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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 19 2023
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00:12 Oh, can everybody anybody there, hear me and see the, the
00:19 ? Yes. Yes, we Oh, right. How am I
00:24 to take that on? Mhm. all that. Use a different
00:46 Ok. We got to hear and were just kind of looking at
00:50 um, channels get developed and that of thing. And uh pretty much
01:01 the space for fluid to uh to through a source rock. And
01:08 of course, as, as the turn into liquids that continues to uh
01:13 even more and more volume, of , the uh when something goes from
01:17 solid to a liquid, almost it expands a little bit if it's
01:22 to expand, sometimes these things are , it's like hydraulics. You
01:26 some things are, are uh only compressible hydrocarbons can be compressed, but
01:32 , not, not all that much , a lot less the natural
01:36 Of course, unless you start to drop the temperature, which won't happen
01:43 . Ok. Here's another uh interesting thing. And um, on the
01:52 side, you see explosion efficiency on right side is the carbon number.
01:58 uh when someone's uh cooking these uh rocks to see what kind of uh
02:04 they get. Uh it a general that happens, which is why this
02:09 in your book too. Uh is um uh as the compounds get
02:19 In other words, the carbon number bigger. So it's a bigger and
02:22 carbon. Um Some of these pairs uh molecules might be more of this
02:29 the other member of that pair. , but as you go and uh
02:33 to the right, uh the numbers go up, the um hydrocarbons tend
02:39 be getting Visar, more viscous rather more viscous. But Viser, there's
02:44 such word as Visar, but it cool a little bit like whisker but
02:52 more use I could anyway. Um that's, that's a really, uh
02:58 think it seems like almost, oh . Makes sense. But why is
03:03 important for conventional resources? What, would, how would this impact conventional
03:10 be? The convention should deal with , like small? OK. Uh
03:20 . In what's kind of important, two things about it. I think
03:24 is, is that the um the rock will have a composition and whatever
03:32 out in primary migration is gonna be in favor of the lighter hydrocarbons.
03:41 . So whatever's in the source rock not what's being excelled uh in primary
03:48 . And uh so if you're sitting studying it and trying to figure out
03:52 know, will this move through this temperature and pressure and whatnot and
03:56 porosity and permeability that we have, have to recognize first that whatever's coming
04:02 of that source rock is gonna be little bit different than what's in
04:06 And how else would that impact the um migration? I think the like
04:20 don't need to have very big, post to have this uh the smallest
04:30 . Yeah. So, um not will the charged reservoirs see this fractionation
04:38 , but what's moving in the um migration is gonna move a little bit
04:47 than it would have if it was what that source rock was.
04:54 And so I kind of put that . We, we have this uh
05:05 and um as the source rock is inside the source rock, all of
05:10 is gonna be generated and uh once generated uh at that temperature of the
05:17 two and that's when it gets Uh this is gonna be uh further
05:25 , it might be some of it form quicker. The light energy can
05:29 quicker. But uh but the um heavier fractions again, if you get
05:35 source rock that's been maturing for a and you look at it, it's
05:39 be fractionated further, uh when it to uh when it's expelled and when
05:44 , then when it, uh and when it goes into secondary migration,
05:48 gonna be something that's a little bit and a little bit less viscous.
05:53 that's just in general. There's, other things involved. Jeez.
05:57 the second question is, is How can we get on when it's
06:04 ? And it's not, uh, , I think you just answered that
06:12 , um, when, uh, of the other things is a lot
06:16 our, uh, I don't think have, yeah, I just made
06:20 slides for my next semester. But uh because I'm gonna be teaching this
06:25 in the summer, but the next would have said what does it mean
06:29 vegetables? But. Ok. of course. Uh It has the
06:43 is, is that most of the where we have resource plays the
06:48 the resource play and we forgot about else. We first kind of produced
06:53 conventional resources all around it or associated sore throats, big sore throat.
06:59 when we get to the sore uh there's gonna be like, for
07:03 that you afford uh as you go , hi, it's less mature as
07:07 go down to the small. So you're gonna see different compositions,
07:11 different expulsions from them, but whatever's that spot, whether it's down,
07:17 and deeper or up dip and less , uh whatever is in there is
07:22 be fractionated in the expulsion process. . So it, it'll just be
07:29 up, up at the, the than the border to the south and
07:37 why you see that kind of OK. It's, again, it's
07:43 simple diagram, but it means a . And uh so, uh what's
07:48 important for that also to know is , you know, you've got all
07:53 great reservoirs that you're producing, you in there with a horizontal,
07:57 what's left is probably gonna be a bit more viscous than what you've been
08:03 outside. OK. And that's, think that's a real important thing to
08:08 . And I, I don't know too many engineers think about that,
08:10 it's, but it's a geological uh . A geochemical factor that's extremely important
08:17 understand. Go ahead. Oh, . That's so disturbing, isn't
08:27 The world is not perfect. um, it could be,
08:32 let's see, this guy. usually there's, there's left hand or
08:39 hand and some of them are, more viscous than others. And
08:42 and it just depends on the, , and it also has to do
08:46 the, um, types of bonds , um, sometimes the carbon bonds
08:51 double and sometimes they, they're all and sometimes they're double and, you
08:57 , there's a lot of different, , in other words, there's,
09:01 more than one isomer of, of 15, it's more than one
09:07 these and, you know, one along and for some reason, it's
09:10 slippery little guy and it gets out . That's why, that's why geochemist
09:17 . What they do. It's so simple but complicated and organic geochemistry
09:24 , is a good way to flunk a lot of chemistry. Ok.
09:32 like uh vertebrate vertebrate, uh comparative vertebrate morphology is a good way to
09:38 rid of biologist. It's a good out. Of course, it
09:43 you have to learn a lot of , lots of bits and pieces.
09:46 the worst thing is, you if you dissect a cat, you'll
09:50 almost the exact same thing if you a human being. But at the
09:54 time, they're very different and it's of mind boggling uh when you're trying
09:58 deal with a lot of different Same thing when you're looking at different
10:03 source rocks, the compositions are very and there's literally hundreds of compounds
10:09 in most uh most uh oils that generated out of uh out of any
10:15 these source rocks that happened to be proof. OK. Uh This is
10:23 , um this is in the book I'm still trying to, you
10:29 pretty much goes along with what you , you know, they have these
10:33 ways and uh uh they're looking um I'm not sure how they got
10:39 a range of Krige clay and two . But uh nevertheless, uh uh
10:45 , that's quite a few meters. what it's showing you is that uh
10:50 , I guess it's not too It's a, a few 100 m
10:54 uh uh the younger stuff based on hydrogen index um has uh been depleted
11:03 less because there's still more hydrogen in . And that kind of relates to
11:08 the uh the actual molecules that are uh expelled. And as you get
11:15 , uh it gets depleted. And that index gets depleted and it's fractionated
11:19 you end up with uh an indicator increased depletion as you go deeper and
11:25 . Uh In other words, the kind of like what you were
11:29 the more mature is the more it depleted with all these other molecules and
11:33 just the lights. So here you have more light things uh have been
11:40 . And as you get down you produce more and more of the
11:42 things to where you're getting some of , the heavy ones that are,
11:46 are gone. And the, the thing is just a another type of
11:52 index. Um It's an algorithm to out how much oil has been
11:58 And of course, it, if go to 100% this um uh it
12:05 really just another way of coming up this, which is kind of like
12:08 slide next uh before these uh and showing you uh petroleum expulsion efficiency in
12:16 depth that's just from 11 composition to composition when it's cooked. OK.
12:28 . And again, it's, it's like the answer to your question
12:31 the more it's cooked it's gonna Ok. Um, in secondary migration
12:39 gonna sit down because my, if turn my knee, exactly the wrong
12:44 , it feels like it's being twisted by a great white shark. It's
12:49 painful. Um, I don't believe word that's on here but I think
13:00 instructive. Um, in other um, course the buoyancy factor means
13:08 will continue to try to rise. a, it's a gravity driven
13:13 It's uh you know, we, you think of sedimentation as gravity
13:18 this is just the opposite buoyancy goes other way. Um sedimentation is heavier
13:25 a, in a lighter medium and sinks and oil and gas go up
13:30 when they're surrounded by rocks that have systems in them. And so,
13:36 that's pretty obvious what I question though , you know, you could say
13:42 m to 1000 excuse me, 11 to 1000 million years, so on
13:47 so forth. And here it's just . Um I I'm not sure how
13:52 came up with that rough number. have no clue. Um I think
13:56 probably, I think the most instructive about it is sandstones have the porosity
14:02 permeability that is less likely to have lot of cementation. And so
14:08 it's gonna have less circuitous routes when happening. Uh That could get longer
14:16 , obviously, 11 kilometer uh can , but it also suggests that sometimes
14:23 might be able to get 1000 kilometers millions of years, uh,
14:28 with, uh, with respect to it, you've got to move a
14:32 really fast and it's got to be almost. Right. Or you're gonna
14:36 probably cementation from the, the, , water and the solute before you
14:42 that oil in there and charge But, you know, it,
14:47 the kind of thing, even though say, I don't believe it,
14:50 the kind of thing to think about it makes sense. And uh and
14:54 also, uh there's another reason why the US were trying to charge carbon
15:00 bank. It was timing was really that water had, that oil had
15:05 moving to the uh at the time fors were open before uh something
15:14 for example, they were exposed for while and it just didn't happen to
15:18 a lot of rain. Uh There have been a lot of uh uh
15:24 uh um precipitation of carbonates and just up the pores. And once you
15:31 up the pore spaces, you can't them any bigger. It's something you
15:37 hope for if you live in Florida they would cement right up. But
15:43 there, there's a lot of freshwater flowing through them all the time so
15:48 uh continually make those spaces bigger. another thing uh that can happen with
15:55 secondary migration and the longer the the more it can happen. Uh
16:00 I think this diagram, what does diagram look like that we recently looked
16:05 earlier in this? He OK. uh so it looks a little bit
16:16 the things that we were talking about to seal, right? OK.
16:20 so these look like uh four way anal traps. But the seal if
16:29 was to take a guess for, this to be the way it
16:37 What type, what class of trap , excuse me, what class of
16:41 could that be? Is it two three? Um, probably not,
17:03 it has probably has to be Uh, depending on how this involves
17:08 time. It could have been, was a dream. It would look
17:13 this. So another answer to your would be, this might be a
17:18 of green, looks like a breed this one looks like I believe it
17:24 a, we like a one. , no. And it can't fill
17:33 . And that's why it's not, why the, uh in other
17:37 it's leading, it's sleeping, which why it sounds. Sometimes I try
17:46 confuse myself. Uh So anyway, that's a way, you know,
17:52 was talking about a way that expulsion create lighter oils, but this is
17:57 way uh over distance that you can heavier and heavier oils. And
18:04 so when I was working in South , One island, 1 28.
18:11 I'm not sure they ever, sometimes think things are so simple. You
18:15 have to, it doesn't work that . Um, you have this major
18:31 and the sands are closer than I'm . But this, so, you
18:34 , these are the sands and what's between them is shales. South Marsh
18:38 . 1 28 and heavy oil down . Lighter oil up here, lighter
18:46 up here, oil and a little of gas. And as she went
18:56 , there was about 17 or 18 sections really good. Now I got
19:02 money to have them or something. , but as you, as you
19:06 up, uh, as you go , it just, there's only almost
19:11 one way this could happen when you the food in the and that's,
19:15 , at some point in time when was charging, uh, this fault
19:24 that in dialing and it became, a contact way down, here's some
19:32 , way out in the distance. , I think the behavior on the
19:36 to the east of this, which where I'm where, which is where
19:40 want the east of the, to east of it. I think
19:45 but my guess is you go deep . You still haven't, once you
19:50 crossed the bound, you still haven't the, uh, will work on
19:54 . There's probably a whole bunch of in the next, but it's just
19:58 there for somebody to offer $3.95 to the piece. And, uh,
20:05 all sorts of stuff like that but very few people, uh,
20:10 , that actually have any experience or that, that this is going on
20:15 . A lot of times we uh, the oil industry is like
20:18 herd and they have a herd mentality if somebody's finding something new, they
20:22 , they all go run for uh . Um, you have a lot
20:26 production and there's no wells in the block over the next block over.
20:30 think, well, somebody's looked and didn't see anything. And uh that
20:34 always the case. And uh remember were Strat graphic traps associated with these
20:40 . But uh, but to get uh thing that looks like that like
20:44 national oil column, uh a National column all the way from the bottom
20:50 the top. Uh It almost had be open. We're gonna seal it
20:54 the top. You know, this will kind of move a little bit
21:08 then almost every time you see it all ends before. And so
21:14 time while it was moving before it before it compressed, it was getting
21:20 at the top and he no column the, the sea, I
21:24 And uh unless it, and it an overpressure thing. So,
21:28 unless there was some kind of overpressure on, it wouldn't be likely to
21:33 through. Uh, except as, long as it was acting,
21:40 uh, the pressure from one to next had to be dampened. You
21:44 , if you had an oil column high, there would be a lot
21:47 oil field that push on, but somehow, um, that was dampened
21:51 each one of these boundaries are Uh, everything was unable to kind
21:58 , uh, to each level, without rupturing through to the next one
22:03 it was dilated. Uh That's about only way it could have happened.
22:08 . So enough of, of So here we just have examples um
22:15 from a Western Canada and uh And um um think it's kind of
22:27 to tell him if you didn't know , for example, must be easy
22:33 tell by the names of the So the answer the formations have to
22:37 out where he was. OK. , and it's really helpful like if
22:42 doing aerial photos and stuff and you a formation, somebody from U T
22:46 been there, they would have painted name of the formation on the side
22:49 the box so that they would know to see. So, although when
22:58 when I did a lot of field here, when I was a graduate
23:01 here, uh a long time, got my master's here, not my
23:06 , but um got a phd in . But, but uh we used
23:12 go out in the field around here now and then we would see contacts
23:15 the bright orange paint. So that the, uh, when the,
23:20 they came by with a freshman the person that didn't know anything about
23:25 , be able to say that uh, this is just going and
23:33 you come up here, uh, here's the API, getting smaller and
23:39 and, uh, what does that when the API grabbed it gets smaller
23:43 smaller? Ok. Yeah, and I guess the one that's that
23:53 ? Yeah, about 10 or So what is this? I keep
24:02 about the, that would, would save in letter, you know,
24:22 always forget about that constant. Let's . And then the um and you
24:29 see the same kind of thing here just realize that when the oil is
24:34 generated, it would have been even if there wasn't that fractionation going on
24:39 that level. Another thing that happens this, these distances like this uh
24:44 that quite often the bacteria uh attacks . And uh and most, most
24:51 the bacteria, certain bacteria that lives these temperatures um will uh digest
24:59 the lighter one in the a One of the, one of the
25:05 that was given was that when when it migrated over this small
25:10 the bacteria actually was breaking a lot the long hydrocarbon genes. You
25:16 uh, it was an unusual the chemist a while to figure that
25:20 , but they were really happy about . The first thing that gave it
25:23 was the four point of the, , 19, uh degree API
25:30 was that the four point was, , uh, um, all the
25:35 down to, uh, 55 So even, you know, only
25:39 you were close to the bottom did really have to put a jacket on
25:43 as they got farther up? It much warmer than that? OK.
25:49 This is another thing that's done a with uh and there's uh in the
25:55 slide, this slide and the next are gonna be um this one is
26:01 of a um the way it was many years ago, then less many
26:06 ago is the next one. But , it's a system where they um
26:14 algorithm and basically turns, turns the upside down and with like a gravity
26:23 , it uh it builds it in the wood. In other
26:26 it, but if I have a like this, um if there's oil
26:32 there and it turns upside down. if you first just to actually look
26:37 and turn it like this and show how it flows up the hill,
26:40 migration is gonna happen. So these lines are showing you from the
26:44 it's flowing up to these structural highs uh and charting the sandstone and a
26:50 that it would do it. uh, and Petro Mod does,
26:55 , something like this. That's, , uh, a little bit fancier
26:59 this is even, um, a little, this is probably,
27:04 , 20 years old. Well, gotta be at least 20 years old
27:09 , uh, maybe 22. uh, and this is just showing
27:14 the kind of thing where you have kitchen down here, the hots are
27:19 , the blues are low. The is there. Um, thing I'm
27:23 to, I think we're trying to , uh, profess to all of
27:27 sit right underneath us is which is brilliant and there have been these uh
27:35 dome structures all around it that have filled up with 500 million barrels of
27:40 plus. And uh if you do calculation on it over, it's underneath
27:46 , it's a lot bigger than, then the chances of, of uh
27:52 having been a trap uh underneath I think is, is high,
27:58 even higher, the likelihood that there's source rock down there that could be
28:02 into an unconventional, uh is, probably 100%. Ok. Um,
28:13 we're gonna talk about traps. Remember talked about seeds. Now we're gonna
28:17 about traps and there's a reason why been talking about some of these things
28:22 the, um, you know, rock in the beginning of the value
28:26 becomes really important. Then we started a little bit about uh, reservoirs
28:33 we worry about seals because, you , uh because the seals have a
28:37 to do with that. But the structures of course, are very important
28:41 . But, you know, we have some that graphic and even with
28:45 best seismic, sometimes in an area we haven't worked before, it's often
28:49 to pick out um, um, graphic traps because, because the general
28:57 types of responses that we get without there's something wrong or different, uh
29:02 can't tweet the numbers or um look different um amplitude um traits and
29:12 Uh We are attributes, we have um you know, we kind
29:16 we're kind of in the dark when comes to Strat graphic trap sometimes uh
29:20 on in exploration. But you see we need when we get to exploration
29:28 exploitation, we need a structure that's we really need a structure. And
29:33 the, the regional source rock regional in the reservoir, the kind of
29:39 component without those, there's, there's then after that we are the tracks
29:45 uh unfortunately, it's not structural. anyway, I'm not gonna go through
29:53 list but, but you can see uh there's all sorts of types for
29:58 extensional compression. Anybody wanna give me example of a good extensional one.
30:07 me. Yeah. Yeah. and what, what, what,
30:13 type of this will be normal But what are a lot of them
30:18 we have? But we also we have this going on and that
30:24 on. Uh, but it's not a drape or could be related to
30:31 , but we also have things that known as, you know, and
30:35 Great Falls, uh rarely informed by , but they're often informed by
30:41 So, um, when you you know, you have these big
30:44 Los, they kind of move and the like there's a big gap but
30:49 uh combination say some other words, you um you take a full block
30:57 like this and then it rotates like . We have a mountain over
31:03 literally have a mountain on the high and you literally have a very deep
31:08 in this side, this side. um that's what a tectonic enhanced maximum
31:16 surface can be because uh you you have these blocks like this and
31:20 rotating slowly and sea level is doing thing. But if all of a
31:23 it does this and sea level goes at the same time, you have
31:27 enhanced maximum playing surface. OK. uh this is just a, a
31:38 diagram. Uh Sometimes, I don't if it's worth even showing these things
31:45 people, but it, it is to uh to understand the types of
31:50 that we get. Um It's one the things that I've always found interesting
31:55 that you work in one area, traps are on the foot wall side
31:58 other times the traps end up on side. And, uh, where
32:05 you think of the vaults? I mean, the reservoirs on the
32:09 wall side, where do you see on, uh, the mobile is
32:21 ? But I, I, I , I misunderstood you. Ok.
32:34 is exactly right. And grand is, uh, is something that's
32:39 different. But if you, if work with people in the Jurassic up
32:43 North Sea, they're always looking for kinds of things because it's, it's
32:48 ripped and pre pre seance uh that uh face things that have happened,
32:56 the infill, the infill could be different. OK? So the early
33:02 of uh rifting would look like But, but when you get into
33:07 scale rifting and you start getting sediments up on top of the rifting
33:13 then uh and then you're getting some and you, and you'll get that
33:16 of thing. OK? Um This a really good example right here of
33:23 this explains why the University of Houston . University of Houston was uh built
33:31 uh can't remember his first name, Colin family. Anyway, uh Froy
33:41 is his name, his grandson E Marshall was in my uh I told
33:51 guys that, well, first, tell you how uh he got rich
33:58 you of age got rich. You can. Well, maybe you
34:00 know now. But uh 20 years , the family was still one of
34:04 biggest uh rich families in the scene they made billions and billions of dollars
34:10 they started investing in copper mines, think might have been. What part
34:15 it also? The family, the family struggle over control of uh
34:21 in the air which never is a thing. But um at least
34:28 I don't read those stories, but kind of what I heard. I
34:31 no, no way of uh backing up. But anyway, uh
34:36 this was what everybody was looking for to uh um the Fierce Fierce Junction
34:45 discovered by the fallen. And uh the big oil companies including us.
34:53 , uh Standard uh New Jersey and some of the other ones had bought
34:58 this land. The only problem is Pierce Junction, this is all,
35:02 was all aquifers, it was all and they all got all this land
35:07 Uhh Roy as his land and you what said, well, the big
35:12 got all the, all the stuff top of the, he said,
35:16 the, the acres around it really goes well, well, go ahead
35:21 buy it all. It's cheap. so he went ahead and bought all
35:25 acreage that was off the edge of top and he found all these and
35:31 was more than one. And, , that's kind of, uh,
35:36 one story but, but the, other story is the source rock is
35:39 underneath us. Ok. Uh, is interesting. This looks like a
35:47 of stuff that we see in the of Mexico. And, um,
35:52 anybody think there could be traps in ? They can? But,
36:00 the, uh, what's really important remember? These are probably major
36:05 So they're probably, the scale is punched in. So they probably are
36:09 . But, uh, when we a 3d set, we can see
36:12 faults and, uh, occasionally, , um, I had a couple
36:17 students who were really excited about something looked like this probably on a bigger
36:21 than this picture. And, and the, uh, the amount
36:25 oil that would have been trapped in could have been somewhere between 100 and
36:29 barrels. And, uh, they they did a great job of finding
36:35 and, uh, that's a dangerous . So, so remember when you're
36:39 for oil and gas size is And, uh, and I remember
36:44 on a, on a well that , I think I mentioned it but
36:47 the North Sea was in, on Denmark acreage, we found 60 million
36:53 of oil. And, uh, was too small at that point in
36:57 to pull out of the ground because price of oil was too low.
37:00 the, uh, and the infrastructure it was, was way off
37:03 uh, they started building pipelines that past it for gas transmission and,
37:10 , they found some way to, , to get some volume in there
37:13 oil, oil, uh, oil and, and all of a sudden
37:18 was a very valuable target. So size means a lot. In
37:24 to, uh, the structural there's a lot of different Strat graphic
37:30 . Um None of these really look the ones that get me excited.
37:34 , but it kind of gives you idea of the kinds of things that
37:38 happen. Uh You can have a , you can have a sandstone down
37:44 . Uh Nice erosional thing. You the san on your for me.
37:49 you got the dip that you want a trap. Uh The main thing
37:53 that you have to get this on of it to seal it. If
37:56 sandstone was there, it would just up here and migrate to another trap
38:01 else. Uh But, but, , um, make a long story
38:06 . Uh This has to be here the charge or the charge would get
38:14 . Ok. And, um, of course, marine bars and
38:18 um, that's quite simple and, , um, as much as we
38:22 to make shallow marine bars look like , the, the problem, there's
38:28 , there's no model call sheet but I think they have because when
38:33 level rises, it, it just sand like this. It's like a
38:38 . It's like a snow cloud and gonna lay down on the and,
38:43 , then the sea level drops. , it would be on a road
38:47 if sea level keeps rising, you get a little clay cover on
38:52 But then if it drops again, clay cover might protect it and then
38:56 another transmission and, and I'm talking um the the sea level rise and
39:05 . You know, it's, you , like when we talk about these
39:08 things at this scale, you this a few million years, you
39:12 do things like that, but you'd these things that are like this at
39:19 lower frequency at a higher frequency. then on top of that, you
39:23 things going like that. And then course, somewhere in here a little
39:28 tiny, he really angry one to going up and going down. Sometimes
39:34 not going up and going down in , in a relatively rapid rate of
39:39 and fill in uh the sand with like clouds. And then there was
39:43 field and cloud again. At the , you get uh get these uh
39:47 and it seem to be very expensive a coastal environment. And that's a
39:53 of what you see in the play , the scene in the Gulf of
39:57 . But I don't think anybody has developed a good model to explain
40:03 OK. And of course, uh combination traps and uh all sites,
40:07 sorts of other kinds of traps. um a combination trap would simply be
40:12 that has a, a structural component a Strat graphic component to it.
40:17 many Strat traps have a um a component to it. I mean,
40:23 if you look at, even if look at this structure has something to
40:28 with this, I, I think this one, like it looks like
40:33 want this one for me looks oh, yes. Yeah.
40:39 there's a, there's structures playing, a role and uh it almost always
40:44 even, even if it is it is if it's a uh uh
40:50 uh pinch out and that one's quite , but OK, uh usually a
41:00 petroleum province is defined by a consistent style, whether it be structural Strat
41:07 or both. In other words, know, if you're around salt
41:10 you're gonna be seeing things that are to salt do. If you're in
41:14 rip, you're gonna see those big blocks that we showed in the
41:17 And, uh, and, if, if you're uh looking at
41:23 systems, there's a good chance you're find a lot of ST rus.
41:34 . I had taken this totally out my set of slides because I'm
41:38 what are you talking about? Can't be real and uh Sure
41:44 that's you, it happens. So of my students, I forget now
41:50 she was uh in Venezuela or I don't think she was chilling.
41:56 think it was uh I think it Peru but, you know, you
42:00 groundwater that's, that's actually creating a in some of these, some of
42:05 aquifers and uh you get oil trapped here and there's actually constant flow like
42:12 . And uh you know, people their size, they, they drill
42:16 here and you're like, where's the at it come over here? And
42:19 course, just imagine, you your oil water contact, it's not
42:23 a transition zone, it goes from water to 100% oil just like
42:28 And it's the, the, it's constantly plumbing and my guess is that
42:33 if there's a real, right, year or something, um this velocity
42:39 drop off. I, I I didn't ask for a lot of
42:42 , but I decided to put this in. There can be um traps
42:47 are, that are displaced. And um because of because of the flow
42:54 through uh underneath it. In other , the uh the aquifer is
43:05 OK. So here's something that I've at the entire class and I'm still
43:12 to figure out a way to get into a different place. But,
43:16 this really is all about the boundary in my mind, the expiration
43:24 um the value chain and fund and play is what you're looking for for
43:32 you and you're really looking for a within that play concept and flake
43:41 all the places in an area uh could look like that. And uh
43:50 the rest of the world, these the three things that we look at
43:54 we're trying to define a play. I told you wherever you're at,
43:59 usually, you know, there's a side, kept bringing that up over
44:03 over and over again. The structural affects all this stuff. So the
44:07 style will affect the types of structural and some and, and it sometimes
44:13 the uh Strat traps. Um But you're trying to figure out where I'm
44:22 find a reservoir again, these are of the three basic things that you
44:26 to figure out. You need you need to know this with a
44:29 of having uh a reservoir rock, it's primary ferocity or really low uh
44:39 permeability uh that we find in a rock, whatever it is, that's
44:44 be really important. You need to that you have ceiling elements. My
44:49 argument with unconventional is that people don't that resource players need seals around them
44:56 to keep from drawing aquifers in because lot of times they're sitting on top
45:00 it. And uh and here uh sub regional source is something that you
45:07 to know and of course, to a source rock, it has to
45:10 sure it's not a source rock until is. And, uh,
45:16 uh, sort of rock or has potential to be a sort of be
45:20 sort of rock. It's gotta be deep enough to have, um,
45:25 , over gone, um, thermal and that sort of thing.
45:30 those three things are really important for out what a play, the plays
45:35 to get defined by these really important . And the reservoir formation is really
45:41 and it helps if you, if understand and believe in it and some
45:47 the courses you do, I Stray is real and uh fortunately in
45:53 US, sometimes we don't, you uh pay enough in uh attention to
45:59 aspect of. And it, it's reason why sometimes we, we drill
46:04 places where, where that formation is and we expect it to be there
46:08 we're not thinking of it as a graphic unit that's separated by shells,
46:14 flooding surfaces and the whole whole nine on how complex it is.
46:19 And this is a sharp from your and you can see um here it
46:29 about, you know, things at stage level and uh and also it
46:34 up to the series and subsystems and like that. But uh but it's
46:40 kind of telling you what it So if there, if there isn't
46:45 , aren't any rocks this age where at, you're not gonna find
46:49 Um, if there's nothing eocene in subsurface, you're not gonna find
46:56 I mean, it's, it's sort like, uh, you know,
47:01 , so I'm just saying, you , is there a over there,
47:04 Sansone is because when it's this sand , we know a lot of other
47:08 that can happen about it. We that this has these regional seals.
47:14 uh we also know that it might a regional source rock within the area
47:18 could charge. It's not listed on thing. Um uh Main reason is
47:27 um let's see, where does it ? Yeah, it does most of
47:33 time, this the Kim region, aspects of the Kim region. And
47:37 you get in the older stuff, lot of the gas that some of
47:40 uh paleozoic things are generating the gas uh have generated the gas. Some
47:45 them are almost completely generated out. here's what, so this is how
47:52 define the plays to sort out where play Fairway is that square in the
48:00 Sea. And I see the same of uh configurations with, with uh
48:06 reservoir rocks. Uh Here you got North Sea and Cambridge play is in
48:13 . And so that we don't have worry about, but these little mapped
48:19 words are kind of kind of telling where each one of these, there's
48:23 key up there where each one of is, this would be a great
48:26 better picture of the same color. uh the publisher that published this uh
48:32 doesn't just keep it in the brand , any new version, it's not
48:35 color. Um But uh it gets point across. Um Here's some Jurassic
48:44 here. Uh This is the central , this is the South Viking
48:48 the North Viking Grain up there. the outer firth and the inner
48:54 And this is the triple junction here the Scott field is somewhere around here
48:59 it is sort of up there. . And uh and so, uh
49:10 kind of what a play, fair . OK. Remember when we're looking
49:18 uh frontier exploration, the elements of play. Um This is a
49:25 this is from the Second Vine and and uh they use, they use
49:33 a little better than they did in first play and heavy lines versus not
49:38 heavy lines. Uh If you, you look at, look at those
49:42 , you, you know, you , this is definitely an improvement even
49:44 it's not of color, but it help. But here you can see
49:51 and um and they're pointing those things all the way from front, their
49:59 , all the way to exploration and we're trying to get narrowed down to
50:07 this, the value chain chain is about finding this. And the value
50:15 appears when I don't know where it front here, here's where we think
50:19 know where it is in front. where we think it is exploration.
50:24 where we think there's a airway Here's where we think um we have
50:31 convertible now that becomes pricing and uh then we start to bring it that's
50:37 . And then we think out of category there, that's uh that's what
50:42 mean about how to, and uh a lot of different ways to
50:51 OK. So I, I you know, in, in this
50:54 of the lecture, a lot of we've been going through kind of comes
50:59 and uh at least in my mind I've done this before. But uh
51:06 this is uh Thomas e by the , is, is uh in my
51:11 , one of the uh most insightful geologist in the Gulf of Mexico
51:17 uh mainly because he's an academician, at the same time, he uh
51:23 done a lot of uh oil oil and gas exploration and he,
51:28 likes to use formation names. And my only thing is the Clayborn is
51:35 group. It's not a formation. sure you guys have heard people say
51:39 clay formation formation, those are they're not, they're much bigger than
51:46 uh but, you know, you take what you can get and uh
51:50 it kind of like helps out. what you can see here is there
51:54 a holding style which isn't part of . But uh here is the,
52:01 color is a reservoir rocks of But they're telling you that there's different
52:11 and different types of sandstones that make up. So basically, there's a
52:17 of plays in here. In other , this all through here is,
52:22 a play fair way when you get on the surface, this is a
52:27 play uh play airway. And um you move here, it gets younger
52:33 that's a different play fair. So one of these will become a plane
52:37 on the surface. Each one is a well-defined play. But if
52:42 look at it from above, um doesn't have, you know, down
52:48 , but it's probably gonna be south a little bit and uh south,
52:53 . And uh if you're flying over , this will curve around the Gulf
52:59 Mexico like that. It's like, if, if we're to look at
53:15 sorry if we just look at um of these basin four fans uh type
53:25 things. Uh Here we have um reservoirs in um it's kind of the
53:35 was building out, the slope wasn't it is now. And uh you
53:39 these fan deposits out here, you some really big um producing wells,
53:46 that was there's actually one they they call that, see if I
53:51 . The, it was a You know, the horse is a
53:59 . It like producing like 1200 barrels oil a day from uh one of
54:03 uh channel sands, channel sands. uh you uh there's uh there's one
54:13 these that's right up. Uh I , I see. 27 sugar,
54:27 sugar, sugar, land is two words, just sugar, lowercase
54:34 sugar, capital, L A Uh, I can tell you
54:40 um, we, uh, map of them in, there's a whole
54:45 of these, um, right underneath , uh, the campus. You
54:51 , they go, they, you , they analyze the, you
54:55 know, um, for the prison , uh, it's no longer
55:01 So, uh, we have 50% it. Excuse me, the stave
55:06 50% meat and, and, the, uh prison farm gets,
55:13 , the other quarter in terms um, uh, the rights and
55:19 to it. And, um, I, I did a little project
55:23 we, we came up with four sitting on top of each other in
55:28 little spot. And, um, just did it to show them where
55:33 million was in the ground. right near the campus and,
55:37 there's more of them underneath it. is afraid to drill over over there
55:42 , uh, they don't have any, uh, and the,
55:48 , the top set. Mm. , in this particular, uh,
55:55 anthologies and the type of, oil and gas deposits, uh,
56:00 A E O really lights up when , when you find it and if
56:04 did a, um, a uh, three survey that offset,
56:11 , I can't afford to, to hire for half a million
56:20 Not this weekend, maybe next Ok. So, um, so
56:32 anybody has a rich parent, that's . Let me know. The,
56:39 , the university administration says Don, . Well, well, well,
56:44 , but you have to prove to there and you have to spend money
56:48 make for them. Yeah. But , you just go through it and
56:53 , like, you know, if do this, we wanna make,
56:55 wanna make sure too. Ok. here we're talking about that sort of
57:04 . So, aside from a plan play Fairway, ok. This,
57:09 guys, you know? Oh, . There are two different things that
57:16 associated with each other but they, I can ask a really simple question
57:20 you can answer it simply and get right. Get 100. Ok.
57:26 then there's, uh, the other here is leading to prospect.
57:31 what do you think? The what do you think the league is
57:37 ? So, the one you you were just talking about?
57:41 So we, we have to we have to have these for the
57:48 , but to make it a We have to have an effective reservoir
57:53 are built and we have to consider integrity. OK? You have to
57:58 all this. Um, again, the United States, they have spectral
58:04 here. OK? Even when, when a US company works in,
58:08 another country, they, they tell what kind of trap it's gonna
58:12 Sometimes they do it anyway. you know, it's risky. You're
58:15 to management and you go over three . You know, if you have
58:19 and you know, when you just to this, 123 managers get it
58:24 you throw that trap in there that all kinds of. Um, but
58:29 , uh, as far as where listing. So, um, if
58:33 can get away with, without bringing , uh, the trap up,
58:38 , it's a lot easier to sell I'm, and I'm being facetious,
58:44 , it's always important to keep track that. Um, so a prospect
58:50 have all of this, all of and they would be well defined and
58:55 would make it a s a you know, what these things
59:01 but, you know, there was , you know, the word I'm
59:05 sure about the trap and integrity and show you kind of what that
59:09 Not sure whether it's charged with oil gas. Oh, not sure whether
59:15 an effective reservoir, you know, , you know, cementation could have
59:19 and and all sorts of things could have filled in the po poor
59:22 in the uh, permeability before the was able to get to it.
59:28 . So here's, here's kind of you're looking at. You kind of
59:31 at a simple trap and uh, generate this type of map. You
59:37 a, well, anywhere you hit wheel it's gonna draw out like
59:41 Anywhere else with a computer says no else to connect with. OK.
59:45 you add some more structure to you might be able to, but
59:48 still have the structural information in. uh this has, and you can
59:56 here if I had something, the like that, this is a spill
60:01 . In other words, this is , it's deeper and deeper and deeper
60:05 deeper. And here's a break in trap. In other words like this
60:12 there's a break in the trap. have to be able to think in
60:15 dimensions. You know, when when I see this, I automatically
60:19 that in my head. OK? then, and that's the kind of
60:23 3d uh skill that you need to kind of pick up on when,
60:31 , when you have a boundary like , you have lines like that.
60:36 also helps me understand that there's a , right? But if, but
60:40 it's colors, it's like three million from pot color to a to a
60:47 , darker, slow down sometimes it's to tell where these kind of boundaries
60:54 . So it's really important to have lines still within, in spite of
60:58 good maps are. And uh you make three dimensional models and, you
61:02 , rotate them around and look at and all that kind of thing.
61:05 , but again, one of the with good images like that is that
61:10 invention that they're real. You might be real because you don't have big
61:14 . For example, if I only one M here, I don't know
61:19 this is like this or not. I also don't know if that's like
61:24 . I had a well over here it looks like that. Why couldn't
61:27 be over here on the other But I don't have a well
61:30 So there's all sorts of things without us, you know, whether
61:33 not we've been modern, right? depended upon the data that you have
61:39 and uh computers make really quick They make pretty interpretations, but they're
61:44 very insightful. OK. And this just showing you that it gets probability
61:50 . So in terms of trap what do I have to worry about
61:55 trap? Besides that the closure, closure is one that's a lateral,
62:01 a lateral uh problem, right? other words, if I fill it
62:05 in here, it's gonna leak up there, it's just gonna fill up
62:09 water because it here. So what do I have to worry about?
62:13 gonna try. Mm. Yeah, is a simple one. Ok.
62:30 is, this is really important for , for every, you have to
62:36 about the top secret except that they an and, uh, if you
62:43 , you have a, but in you really have to worry about the
62:47 secret and because we don't worry about bottom seals, we're just looking for
62:52 . When we, when we do plays the geologist that's been doing
62:57 doesn't automatically have to worry about the seal. It's not a problem,
63:03 with a, with a uh you do need to worry about the
63:07 seal. I remember screaming at, a meeting one time and I don't
63:11 anybody heard a word, but they found out what I was talking
63:16 and a lot of people have And uh so here only the
63:22 this one, only the top seal required for success. Why is that
63:28 they, why they put the, they maybe uh right, the ball
63:37 be able to leak. There's a of reasons why the, when it
63:41 be dilated. Another one. Um , I'll show you some stuff
63:48 but another one, you can have across the fault and uh and there's
63:52 porosity channels going through there uh that could leak through it. And so
63:58 it says that only requires that But I go to this contour,
64:07 when I have this, which is , um, nobody can define
64:12 The four way closure means, it means four, I guess four
64:17 of that. But, uh, put this little thing in here because
64:27 if, what if that doesn't You know, if I have a
64:30 here. Hi, Mike. This might actually go out with this,
64:37 one might go like that and then go up. Just two other
64:41 there could be no vote. you have to assume that whatever dip
64:47 seeing in this well, is Or if you've seen sort of a
64:50 from some sides of intru, then, then this little di it
64:56 away. Ok? But the primary for this is the closure and the
65:01 seal this right here is telling you you go beyond this point right
65:06 see if I have that closure right requirement. Ok. So there,
65:18 that same thing opened up and you see that that would require, this
65:26 these all require the see. And and if you've never grown one of
65:33 maps by hand, just see a do. It's like, what are
65:37 talking about this? And it's just . Um, a lot of times
65:48 computers map it like this. You it. Well, here you have
65:52 , you have a, well, like that. It's got a sandstone
65:55 this. And say it's 100 ft . All I gotta do is
66:06 I don't have a, well, else to tell me I'm wrong.
66:10 . Ok. And, uh, it's a single point, but if
66:15 have a, well, over then I have more than that and
66:17 gonna help me understand, uh, there is that there is some kind
66:22 closure over this way because I can the dim going down here. I
66:26 that dim that and something like that any, any even two D
66:37 the reality could be something like this even like that. And that's why
66:58 little divots are here. Presumably if drill on well in your soil
67:05 you gotta get, ok. So can at least go down at 100
67:15 from the top of the sand off the sides. If you think
67:18 if there's any structure, it couldn't perfect, couldn't be perfectly flat.
67:23 was. And that's kind of you know, that's gotta be
67:31 But again, it needs the top , it needs the seal on the
67:35 and it needs that closure to actually there. Ok. Here's another one
67:43 uh it's the same structure, Here's somebody stashed in this line.
67:54 the reason they dash that line is in here you don't have to worry
67:58 that fault. But when you get in here, you have to worry
68:01 that fault. Mhm. So if was to ask you if that whole
68:10 was real, what would be, would, what would be the ceiling
68:13 for that? Yeah. Is the OK. It, it tells you
68:27 this slide. OK. OK. just this area, top seal and
68:36 seal page for this one. You in this part, get below this
68:43 above this line. It's just this and you get over come down.
68:49 you will, the column comes down , you have to have small
68:55 Ok. Now, what do we about in terms of buoyancy and loyal
69:05 ? I used to see this happen the time when I was young because
69:08 had no idea what was going right? You can't, you can't
69:14 , just keep drawing his mind In fact, in many cases,
69:19 know the strength of the seal. have a rough estimate of the strength
69:22 we have a very good, like have a field somewhere, you
69:25 a field reservoir somewhere else and you didn't have a lot of wells in
69:30 . You know what the seal strength and you know, whether there is
69:35 , that one to a pre we have a pretty good idea.
69:39 have almost instantaneously, a good idea , how deeply could imagine. Um
69:45 are geologists when I started out, were geologists that come up with,
69:50 the 109 barrels needs that were in song. It's kind of weird.
69:58 , uh, and then it happened in the smaller companies where they,
70:01 know, they had less information uh, in their defense, you
70:05 , that was kind of their job to make something look good whether it
70:08 or not. And, uh, that's how you get someone to drill
70:12 , and, you know, out 10, 10 wells, two of
70:14 would hit and you'd make enough money pay for the ones that didn't.
70:21 . Uh Here's another one that shows how complicated it can get. Here's
70:26 seismically defined. So here we know must, for this to be
70:30 this um there must be a So the size is probably a but
70:37 , you can see here, there's enlo here, there's no over here
70:42 here the like that. So one the keys when you're working up against
70:46 fall skin, something like a line . And here that actually shows you
70:52 , that the contours are and I know if that makes sense to
70:57 but like um like if I had seismic line here, terrible to be
71:03 one. And this line went like and this line went like this,
71:08 would know that closure was developing. if I saw it move up,
71:13 saw it move up in, then would know it was and they'd be
71:19 in uh in turning it like So with the same seismic, if
71:23 could see this, they might see this is turning up, you
71:27 you can see the condos turning up like there and there and there way
71:32 there and you know that something that don't have the same medical condition over
71:40 or at least they deal with So, ok, and this basically
71:49 you what officially you could say is , even if you don't have the
71:55 again. Um, here, there's strap trap probably and that could probably
72:03 miss, you wouldn't wanna put that . But structurally this would be the
72:12 . The seal is the bottom No, no, it, it
72:19 of a side but it's not um, a lot of, a
72:26 of your, your exercise too. you do the mapping exercise, you're
72:29 do this too way. A lot these reservoirs are. So, usually
72:39 kind of fault like this. There's formation doing something like this. There's
72:45 oil water contact doing, I'll have do, uh, I'll have to
72:54 it to make it in the, doesn't always look this way, but
73:05 over here there's, this is a and, um, you're the same
73:12 school over here. It's do a contact wedge. This is the,
73:23 this has to be a so, . Um, but the top
73:30 it's flattering. It's, and it's underneath it and when you map
73:40 you'll, when you map it, kind of start when you map
73:44 a reservoir that looks like that. start to understand some of the three
73:48 to it. OK. Um Let just jump quick to this one.
73:56 a complex trap. And, I love how this is, you
74:04 , this is what she tells. , this is full, full 3d
74:10 coverage. So this is all, know, everybody's gonna know exactly what
74:16 Field had 3d, uh full, 3d seismic and they couldn't tell what
74:22 was and uh they couldn't tell they couldn't tell it was even formation
74:27 ridiculous. Um But here's Judy and I was telling you that you
74:34 you have a seismic line like you can verify this closure if you
74:38 a seismic line like that and you verify the closure, this one,
74:43 up here, you can see the on these, you know, you
74:50 have to have 3D to spot You just have to have um just
74:55 on your good brain and everybody that brain just turn it on.
75:02 And uh and that's, and that's you can do with two D
75:07 And uh unfortunately, that's all we at uh at Sugar Land. Um
75:12 it was more than enough to, see that there was definitely a
75:16 there was definitely some uh some illumination a V O though we would have
75:21 able to almost come up with the gas oil ratio, I
75:27 But uh it works really well in formation. So uh so here is
75:36 , considerably less risky. It's interesting they put lines here in the 3D
75:42 uh these are lines over here. . But uh if you had the
75:48 that went along with this, it tells you that this is,
75:53 is riskier closure and this is absolutely a shadow. But now we know
75:58 there, that line over there. a potential for migration. This one
76:12 uh the reason they think it's riskier because they're not sure, you
76:16 if, if uh if you, you made this interpretation, you would
76:22 put closure there. OK? And , the thing is is that um
76:30 don't know why TV would be less than 3D. And then it's just
76:37 image is better. Um But they're doing the same thing. And uh
76:44 , the thing is is that, I, I think the reason they
76:48 this is riskier is just because they may have drawn it because they
76:54 two D. But of course, you have two D, you're gonna
76:57 this condo, you're gonna see, gonna see that it didn't grow up
77:02 this. There's that one right there just let it. And uh
77:14 here, yeah, the probability of is low on this side. It's
77:24 the slide, the next slide slide everything. I just, the probability
77:29 closure is low over here because it's D seismic, which I just think
77:33 you're a bad interpreter. OK. And, and you know,
77:43 when we get, when we get the right tools, if, if
77:46 have a good two D seismic line you have well data, it's,
77:49 not, it's really trigonometry. Um I found the sand in the Scot
77:57 , I was just using trigonometry in well day and they would see it
78:01 they couldn't see it at the It was absolutely exciting. Yeah,
78:07 look at it from a trigonometry Um So then uh what, what
78:15 do is uh so if you have prospect versus a lead, uh you
78:20 the hydrocarbon value, the cost a of times instead of looking at a
78:25 like this where it's got wedded in wet, they just have an outer
78:29 here and an outer bound in here they draw this thing comes out like
78:33 goes in like that, but they it a um that's what the exploration
78:38 usually do when you get into Like I was, you never even
78:43 , you know, remember I was a hard time drawing this like
78:49 a nice, gentle um what I here, it's really flat,
79:02 And if, and if uh if have a relatively flat recipe, the
79:07 contact is gonna go, it's gonna , you know, I want to
79:14 and be here. I don't wanna through my, it will go all
79:17 way across here to the middle of reservoir and then somewhere over here the
79:22 will come in like this, you're out a lot of resources if you
79:27 do a blog. And yeah, then um when I was teaching reservoir
79:36 with uh Jeff from and uh and also worked at a before me.
79:44 but he was all the students you have to worry about. You don't
79:47 to worry about this and that. they have a heart attack either spent
79:55 whole life realizing. No, but literally, there, there are um
80:01 where the water contact comes like that the weather is like that. So
80:07 , you're basically losing the half of volume of the. And if you
80:13 somebody, you got 250 million barrels oil and you've only got 104 you
80:18 look really thin. And um my way of doing it was if
80:23 drill this well, I'll get 350 of. And that's because I thought
80:27 was gonna be 360 when it came at 3 60. You,
80:37 you, if you were to deal , you know, they'll, they'll
80:41 bring money if the government, you , if you just say it's about
80:45 50 you come in a little bit , you'll get a pat on the
80:48 instead of, you know, where other 250 go the other 125.
81:00 . This, um, one of things that I think is important to
81:05 out here it's in the book And I don't know if anybody's reading
81:08 book but the book is a really book. Um, we don't have
81:11 in electric class to read the whole about that. But uh but the
81:17 failure analysis is incredibly important. Um know, I had one of the
81:24 uh supervisors on the planet when I working as a development geologist and,
81:30 , every time we go offshore to something and try to get like,
81:35 , take a sidewalk course or something that and you recommend we do a
81:42 or something. He said, there's only two things we can get
81:45 of that. Well, one of is money and the other one is
81:51 and that knowledge, that knowledge can be turned into money if uh if
81:57 do a good job figuring out what wrong and why did it go
82:01 You know what I think that place can explain that place over there is
82:06 problem over here that look like it's on. And that's exactly what I
82:11 . It can, it can point into so many right directions. It's
82:15 critical and with that will end. , um, uh, next week
82:22 start with the, we'll get get it with the, got some
82:27 short lectures too. Uh It might fast as the first black is talking
82:32 this. And I loaded all the of the, uh, slides through
82:37 rest of the side of things to you because I don't have enough time
82:44 tell you what. OK. I sharing guys. They've all left,
83:18 left the
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