| 00:00 | Okay, So are and contour. something where they're about in the middle |
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| 00:06 | the farm and the throw decreases both . Dip down, dip and as |
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| 00:12 | go from the center, out to edge of the fall, intriguing. |
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| 00:28 | on this section. Look at the in the fall. We get this |
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| 00:37 | well. That's contoured in terms of . So are zero tip wanted our |
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| 00:43 | cut off. Good. No throat down. Thrown, cut off is |
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| 00:53 | and the colors along the fault represented placement. So we've got a maximum |
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| 00:58 | here, approximately in the center of fall. That and so it's |
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| 01:06 | The electric throw ratios are varied from to 100 but 50 is a good |
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| 01:14 | . So if you throw is 50 , your life is gonna be about |
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| 01:19 | m, so we can use the when you get to the just the |
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| 01:27 | how much beyond the size of resolution might expand. So here we've got |
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| 01:40 | scatter plot fault length in meters ranging 1 m, too, uh, |
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| 01:50 | . Fear versus this is displacement ranging , uh, centimeter e o A |
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| 02:00 | Huber and what's plotted here are Throw data from several different sets of |
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| 02:07 | on those were shot in the color . Here these are Strike slip Fault |
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| 02:15 | to be a little bit skewed from others. These are trust falls. |
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| 02:21 | are the Reds are all normal He's blues to mourn or false. |
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| 02:27 | then the the blue The light blues here strikes the falls and the hollow |
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| 02:35 | down here. The whole reds are again. So if we put some |
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| 02:41 | some lines on that thing is a displacement ratio of one like displacement ratio |
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| 02:48 | 10 length displacement ratio of 100 like of about 1000. So these these |
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| 03:00 | numbers bracket most of the data, , the strikes of false. Here's |
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| 03:05 | little bit scared on that, but because the displacement throttle is not necessarily |
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| 03:12 | displacement. So that excuse these And this red line represents the rule |
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| 03:19 | thumb that the length to throw ratios 15. So if I have a |
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| 03:26 | with, let's say, 100 years , I can estimate that it z |
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| 03:32 | have about It's gonna be how the of about five kilometers. Right? |
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| 03:44 | this is something that we can use help interpret the seismic data you see |
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| 03:49 | . I'm looking at a why. Concert from three suspects. I have |
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| 03:55 | idea. And a closet. That is trending along here. You and |
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| 04:02 | diamonds here, here and here also the intersections of fault sticks with robotic |
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| 04:13 | . So these are essentially fault strikes . This trend of these essentially represents |
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| 04:19 | strike of the form. And so I'm looking at here has been interpreted |
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| 04:25 | a 10 kilometer long strike slip But if I look at any run |
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| 04:33 | across here, I see the slip . The fault is less than 50 |
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| 04:39 | . So is that. And this , ah, discussion questions that a |
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| 04:46 | length to throw ratio using our 1 50 rule. Good. Anybody speak |
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| 05:02 | and give me their guests? It slow. Do it if you go |
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| 05:15 | that plot. I discovered groups So if I have a 50 m |
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| 05:25 | before, bitch, why value in intersection? 10 Clamor fault life really |
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| 05:35 | of this cluster of data, displaced a 50 m is right. I |
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| 05:42 | expect that fault have a displacement somewhere along this red line of about 2.5 |
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| 05:50 | , about 2500 m and sort of we're what we're looking at with something |
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| 05:56 | this is probably a Siris of disconnected on false. And that's important because |
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| 06:03 | means that thes Siri's defaults would not any reservoir up here. You |
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| 06:10 | fall tips here and over here, would allow fluids to float around these |
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| 06:16 | on DSO fox like this with this of low displacement length ratio with long |
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| 06:25 | your reservoir. Right. Okay, we're looking at another plot of or |
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| 06:38 | versus fall 20 ft. Uh You see, most of the data |
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| 06:43 | here between through with 10 and throwing through length ratio of about 100. |
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| 06:50 | ? What might be responsible for these here or over here again? Four |
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| 07:00 | open. Anybody speak up? Bad bad. Bad data is a |
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| 07:13 | But what in terms of the Yes. So, over in this |
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| 07:31 | this cluster, we're seeing a lot we're seeing three sticks, falls row |
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| 07:39 | interpreters, long displacement, and so each one of these points really represents |
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| 07:47 | shorter fault on if we apply that to 50 ratio at this point, |
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| 07:54 | point is extreme and wind up somewhere in here. So this cluster probably |
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| 08:00 | a lot of small faults that have over correlated in the seismic data |
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| 08:11 | Conversely, over here way have a of highly throw falls that air interpreted |
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| 08:18 | have really short flex hold on. so probably thes false are would be |
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| 08:29 | that. If this throw is the false they're probably much longer. |
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| 08:33 | of being a couple 100 ft long a couple 1000 ft long and belonging |
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| 08:39 | in this cluster. Come on. when When we're looking at the scientific |
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| 08:45 | and we're confident of the throw waken guesstimate of what kind of length of |
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| 08:51 | fault should have says. All just listen what I just said in |
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| 09:04 | So you have that for your Okay. The other interesting thing is |
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| 09:12 | the fault zone thickness is the function the displacement. And so I've got |
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| 09:17 | of get out a lot of fall and meters vs fault displacement in meters |
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| 09:26 | these thes lines running through the data ratios off for 1 2001 to 101 |
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| 09:35 | 10 in the Blue line here in Green Line, kind of bound |
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| 09:42 | But the data in here and this to 100 ratio kinda ball statistically runs |
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| 09:49 | the middle of it. So if have a fault in core and I |
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| 09:58 | have a job zone that, let's , 1/10 of the meters of the |
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| 10:03 | centimeters thick, I would expect the to be about 10 m long in |
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| 10:16 | of a. This is really important we talk about the whole compartmentalization and |
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| 10:22 | fault seals, where the fault, and the ability of the fault |
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| 10:28 | retard, floor and P flow is a function of the fault thickness. |
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| 10:34 | we'll talk about that in some Okay, but this is getting in |
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| 10:41 | this, and it's to emphasize that , good rule of thumb is that |
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| 10:45 | displacement is about 100 times the Here's an application of that, and |
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| 10:58 | is another quiz discussion for him. if you have got a cure, |
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| 11:03 | got a core. I've got a fault in there. But, |
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| 11:08 | I just don't fitness in There is so 0.5 m and I want to |
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| 11:17 | I thought I can relate to this in Khobar Google fault in the seismic |
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| 11:24 | with this guy's thickness. What? expected this to be a seismically resolvable |
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| 11:32 | . No. Yeah, so that the right answer You would expect it |
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| 11:42 | be. So if it's if it's m thick and that's that's what a |
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| 11:47 | of thumb you don't expect to have a half meter displacement on that on |
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| 11:53 | fall. And we can get that this trump to scatter plot. So |
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| 12:03 | my throat of 005 m, but just my 1 to 100 line about |
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| 12:10 | about a half a year. So felt like this and core. I |
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| 12:15 | not expect the city on the stars on this, you know, statistically |
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| 12:22 | . It's kind of a fungible It depends on the quality of your |
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| 12:26 | data and, uh, a lot variables that are beyond the geologist |
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| 12:33 | Um, but that half a meter I would not expect to see in |
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| 12:40 | of my stars data. Okay. right. So we're gonna go on |
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| 12:49 | talk about false segmentation. Uh, faults are segmented horizontally and vertically. |
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| 12:57 | the idea of this is that those lips is that we talked about |
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| 13:02 | represent early form, false and that grows. They tend to link up |
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| 13:13 | and increased with increasing deformation. And find something that's important to understand because |
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| 13:19 | relay evaporates individual false statements. Mhm. All right, so the |
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| 13:31 | here is that many faults are not single plane, their discontinuous or segment |
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| 13:37 | their individual ellipses. Oh, and those dis continuity is to influence those |
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| 13:44 | distribution. So here we're looking uh, slip vs length data from |
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| 13:52 | sets of faults, One from coal in the UK, another from the |
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| 13:57 | top. Get tough in California. you see, the individual thoughts go |
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| 14:03 | a minimum to a maximum, a again. And then it's taken up |
|
| 14:10 | another fault here, with the minimum maximum and a minimum here in a |
|
| 14:17 | fault here with minimum here, here and here. In the maximum |
|
| 14:23 | towards the middle of this false So the and we see a stomach |
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| 14:29 | here with 12345678 different fault. The profile is analogous to that of a |
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| 14:40 | fault, but it's in fact, of different fault segments. Eso We'll |
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| 14:48 | a large displacement on some of these , but we'll still have rams around |
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| 14:55 | faults, allowing flow between the different . And this is something depending on |
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| 15:03 | size of resolution. We may not able to resolve this, and this |
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| 15:07 | part of the uncertainty we'll talk about false feels. Here's here's another. |
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| 15:15 | example, things is from the canyon in Utah. This is published by |
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| 15:22 | insults. Any city Nice, Ted here, actually displacement here, |
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| 15:30 | tip line here and that it doesn't directly with this next fault. |
|
| 15:36 | in between we have this ran that's as a relay ran between this fall |
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| 15:43 | this fall, and this just serves relay the displacement from one fault to |
|
| 15:49 | next. Uh, this this is extent, uh, all right, |
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| 15:57 | , from Arches in Utah, if of you have been at the arches |
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| 16:01 | hiked up to the delicate arch walk on the trail trip goes up This |
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| 16:07 | really ramp on the fault hears about m. It has about 10 |
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| 16:12 | Just throw. But in between you this really ramp that separates the two |
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| 16:19 | false statements. And so this is opportune three D cartoon diagram showing the |
|
| 16:31 | of a relate around. So I one fault here despite been here for |
|
| 16:36 | horizon here, consulted here, cut another false here up throwing the football |
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| 16:44 | off the down through the hanging rock off Hi displacement here dying out to |
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| 16:50 | tip and this really ramp in That's gonna allow communication of fluids from |
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| 16:56 | overall down through inside into this overall from inside. Some of these really |
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| 17:02 | are gonna limit our, uh, of the false to trap a large |
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| 17:09 | column or to compartmentalize a large Israel and grandfather pressure communication from one |
|
| 17:18 | of these falls to the other side falls. So here's a Here's a |
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| 17:26 | example of these on sort of 100 scale, and these come from on |
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| 17:32 | Ethiopian rift system in Central Africa and put off here. So that's my |
|
| 17:40 | . Well, cut off football cut running a launch here along the |
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| 17:46 | A next fault is over here with hanging while cut off here, a |
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| 17:50 | here and the down thrown side here then in between. I've just got |
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| 17:55 | basically folded later. All right, to this'll represents a really ramp that |
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| 18:05 | communication from here to the down thrown . And that's that's just a beautiful |
|
| 18:15 | of this some kind of hundreds of scale. Yeah. So this is |
|
| 18:23 | getting in on that. We're here in the yellow. The really it's |
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| 18:31 | up by some false, but its continuous from the upturn side into the |
|
| 18:34 | thrown side. Whereas over here, got almost plenty of this fault shown |
|
| 18:41 | in the wider lips where that really has been broken through. So this |
|
| 18:49 | essentially propagated laterally from somewhere here in center to the right, into the |
|
| 18:56 | and then linked up with another similar . What? Her fault segment here |
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| 19:01 | here. The displacement was sufficient to through the really ramp and connect these |
|
| 19:06 | false here has not been sufficient. breakthrough and connect up the false. |
|
| 19:12 | actually have a really ramp in between gets through the distinction of a intact |
|
| 19:24 | ramp from a reached relate ramp. here I've got a schematic three D |
|
| 19:30 | of two different, really ramped. , Computer fault one and fall to |
|
| 19:36 | the really ramp is continuous between those you'll see this referred to in the |
|
| 19:42 | as an intact relay round Or or it's referred to as an active rely |
|
| 19:48 | , really around here, the fault through. You still have this folded |
|
| 19:56 | of the football, but the false always go through it Don't completely go |
|
| 20:01 | it. So this is referred to a breach, relate, ran or |
|
| 20:06 | as a passive relay. So this been Oh, this has been broken |
|
| 20:10 | the fault. Connecting through that really on. This is the example talking |
|
| 20:21 | from Arches National. The trail of delicate arch basically comes along here and |
|
| 20:29 | go this up this really ramp and on to give you a delicate arch |
|
| 20:35 | off here fault. A heater thought here sort of tens of meters of |
|
| 20:41 | along each one of these dying out in one case here in the other |
|
| 20:46 | and not breaking through this thing, really ramp and And this this is |
|
| 20:51 | cool example, because you can actually out in and see it in |
|
| 20:55 | Come and see how these faults don't . And what this freely, |
|
| 20:59 | actually does okay in the in our way have examples of breached really |
|
| 21:12 | So here's fault. A Don't be upfront. Any wall cut off here |
|
| 21:19 | line here hanging. We'll cut off , football cut off here in a |
|
| 21:26 | ramp in between. But none of really ramp is actually broken by another |
|
| 21:32 | that intersect being involved A here. this is a breached, uh, |
|
| 21:40 | gonna prevent any communication from fluids from side of the ball to the |
|
| 21:47 | We also have what are termed doubling relays where this really ramp is broken |
|
| 21:53 | both ends so broken on the throne of the up side eso here as |
|
| 21:59 | . So the upkeep side here and inside here with this isolated fault block |
|
| 22:06 | between the two main falls Yeah, . That brings us to the idea |
|
| 22:15 | conservation of throat. And that's the that where we have to faults intersecting |
|
| 22:22 | the blue Falls in the red throat the Red Fault. Here, off |
|
| 22:27 | throw is calling the falls. So maximum throat here on C is equal |
|
| 22:34 | the some off the fall through on in the fall through on B. |
|
| 22:41 | this is this is helpful when we're false and seismic data to understand our |
|
| 22:49 | displacements and, uh, correlation of Well, if I'm certain of the |
|
| 22:56 | displacement here and maybe over here, not over here. Uh, I |
|
| 23:02 | estimate that the throw displacement on being going to be equal to C |
|
| 23:08 | The displacement on a oh on C deep into the some of these |
|
| 23:13 | If I know any two of these the seismic data, I can estimate |
|
| 23:18 | the third one of those is And this is an example of how |
|
| 23:30 | faults show that rule to synthetic normal up thrown on the north started |
|
| 23:39 | thrown on the south side Here. total displacement on fault worn is about |
|
| 23:46 | ft and then it's broken into two falls through about 300 ft in about |
|
| 23:53 | 100 ft so that the some of is, uh is consistent that the |
|
| 24:00 | of the parts equals the displacement on throat. So that's for synthetic false |
|
| 24:09 | empathetic, false. Now I've got throwing here on the north side, |
|
| 24:17 | from here on the south side. now this is anti aesthetic. So |
|
| 24:22 | up thrown fault is here on the side, down thrown on the north |
|
| 24:26 | here. And if I have 1000 and 600 ft of displacement here, |
|
| 24:34 | have to have about 400 ft of here. And one way you can |
|
| 24:41 | of this is if you if you this circle, if you start on |
|
| 24:45 | side of the fault, walk walk across money fault, walk across |
|
| 24:50 | second fault and then climb back up fend up where you started so that |
|
| 24:59 | some of these three past the the large displacement on the main |
|
| 25:09 | Now, first it changes again. here's my main fall with 600 ft |
|
| 25:15 | truck here down thrown to the south ft here, down thrown to the |
|
| 25:24 | And on this guy I'm down, to the north. And so if |
|
| 25:31 | take 600 ft, subtract 300 That leaves about 300 ft for off |
|
| 25:38 | fall. So any time I have fault, I can use some of |
|
| 25:44 | displacements, our son to the displacement to mate what the displacement on the |
|
| 25:50 | is. And that's in 17 interpretation more useful for identifying what my what |
|
| 26:01 | horizon like this should be so If I think I've got 600 ft |
|
| 26:10 | , has been here on, and not sure what Horizon is in |
|
| 26:15 | the displacement between these two guys needs be equal about 300 ft, six |
|
| 26:22 | machine. So I can use the to estimate what horizon is president in |
|
| 26:30 | intermediate fault rocks. So let me jump from one side of faulty of |
|
| 26:36 | other. Uh, I contest that make sure that these displacements add up |
|
| 26:43 | , uh, some of what I on the main fall, right scaling |
|
| 26:54 | really ramp conventions. So what I've here is on the X axis, |
|
| 27:04 | transfer throat. So that's that's the that has to be transferred from one |
|
| 27:12 | to the next. So the transfer of this fault represents the throw at |
|
| 27:17 | point. Um, transfer. Throwing fault represents the throw at this |
|
| 27:23 | Overlap length is that distance between the transfer points and so these things sort |
|
| 27:36 | started scale. But between about one , 1 to 10 thio one Thio |
|
| 27:49 | , here to point point 1.9 But it doesn't help me separate intact |
|
| 27:56 | reached ramps. So in the in holiday symbols here I have reached tramps |
|
| 28:05 | you see, they extend the whole a whole swat swat a scatter plot |
|
| 28:12 | I could here, like the reach , they also in the solid |
|
| 28:17 | extend the whole swab off of Even though these air there's some systematics |
|
| 28:24 | this relationship, I can't use them distinguish when I have got a relay |
|
| 28:37 | . All right. We've been talking false segmentation in the horizontal dimension. |
|
| 28:43 | , now false segmentation in the vertical . Remember when we talked about false |
|
| 28:52 | or I talked about being ellipsis, so they have. They have a |
|
| 28:59 | tip line, and they also have vertical tip line. Those were gonna |
|
| 29:04 | up to form through going fault. they're gonna cause it X placement Donald |
|
| 29:10 | going to fall to Very. And shown in the conceptual model here on |
|
| 29:16 | right, Waken started out with four ellipses and with increasing displacement, they |
|
| 29:27 | up vertically as well as a It's worth Donnelly us what profile it's |
|
| 29:38 | have minimum on it there in the . So in the early stages of |
|
| 29:44 | development, once the link up, they're going to decide that Arab the |
|
| 29:55 | . A little time that I talked earlier, a profile of a vertical |
|
| 30:02 | , blood maximum toe, mineral again maximum thio alot to a maximum to |
|
| 30:10 | minimum Over here in the start. what leads us to that is that |
|
| 30:17 | speak a fault. Coming through here of diapers out of that two point |
|
| 30:24 | theater, with the displacement increasing as go down there. But in |
|
| 30:30 | I've just got a folded layer that that separates these two falls vertically in |
|
| 30:38 | interpretation. It would just to blast single fault through there. It's not |
|
| 30:44 | accurate way actually. Have a stone no displacement dinner in the middle of |
|
| 30:50 | fault. Okay, Maria, that another 45 minutes. So we take |
|
| 31:04 | break here so you can download that Snag it. Yes. Thank |
|
| 31:11 | Thank you. That's good. Thank . Okay, that will take about |
|
| 31:18 | five minute break. Your take, , |
|
