a whole bunch of helpers to |
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71:09 | that. Our last hormone in terms metabolism last two hormones is dealing with |
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71:18 | levels. Alright, calcium is really . Remember Mom told you, drink |
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71:23 | milk, right? Drink your Makes your bones strong. Back when |
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71:27 | was up in in high school and college. There was a massive milk |
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71:33 | milk. It does a body And they had these commercials where it |
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71:38 | like this little kid talking to this woman and saying, You know, |
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71:43 | I'm gonna be big, I'm drinking milk, blah, blah, |
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71:45 | and you're gonna, you know, me type stuff. And it was |
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71:47 | a guy to a girl in the way. A girl to an adult |
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71:51 | , you know? And then the were always really sexy, and so |
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71:55 | connected really easy with that. yeah, I get that Gonna drink |
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71:58 | milk because I want some of We had a lot more fun than |
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72:06 | guys did. Anyway, of all calcium, your body, most of |
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72:10 | sequestered away, about 1% is not , but of that 1% 90% of |
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72:16 | is basically found in your soft So that means 1% is about out |
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72:21 | circulation in the plasma. Half of is an active and unavailable. So |
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72:25 | means anything that we're talking about being is that half of 1/10 of a |
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72:32 | right. 10th, not a 10 0.5% of your calcium in your body |
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72:38 | regulated and through these mechanisms now, gone through all these functions, so |
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72:43 | not gonna list through them. But seen calcium over and over again. |
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72:46 | you seen calcium over and over again the class. Okay, so think |
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72:50 | that. That's what we gotta gotta with. So how do we go |
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72:53 | balancing this? Well, simply we have three tissues where we can |
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72:58 | we can deal with this stuff. right. When we consume food, |
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73:02 | where calcium comes from. All So we need to have a mechanism |
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73:05 | absorb the calcium in. And once have the calcium into our bodies, |
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73:09 | we're gonna either put it away for . If it's too much or we're |
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73:12 | excreted from the body through the kidney what we could do is we can |
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73:19 | use it for the activity that we . So what we're gonna do is |
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73:21 | gonna monitor around how much is in blood. All right, that's the |
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73:27 | . So if if it gets too , if my calcium would give levels |
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73:30 | too low, I can go to bone and pull calcium out. My |
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73:34 | get too high. I can take and put it back into the |
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73:37 | All right. I'm also naturally secrete it out right through the kidneys. |
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73:42 | if I'm secreted out through the one of the things I can do |
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73:45 | I can slow the rate of right? In other words, instead |
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73:49 | excreting it, I'm gonna return it to the body so that it just |
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73:54 | Doesn't leave the body. All so I can regulate the kidney. |
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73:58 | right, if I have it in diet And if I'm in need of |
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74:01 | , I could go to my to digestive system and pull the calcium |
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74:04 | but I'm never gonna push it back . Right. So if I don't |
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74:08 | calcium, what's it gonna do? going to go right through me, |
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74:13 | ? That kind of makes sense. , so that's kind of our levels |
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74:17 | regulation. Alright, So, kidney and intestines. All right, |
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74:21 | we're trying to maintain constancy to despite the fact that there's gonna be |
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74:26 | modifications and adjustments and the two hormones we use to regulate This one is |
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74:31 | parathyroid hormone. The other one is calcitonin. Parathyroid. Hormone is responsible |
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74:38 | dealing with lope plasma calcium levels. when the calcium levels get low in |
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74:44 | , uh, in the blood in plasma, what are we gonna |
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74:48 | We're gonna act on. We're basically gonna produce parathyroid hormone, which is |
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74:52 | act on the bone and sell the . Let me have some of your |
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74:57 | . All right, So that's in . It's going to cause the breakdown |
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75:00 | bone, all right? It can on the digestive system, and it |
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75:04 | , digestive system. Do you have calcium that happens to be coming |
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75:07 | You do. Okay, allow me bring it back in and then |
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75:12 | Oh, instead of getting rid of , I don't want you to get |
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75:15 | of it. I want you to it back in so it causes a |
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75:17 | absorption of calcium, promotes re absorption calcium. So that's the basic |
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75:22 | Now, notice that I have I say it enhances the direction of |
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75:25 | trial. Vitamin D. Well, trial, remember, is made in |
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75:29 | in the kidney, and what that is it uses that calc travel to |
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75:33 | you absorb the calcium from your Okay, so p th promote the |
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75:41 | regulation of calcium when calcium levels What do you think Calcitonin does? |
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75:48 | the opposite. That's right. And way I remember this is calcitonin in |
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75:53 | . The bone. Alright, It calcium back in the bone. So |
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75:58 | is doing the opposite of here. dealing with the deke. Uh, |
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76:02 | said increased calcium levels should be Right. So this says sorry I |
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76:09 | it right. This says low This is gonna be Oh, it |
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76:12 | role is to decrease. Should I I'd miss read that its role is |
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76:16 | decrease. So when the calcium levels high, what are we gonna |
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76:19 | Well, we're gonna go ahead and p that stuff out, right? |
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76:23 | no problems. That's what Calcitonin Okay, go ahead and just let |
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76:26 | go. Oh, digestive system. not gonna take the council trial so |
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76:30 | can't bring in the calcium. So go ahead and leave the calcium, |
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76:33 | , going through the digestive system, have this calcium. We don't want |
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76:36 | get rid of it. Let's push into the bone. And so we |
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76:40 | the osteoblasts to help stop the calcium the bone. All right, so |
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76:44 | the effect is to decrease plasma calcium . So that's the balance there. |
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76:55 | is a nice little, uh Showing you that feedback or that |
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77:00 | Basically, if you're trying to maintain middle value right there, right, |
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77:06 | this is what we're trying to it depends on if this is high |
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77:10 | low, right? So if you rising levels, you're gonna go this |
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77:14 | . If you have dropping levels, gonna go that way. All |
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77:20 | So P t h is for dropping for rising. And just to remind |
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77:26 | what is Cal Satriale's just vitamin D , right? Starts off his |
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77:31 | you modify it multiple times, multiple , basically the liver kidney, and |
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77:37 | what does it do? It causes intestinal re absorption of calcium helps to |
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77:43 | the renal system in terms of re calcium, and allows you to |
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77:49 | It helps in all three of So in response to that pea th |
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77:54 | the one helping or causing all that happen. That's it for today. |
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78:01 | before we go, I know there's , right? Course not. Do |
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78:06 | guys know? Do you guys ever calcium supplements? You get calcium |
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78:10 | Have I mentioned this already? Think did for this class now. So |
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78:15 | know, it's like, take a that has calcium carbonate, you |
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78:19 | Take. You know, Gummy has in it. You know where that |
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78:22 | comes from? Well, they go to the Gulf of Mexico. They |
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78:27 | up seashells, they wash them they crush them into a powder, |
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78:30 | then that powders put it into And if you don't like that, |
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78:35 | other places you could go get you grind it down into powder, |
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78:40 | you can now have calcium. I that part of the story. You |
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78:46 | where you get iron from. You're love this one because you all eat |
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78:52 | , right? You know, you your captain Crunch. You know, |
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78:55 | got you got you know, it's Berries or winner. Winner. |
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78:58 | But you got your lucky charm. got the whole nine yards right you |
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79:01 | . And what I mean is part this well balanced diet. You |
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79:04 | in that picture. Well balanced right? Or, you know, |
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79:08 | like, Well, maybe I'll just a box is because has all the |
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79:10 | . Where did that iron come What was that? That's right. |
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79:20 | take, you take old cars and one will buy. And what you |
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79:23 | is you put them into a grinder you turn all that steel, you |
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79:28 | the iron out of the steel, then what you do is you have |
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79:31 | filings. And then what you do you take the filings, you ship |
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79:35 | up to Kellogg Michigan, and what do is you put that into the |
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79:38 | meal and wheat meal. You mix all in, and then you make |
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79:42 | cornflakes and your all your yeah. . But it's so small, it's |
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79:51 | gonna do anything. You're basically just tired, E. I mean, |
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79:54 | other place you get artist, that should do it. Okay. Sorry |
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80:54 | that. My batteries finally died I was just talking about where iron |
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80:58 | from. That's the end of So when we come back next |
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81:02 | there is no classroom face to face . Okay? I'm not gonna be |
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81:07 | on campus. I'm gonna be doing , uh, remotely so basically everyone |
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81:11 | log it, okay? Yes, . Yeah. Theater slide that Now |
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81:24 | create and decreasing your party. So So what we're gonna do is |
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81:33 | calcium and phosphate really like to hang with each other, and so they |
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81:37 | to crystallize. And so the idea is that we're gonna reabsorbed, or |
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81:42 | going to re absorb calcium. But gonna let the phosphate go, all |
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81:46 | ? Because we can get Morris That's not a problem. The idea |
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81:49 | , the calcium is the harder thing regulate. And so the idea |
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81:53 | if we get rid of that phosphate we make more of that free calcium |
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81:57 | . That's the key word. There the free calcium. So that's what |
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82:01 | you're doing is that your effectively making calcium stay? But the phosphate leaves |
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82:07 | that you have more free calcium. the idea. Could I answer that |
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82:11 | ? I hope thumbs up or thumbs on answering that question about calcium and |
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82:21 | ? Yeah. Yes, I'll love . Okay. Well, you guys |
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82:25 | a great weekend. Um, you , go out. Get yourself a |
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82:29 | latte for pumpkin beer or pumpkin Call somebody, pumpkin. You |
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82:38 | I don't know. Um, I will see you online on |
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82:43 | Make sure you finish up whatever you to do on your papers. Get |
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82:46 | turned in. If you get it today, you don't have to worry |
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82:49 | it tomorrow. Wouldn't you like to that once you like? Why put |
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82:54 | today which you could just get It would be awesome. And then |
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82:59 | go out and party like it's 1999 something. I don't know. Here's |
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83:04 | song about that. What's sad is was in junior high before it came |
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83:09 | . So we're all looking forward to . All right, Anyway, you |
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83:15 | have a great day. I'm logging |
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