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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture17_0701
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00:03 Okay. So here we are, day of class boo. I like
00:09 . Alright, good. You got shot away. See you didn't
00:12 Alright. Just reminders. Uh We an extra credit. Right? That's
00:18 pretest extra credit. We do not a post test this time. So
00:21 means your pretest extra credit is five instead of 2.5. So write it
00:27 , put it in your phone, it takes to remember to do
00:30 Secondly we have another extra credit. right. Um so my chair really
00:36 to have big numbers for the course and a couple years back I you
00:43 when we first went to digital I I started saying, Hey I'll make
00:47 an extra credit because like participation rates these are like 30% and she likes
00:53 numbers And when I did that I like 85, participation rates. And
00:58 know, they she likes that. this is how if you do the
01:05 this is kind of a group right? So if you do the
01:09 evaluations as a group, right? don't care if they're good or
01:12 I prefer good but I mean be in them. I mean if you
01:15 you thought this class sucked or I mean to you or you know,
01:19 all sorts of horrible things and you that in there, that's fine.
01:22 if I was like awesome and perfect every possible way just put mary Poppins
01:26 give me all fives or whatever. . Anyway, If 50% of the
01:30 does the course evaluations, everyone gets points on their final grade Right?
01:39 So on and so on and so . If 90% or better do the
01:44 evaluations, then everyone gets a full on their final grade. Now it
01:48 sound like a big deal, but can be a big deal because remember
01:52 curve figure out where you are. your point bumps you up a
01:59 Do you do you see this? do I got here? What what
02:02 you got going on? Hey. right. Are we ready? Are
02:06 ready for some honesty? How many are gonna group me? Alright,
02:10 there you go. You know how communicate with each other. This,
02:14 is not a mystery to me. done this. I do this with
02:18 of 400 people where 40 people show And somehow magically I end up with
02:24 85-90% participation rates. You will find , you will fake it. You
02:30 . I don't know, you can't can't fake it. But anyway,
02:34 , so those are the those are big ones. Right? Um I
02:38 to try what I don't like I don't like the evaluations occurring before
02:42 last exam, but apparently the day deadline for that is the sixth,
02:47 day of our exam. And so like, alright, well, gotta
02:52 it done. So gotta get it . So do your course evaluations,
02:57 just for this class, but do for all the classes, I'm sure
03:00 emailing you regularly. Are they? that? See you. They used
03:05 email me regularly now. They get email you regularly. So that's that
03:08 my life easier. All right. last day of class, covering two
03:14 things today, we're finishing up the pathways kind of cleaning up a little
03:19 of the nervous system in terms of . You know, we're gonna be
03:24 at two types of reflexes here. we're gonna jump into the autonomic nervous
03:29 . Finally, I've only mentioned it 1000 times and we're gonna kind of
03:33 at this. There are things about systems that can be kind of scary
03:37 like I said, they have big . We're gonna be looking at these
03:41 that seem to have these really scary names. But we're going to see
03:45 these names really tell us everything. need to know about them. All
03:48 . And one of the ways that can learn these, just create your
03:51 matrix, put your list. This where it starts, this is where
03:54 goes to, this is you know type of information it's carrying and you'll
03:57 much be just fine. All And then we do that in our
04:02 system. It's the same sort of . Parasympathetic is easy, sympathetic is
04:07 the opposite but it has some nuance it that can make a little
04:11 Alright and when I say that I that that triggers some of you guys
04:14 like oh no it's hard so it's be hard now. Don't do
04:18 I'm just putting that warning up there that it slows you down. Don't
04:22 like my daughter who rushes through and numbers like three plus four and gets
04:27 because she does I don't know multiplication she shouldn't. Anyway so here we
04:38 we're talking about these direct and the pathways. The direct pathways go by
04:42 name. Sometimes these are the pyramidal . So they're gonna originate in the
04:48 motor cortex. Remember that's where where we're starting, we're doing all
04:52 communication finally information goes to primary motor and it comes down and goes to
04:56 muscles. Now what we're gonna do these is we're gonna go to the
04:59 stem and the spinal cord? I'm pause here for a second because it's
05:02 easy to go alright, brain stem spinal why would we go down the
05:06 cord? What sort of muscles are innovating if we're going down to the
05:09 cord, everything you know? Right everything down if you're going to the
05:15 which are what are you? Head neck? Yeah I saw that you're
05:21 that right? So head and Alright so don't let like big words
05:25 wait a second, why is it to the brain set because it has
05:27 exit out that way and it goes your facial nerves, right? So
05:30 can do things like this right? see I controlled that. Do you
05:36 how that was That was consciously So the two tracks that are going
05:40 be formed here if we got going the brain stem and spinal cord is
05:44 spinal cortical bulb er Alright, now one's easy, right? Goes from
05:48 cortex to the Alright, so it to the cortex to the I don't
05:53 . That's weird. Well bulb er to that bulge of the brain stem
05:58 is the bulge of the brain Well ponds. Oh, that's where
06:05 name comes from. All right, it's a little bit nuanced, but
06:12 going to be the bulgy part of brain stem. Alright, now,
06:17 these do And that's why pause. you guys think about it for a
06:20 . Cause I want to show you you guys already know some of these
06:22 . You don't need me to get here and tell you everything. But
06:26 idea here is we're controlling skeletal Alright, so, again, we're
06:30 from the primary cortex. We're projecting to the spinal cord. This is
06:33 cortical spinal track. All right. gonna be two different tracks that you're
06:38 be using. All right? They're come down, They cross over,
06:43 ? And then they keep going So there's gonna be this devastation.
06:47 they're forming, remember we talked about pyramids, We saw the devastation in
06:50 pyramids. That's what's going on And they're gonna sin apps on those
06:55 motor neurons that are located in the horn. Right. So the two
07:00 are the lateral cortical spinal track. the ventral cortical spinal track lateral would
07:06 They're in the lateral side, right over there. So, you
07:11 where they are there in the ventral there in the lateral funicula sauce said
07:16 live. So, remember there's a pair now, where does the devastation
07:23 for the lateral? This is what was referring to in the medulla.
07:27 you're dealing with here is the appendix skeleton or the perpendicular muscles.
07:36 So where are those arms, All right, That's easy. All
07:44 , ventral devastation is occurring at the of the spinal cord. So what
07:49 doing is you come straight down and you cross over. Okay. And
07:54 you're crossing over here, you're dealing the axial skeletal muscles. Alright.
08:00 these muscles just pretend that I don't all those that fat and stuff.
08:07 right. That was easy. That's cortical spinal axel and appendix color skeleton
08:16 bulb. Er we've already mentioned. deals with the muscles of the
08:20 So look, we're dealing with facial , chewing tongue movement, swallowing all
08:24 fun stuff. Alright, we're projecting the brain stem. Alright we're extending
08:30 these lower motor neurons. You can here we are in the ponds and
08:34 are we doing? We're coming out we're forming the motor neurons for cranial
08:40 . I'm not going to sit here go which cranial nerves are being
08:43 Okay, that's not what we're interested here. We already understand conceptually which
08:48 are going to be right, face so and so forth. All right
08:55 muscles, the jaw. Face What do you think? Pretty
09:00 Critical Bulba track. Easy. Can can you all stick your tongues out
09:05 me? Go on. I double you. Yeah. Okay. And
09:13 now you're smiling. See your conscious . Just think of face.
09:19 Everyone swallow cortical Bulba track Now the ones. These are the indirect
09:28 the indirect pathways are going to originate the brain stem. See they're not
09:34 from the primary motor cortex there, further down brain stem. And what
09:39 gonna do is they're gonna project down the spinal cord. So the names
09:43 where they start and where they Alright so now it's just a matter
09:48 looking at the name and understanding what name represents. Some of these are
09:52 to be kind of easy. The stimulus. What do you think
09:59 debut lure nuclei? We've already talked that. That's gonna be kind of
10:05 . That's gonna be kind of weird not so bad in particular. We
10:09 something I had particular in it, you? Yeah, particular. So
10:16 we had the particular activating system. , okay. That one's gonna be
10:22 and I'll show that one in a . How about this one tech
10:25 There was a part of the brain that was called the take them.
10:31 right. See it's not hard. , they give you all these scary
10:36 , scary words. Just mean taking know words and jamming them together instead
10:42 being called William robert. You're now bob. Okay. All right.
10:50 once again, lots of words up , let's just get right down to
10:54 nitty gritty. You can see here we have when it comes to the
10:58 spinal track. We have one that immediately located one that is laterally
11:02 Hence the terms. Alright, where they go? Well, they're going
11:07 primarily deal with um the, the of balance and posture. Alright,
11:15 the media one? Remember our bodies . So the more lateral you
11:19 the further down you're going to be right? And so the more media
11:23 are um did I get that And at least with these because we're
11:26 downward immediately, you're going to be up higher. All right. So
11:30 just gonna point out really, really . What you're dealing with is postural
11:35 muscles when you're dealing with lateral and dealing with neck muscles to keep your
11:39 still when you're dealing with medial. right. So when you're walking and
11:44 keeping your head straight, that would the media of the stimulus spinal
11:49 Okay. Now remember these are motor . These are not sensory neurons,
11:53 neurons. So the upper motor neuron said, where do they originate in
11:58 lateral or the medial vestibular nuclei. what's being shown here. They're going
12:03 project downward. This is gonna be the lateral side. Do you know
12:07 Iptc lateral means? Same side. lateral would be opposite side.
12:13 so they're projecting on the lateral Alright. Um The other thing I
12:18 to point out to you here, all going to the ventral.
12:24 It's What was that? There was else I want to point out
12:28 That's why I have notes for me . No. This wasn't on this
12:32 . There's one where it's like one one inhibits So that's what I want
12:37 to be aware of. So lateral , vestibular. Remember deals with balance
12:42 posture equilibrium. So lateral is going be postural skeletal muscles, medial vestibular
12:50 going to be the head. That's the key thing to take away
12:52 this one. All right. Remember? It deals with the reticulated
13:00 . Alright. So what we're gonna doing is two things. This is
13:04 one. So uh if this is be inhibitory, that's more of an
13:09 . Alright. But what we're doing we're again dealing with motion or
13:14 reflexive muscles, a little bit of . So the particular formation, remember
13:19 particular formation do? Falling asleep, asleep, jerk myself awake,
13:25 So medial is going to be found the ponds. Alright. So sometimes
13:30 to as the pond tiene particular spinal . The lateral one is starts up
13:36 the medulla, so it's sometimes referred as the medullary. So that's what
13:40 is trying to show you. There's , here's the medulla, they're showing
13:43 the nuclear or the particular formation, region where it originates. All right
13:50 they're going to affect the extensive This one is more excitatory. This
13:54 is primarily inhibitory, is kind of key things that we're trying to take
13:59 from that. There's gonna be some stuff that we're going to deal with
14:02 , but that's an important right now trying to deal primarily with the skeletal
14:07 that are consciously controlled room bro, to read. So this one originates
14:17 the red nucleus or the red nuclei . Right? So we're gonna start
14:23 the upper is gonna be in the nucleus, it's received input from the
14:27 . Remember what the cerebellum is responsible movement, right? So what we're
14:33 be doing is we're going to primarily dealing with innovating muscles that are associated
14:37 flexion and telling them what to they're going to cross over, go
14:42 through the lateral funicula and act on contra lateral side. Alright, so
14:46 primarily these these tracks are going to dealing with the question of flexing
14:52 And then the next one is going be dealing with extending muscles if I
14:57 . No, that was actually the one. So this is extension,
15:00 is flexion. Okay, so Extension flexion. All right. Finally
15:11 . Um this is gonna be movement the head. Remember the superior
15:16 Someone says, hey, right, move your head. That's for the
15:20 calculus. Super calculus to see something whizzing past your head. What do
15:24 do? I saw on my patio night sitting out there drinking a couple
15:30 of wine with some buddies, some of ours and what do I see
15:34 across the fence? No, it even worse. It was small and
15:40 . Thank you, yep. What I do? I see that
15:45 My eyes turned a little tiny, thing running across the top. I
15:50 rats. I'm actually allergic to That's one of the reasons why I
15:54 do research anymore. After about a of working with rats and being sick
16:01 time I worked around him, I like Hmm. So I put on
16:04 in 95 and I was no longer know sick when I did this.
16:10 it work with mice. Just fine . Something about rat dander anyway,
16:17 you get to learn all sorts of things about me. All right.
16:20 , so tech does final. So gonna be up here in the
16:23 Um the superior calculus, that's the motor neuron. What we're doing is
16:28 going to be that movement of our in response to visual stimulus and then
16:33 works again on the contra lateral You can see there's that devastation right
16:38 . So red nucleus did the the detective's final track. Does the
16:44 as well. Right. But we're with head, neck movement in response
16:49 visual cues. Alright. Those are indirect pathways. That was easy,
16:54 it? The names are scary. actual idea is not so bad.
17:03 one of the things that your body to do is it likes to repeat
17:08 . Alright, repeating actions is kind makes things a lot easier. So
17:13 of things that are repeated actions, ? Me walking. Is that a
17:17 action? It's the same movement over over, dribbling a basketball. That's
17:21 easy one. Swimming. That would another one riding a bicycle.
17:26 And what you're doing? How about that repeated action? The way those
17:31 actions happen is the result of things central pattern generators. Now these are
17:36 be either in the brainstem or they're be found in the higher cortex.
17:40 what they're doing is they're a series neurons kind of in those uh those
17:46 know, one of those complex networks we kind of described usually the reverberating
17:52 and what they do is they create cycle that regulate when you're going to
17:58 when you're going to extend, you , muscle set. So there's some
18:03 of intrinsic pacemaker property to it. I'm gonna keep that pattern going right
18:10 it's gonna be responsible for any of rhythmic movements that you do. And
18:14 the example that the book, this from another book that I have,
18:18 basically shows a cat if you've ever a cat, they, you
18:21 moved their two legs together and then move the other two legs together and
18:25 just keep doing that over and over . Right? And that's what this
18:28 trying to show you. It's like the extension which sits right there and
18:32 you get flexion and then you get extension. Then you get a
18:35 it's just repeated over and over and again. And that's what you do
18:38 well whenever you move, whenever you . Whenever you breathe breathing is basically
18:43 contraction, a sustained contraction of the muscles. So what you're doing is
18:48 increasing the number of neurons that are that an increasing number of muscles that
18:52 contracting. And then at the end that when you when you basically brought
18:56 as much as you can uh part the pattern generators to come back and
19:00 the signal so that you then let all go. Yeah. When.
19:11 . Yes. Mhm. I don't why that happens, right? I
19:19 you're talking about so here I am and you come up with me and
19:21 start matching my pattern. I just that's just probably behavior of of herd
19:28 or something like that. And it's completely unconsciously because Yeah. And the
19:32 thing is that you'll notice that people with cadence, right? So if
19:35 like in your car and you see walking and you start playing music,
19:38 like, oh yeah they're moving with beat there listening to my music just
19:42 , you know? But it's just think it has something to do with
19:46 being able to see people. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. Let
19:51 let me go back. Mhm. . So I'm not gonna be I'm
20:01 gonna ask that really. Probably what gonna do with these if I'm asking
20:05 on the test is what's what's the of this, of this track.
20:09 know? Again, you know, just I'm gonna warn you now for
20:14 of you going on into professional schools you dive down deep into these
20:17 And so this is kind of us your toe in and kind of
20:20 alright, what are some of the that are going along, right?
20:25 . The worst is I mean you see here, I mean this these
20:28 very large chunks. but like when take neuro anatomy which you will if
20:34 go to medical school you'll take neuro what they'll do is they'll give you
20:38 know 10 micro not 10 micron sliced very thin slices and they're like what's
20:43 track right here? So you have know where you are and what you're
20:47 at and yeah, loads of But for us was the texas final
20:54 too. Does it decorate? And not like probably gonna ask that question
20:59 . What does it do? Two . I thought I already talked about
21:06 but apparently I deleted them from an lecture. So yea me boo
21:11 I don't know what I want to about here. Are these two
21:15 What is called the stretch reflex? is called the golgi tendon reflex.
21:19 these are reflect these reflexes are there protect your muscle um And to also
21:27 you to establish the degree of stretch you want to produce. Alright now
21:35 really don't have good examples of But the idea here behind the stretch
21:40 is that what we're doing is whenever move your muscle you're trying to move
21:44 to a certain point. Right? for example, I'm just gonna steal
21:49 notebook for a second if I'm handed notebook and I was like all
21:53 I want to hold the notebook out to the side, right? I
21:56 to stretch my muscles a certain amount ensure that that book is being held
22:01 to the side just like this. right. If I sit here for
22:04 while, my muscles are gonna get of tired and the book is gonna
22:07 of go down. All right. what my muscles are gonna say,
22:10 , no, you can't do that she's gonna threaten me with a gun
22:12 say if you drop that notebook, going to kill you. So,
22:15 brain's like, no, no, , we're gonna keep this right up
22:17 . Like, so, okay, I'm gonna do this forever. Because
22:21 I had ever dropped this, you're to murder me. Right?
22:25 how does the brain know where the needs to go? And that's what
22:29 stretch reflects deals with. All And so, what we have is
22:33 is our muscle group, right? , basically this is a muscle that's
22:36 the contraction. And what you're gonna is you have two kinds of muscles
22:40 are involved here. Alright, So you have these muscles called the inter
22:45 fibers. Alright. And you wrap in connective tissue. We saw this
22:49 kind of briefly where we're like, yeah, there's these alpha neurons and
22:53 gamma neurons. And you're like, , whatever dr wayne, because I'm
22:55 gonna pretend like I learned something earlier I just completely forgot about not realizing
22:59 course, that I hadn't touched anything it, Right? But the idea
23:03 I have these gamma neurons in there are stretching along with the um extra
23:08 cell fibers. So interviews and extra cell. So it's basically referring to
23:13 this structure and the connective tissue. they're both stretching. And so what
23:18 doing is they're are to monitor the of stretch as we have sensory fibers
23:23 are associated with these inter few And what they're doing is they're communicating
23:27 to the alphas to tell the alpha the ones on the outside make modifications
23:33 upon what's going on here on the . Alright, So when I lifted
23:37 that book, I'm stretching the interviews fibers and I'm stretching the extra fuel
23:42 fibers. But if the inter few fibers get overstretched or under stretched,
23:47 willing to detect that degree of over under. Does that make sense?
23:52 I'm I'm measuring how much stretch is on there and then the century fibers
23:58 to the ones that are on the , The extra few cell fibers,
24:01 ones out here. And what they is it says, oh, you're
24:05 overstretched. You need to contract And so it's going to create a
24:10 contraction back to the notebook, she's happy that I'm grabbing her stuff,
24:16 ? So as this is pulling what would happen to the muscles will
24:22 overstretched. So I'm detecting the And so that's going to tell that
24:27 that's doing this over, that that's for maintaining this to contract harder,
24:33 ? And so what I'm now doing I'm maintaining the degree of stretch that
24:37 to be done to keep the notebook falling downward. Okay. Yes.
24:45 eventually what will happen is you'll exhaust muscle fatigue and drop it. But
24:48 can think about the same way, ? I mean, I can put
24:50 much uh contraction and now I'm lifting book up and of course, if
24:55 lift the book up, she's gonna really upset and she's gonna blow me
24:58 . So no, no, we do that. If I over
25:01 it's saying, no, no, over contracting, inhibit the alpha motor
25:05 so that they can relax so that can produce the right amount of stretch
25:10 order to keep the book where it's it is. Yes, ma'am.
25:18 . So when you're pulling a you know, I mean,
25:21 you know, like injury, pull muscle. So what's happening there is
25:27 and I'm gonna be careful here is idea is that you strained the
25:31 you did a contraction and it expected be able to move and it
25:37 It basically it's like I'm gonna put hand on the other side of that
25:42 , right? And I'm gonna hit wall and basically that's stopping me and
25:46 muscles what I can't go any I'm expecting to go further, but
25:49 can't And so that pulling of that is basically not reaching the degree of
25:54 , it's supposed to do. And it responds an injury basically you've you've
25:59 a little bit of harm. All . So that's kind of how the
26:03 reflex works of what I've described Alright. And so this is basically
26:08 if you need the language right internally interviews, als they have gammon motor
26:14 out here. That's extra Feustel alpha neurons. There's a sensory neuron that's
26:19 the gamma. So, I'm detecting going on here, so I can
26:22 what's going on out here what to . Alright, now I have here
26:29 of I've listed also plays a role uh antagonistic movement or you know,
26:35 inhibition. So basically these two muscles fighting against each other. So as
26:39 one is being stretched, I need relax that one when this one is
26:42 stretched to relax that one. So kind of play that role of how
26:45 communicate with each other. All Golgi tendon is I'm looking at the
26:51 of stretch in the tendon, not the muscle. Alright, so,
26:56 , I'm just gonna use this and need you to visualize. All
26:59 So you can imagine this has a amount of weight, right? And
27:02 have it out in front of me got my stretch going on and I
27:06 hold it up now let's start stacking on top of the book,
27:11 So as you, as you might as every time I put a brick
27:16 on top of there, we're gonna down and there's gonna be a certain
27:20 of stretch that's overstretching and I'm gonna back. Which one is that
27:24 That's the stretch reflex, right? every time you add weight, you're
27:27 see me go down and return back original as a result of the stretch
27:32 . But eventually, if you stack bricks on here, the weight is
27:35 to overcome the amount of tension my can do and I can fight it
27:42 ? Because I'm a strong guy, can sit here and I can keep
27:46 fighting and fighting and fighting. But going to happen is as that muscle
27:50 more and more and more. It's on that tendon, right? Because
27:53 tendon is attached to the bone. so the amount of stretch, because
27:58 tendon is a stretchable substance. As stretches, You're now starting to
28:03 If I pull too tight on a , can I break the rope?
28:08 that's what's going on here is I break the tendon, right? If
28:12 contract too hard here, I can that. So the purpose of the
28:17 you tend in Oregon is basically a receptor. Looking at the degree of
28:22 that's occurring in the tendon and if starts feeling like the tendon is being
28:27 ? It says uh no, this bad. I'm going to tear the
28:31 off of the bone and I don't that to happen. So, let's
28:37 ahead and stop contracting the muscle. what do you do? You relax
28:43 muscle and the muscle, Let's go whatever it is. And so I'd
28:46 all the bricks or whatnot. Mhm. Very, very pretty.
28:57 where you where it's like Yeah, , I'm not sure. I
29:07 I'm aware of that. So, the question that you're asking here is
29:10 , no, no. So, be the opposite. It's it's
29:13 alright, we've all tried to lift that was way too heavy,
29:17 You're holding. It's like, you , it could be anything. You
29:20 it up, it's like, carry like this, right? But there's
29:22 be that point where it's like, have to drop this. But imagine
29:26 a gun to the back of your and you're not allowed to drop
29:29 right? You've got to keep holding . Eventually, your body's going to
29:32 say, I'm sorry, we're going tear the muscle. That's what this
29:37 . And that's when you the muscle itself. That's why I tried I
29:42 to use it where it's like, try to do a mind over matter
29:45 ? I'm gonna look back at the , right? So, have you
29:51 lifted a weight that was too heavy you. Alright. So let's let's
29:55 it a safe one. Let's say doing a dead lift, right?
29:59 doing a dead lift, You lift up, lift it up. And
30:00 happens is your body just says, can't do this and it's like down
30:04 goes, right? You basically you kind of just let it go,
30:09 ? That's what the Golgi tendon reflex responsible for. All right? It
30:15 tells that muscle stop doing what you're or you're going to cause damage to
30:20 muscle. And so it relaxes the and you let it go.
30:35 no, it's just the reflexes But you're trying to Well,
30:39 in those cases, it's probably you you've torn the muscle, you haven't
30:43 the tendon, right? So, done that when I was in high
30:47 . You know, I thought I really cool and lift heavy weights,
30:50 know, football and all that And I remember tearing it. It
30:53 awful. It was a small but it was like, this is
30:58 . And But it's not tearing against tendon. You're not tearing the tendon
31:03 because that's when your It would just up before you got there. What
31:05 did was over stress. The muscle the muscle itself tore. Yeah,
31:12 what that is, right? the Golgi tendon, right, is
31:20 for let me see if it actually prevents excessive contraction in response to increased
31:26 , right? It basically inhibits the that's doing the work. So that
31:31 don't damage that muscle tendon relationship. don't tear the tendon. All
31:42 So, what we're gonna do is we've kind of finished up with those
31:46 . We threw those two reflexes in just to kind of clean things
31:50 Make sure we got everything. The little bit we want to deal with
31:53 is we want to deal with the nervous system. And what this little
31:57 shows you, just so that we kind of get that big picture of
32:00 peripheral nervous system. We talked about central nervous system being where we process
32:06 . The peripheral nervous system, we , receives information. So, it's
32:10 and it outputs information its motor. that's kind of what this is trying
32:14 show. You say, look, our peripheral nervous system. We got
32:16 motor neurons. We have sensory sensory uh structures, take up
32:22 send it to the central nervous and then the central nervous system figures
32:26 what you're supposed to do with And then it outputs to the motor
32:30 of the uh peripheral nervous system. so where are we sending that
32:35 We say muscles and glands. if we're talking muscles, skeletal
32:39 anything that's under voluntary control is going be somatic in nature. All
32:44 But if it's not something that we're controlling, consciously aware of, voluntarily
32:50 , then it falls into this That's the autonomic nervous system.
32:54 for example, there are muscles that part of the autonomic nervous system.
33:00 would be your cardiac muscle and your muscle. Alright. Everyone, I
33:03 you to make your heart stop beating second go. Can can you do
33:10 ? No? Right. It is controlled by conscious thought. It's regulated
33:16 this unique system. Make yourself stop . You can't make yourself salivate
33:24 Alright, I can't do that. ? Right. But see.
33:30 So like I said, I can you salivate more. I can start
33:33 about a brand fresh, brand new baked brownie. Right, let's go
33:38 and put homemade vanilla ice cream on of that. Some chocolate fudge dripped
33:43 the top, right? Oozing over edges. Oh. And did I
33:47 you that the brownie was actually a fudge brownie? So it actually has
33:49 chips in it. Can that make mouth water a little bit?
33:56 Yeah. Oh yeah. See it's can be trouble. But the point
34:01 that is that if you're salivating that made you your mouth water,
34:07 a function of your response to That imagery. Right? It's not
34:14 function of oh, okay. I do it. You can't make your
34:20 produce more saliva. It's an autonomic , Right? It's in response to
34:27 stimulus, not a response to my to make it happen. All
34:33 So the autonomic nervous system is responsible those involuntary things. Okay, now
34:41 we do is you break it up autonomic nervous system into two divisions.
34:46 we refer to as a sympathetic and is referred to as the parasympathetic?
34:50 sympathetic is sometimes referred to as the or flight. The parasympathetic is sometimes
34:55 to as rest and digest system. it kind of tells you when these
34:59 dominate during your daily activities. So that's what we're gonna do.
35:03 gonna break these things down now. If you wanted to you could memorize
35:07 thing but it's not particularly helpful if do so. But really the idea
35:11 this top thing, right? Skeletal is the target tissue for somatic autonomic
35:16 smooth and cardiac muscle as well as glands of the body. All
35:23 Um Here we're going to see excitation skeletal muscles room. We contract a
35:27 that causes that's the result of Here we're gonna excite or inhibit depending
35:33 whatever our state is. And voluntary versus involuntary all the rest of
35:38 stuff we'll just kind of go through you just have to see as we
35:42 along. The first thing I want do is I want to look at
35:47 some differences here. Alright. when we talk about the somatic
35:51 we said there was a two neuron , but the two neuron chain was
35:55 in the cortex, right? Or the Bulba region. And so that
36:00 the upper neuron. And then you down and then you had a lower
36:04 . Alright. So if you get of the upper neuron right? Then
36:10 chain between the central nervous system and to the target. There's only one
36:18 , right? Because the upper is in the central nervous system.
36:22 When you look at the autonomic nervous , what you're going to see is
36:26 we have for our lower if there a lower there's actually a two neuron
36:32 , right? So you have one body that's located in the central nervous
36:36 that leaves out and then terminates on neuron that's found in a ganglion and
36:44 that is going to move on to tissues. So there's gonna be other
36:48 that's over here upstream. But what interested in is as it's leaving the
36:52 nervous system, what's going on? out in the periphery it's a two
36:56 chain in the autonomic nervous system. , there's some other things we're gonna
37:02 out we have my own sheets where no myelin and so on and so
37:05 . But we'll go through all of as we go along. All
37:09 So this kind of shows you that neuron chains sell body. The first
37:13 located within the central nervous system. it is. It travels out synapses
37:17 the second body. That second body totally in the peripheral nervous system.
37:21 structure is found within a ganglion remember is just a fancy word for
37:26 a nuclei found in the peripheral nervous , A bunch of cell bodies clustered
37:31 . They're associated together. All And then that one is one that's
37:34 to innovate the defector. So you see on this side we have
37:40 you see on that side we have . So what we have here is
37:43 basically uh dividing the two systems there one another. One is like a
37:48 ones like a break. All right , when I say that, don't
37:52 gas to one side, Don't aside to the other side. Once you
37:56 and see do these organs match all way down? What do you
38:02 I I I think that's a salivary . Not entirely certain salivary gland,
38:09 gland, heart to heart long, digestive digestive all the way down.
38:17 they all match? Okay, So what that's telling you here in
38:20 little cartoon is that these systems are the exact same structures. All right
38:30 , when I get excited, what to my heart rate? It
38:36 Alright, so when you're thinking about heart sympathetic is going to increase heart
38:42 , you don't need to write that . I'm just gonna just as an
38:44 . Right, So that means if sympathetic increases my heart rate, What
38:49 parasympathetic gonna do, decrease it. , great. When I'm sitting around
38:56 eating food, my parasympathetic excites my system. Right? But when I'm
39:05 a race do I want to digest it inhibits? Okay so this is
39:10 of showing you when I'm you know a race. My my sympathetic is
39:16 as a gas pedal on my heart it's acting as a brake on my
39:21 system. Parasympathetic is acting like a on my heart. But it's acting
39:26 a gas pedal on my digestive Right you see So you can't just
39:31 at one and just say okay this the the excitation system. This is
39:35 one that is always the gas This is always the break that does
39:38 work. Okay You have to look what the circumstances and how each of
39:43 systems act on that system or that . Alright. But the way that
39:48 look at this and why we kind focused on that rest digest and fight
39:52 flight. Is it sympathetic? Is or flight? So it's gonna be
39:55 primarily during the ease of your life . Alright. That's any of your
40:01 . When you exert stuff. Ever that when you have to lift heavy
40:04 or run you know you're late for class or whatever your heart go
40:10 Right? That's that would be excitation . So periods of stress you know
40:17 and the other one that's not up . It's exercise. So sympathetic is
40:22 for that. It gets activated or um more functional, More dominant during
40:31 periods. Alright. As a you're going to increase heart respiratory
40:36 increase blood flow into the cardiac And you're going to increase sweating as
40:41 try to cool yourself down. All . Yeah. Run like this is
40:52 heart rate great, Right? You normal. It decreases and prevents it
41:06 happening. Yeah. So, what looking at here is we're basically doing
41:11 effects. And again, we're gonna on on some of the easy
41:15 The harder ones are like your eyes , right? Your eyes dilate let
41:20 light in by sympathetic stimulation, But when you're dealing with parasympathetic,
41:26 get contraction, right? And the I use and why? Why would
41:32 happen? You know? Right. like why why why would we do
41:35 ? Well, if you're in a situation, say you're walking through the
41:39 like I used to do when I a kid and you start hearing
41:41 what do you got? You got rattlesnake someplace, right? The last
41:49 you want to do is step on bad boy. So, you want
41:52 find that quickly and you want to know extract yourself from that situation cleanly
41:58 getting yourself a bit. Alright. , would you say that we're in
42:01 fight or flight mode there? I , they I'm trying to flee,
42:05 ? So part of dilating my let more light in so I can
42:10 more clearly at least that's how it's explained to me. I was
42:13 okay, is that true? I know. I mean that's that's how
42:19 was explained. Let more light in I can see more clearly when I
42:22 more light in. Do I see clearly? Maybe not in the texas
42:27 . Maybe some place else. so parasympathetic is rest and digest.
42:32 the other one the feed or you know, But it kind of
42:35 says, look if it promotes those that are are there for maintenance,
42:42 or energy conservation. This is another . Some groups use Slud because that
42:48 sounds like joy, doesn't it? lack, lack cremation, urination,
42:53 . All right. So here just heart rate. If we increase
42:57 we're decreasing heart rate, we're decreasing pressure. We're increasing motility of materials
43:02 the digestive system, we're increasing the of the kidneys and the urinary
43:07 It also plays a role in sexual , which is one of the weird
43:11 because it's like, wait a Isn't that excitation and exertion?
43:15 but there's some weird stuff going on there. That's gonna be too hard
43:18 explain right now. Okay. All . So right now, you're primarily
43:24 by the parasympathetic, right? You're going through maintenance mode, your heart
43:29 kind of normalized. You know, breathing rates normalized and then I come
43:33 here and I say, hey, what? We're going to have a
43:35 today and instead of it being just nothing day, Um it's gonna count
43:41 of your grade and then all of sudden what's gonna happen is you're switching
43:44 over to sympathetic, aren't you? . Heart rate goes up, start
43:49 profusely, right? Start figuring out do I get out of this
43:53 Maybe if I fake a heart you know, so fight or
43:59 All right. Uh huh. All this happens at the same and like
44:12 . Mhm. Right, So everything everything. We're gonna we're gonna kind
44:16 go into this in a little bit in detail. But you can kind
44:18 think about that. Everything right now is playing a balance game. So
44:22 of these systems are active simultaneously and kind of dueling it out, you
44:27 ? And and a really easy way think about it is like just think
44:30 a scary movie. You know, go to a scary movie, you're
44:33 your popcorn, right? You your parasympathetic. Then you get that
44:37 scare what happened sympathetic rises and you're , oh yeah, that was no
44:41 deal. And then you go back a little parasympathetic and then another jump
44:45 , you know, and just go and forth. Your your it's which
44:49 is dominating under the circumstances? it's everything. And what it's doing
44:55 it's changing the activity of it. right now you are producing digestive enzymes
45:00 a constant rate. You're just not a lot of them right now.
45:04 ? But if I put food in digestive system, parasympathetic is gonna go
45:07 boy, time to start digesting and gonna play a major role in the
45:11 in the production of those digestive So like society and feeling well.
45:21 what you're doing is you are stimulated primarily that's being regulated through all these
45:25 fun hormones that you really don't want through your body all the time.
45:28 stop being anxious to see how easy is for me to just say
45:32 Yeah. No it's so so you when you're dealing with you know heightened
45:38 and stuff like that really, what doing is you are forcing your sympathetic
45:42 be um up regulated, right? your body now goes into survival
45:47 I mean again, take a look this fight or flight, right?
45:50 what you're doing. It's like being by a bear all the time.
45:54 that a good thing for your body you think? No. So stop
45:57 anxious. Yeah, I know it's for me to say than to actually
46:02 . Uh huh. What? So . Right. So so using your
46:21 why when I when I vomit, am I doing that? Because the
46:25 in my belly is interfering, Is just sitting there. Right?
46:30 yeah, actually vomiting and pooping and when you're scared, right? You've
46:35 that I peed my pants when you're scared you pee your pants. Those
46:38 also defensive mechanism because no organism like be vomited on, pooped on repeat
46:44 . Right? And There's some really gross stuff in the animal
46:50 I'm just gonna tell you, uh vultures will projectile vomit at you from
46:54 ft right? And and it's not they're like, I see you and
47:00 like targeted, you know? And it's stuff that you'll stink for
47:05 , months. Yes. Yeah, spit, camel, spit.
47:14 When you see a deer hunt deer , if you ever when you ever
47:19 scared dear, what does it do up the tail? And it just
47:25 like mad, right? And what's it doing? one, clear out
47:28 bow so I can run faster. also if you're grabbing onto me,
47:31 pooping on you and you don't like right? Here's the easy one,
47:35 . They inc Right? Yeah. don't know. That's an interesting
47:45 They have a super p. that does not surprise me in the
47:55 . If that's true. I mean just like I mean a dog marking
47:59 as well, you know, put in there, you're in and it's
48:05 like this isn't this is dr wayne . Imagine before we started class this
48:11 just walked around the room with pete things. So But yeah, so
48:16 , these are examples of, you how things you know protect itself.
48:24 that vomiting is is not the function parasympathetic. That's a function of sympathetic
48:31 , What am I doing? Am fighting the thing or am I running
48:35 from it? Maybe me vomiting gives an opportunity to escape. I
48:40 think about that big scary person. that big scary person in high school
48:44 you were always kind of nervous about of picked on. You didn't have
48:46 . Oh, that's right. You were trained against bullies? No one's
48:49 to bully anybody. Yeah. What you do with the bully? Stand
48:57 to him? Right. No. ? What do you do? You
49:03 him in the nose? Right? runaways frightened and scared? You just
49:10 to make your choice? It's What am I going to do?
49:15 , structures alright. There's a big list and you'll just see that it's
49:19 of it's a back and forth, and forth, back and forth
49:22 Alright, So when we're talking about pre ganglion cell bodies. So when
49:26 looking, remember we said with these the autonomic, we have two
49:29 So the fiber that's before the ganglion ganglion is the one that comes out
49:35 the gang leon. Post gangly See it becomes very simple. All
49:39 . So where do these pre ganglion bodies over here originate well in the
49:46 , it's your head in your So cranial nerves and the sacral
49:52 All right. That's simple. So that's true then the sympathetic can't be
49:58 . It has to be the ones between. So it's gonna be thoracic
50:00 lumbar. And if you go back look at the picture, here's
50:06 there's sacral, the race IQ. lumbar. See. Crazy. All
50:13 . In terms of the length of pre ganglion ionic fibers. So for
50:18 , you have long pre ganglion IQ for sympathetic. You have short
50:24 All right. If you look at post gangly oneK fibers, if this
50:27 is short then that one has to long. If this one is
50:30 that one has to be short. , so there's an opposite effect there
50:36 the ganglia located. Well, for sympathetic, we have these short
50:40 So, what are the short pre fibers? So the ganglia are very
50:44 associated with their very near the spinal . So here's your spinal cord.
50:50 ganglia are like right here on the . So you get this really short
50:54 and then you get this really long that travels down to the organ that
50:57 innovating for the parasympathetic. You're leaving through the cranial um You know as
51:04 cranial nerve and you travel over to organ. And just outside the organ
51:08 even on the Oregon or in the is the ganglia and then you have
51:12 little short fiber out of that Now this picture doesn't show it and
51:19 don't know if I have another picture does show it. But in terms
51:21 the branches parasympathetic aren't particularly branch Right? So what you might have
51:26 you might have a fiber comes along it terminates inside the gangly and there's
51:30 a couple of fibers that come out the ganglia associated with that one fiber
51:34 in or. Right. So it's not it doesn't branch out. There's
51:38 quite a bit of divergence in the system. In the sympathetic system.
51:44 the other hand there's extensive branching. you'll have a fiber go in and
51:48 you'll have more than 20 or so coming out the other side. This
51:54 gonna be kind of interesting because part it plays that role in that
52:00 See? So for example when you scared, think of all the things
52:03 get activated right, your heart beats . You start breathing faster. I
52:08 you about your eyes. Dilating your pressure goes up, you start
52:13 All those things are occurring simultaneously. because you have this this innovative scheme
52:19 basically is activating a whole bunch of systems and it's reinforced by a hormonal
52:25 that's part of the sympathetic response because this innovation scheme. Parasympathetic tends to
52:33 very localized. I'm just gonna act this one little thing where sympathetic is
52:38 of that massive system systemic responsive systemic . It can be localized but typically
52:46 going to be much much larger. with regard to the differences, anatomically
52:59 paris sympathy anatomy is very, very , right? So what we're dealing
53:03 is we're dealing with a bunch of nerves. So this is just some
53:06 them cranial nerve number 37 Cranial Number nine Cranial nerve. Number
53:10 basically you're innovating these organs. So talking about your eyes, right?
53:15 talking about the salivary glands. Uh talking about with when you're talking about
53:20 nerve number 10, you're talking about viscera. And then when you get
53:23 to the steak roll, you're basically with the lower viscera plus the um
53:28 organs. All right. So it's particularly difficult. And these are gonna
53:32 the same ones that are gonna be by the sympathetic. But what you're
53:36 with remember is a cranial nerve leaving structure and traveling near to that um
53:43 organ, it's innovating and there's going be that ganglion there near the
53:47 So then you have that short little out of the organ. All
53:51 And that's what this is trying to . Its like look here's the cranial
53:54 cranial nerve, number 10 it goes down comes all the way down to
53:57 lungs and then here's where the gangling and then it's a very very short
54:01 to the lungs. All right. cranial nerve and then very very short
54:07 nerve to the eye. Long cranial very very short cranial nerve to um
54:12 like it's supposed to be the penis . All right. So the idea
54:18 long and short. That's easy. ? Okay sympathetic. A little bit
54:26 complex. And so before we get the complex, let's go take a
54:30 . Shake it out and then come in and we'll deal with the
54:47 We we've we've jumped one hurdle. that's that's awesome. All right.
54:54 sympathetic anatomy is not as easy Yes, it's thoracic and lumbar.
55:01 right. Um We're going to be the spinal nerves. Right? So
55:06 gonna be coming out uh you know a sympathetic fiber leaving out through the
55:11 or lumbar region. And what we're do is we're gonna exit out and
55:15 gonna go into this region of a of ganglion that sit right outside the
55:20 cord. All right. This is is referred to as the sympathetic
55:24 And there's going to be one on side. All right. So you
55:27 in both directions. Alright, so cord sympathetic trunk. So that means
55:33 fibers here are very very small. these these sympathetic trunks. That's just
55:37 a bunch of ganglia stacked on top each other. All right. There's
55:42 one sympathetic ganglia per spinal nerve. so you'll see we're still innovating all
55:47 same things that we saw when we're the parasympathetic. But what that also
55:51 is that if I'm going to go to the I I have to come
55:54 . I mean I come out and I have to project upwards.
55:59 So just kind of keep that in . Now, one of 3 things
56:02 happen. one of 3 things can with a fiber that leaves from the
56:10 cord into that sympathetic trunk. Easy one. Is you coming
56:17 you send apps and you just keep on. That seems pretty easy.
56:22 ? The other thing I can do I can go out and I can
56:25 up or I can go out and can come down and then I terminate
56:29 and I'm I'm synapses and then I on to wherever I need to go
56:34 then there's the Weird one. and this is not shown correctly in
56:39 picture. I can go into the trunk and keep going through the sympathetic
56:44 and I can move on to another . That's further along. All
56:50 So in other words, I completely the ganglion here and I just keep
56:54 of going through like, oh this a nice place. But I'm gonna
56:56 got other places to go and there's ganglion that sits on the outside called
56:59 collateral ganglia. And that's where that takes place, which is what makes
57:04 thing kind of complicated. But we're to look there's four different levels here
57:09 we're going to look at. All . And that's gonna be a little
57:13 further on. But I'm gonna I'm get there. Okay, So we
57:18 cervical ganglia. There's your cervical ganglia there. There's three of them.
57:24 have a superior one. If I something that's superior, that means I
57:27 to have one that's below it, would be the Inferior one. And
57:30 this case we also have one in middle. And so what we're doing
57:34 we come out through the thoracic, go up to the cervical ganglia and
57:38 I'm either going to the head or region or I'm going to the eyes
57:41 there's some that are gonna be going some of the thoracic viscera. All
57:47 , And that's what this is trying show you. We're going to see
57:49 more clearly in another picture another way that we're going to travel using these
57:58 is we're going to go into via Remy communications. Right? Remember that
58:03 things. Remember we start off in spinal cord, spinal cord of the
58:06 , ruthless two routes routes to nerves to the Remy. We have
58:10 dorsal Remy eventual Remy. And now at the Remy communications, Or you'll
58:15 see the term communique antes. there's two of them. And what
58:20 are. These are an entrance to an exit from the ganglion. All
58:26 . We have the white ramos and gray ramos. All right.
58:29 we're in the nervous system when you the word white. What should you
58:31 of axons or Really? What you be thinking of is Myelin Okay,
58:39 you're right, it's axons and there's be axons both in the gray and
58:42 white. But here it's my Alright, so, we have the
58:45 ramos which has my eliminated axons, we have gray ramos, which has
58:51 or is lacking my eliminated axons. , if we went back a couple
58:57 , let's take a look see where we see Myelin pre gang leon and
59:07 post ganglion is lack. So, back to where we were, the
59:13 ramus must be the indoor. The ramos is the outdoor. Okay,
59:21 white ramos is carrying fibers into the . Gray ramos communications out. Then
59:28 have this group down here. These called the sympathetic splanchnic nerves. All
59:32 . They're not gonna simple. They're uh terminating. They just keep going
59:37 . Typically what they do is they straight to the abdominal pelvic viscera.
59:43 these as well. You can see got these collateral I say here,
59:48 vertebral, but they're the collateral Alright, yeah, we're gonna get
59:55 . Yeah, we're gonna walk through mall. I'm just this is the
59:58 . So, you can see here the Remy communicants or my community Conte's
60:03 , So here, you can right, I would be coming out
60:06 the ventral side. Here's my Let's here's my route. There's my
60:11 , there's my communication. So one going to be white. I go
60:14 through the white and I'd be going through the great and then I keep
60:18 down through the spinal nerve. So that is how the Remy communications
60:26 . Alright. So, the post fibers are leaving the gangland, the
60:32 fibers are carrying the fibers in and the ganglia right there. And you
60:38 see there's one you can imagine there's be another one up there and so
60:41 and so on and so on. well as going down. It looks
60:46 I'm doing the splanchnic nerves first. , I apologize. All right.
60:51 , here this is a better picture the previous one with the splanchnic
60:54 All right. And so, you see what I have here is I've
60:59 my fiber leaving. It's not going the I mean, it goes into
61:03 ganglion, but it just keeps on and it continues on until it finds
61:07 collateral ganglia. All right now, these ganglia, the splanchnic ganglia and
61:14 splanchnic nerves are gonna be formed by have Well, let's say here's the
61:18 thoracic, greater thoracic is going into celiac ganglion and its job is to
61:26 the upper edges. Or the upper of the viscera. The next one
61:31 that celiac is the lesser thoracic And then followed by the least
61:37 so greater, lesser least. That's I remember that. There's always something
61:42 than this. Lesser. Right? greater. Lesser, least. Greater
61:46 the celiac gangland, lesser and least into the superior Mesen terek. All
61:51 now, if you don't know what Mesen terry is and I suspect most
61:54 don't right? It's the fat that the guts in the abdomen.
62:01 For the longest time. We just it the fat that surrounds of
62:04 Actually, in the last three we recognize it's now its own organ
62:08 . So in a couple of years be a whole chapter on the mezzanine
62:12 . Yay anatomy. Okay, we the lumbar splanchnic nerve that goes into
62:19 inferior mesons. Terry ganglia. Now what we're doing here in terms of
62:23 innovation. We start up high, innovate the highest regions of the
62:28 Then we work our way downward and slowly working the body pattern and in
62:33 sense that it matches where you'd expect to go. Highest ganglia and the
62:38 nerves go into the upper reaches. viscera. The lowest nerves are going
62:41 go into the lower lowest reaches. then finally we have the sacred splanchnic
62:47 and that's gonna be um your reproductive as well as parts of the urinary
62:58 . So these collateral ganglia. I have to come back to the
63:03 I'm slowly realizing. All right, just again, just kind of pointing
63:08 off celiac ganglia, greater expected It's just showing you the superior
63:13 So as you start off at the , just think the top of the
63:17 , the glands that serve the digestive as I move down. I'm now
63:22 the small intestine. So this is to be the lesser thoracic splanchnic
63:26 the least thoracic splanchnic nerve innovating through superior mez enteric ganglia. All
63:32 remember all the kingly is is just the fibers are converging and then moving
63:40 . So we have this superior inferior mess enteric ganglia. And this is
63:45 be the lower regions of the digestive as well as organs of the urinary
63:51 or the urinary system. All Since you asked the question, can
63:55 better explain the cervical game live? I don't have a good picture to
64:00 this. But the idea is just we have ganglia stacked on each
64:04 Each of these ganglia represent where a goes in and terminates and the fiber
64:11 back out again. Alright, so the reaches the upper reaches in order
64:15 get to the head and neck region the sympathetic fibers are only coming up
64:20 the thoracic and the lumbar regions. have to have some sort of mechanism
64:25 get themselves up to the head and . So these ganglia through which the
64:29 are are working right here along this . Those top three are referred to
64:37 the cervical ganglia because they are in with the cervical vertebrae, so that's
64:42 they're called the cervical. There's three them. So the top one is
64:47 , the middle, middle in the one is inferior. And all they
64:52 is allow for that sympathetic fiber to a place for that pregame fiber
64:58 The post gangland fiber, post ganglion then goes up to the eye,
65:02 up to the glands of the Right? So your salivary glands and
65:06 goes into some of the upper regions the thoracic region. So, we're
65:10 about the heart parts of the lung well. We're talking about this plankton
65:16 , it's kind of the same You're going downward through those those
65:23 right? So you can imagine this sense going straight across but to get
65:27 and have to go down now, I want to do in the next
65:32 is I'm going to show you these . Alright, we've got names for
65:37 . All right. There's four All right. We have the spinal
65:43 pathway without knowing anything else. What you think they use spinal nerves?
65:49 . Post ganglia sympathetic nerve pathway. means something weird is happening here.
65:54 have a special name. Splanchnic What do you think we're using
66:02 Splanchnic nerves, right? Splanchnic Alright. And then we have the
66:07 one which is the adrenal medulla Alright, so each slide is going
66:11 represent one of these pathways. Right Nerve Pathway is the easiest one.
66:16 you think of the uh the sympathetic system, this is what you're thinking
66:21 . Alright, I'm gonna focus on middle one or actually I'm gonna focus
66:24 the top one. But these are true. Alright. I leave via
66:30 ventral route, join up with the nerve. I go in through the
66:36 , excuse me in through the white cans. I Cine apps with a
66:42 in my ganglia and then I exit and rejoin via the spinal nerve.
66:49 I traveled to my organ via the nerve. Okay I can go
66:56 go in through the white but I want to terminate inside there. So
67:01 go up or I can go down I can terminate onto my post gangly
67:08 fiber or to my post ganglion And then I go back out through
67:13 gray and then travel via the spinal to wherever I want to go.
67:17 what is the pathway spinal nerve? community cans into the ganglion up
67:25 Stay at the same level, Synapse through the gray and travel again via
67:32 spinal nerve. So do you see go in through the indoor, I
67:38 go upstairs, I can go downstairs I can stay on the same level
67:42 then I then leave synapse and then leave via the outdoor. Okay,
67:50 the easiest one. It's what you about when you're thinking of sympathetic,
67:55 ? So, spinal nerve in through with the white Up down. Stay
67:59 the same level. Synapse then out the gray spinal nerve. All
68:07 What our targets the skin, sweat , blood vessels of the skin,
68:13 erector pili muscles. We were scared cat. What does the cat do
68:18 you get scared? It jumps and gets big, doesn't it? What
68:23 it do? Takes his hair sticks up. Right. Think about when
68:27 get scared, What happens to your ? It stands up on end,
68:32 it? Alright, You just don't as much hair as a cat.
68:35 doing the same thing. Look at big I am and scary. I
68:39 . Just doesn't work so well for , does it? Right. When
68:42 get bigger, we I'm bigger Right? That's all it's doing is
68:47 and it's a it's a response excitation . Right? That says I need
68:54 figure out, scare my opponent so can either fight it or I can
68:58 away. Fight or flight. All . That's spinal nerve pathway. It's
69:05 to be some very basic skin sweat . Hair on the surface of the
69:13 . Postgame Yanek All right. Post long sympathetic nerve fiber is going to
69:21 something a little bit different. Here am. I'm coming out. Here's
69:25 spinal nerve. I go in through white. I can go up.
69:29 can go down, they're just showing up. And what I'm gonna do
69:32 inside that ganglion, I'm gonna But I'm not gonna use the
69:38 I'm not using the gray instead. a back door and I'm gonna go
69:43 and use that back door and pretend I was never right. So,
69:49 to the ganglion, synapse out through back door. All right, I'm
69:58 to the target organ. I'm not through to a collateral ganglion because I'm
70:03 in that ganglia. Alright, so are these esophagus, heart,
70:10 thoracic blood vessels, sweat glands of head, neck. Eye muscles,
70:16 regions which ganglia would I be using these here? I'll give you a
70:23 which ganglia would I be using for ? The one you asked.
70:33 the the cervical ganglia. Thank That's right. That's how we,
70:41 we stick it in our brains you know, making associations,
70:45 Yeah. So instead of coming back and used in that spinal nerve,
70:52 creating a new nerve coming out. what this is representing. So this
70:56 a nerve fiber. And I was go back to wherever that was.
71:01 that's what this is doing. Instead going in through that through the white
71:05 then coming out through the gray. I'm doing is I'm going in through
71:09 white and I'm coming out and forming new nerve that comes out,
71:16 that's that's what that's trying to So, a new nerve fiber is
71:20 formed. They're worried That's that Okay. Splanchnic nerves named a whole
71:32 of splanchnic nerves, right, splanchnic, sacral, splanchnic, you
71:37 , thoracic, greater thoracic, lesser thoracic nerves. All right now,
71:43 in those we went to the celiac , we went to the um the
71:49 Mesen Terek and we went to the mesons Terek ganglia. Those were those
71:54 ganglia sitting off on the side. , here's the fiber fiber goes in
72:00 nerve. White ramus goes into the . Does not synapse. It just
72:07 going right notice here it goes down going. Alright, so where does
72:14 synapse take place in that collateral All right, so in through the
72:23 , through the parasympathetic trunk. All , keeps on going. Goes to
72:30 collateral ganglia or pre vertebral ganglia. can use either term synapses and then
72:36 have your fiber going to the organs would be the post ganglia nick fiber
72:42 , abdominal and pelvic. Just think terms of those collateral ganglia that we
72:46 learned, celiac ganglia, superior mesen , inferior mesons enteric ganglia.
72:56 It keeps going through the back Right? And it's la la la
73:00 keep going. I'm not stopping I'm going to this other ganglia?
73:05 , again, that refers to this we're looking at here, I keep
73:13 . Just keep going. Here's that ganglia. And then off I go
73:17 the organ that I'm innovating. All . I told you this was a
73:21 bit more complicated. Little more The yeah, it's the collateral
73:29 So it's out over here, collateral . Right? So you can see
73:34 did I do? I went through I didn't stop. I just kept
73:38 going. I didn't go through and out through the remote communications. My
73:44 are very specific right through those sympathetic right in and out and using the
73:50 nerves. Alright, so this is the splanchnic nerves do. You can
73:56 back and take a look just in if you ever forget, Go
74:00 Oh, that's right. I'm going here. I'm not stopping here.
74:04 picture does a better job of showing going all the way through And then
74:10 last one is the easiest. Yay, easy. All right.
74:16 again, it's going to behave like collateral. Right? The one we
74:19 saw you notice that each one, just we're making a modification or adjustment
74:23 the one before. So here I . I started out here in
74:26 in the the gray matter, It's gonna be a lateral horn,
74:32 in through the white. I go the, the trunk, the sympathetic
74:38 . I don't stop. I keep . You know, I can go
74:40 , but I keep going. There's ganglion and I completely ignore that and
74:45 go all the way to the adrenal . Now the adrenal gland is a
74:51 weird gland. It's actually a modified ganglia. So where you would expect
74:59 there to be a post ganglion fibers out of the medulla. They're not
75:05 . The cells are no longer neurons the sense that they travel anywhere.
75:11 they're there there's something that those cells on, these neurons terminate on.
75:15 now what they do is they just hormone out into the blood. The
75:19 they relief, norepinephrine and epinephrine. seen those terms before, right?
75:27 is epinephrine? It's it's adrenaline. norepinephrine? Nor adrenaline? Its its
75:33 cousin. Alright, now let's again back and think about a sympathetic
75:41 Here you are. You're studying really late at the university,
75:46 Ever done that, stayed really, late. 2:00 AM at the
75:50 But you parked your car way out B. F. E.
75:53 You know, it's like the lot furthest away, you know? And
75:56 you're walking there in the middle of night because that always feels safe,
76:00 it? Right here you are. walking along and it used to be
76:04 the parking lots over here were like parking lots. And so if you
76:08 as you're walking across it, start those shells Right? Here you
76:11 You're walking is 2:00 AM. You've this crunch going on and then you
76:15 behind you crunch crunch crunch, crunch crunch crunch now you've seen this movie
76:21 you? Are you supposed to turn when you hear that crunching?
76:24 because that's when you die right? know that's not what I'm supposed to
76:29 . So what's gonna happen when you hearing that crunching? Right, a
76:37 fast breathing starts becoming a little bit , you become a little bit
76:42 your eyes dilate, ready to do . But as you said, I'm
76:47 play it cool, I'm gonna speed and then the step behind you speed
76:53 now it's really going nuts. Your whole body is going crazy
76:58 Why is it going crazy? Because pumping out the same signaling molecules
77:05 That are responsible for the sympathetic response we're going to get you in a
77:10 . You're flooding your body with So any place where there's a receptor
77:14 sympathetic response is now going to All right now I'm gonna pause right
77:22 as we wait to find out what with those footsteps. This is reinforcing
77:28 activity of the sympathetic nerve. So what the adrenal medulla does. Is
77:32 it's flooding your body with that neuro to activate the fight or flight
77:39 All right, so that leads now to the neurotransmitters? Yes sir.
78:03 . Have you ever played Call of ? Alright. What happens when people
78:06 shooting at you? Does your train up? It's not even scary.
78:11 ? I mean, nothing's gonna happen you, but what happens when you're
78:15 you're literally playing a game that feels life and death, your heart
78:20 That's exactly right. So what you're with is you're dealing with the response
78:24 your body naturally does in a life death situation even though you know full
78:30 that it's not just like in a movie when help me out here,
78:35 scary in a scary movie, No, Pennywise. There we
78:42 When you get that first look of looking out of the sewer and the
78:46 balloon comes out, right, Is the Scary Movie? Pennywise? The
78:54 1? Are you sure you don't to do the puzzle master I
79:01 Alright. How about Jurassic world when big old tyrannosaurus hybrid thing jumps out
79:06 you, right? You know, not gonna get you. Pennywise doesn't
79:11 . He's a figment of Stephen King's . Apparently the man hated clowns,
79:18 ? But still you get that right? Because your brain says danger
79:26 I'm gonna I'm gonna flood that, gonna flood the system. So it
79:29 matter if you are going to be top of the heap, right?
79:33 like oh I turn around, it's five year old kid now I guarantee
79:38 the threat, the idea that there's dangerous behind you is gonna be the
79:43 . Now, obviously you're going to that and I'm gonna get to that
79:46 just a second. All right. , I wanna I wanna kind of
79:49 through this and then we'll deal with question. Alright, so, the
79:54 . You guys remember the easiest thing do whenever you have a comparison is
80:00 for the thing that sets itself Right? So, it's just like
80:04 street. I keep coming back to sesame street. Why? Because it
80:07 you everything you need to know about . And if you didn't watch
80:10 you're behind everybody. There's one of things in Sesame Street that we all
80:15 . One of these things is not the others. And that's what we
80:19 do here. And what this little basically says is look, I'm gonna
80:22 at the sympathetic system. I'm looking the parasympathetic. I'm asking the question
80:26 what's going on in the pre gangling and what's going on the postgame atlantic
80:30 with regard to which uh neurotransmitters are released. Now, there is an
80:36 to the rules in what I'm gonna here. But we're not gonna use
80:39 . We're just gonna keep We're just stick with the simple rule. All
80:44 . When you are being um When you're being excited when the sympathetic
80:50 is responding. Remember we have two we're asking the question, what happens
80:55 causes that excitation on that organ. , that would be what's going on
81:00 the sympathetic post gangly oneK fiber because when that's innovating the organ, this
81:05 also innovating the Oregon as well. this is the one that's different.
81:10 when I when you're getting excited, gets pumped through your body,
81:15 Adrenaline. Now it's not actually If you go back and look at
81:18 number, it's really it's gonna be thing that we're gonna be interested in
81:21 adrenaline. All right. It's a it's a it's a close relative.
81:28 a cousin. Alright. And it itself it works as a neurotransmitter.
81:35 this is what is releasing norepinephrine. right. So this is norepinephrine
81:44 This is the one that's not like others. All the others are going
81:48 be a seat of choline right I'm gonna go through this. The
81:54 are going to be named for the of neurotransmitter that they release. So
81:57 have colon, ergic fibers. We a drone ergic fibers, colon ergic
82:02 Ceta colon, energetic for adrenaline. though we call it Nor adrenaline and
82:08 or sorry, nor epinephrine and Alright, yeah. The receptors that
82:15 cells have are going to respond to chemical. So when you're responding to
82:19 chemical, that receptor if it's responding see Jacqueline is going to be a
82:23 ergic receptor. If it's responding to adrenaline or norepinephrine, it's going to
82:28 an again ergic receptor. Alright. the first thing here is going to
82:34 the neurotransmitters. So with regard to Cullen ergic pre gangly OneK fibers doesn't
82:41 . You're sympathetic or parasympathetic are always be Cullen ergic. So they're always
82:45 acetylcholine. You can put a big . Or a C. H.
82:48 whatever you want there with regard to post gangly oneK fibers. The parasympathetic
82:55 going to be releasing acetylcholine. So you got to see the colon
82:59 the colon and the colon. This is the energetic fiber. This a
83:04 fiber releases nor epinephrine, that's the I remember. And how do I
83:10 it? Because Nora p is the is closely related to epi epinephrine.
83:16 adrenaline. So when I'm sympathetic active pumping out adrenaline. That's how I
83:22 it. How you want to It's up to you sympathetic. No
83:28 in you know whatever. Right? does that make sense? Post sympathetic
83:33 are the ones that are acting on organs. That's what's causing the release
83:36 the norepinephrine. For me, as mentioned, the receptors there are different
83:42 of Colin ergic receptors. We have receptors and we have muscular nick
83:47 Nicotine receptors are named nicotine receptors because bind to nicotine irreversibly mascara nick buying
83:55 a chemical called musk urine irreversibly. where they got their names from.
83:59 a completely lab named material musk urine a chemical released by certain mushrooms that
84:08 kill you. Alright. It's the chemicals in these mushrooms and it just
84:16 to be that somebody had it on shelves and you're like let's put these
84:19 chemicals on things and see what And this is where they discovered
84:23 All right now the nicotine receptors are to be on post ganglion Excels.
84:28 ? So, notice I've changed the here. So now we've got post
84:32 , sorry, sorry. Going the way. So, I remember we
84:35 initially pre and post now what we've is we shifted so we're asking what's
84:39 the post ganglion excel? What's gonna on the target cell. Alright,
84:43 where are they located there on post Excel bodies? Remember we had a
84:48 releasing acetylcholine on a post ganglion excelsior being released on a post ganglion
84:53 Alright, so these are gonna be IQ. The sympathetic post ganglion
85:02 What was it releasing again? What was it releasing? Norepinephrine. So
85:08 this ever gonna be Colin ergic? , it can't be. It's gonna
85:12 an energetic one. So we can this for right now. But what
85:16 saying here, this is not Only these two are nicotine nick now
85:21 they're nicotine IQ. Always always, , always excitatory. Okay, the
85:30 nick as I said, named after toxin activated by a seed of
85:36 All right. We said this right not stimulate from acetylcholine is stimulated by
85:46 . So this is the one that's over. So this one is our
85:50 nick, muscular nick receptors can be or inhibitory. Okay let's think of
86:03 example where this would be excitatory. remember this is parasympathetic, where would
86:09 acting on an organ system be Would organ system digestion? Is that
86:16 I heard? Yeah, digestion. would it be inhibitory hurt? There
86:24 go. See you're connecting the This is a list of a whole
86:30 of different engine ergic receptors. Whereas energy receptor gonna be located is gonna
86:34 right there. Are we going to on which ones? It doesn't really
86:37 . Please do not memorize the Notice that we can be excitatory or
86:41 . There's a whole bunch of different of them. Have you ever heard
86:44 beta blockers? Who do you give blockers to? High blood pressure?
86:51 heard it. Yeah high blood Right so what am I doing?
86:55 basically blocking blood pressure. I mean blood pressure is high. So basically
87:00 that's saying is that that that blood can be relaxed. And so what
87:07 gonna do is I'm gonna relax it blocking the receptors that allow it to
87:10 in a constricted state which lowers the pressure. It's a workaround to a
87:16 . It's not dealing with the problem . It's a workaround. Alright but
87:20 when they're talking about the beta They're talking about blocking these receptors.
87:25 right. So these could be bound either Norepinephrine or epinephrine there's different types
87:30 don't memorize the chart and these are g protein coupled receptors once again coming
87:36 to our little thing. How's my doing? Am I like running out
87:41 time yet? Oh well I got of time. And so we're gonna
87:45 like done early. You'll be able go home and start making hot dogs
87:48 drinking beer all weekend. I'm so or you can go to lab.
88:00 up to you. Alright so as mentioned when we started this is that
88:05 systems are turned on all the time ? There is not one is on
88:11 one is off. Both systems are always. So they each have a
88:16 degree of basil activity or tone is we say and what we're doing is
88:20 on our circumstances we're gonna tilt the or the activity of one of these
88:26 over the other. Right? So you are in the parking garage or
88:30 lot and you hear that crunching behind which way have you tilted the system
88:35 favor of the sympathetic activity? You're sitting at home watching tv eating
88:41 bowl of popcorn. Which way are tilting your system towards parasympathetic? Right
88:48 that's the idea they're also they're All right now I should point out
88:54 organ systems are gonna have different tones different dominance depending on which system is
88:58 their antagonistic meaning that the sympathetic and parasympathetic are gonna be innovating the same
89:05 and they're gonna be fighting over who's charge at any particular given time.
89:09 generally exerting the opposite effect. And we do is we call this reciprocal
89:14 , which is why we keep coming to the chart and why I kept
89:17 , do you see how they're the same on either side. There is
89:22 to this rule. I'm going to give you the one important exception.
89:25 blood vessels do not have parasympathetic Right? So what that means is
89:31 regulate the the degree of dilation of blood vessel means to increase or decrease
89:37 amount of sympathetic activity you're doing, ? So when there's not a lot
89:41 sympathetic activity, your blood vessels relax when when you get a lot of
89:47 activity, they constrict or contract. right, So that's that's how that
89:53 . But that's just an exception. the other ones are basically which one
89:56 my which one of my most responsible now because they're antagonistic. Let's go
90:04 to that situation right. Here you . You're walking across the parking
90:08 your heart rate's gone up, Your has gone up. You're sweating
90:12 your blood pressure has gone up, , and you're ready for that
90:15 Whatever it is behind you. You've a choice now, right? When
90:20 it gets really close, I'm gonna around, I'm gonna have to fight
90:22 or I'm gonna scream and yell and and I'm gonna curl into a little
90:26 and and you know, try to myself or I'm gonna run away as
90:29 as I can. I mean this what's going on. Your body is
90:33 for the fight or the flight right . I put you in that situation
90:41 then all of a sudden the hand you on the shoulder. Yeah.
90:46 right. Because it got closer. we didn't turn around because we know
90:49 that movie ends. That's not a thing. The hands on your shoulder
90:52 you turn around and you get in position you're ready to go and it's
90:55 friend that you were studying with. right now you're all wound up,
90:59 you? You're ready to start swinging a mad crazy person, right?
91:03 screaming and crying and pooping on yourself vomiting, you know, projectile vomiting
91:07 the vulture you're doing you're doing all stuff and you can imagine your system
91:13 in terms of energy expenditure is going , right? It's burning through
91:18 Alright. Does your body want to through fuel fast? No, it
91:22 to be efficient. And so it to bring itself back down to normal
91:25 quickly. And so having this dual allows that to happen, right?
91:32 what it is now the parasympathetic can and it can begin bringing everything down
91:37 very quickly. Think about how quickly return back to normal after you've been
91:42 like that? It's like, you're like, ah, and then
91:45 three minutes later after you're like laughing the situation, it's like,
91:49 and your heart is back to It takes a little bit of
91:52 but it's like Only two or 3 , you're not coasting back down to
91:58 , right? So this is how dual innovation works, right? The
92:03 is like, oh, I want bring myself back to homeostasis as quickly
92:07 possible. Another way you can look this, think about driving down to
92:11 , we've all been have you all down the highway? 45? I
92:15 , driving in Houston, there's no , right? They're all man made
92:19 . Like if I go over a , that's like the only time there's
92:21 hill, right? So here I . I'm driving down, go down
92:26 Galveston. Let's pretend there's no So, this is like really big
92:29 here, right? Right? 45 down to Galveston's. I'm moving 75
92:36 because I can and I want to , but I have no brakes.
92:41 do I do have to wait. don't. All right, you
92:49 huh? Why would I want to my transmission though? There's no people
92:54 the highway. There you go. that's all you gotta do,
93:01 If I want to slow down, take my foot off the accelerator and
93:04 resistance of the road will eventually bring to a standstill right now. How
93:09 is that gonna take A while, ? If I'm going 75 mph,
93:13 gonna take, you know, quite bit of time before I eventually get
93:17 to zero. All right. Imagine you didn't have a parasympathetic for a
93:22 . Right? And I'm just using that heart rate thing as an example
93:26 you could do the opposite. Imagine having a sympathetic. If you had
93:29 had the parasympathetic, my heart is a million miles an hour,
93:34 I'm burning a lot of fuel. so if I let go of the
93:40 or let go of the accelerator, heart rate will eventually return back to
93:45 , but it's going to take awhile that's a lot of wasted energy.
93:49 body has better things for that And so it wants to bring it
93:53 to normal quickly. That's why you the dual reciprocal innovation. Okay.
93:59 thank goodness it was your friend and an ax murderer. All right.
94:06 many more slides I got here? . Alright, see. And you'll
94:10 up really, really early here. , so in terms of the autonomic
94:14 , they're they're called visceral reflexes and similar in terms of a reflex arc
94:20 we learned when we look at the reflex arc. Right? So you
94:23 a receptor, you have a pathway the central nervous system. That's the
94:29 you process information and you have a pathway and you have an effective.
94:33 the same thing. The difference is that remember we have a two neuron
94:38 in the effect in the different Now it's not just one, it's
94:42 , right? Because you have a ganglion gonna post ganglion in fiber,
94:47 ? Here's some examples cardiovascular reflexes. a reduction in blood pressure. So
94:52 your blood pressure rises, you you detect that in the blood vessels
94:57 then that will cause there's a dilation reduce the blood pressure gastrointestinal reflex.
95:03 sit there and glory and a whole of food. Put it in your
95:06 right, What does the body Food? And so what it's gonna
95:10 is it's gonna start producing the enzymes other things. That would be the
95:14 in response to the food. Being into the digestive tract nutrition reflex basically
95:21 body produces urine stores up in the pressure inside the bladder says hey,
95:26 to pee. And so it says to pee and you get that
95:31 Do you just let go right No. Right. But it's that
95:35 . I mean you could, you could let go. Right.
95:38 would be really embarrassing. But you . And so what happens is is
95:41 when that urge comes along it allows to release that um urine. That
95:49 be the militarization reflex. Now notice reflex itself like in this particular case
95:55 be overridden. But there's a point you can't stop the p coming,
96:00 ? Have you ever drink so It's like you're getting into the bathroom
96:03 you're now like, just give me to cut these pants off because I
96:07 fight the button or whatever. there's gonna be a point where the
96:13 overcomes your brain The other two. so much. All right. And
96:21 I say that this is showing you level of control. All right.
96:26 , when you're dealing with reflexes, , reflexes are involuntary, they govern
96:32 , right? It's detection, processing or an effect er Right? So
96:41 the level of spinal course, uh have some very simple ones,
96:45 So that would be like defecation, . You have stuff in the brain
96:48 that would be like blood pressure, , heart rate, so on and
96:52 forth. But these are governed at higher level, primarily by the
96:58 They can modulate your response to In other words, as you perceive
97:04 environment, you may be more susceptible sensitive to a particular reflex,
97:10 When you're walking around in a dark parking lot, you're a little bit
97:15 on edge, aren't you? You're little bit more alert and so your
97:19 to become excited, you know, these emergency situations becomes a little bit
97:25 . All right. So the hypothalamus here. But a reflex, remember
97:31 simply detection and response, but you also govern from the level of the
97:40 . Right? And so remember we about urination also defecation. You know
97:46 right now would be an inappropriate time go to the restroom. Right.
97:50 mean if you need to go to restroom what would you do? Would
97:52 just go here or would you wait you made it to the restroom?
97:57 would wait. Right. So notice is a conscious control. We've trained
98:05 to be able to control that Right? But only certain certain systems
98:14 that. So the cortex is going provide the proper input to the hypothalamus
98:19 uh gives input to the lower The lower levels have been modulated through
98:27 those systems and like I said the always wins. Right? But you
98:35 modulate that reflex. Right? That's . M. P. One.
98:42 many of you guys are doing And P. Two. Alright.
98:45 . And P. Two I think a little bit more interesting. You
98:48 spend all this time talking about the system. You get to sprint through
98:51 the other ones. No you didn't it as much. Okay. All
98:55 . Anyway test on Wednesday the It's the sixth. Remember as I
99:03 you came in a little bit There is two things about the ex
99:08 . You need to know. First is that there is no post test
99:11 credit because there's no point. So first one. The pre exam extra
99:17 is five points instead of 2.5 So it's double. So put it
99:22 your calendar, do whatever you need in order to make yourself to
99:25 Yes, There's no class on It's test and then happy hour 4th
99:34 July. Yeah. Yeah. All . That's right. So yeah.
99:37 Monday is celebrate Tuesday is do whatever things you have to do for your
99:41 classes. But for my class, have nothing but to study you.
99:44 , I know. So sorry. then Wednesday Wednesday is test and then
99:48 done. Right. And hopefully I'll grades posted by Wednesday evening, but
99:52 just depends on when you guys scheduled . The second extra credit that for
99:57 who are like that didn't were If you if 50% of the class
100:02 the course evaluations, everyone's gonna be extra credit. 500.2 points for 50%
100:08 points is on your final score. ? Not just on the test.
100:12 right. So you can raise your score of one point If 90% or
100:18 of the class does the extra So get on your, you
100:24 whatever it is that you guys are , whether it's the group mies or
100:28 know, semaphore, whatever it is you're using. Tell everybody.
100:34 So again, the pretest is the thing. It opens up the night
100:38 the exam six p.m. Closes at nine The day of the exam.
100:45 Exactly. And remember the reason for is to see did I study?
100:48 am I ready to go? That's why that's why we have it for
100:53 . It's the incentive is the but it's really to help you.
100:58 . Uh huh.
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