| 00:02 | Testing. Testing. No, that testing. Hey folks, |
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| 00:16 | Uh Everybody hear me. Everybody hear . Ok, back there. |
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| 00:19 | All right. Um, welcome. anybody know? Is there a class |
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| 00:24 | here before me? Ok. That's I'm 20 years. I never come |
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| 00:28 | a class where the projector has been and I'm ready to go. So |
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| 00:33 | get used to that. All So, um, what's everybody doing |
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| 00:40 | ? Ok. Uh, it's gonna like this for the next three |
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| 00:43 | So, uh, I have to with it. One thing I hate |
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| 00:47 | than anything is wet feet. So I brought my big boots but |
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| 00:54 | it wasn't running too hard. So who? So, uh, has |
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| 01:00 | , uh, in the last 24 enrolled in this course? Ok. |
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| 01:06 | . Nobody. Ok. Well, you're there and you're too shy to |
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| 01:10 | , um, you'll have access to the material. If you just, |
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| 01:14 | enrolled today or yesterday, it takes couple of days a day or two |
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| 01:18 | get uh, canvas access. but once you do, uh everything |
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| 01:23 | there for you. Ok. Um see. So remember the clickers, |
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| 01:31 | ? So they're still just only for if you will. Um just to |
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| 01:37 | sure that your system is working You're using it, it responds and |
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| 01:42 | seeing your points because I am uploading though they don't count for anything until |
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| 01:47 | Monday. Uh Again, just kind make sure everything's working that you're that |
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| 01:52 | seeing your points on canvas and you be confident that, ok, when |
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| 01:56 | starts for real, that you're OK. So uh once we get |
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| 02:03 | next week, the points being collected week, this week will be, |
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| 02:08 | be deleted. Ok? But until then, just make sure that |
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| 02:13 | seeing your points if you have an clicker. Ok? It may tell |
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| 02:17 | when you so remember to session right? That's what you wanna put |
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| 02:21 | . Um It may tell you to user ID. Just ignore that. |
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| 02:26 | ? Just ignore it. You don't to uh if you got an active |
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| 02:31 | clicker, you're good. OK? What else? So, OK, |
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| 02:37 | the first thing is coming up, ? So this week, well, |
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| 02:40 | , Friday through Monday, first weekly , which basically all these weekly quizzes |
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| 02:44 | cover the stuff we've talked about here previous Monday and Wednesday. Ok. |
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| 02:50 | for us that'll be chapter one Um And then the first smart work |
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| 02:55 | due. Ok? Uh Next Ok. So remember, um we |
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| 03:01 | already write the, the CT A if you're part of that too. |
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| 03:07 | , uh, do what you have do to, I guess, I |
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| 03:09 | know if you have to go to bookstore, they just email you or |
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| 03:12 | have you. But, um, get that squared away. Ok. |
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| 03:17 | , any questions about anything, any , right? Ok. So this |
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| 03:22 | is really about, um, before I say that, um, |
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| 03:26 | got a, all the lecture notes each of these chapters we cover has |
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| 03:31 | condensed it here but they have like list of learning objectives. So think |
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| 03:36 | that as kind of OK, we're to start this chapter. What should |
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| 03:40 | know about this? That's kind of list of things to know. |
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| 03:43 | once you're done. OK. Um we're gonna go through these, not |
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| 03:47 | today, but we're gonna go through good chunk of these today. Consider |
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| 03:51 | week kind of um some of it likely a stuff you already know. |
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| 03:57 | learned an intro bio um some stuff not. Uh the uh this is |
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| 04:04 | or less kind of the who, , why when and where microbes. |
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| 04:08 | the one thing that uh I changed up in terms of orders of topics |
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| 04:12 | things over the years. But one that's always a constant is this is |
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| 04:15 | the first thing. OK. So kind of get you uh maybe uh |
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| 04:21 | head into what, OK, what's microbe? Right? You may have |
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| 04:24 | ideas of what that is, but then, like I said, |
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| 04:28 | course is 99.9% prokaryotes and viruses. . So I think I said the |
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| 04:36 | time, if you, if there's you come away with at the end |
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| 04:39 | the semester, um, at least away with the fact that micros, |
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| 04:45 | particular bacteria are really critical for your on this planet. Ok. |
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| 04:51 | The only thing is that make news are all the and your uh whatever |
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| 05:03 | is occurring, it's all the bad always get the news, right? |
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| 05:06 | that's few and far between, So you leave here, hopefully, |
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| 05:11 | know, wow, I didn't know could do all these kinds of things |
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| 05:14 | of course, those activities they do you, OK, in many |
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| 05:19 | both directly and indirectly, right? , uh so again, kind of |
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| 05:25 | , a little bit of historical Uh we to um not too |
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| 05:30 | uh don't worry about having, you , dates of events or things like |
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| 05:34 | . Ok. So always as a , um your first exam is for |
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| 05:40 | good while, but that exam review , you know, download that thing |
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| 05:44 | you haven't already because that's gonna be , that's your guide. OK. |
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| 05:48 | , what's gonna be covered? Um So we start, so we're |
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| 05:55 | do, we have a few quicker here. So again, it doesn't |
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| 05:58 | . So if you have it, it, OK. And so not |
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| 06:04 | biology is a huge field, Ecology, um immunology. Um um |
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| 06:12 | biology. So, it's a huge , obviously, right? But if |
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| 06:17 | characterized as microbiology, it's this What would be that thing? You |
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| 06:24 | , if I see that, this guy must be a microbiologist. |
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| 06:28 | would that thing probably be? What that thing? Probably be? You |
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| 06:34 | see it and go, yeah, think this guy is a microbiologist. |
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| 06:38 | would that be? What would you a what? Well, what you |
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| 06:45 | see with your, with your naked , what you can see with it |
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| 06:49 | a piece of equipment? Absolutely. , right? I forgot to bring |
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| 06:54 | microscope with me. Uh I was of those kind of oddballs. Uh |
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| 06:59 | sure you've all written like in was it sixth grade social studies |
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| 07:03 | What do you want to be when grow up? Right. And uh |
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| 07:07 | was such a nerd, I wrote , right? And so I am |
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| 07:12 | . I didn't know I'd be doing specifically. I'd be doing more |
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| 07:14 | which I did. But uh I have my microscope in like 1973 |
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| 07:22 | Um Not very good quality resolution. uh yeah, anyway, so that's |
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| 07:27 | of what spurred my interest. So so of course, the microscope and |
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| 07:32 | microscope in itself um really influences um influence the um classification taxonomy of |
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| 07:44 | right? Kept changing because advancements in microscope. OK. Uh There's a |
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| 07:51 | you'll learn about in lab in a of weeks called uh resolution. |
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| 07:58 | And that's really the ability to distinguish points that are really close together. |
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| 08:08 | . This is your microscope have good resolving power, good enough resolution that |
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| 08:13 | can those two points can be super together, right? With a naked |
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| 08:18 | , they look like a blur, with a microscope, good resolution, |
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| 08:21 | can the two points can be really and still be seen as two distinct |
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| 08:26 | , right? That's really good right? So think of a |
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| 08:29 | right, you got a cell and able to see organelles, individual organelles |
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| 08:34 | that tiny cell. And it's a image that's all due to a large |
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| 08:39 | resolution. OK? And that's what improved through um the the centuries uh |
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| 08:47 | course, magnification as well, The magnification of electron microscope, six |
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| 08:54 | , right? 100,000 X. What you, right. So um and |
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| 08:58 | that really electron microscope is what kind them that was in the thirties that |
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| 09:03 | of brought about the oh, now can see what the e Karyo cell |
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| 09:07 | a prokaryote cell are all about, ? Being able to see those fine |
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| 09:11 | which I and there's even some weird microscopes as you see here 16 |
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| 09:17 | right? And that was Van Leeuwenhoek's . And so incredibly, you could |
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| 09:22 | like uh somewhere around three or 400 magnification with that which seems insane. |
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| 09:28 | um in any case, so certainly microscope is what defines a microbiologist for |
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| 09:34 | most part. OK. Although all kinds of disciplines use various microscopes as |
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| 09:39 | . But um so life in a of ways, OK. Um Both |
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| 10:01 | , socially, culturally, et right? So, um but for |
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| 10:07 | most of human civilization, um it unknowingly not knowing that micro did these |
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| 10:14 | that brought us like how to make everything from bread, to make cheese |
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| 10:20 | beer and wine and other things um these were unknown what was doing |
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| 10:26 | But obviously, we know it was . OK. And so certainly the |
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| 10:30 | guys and their devastation of populations. and so certainly using microbes as the |
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| 10:40 | , right? So you may recall Hersey Chase experiment um Retro bio um |
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| 10:48 | Griffith experiment. Uh these are all of leading to the DNA was a |
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| 10:54 | of, of, of he right? And it was bacteria and |
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| 11:01 | used as models to study these And so it's how we figured out |
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| 11:05 | like DNA replication and protein synthesis. are all, were you started using |
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| 11:11 | and, and, and uh in as, as models for these |
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| 11:15 | OK. So, um now in of historical and being able to see |
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| 11:21 | things, um so hook versus la band labeled hook, OK. Um |
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| 11:29 | know, it's always about OK. did this first? Right. |
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| 11:32 | that goes to hook, but he his microscope is rather not great in |
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| 11:39 | of magnification. 30 X, And so that's uh he looked at |
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| 11:46 | macroscopic life under the microscope, looking a flea or a or plant tissue |
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| 11:53 | this tissue or that tissue, more of in that context, right? |
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| 11:57 | Van Leel Hook's microscope, much greater . OK. And he was the |
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| 12:03 | to see bacteria. So he gets , you get the name um father |
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| 12:08 | microbiology. OK. And so uh was also kind of uh eccentric. |
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| 12:15 | but I don't know, I know about grinding lenses, but apparently |
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| 12:19 | that's how you get these very good and magnification in particular is grinding of |
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| 12:26 | , right? So, um and was apparently a master at that |
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| 12:31 | but that was very secretive about So he didn't let the people know |
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| 12:33 | he was doing, but nonetheless, produced these images of certainly over here |
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| 12:40 | different bacterial types. OK. uh what he called animal cures, |
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| 12:47 | . And so we'll leave this story a little bit later. But you |
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| 12:51 | , when you begin to see this world where it takes, took up |
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| 12:57 | pond water, you look at maybe it's a little cloudy or |
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| 12:59 | but you put it on the Now you see all these things swimming |
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| 13:04 | there in many cases, are different and shapes and you know what the |
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| 13:08 | is this stuff, right? And you'd be OK where this stuff come |
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| 13:12 | that leads us down to another story talk about soon. OK. So |
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| 13:17 | now it's, um, let's look this question here. OK, so |
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| 13:22 | have to read through these. It's of OK, what, what are |
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| 13:26 | things they can do that microbes can ? I've been talking about, they're |
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| 13:31 | great, but what's so great about ? Some of the, some of |
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| 13:35 | things are here. OK. So goal here is to find the true |
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| 13:41 | . OK. So with these take each choice in a box and |
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| 13:48 | go. OK. Is this, I think this is true or false |
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| 13:51 | mark it as such? OK. then go through B and C and |
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| 13:58 | . OK. Same, same thought , true or false. Then if |
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| 14:03 | tally up, if you're, if all true or they're all false or |
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| 14:07 | have you. OK. Um And and see, well, is there |
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| 14:13 | choice where I can pick nothing? . Or all of them depending on |
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| 14:18 | question. OK. Don't be afraid pick none are true if that's the |
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| 14:24 | . OK. Right. It 10 . All right. Let's count down |
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| 14:44 | . OK. Here we go. right. So we have. |
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| 14:54 | So uh microbes are ubiquitous. So that's the term we always see |
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| 15:03 | to microbes. OK? And it's the opposite of what that's saying |
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| 15:09 | OK. It's not that their locations limited. It's that they're everywhere. |
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| 15:12 | , ubiquitous means they're all over the . OK. Um So a is |
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| 15:18 | true. OK. Uh B uh the other way around your microbes are |
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| 15:25 | and on you actually outnumber yours by X. Not 100 X. So |
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| 15:29 | , your microbiome, right? Your , fungi, viruses living on your |
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| 15:36 | that aren't your cells outnumber your own about 10 X. OK. Um |
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| 15:41 | microbe supply uh 50% more than 50% earth's oxygen. So those are your |
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| 15:51 | types, right? In the Um What it called cyanobacteria and |
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| 15:57 | Um Way more than 10% or Similarly uh this one is 90%. |
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| 16:07 | So nitrogen, this is one we'll on a little bit later uh nitrogen |
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| 16:14 | . OK? That's where, what see down here. That's what's right |
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| 16:19 | . So the nitrogen cycle. So remember molecules that need in are |
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| 16:25 | what's an N using molecule big one your muscles, make them yourselves. |
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| 16:32 | these things all the time. The PRO genes. OK. Proteins, |
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| 16:42 | acids both have nitrogen. Uh It's essential element. Every living thing needs |
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| 16:47 | have N OK. And um we are part of that group too. |
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| 16:53 | so it's, you have to have in usable forms, right? We |
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| 16:58 | take just nitrogen gas and use that make our molecules. We gotta take |
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| 17:04 | um A we use things like OK. Um But who transforms that |
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| 17:12 | or bacterial activity in the soil Ok. In various forms. |
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| 17:18 | So um very critical to, to here on this earth is that |
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| 17:24 | Ok. Especially for plants, plants great, right? Just give them |
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| 17:28 | sun, give them some water. And CO2 from the atmosphere, they're |
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| 17:33 | to go, but they can't make like uh nitrogen sources to grow on |
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| 17:39 | phosphorus sources. That's why you supply , right? When you're growing crops |
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| 17:44 | . OK. Of course, they on that. I give them bacteria |
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| 17:48 | give them their nitrogen, right? very critical to all, all levels |
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| 17:52 | life. OK. Um And certainly is also uh so is also incorrect |
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| 18:02 | it's actually the other way around. only really aware of a small fraction |
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| 18:06 | what's out there. OK. but there's ways to, to, |
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| 18:10 | identify those. OK. So basically answer is none of these are |
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| 18:14 | OK. So, um so let's at a definition. It's kind of |
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| 18:22 | getting into the definition of a OK. So we got various choices |
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| 18:28 | . OK. So which would you a microbe? All right. ABC |
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| 18:32 | or F? OK. Mhm. . Count number 1210. Uh |
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| 19:24 | Oops, sorry about that. I here. There we go. And |
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| 19:29 | answer was there we go. Yeah, it's a virus. |
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| 19:36 | So the RSV virus in terms of definition OK. Um The uh number |
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| 19:47 | criteria gotta have a microscope to see , right? That's typically the criteria |
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| 19:52 | is it's not uh B and C D and E and F don't fit |
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| 19:58 | fit the criteria. OK. So um they're not multi cellar animals. |
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| 20:05 | the water bear dust might, these animals. Where's the animal kingdom? |
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| 20:10 | . Uh Onion skin, onion, tissue, right? These are um |
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| 20:17 | of a larger entity, right? , microbes think microorganisms think um ourselves |
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| 20:25 | , although not always. Um but live in the environment on their |
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| 20:30 | They're not part of a tissue or . OK. Um That's kind of |
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| 20:37 | we define them. OK. Bacterial and a colony. So a bacterial |
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| 20:43 | arises from a single cell. Grows and all neighbors, you |
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| 20:47 | get millions and millions and then becomes . OK? But the colony is |
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| 20:52 | a microbe, it's made up of , but the colony itself is not |
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| 20:57 | a microbe. OK? And bacterial , these are very common in uh |
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| 21:01 | biofilms, right? Biofilms are all a surface. OK? And massive |
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| 21:08 | on a surface that actually gets so , it then expands three dimensionally off |
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| 21:13 | the surface. OK? Um But comprised of, it itself is not |
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| 21:19 | micro but is of course like a comprised of bazillions of microbes. |
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| 21:26 | So the only one that fits here the virus as a microbe. |
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| 21:31 | Um And so So this, let's at this question. So the, |
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| 21:36 | the first one is by definition, next is kind of having a feel |
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| 21:41 | uh the types of microbes. Uh What, what, what, |
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| 21:47 | groups that we know of fit the in the micro group, but then |
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| 21:54 | of characterizing based on size, So size is kind of how a |
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| 21:57 | you can kind of differentiate the the groups. OK. So here we're |
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| 22:04 | at something that's uh one by 10 , OK? With no organelles. |
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| 22:09 | that's gonna kind of need you to a choice here. OK. Or |
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| 22:16 | , right? OK. Let's see we got. OK. So if |
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| 22:48 | picked um uh G, you pick , you pick G what, what |
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| 22:59 | the two? So you pick you of the above. What are the |
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| 23:03 | choices you? Yeah. So what the two correct ones you answered |
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| 23:12 | You answered G, so what are two? Yep. And what's the |
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| 23:20 | one? Bacterium? And which No, anybody else? Yeah. |
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| 23:31 | . IQ so uh these two, . Uh So the micron range is |
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| 23:39 | proops. OK. And so we'll here at uh kind of the size |
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| 23:45 | . So, um again, right? Are um think of them |
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| 23:53 | you threw them out in nature, be able to survive typically. |
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| 23:57 | Not part of a, a larger like a uh tissue or an |
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| 24:03 | Um They certainly are cells most of , there's a group that's not that |
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| 24:07 | talk about. Uh, they're gonna different morphologies, shapes, forms. |
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| 24:14 | , they, uh uh but they're not multi, not animals |
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| 24:20 | OK. And so basic size right? The 1 to 10 microns |
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| 24:26 | cars, 20 or above generally. there's some gray areas in between. |
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| 24:30 | for the most part they fit these categories when you get to like um |
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| 24:36 | a micron. Now you're in the realm, right? Nanometers. |
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| 24:41 | So uh I mean you shouldn't have kind of that basic feel for. |
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| 24:46 | . This is what fits each Um And so the uh so in |
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| 24:52 | of size limits, could you could have a cell that's like one |
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| 24:58 | Big one nanometer is the cell, there be a cell that's that big |
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| 25:05 | worked? Why not? Right. it wouldn't because so here's one |
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| 25:15 | right? So a cell that big at the stuff you put inside of |
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| 25:20 | cell, right? Lipids, Proteins, things are ribosomes. These |
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| 25:26 | are gonna be bigger than a So you wouldn't be able to fit |
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| 25:30 | of a cell, right? Uh that's that small. OK. So |
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| 25:34 | gonna be a science limitation. Um So the, so the, |
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| 25:41 | this kind of gets into OK, gonna look at, we define a |
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| 25:46 | , you kind of get the size for each type and then it's |
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| 25:49 | What are the representative types of OK. So you want to be |
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| 25:53 | with the different groups and, and fits in what? Ok. |
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| 26:10 | There may be a couple of terms may or may not throw you but |
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| 26:13 | , I haven't seen it in a , maybe you forgot, but it's |
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| 26:16 | term um counter to that is Ok. Um, that's something |
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| 26:29 | as we get into metabolism next we're gonna talk about that a |
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| 26:34 | OK. All right. So, know, why don't you know these |
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| 26:54 | of basic things, size and representative and whatnot, but we're looking for |
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| 27:00 | outside earth, right? Mars, have you, these are the kind |
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| 27:04 | things you're looking for, right? gonna be microbes and you're trying to |
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| 27:09 | what's this similar to these are gonna things that are gonna be helpful knowing |
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| 27:13 | stuff, right? Um All Let's count down here from 76. |
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| 27:28 | . Um All right. Let's go algae. Heterotrophic euka. Now, |
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| 27:34 | are photosynthetic algae are mostly photosynthetic OK. Uh Autotrophs. OK. |
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| 27:43 | similar to archaea that they both lack nucleus. That's true. OK. |
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| 27:49 | Viruses type of cell. That's OK. So viruses, that's |
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| 27:53 | that's the, they're not cells. they're a cellular. OK. Um |
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| 27:59 | Kia, they're, these are what call extremo files. They're kind of |
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| 28:03 | in more extreme conditions, right? temp um extremes of uh hot or |
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| 28:11 | temperature, um high salt conditions. some cases, it just depends, |
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| 28:17 | kind of, that's what we call . Extremophiles. OK. Uh protozoans |
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| 28:22 | not sort of synthetic fungi. They're type of protozoan, they're a heterotrophic |
|
| 28:27 | . OK. Um So Eu that's correct. All right. They |
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| 28:33 | to eu Caria, a Kia and um bacteria. And so our Kia |
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| 28:40 | Eu Caria do have similarities in common each other. That bacteria don't. |
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| 28:45 | . So, uh so it is two make this correct answer. |
|
| 28:51 | Um So again, representative types, ? So the cellar and a cellular |
|
| 28:57 | . OK. So uh there's your groups. So you notice that and |
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| 29:03 | are kind of the um the kingdom if you will. OK. Um |
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| 29:08 | you don't see animal, that plant , animal, animal kingdom, plant |
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| 29:12 | don't have representatives that we call OK? But these four do |
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| 29:18 | as you see here. So uh yeast and moles, not, not |
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| 29:23 | fun job, not all fungal types microbes, but a good number are |
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| 29:29 | yeast and certain moles. OK. The proteins are microbes. Uh the |
|
| 29:36 | , spiral gyra is photosynthetic amoeba is protozoan heterotrophic uh bacterium, right? |
|
| 29:43 | Coli, right? Archia, you have an Archia up here. But |
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| 29:48 | nonetheless, those are the microbes in cellular group. OK. Then in |
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| 29:52 | cellular group um just continue here. these types, these types. So |
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| 29:57 | of the, not just the basic of each group here. OK. |
|
| 30:04 | uh The, the course, the characteristic of a pro Caro is lacking |
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| 30:09 | nucleus, right? And you lacking , right? They can't have specialized |
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| 30:14 | in them, but they're not of membrane bound variety like an organelle. |
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| 30:20 | . Uh We'll get more into the and bolts of the prokaryote cell in |
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| 30:25 | three, which is a ways away . OK. Um um You're already |
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| 30:30 | with eukaryotic functions, I'm sure the , uh multiple chromosomes, et |
|
| 30:36 | OK. So your aay types are categories here. OK. And we'll |
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| 30:41 | about viruses in unit two. But they have um uh three differences |
|
| 30:49 | OK. So your viruses that you know, you're familiar with like |
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| 30:53 | flu COVID, what have you? But basically a protein sac with a |
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| 30:59 | inside DNA RN A, it can have other variations, but that's the |
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| 31:04 | basic structure. But your vids and are way different. OK. The |
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| 31:11 | a vid only is made of RN . That's it. Nothing else. |
|
| 31:16 | are only a protein, that's Nothing else. OK. So viruses |
|
| 31:21 | , you know, a little step a step up from that in terms |
|
| 31:25 | complexity. OK. So, um again, they're a sailor, they |
|
| 31:31 | , you can't, uh a virus live, they all require a |
|
| 31:35 | they don't live outside of a OK? Um So just a quick |
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| 31:40 | about a Kia, right? Um can kind of loosely group, all |
|
| 31:45 | them into one of these three groups thermo files. Methos Halo files, |
|
| 31:51 | files, heat, loving, loving right? Heat loving. Um |
|
| 31:56 | can have hyper themo files in that . OK? Above 80 right? |
|
| 32:01 | boiling water. OK? Um Methano obviously produce methane. OK. Very |
|
| 32:10 | in uh landfills um with treatment et cetera. Um but it's a |
|
| 32:17 | archa metabolism. You don't see it any other group. OK. Halo |
|
| 32:24 | . Uh These you find in natural of water that are very s uh |
|
| 32:28 | salty, great salt lake, Red . Uh but also in uh companies |
|
| 32:34 | manufacture salt, they'll have pools of water, uh evaporate water, evaporates |
|
| 32:41 | get highly concentrated salt and you can these bacteria in there. OK? |
|
| 32:46 | have a very unique um photosynthetic um we'll talk about later. Uh It's |
|
| 32:53 | nothing like a plant or a plant the size. OK? Um So |
|
| 33:00 | the uh viruses again this, they're kind of on the border on |
|
| 33:05 | edge of a, what's a, alive or is it dead? |
|
| 33:10 | And so generally, uh you can both sides, but they're alive in |
|
| 33:19 | , let's say when they're inside their because that's when they're replicating and they |
|
| 33:23 | over the host as a replication OK? Uh When they're outside the |
|
| 33:30 | , they can be viable, they're reproducing. I'm sure the virus is |
|
| 33:35 | on that doorknob over there. On door handle or on the countertop, |
|
| 33:39 | , in the air. Ok. they are, um, they can't |
|
| 33:44 | anything really unless they get into their cell and begin to replicate. And |
|
| 33:49 | we notice them when we begin to symptoms, like a running out or |
|
| 33:53 | or what have you. Right. , there's, right now there's a |
|
| 33:58 | of respiratory viruses going around, like , um, RSV, um, |
|
| 34:06 | , right? Three of these circulating . Ok. Uh All you |
|
| 34:10 | very similar symptoms in many cases. . So um uh but again, |
|
| 34:16 | know, they're alive quote when they're the cell and they're host replicated right |
|
| 34:21 | and their viability, you know, virus sitting here on this countertop um |
|
| 34:27 | remain viable. It depends on the type and the conditions, right? |
|
| 34:30 | can remain viable for days or right? All it has to do |
|
| 34:36 | encounter the host cell, which may by touching, I touch myself. |
|
| 34:40 | have you then it can proliferate, ? Others have a short lifespan when |
|
| 34:46 | outside of the house. Just OK. So the point is they're |
|
| 34:51 | cells and because they don't have the of a cell, right? Cells |
|
| 34:54 | self-replicating. They can take in, uh take in food, right? |
|
| 34:59 | energy. Uh viruses can't do You can't throw glucose at a virus |
|
| 35:05 | go grow, grow, won't OK. They rely on, on |
|
| 35:09 | host of their functions. Ok. they're not, they're not completely, |
|
| 35:16 | , um, um, devoid of anything by themselves because they, they |
|
| 35:20 | have viral components that and parts and that they carry with them. But |
|
| 35:26 | really mainly only for the replication and into the cell. Ok. We'll |
|
| 35:31 | more about that in the next Ok. Now, having just gone |
|
| 35:37 | the definition, right, the microscope see it. They, um, |
|
| 35:43 | have different size ranges, right? , microbes are in the uh bacteria |
|
| 35:49 | the micron range, 1 to 10 , 20 to 5020 to 100 virus |
|
| 35:56 | much tinier, right? Um But with anything in biology, not everything |
|
| 36:03 | into a nice box, OK? always gray areas, OK? So |
|
| 36:09 | gray area here is is we do what are classified as microbes be you |
|
| 36:17 | , visible to the naked eye. ? And that generally has to do |
|
| 36:22 | a type a type of metabolism they that causes this OK? And these |
|
| 36:30 | Thom Margarita, OK. And my got excited when she saw the name |
|
| 36:37 | my on the notes and go It's not a Margarita and it's, |
|
| 36:41 | a type of bacteria, OK? um and don't worry about we'll get |
|
| 36:47 | metabolism next week, but just for this is, this is why they |
|
| 36:51 | get so big. This is what , here's an example of it over |
|
| 36:55 | on the right. OK. That uses this as energy H two S |
|
| 37:04 | . Hydrogen sulfide and it breaks it , oxidizes. We'll learn about that |
|
| 37:08 | the next coming weeks. And when gets oxidized electrons are let go. |
|
| 37:17 | they're given to this process over OK. And so nitrate takes those |
|
| 37:23 | becomes reduced to nitrite. OK? going big. Whoop. What's that |
|
| 37:28 | ? OK. Well, this part the middle, OK. What we |
|
| 37:34 | electron transport chain. OK? For , you substitute something like glucose here |
|
| 37:45 | back here you put in 02, what you do and that's your |
|
| 37:50 | right? You're aerobic. OK? And in the middle part, you |
|
| 37:55 | a lot of energy. OK? But for this guy, it doesn't |
|
| 37:59 | 02, it's anaerobic. So it nitrate. OK? And so what |
|
| 38:03 | does is a mechanism to kind of new uh have um an energy production |
|
| 38:11 | available at all times. It can , nitrate. Nitrate is a |
|
| 38:16 | OK? And it can store that nitrate and that's what kind of cause |
|
| 38:23 | to expand in size gets so OK. So it has that kind |
|
| 38:27 | as a reserve kind of like a tank, right? We fill a |
|
| 38:29 | tank with 02 for us to be to breathe underwater. It's got this |
|
| 38:35 | that it fills up with ni nitrate it can use that to breathe |
|
| 38:40 | OK. Um The bubble algae similarly up with water and get huge |
|
| 38:47 | Um microbial communities, right? so this is where a a microbe |
|
| 38:52 | course, is invisible, generally the eye, OK? Um But when |
|
| 38:57 | put bunches and bunches of them they can be visible, right? |
|
| 39:02 | biofilm, right? So biofilm is a microbe, it's made up of |
|
| 39:08 | of them. OK? Uh it's all about a surface, a |
|
| 39:12 | , a shower curtain, your right? These can all be surfaces |
|
| 39:16 | biofilms. OK. Um The and , the tissues, tissues, |
|
| 39:22 | muscle tissue, skin tissue, these um individually, we don't refer to |
|
| 39:27 | as microbes. OK? They're part a tissue. Uh If they're not |
|
| 39:30 | of that tissue, they really don't . OK. Um And then micro |
|
| 39:36 | , we call them multicellular, the bear um and others. OK. |
|
| 39:42 | So uh basically single cells, those cells can have arrangements and chains and |
|
| 39:49 | and whatnot. OK. Um So a little bit about uh uh |
|
| 39:57 | we get, how we come to grouping of Ar Kea, right? |
|
| 40:01 | there's two groups to what the takeaway is mainly is that in prokaryotes, |
|
| 40:08 | two groups of them, right? the main thing here. There's two |
|
| 40:12 | of prokaryotes. This wasn't known until about the seventies, late seventies, |
|
| 40:18 | eighties. OK. Um The before go on any questions about anything, |
|
| 40:25 | can always feel free just to shout or what have you. I |
|
| 40:29 | I want to make sure, I any hands they come up as |
|
| 40:32 | OK. So don't feel free to questions. Um OK. So in |
|
| 40:39 | , invariably it comes down at some to classifying, identifying, classifying, |
|
| 40:46 | into a group taxonomy, classification type . OK. And certainly with the |
|
| 40:51 | that too is the case. we have because we have this framework |
|
| 40:58 | classification of microbes. It's uh obviously a critical certainly from a diagnostic medical |
|
| 41:06 | standpoint, right? We're trying to what, what kind of disease, |
|
| 41:10 | disease someone may have. You wanna already a a catalog of, |
|
| 41:15 | Here's what we know, here's how classify them and how we can identify |
|
| 41:19 | . So, you know, from standpoint, it's important to have something |
|
| 41:22 | this. OK. So the thing um we rely on for the longest |
|
| 41:29 | . Um We classify them based on what they look like. Um Here's |
|
| 41:35 | form and shape and here's the kind metabolisms they can do, right? |
|
| 41:40 | so those are very similar in those were grouped in, in grouped |
|
| 41:46 | Um And so we kind of come relationships that way. OK. |
|
| 41:51 | we still do that, but the is number one, if we can |
|
| 41:58 | sequence DNA sequencing, OK? And DNA sequences. So I remember that |
|
| 42:05 | doing that each, each nucleotide is a point of comparison, right? |
|
| 42:14 | you, you, you and nowadays pretty easy, especially with pro cars |
|
| 42:19 | aren't so huge, you can sequence things pretty rapidly and so you can |
|
| 42:23 | and compare and now you have a base pairs, many different differences to |
|
| 42:29 | with, right? So it's, pretty much the standard to, to |
|
| 42:34 | that, but then you still do other stuff. So look like |
|
| 42:38 | shape metabolism and that kind of Ok. So, um so |
|
| 42:44 | microbes, if you remember from intro , what's his name? Uh |
|
| 42:51 | the Laan system, um everything uh either considered the animal plant right? |
|
| 42:58 | , of course, it changed uh time, but the micros are put |
|
| 43:03 | one group or the other. If was photosynthetic, it was put in |
|
| 43:07 | plant group. OK? If it , let's put in the al |
|
| 43:11 | OK. So fungi and algae are in the plant group. My fungi |
|
| 43:16 | I have no idea but it was . So just focusing on the microbes |
|
| 43:21 | . So in mid 18 hundreds, guy Heckle and again, it just |
|
| 43:28 | with advancements in microscopy, like better magnification improves resolution improves OK. And |
|
| 43:38 | uh all micros are put into this called bro, OK. Taking out |
|
| 43:43 | planting animals and put them in that . OK. Then um cours and |
|
| 43:52 | periods. So that distinction came about really in large part to the advancement |
|
| 43:59 | our development of electron microscope, which occurred like in the thirties, |
|
| 44:04 | . And so now we could oh, we got this group of |
|
| 44:08 | which tend to be smaller. We see organelles, we don't see a |
|
| 44:13 | , we don't see a nucleus, don't see these things. OK. |
|
| 44:15 | these guys must be something completely different what we call eukaryotes. OK. |
|
| 44:21 | that's where that division comes in. . And so, um and so |
|
| 44:27 | and protozoans are put in protist pro . Uh basically kingdom mora now just |
|
| 44:33 | only pro periodic cells, right? so uh so when that split occurred |
|
| 44:39 | it was Moro when I was studying stuff, OK. And it changed |
|
| 44:45 | when I became a graduate student. um in any case, so you |
|
| 44:49 | to mold, have a different, was like in the sixties, they |
|
| 44:52 | , somebody had the sense to OK, they're not plants, if |
|
| 44:56 | Easter MS are more closer to us they eat the same things we |
|
| 45:00 | OK. So they were putting their group called obviously, you know, |
|
| 45:04 | . OK. So, uh just focusing on, so we only |
|
| 45:09 | mention of animals and plants here at beginning, right? And we're taking |
|
| 45:14 | out of those groups into their own . OK. So where we stood |
|
| 45:19 | this point then was this was in seventies, early eighties. Um Mora |
|
| 45:25 | all the prokaryotes. OK. So is where our k our key bacteria |
|
| 45:30 | in. All right. So going to uh comparing organisms based on |
|
| 45:39 | sequences. OK. So Woes and , I don't know if you George |
|
| 45:47 | in the biochemistry department, our biochemistry were part of this group and using |
|
| 45:55 | they decided to use a specific sequence DNA. The segment that codes for |
|
| 46:03 | the um um 16 is RN OK. And the um so remember |
|
| 46:13 | ribosome rights where protein synthesis occurs. . The unit is comprised of two |
|
| 46:20 | , they come together during protein synthesis carry that out. Um It's made |
|
| 46:25 | of a bunch of proteins and uh A sequences. OK. And so |
|
| 46:34 | an example of in terms of um the RNAs are the end |
|
| 46:41 | So most genes are protein coding, get a protein at the end. |
|
| 46:46 | with these kind of genes, the product is the RN A. |
|
| 46:50 | And so your uh ribosome RN A RN A, remember that's transfer RNAs |
|
| 46:56 | involved in protein synthesis. So those A molecules that's the end product. |
|
| 47:00 | you do have genes that, that's they code for and that's it, |
|
| 47:03 | stops there. OK? And so 16 S um is one in the |
|
| 47:11 | unit. OK. So it's a size. I'm like maybe 1500 base |
|
| 47:18 | . It's gonna be the sequence rather . But more importantly, this term |
|
| 47:23 | , right? So the ribosome, think think put on your evolution hat |
|
| 47:31 | . Um This uh OK. This gonna this is gonna be a really |
|
| 47:37 | analogy. The best one I can up with kind of describe this. |
|
| 47:41 | say you wanted to, you want want to investigate the history of |
|
| 47:48 | Ok. And you wanted to go back in time and, and pick |
|
| 47:52 | characteristic that, you know, would constant throughout. Ok. Um And |
|
| 47:58 | we're talking transportation, think of anything used for transportation or to carry |
|
| 48:04 | right? What's probably a feature that could point to go? Yeah, |
|
| 48:09 | can go way back in time with thing because the early transportation things have |
|
| 48:13 | . What would that be? That's of a clue wheel, right? |
|
| 48:19 | wheel. So they probably had uh horse drawn wagons and or whatever, |
|
| 48:25 | know, uh the wheel would have something very early on, but you |
|
| 48:28 | see today airplanes have wheels, Land on it, right? So |
|
| 48:32 | can uh cars obviously have wheels, , right? So that's a feature |
|
| 48:37 | can go back and go, I can trace back evolution of transportation |
|
| 48:42 | that characteristic way back because they all it, right? And then see |
|
| 48:47 | it evolved over time, right? , um so think of that as |
|
| 48:53 | ribosome, ribosome was 16 inch ribosome A, if you in evolution, |
|
| 48:58 | evolve at different rates, they change change slightly over time. Ok. |
|
| 49:06 | The, you, you can't do much of that tinkering with the, |
|
| 49:10 | the, with the ribosome RN right? So we do do great |
|
| 49:15 | um can affect the function. And you have a, a functioning |
|
| 49:21 | you're dead, right? Because that's gotta make proteins, right? If |
|
| 49:25 | have AAA structure that can't function to that, then that life of that |
|
| 49:30 | , that organism is, that's OK. So changes accumulate slowly and |
|
| 49:37 | specific parts of the vibes. And so we can use that as |
|
| 49:42 | measure of going back in time. . And then you can, where |
|
| 49:48 | can tie that to fossil evidence to specific times on things. OK. |
|
| 49:56 | when this was done, so this done really just initially, the project |
|
| 50:00 | just focusing on carriers, OK. so when they did this and this |
|
| 50:06 | just showing you kind of a two drawing of the actual 16 S. |
|
| 50:12 | so when I, what I'm saying I'm referring to the, the DNA |
|
| 50:17 | codes for this RN A OK. so we look at the sequence, |
|
| 50:21 | the arrows that you see there, are, what are the areas that |
|
| 50:29 | at in terms of changes? Here. And so it's those areas |
|
| 50:37 | accumulate changes more rapidly than the other because they don't really so much because |
|
| 50:41 | you do you affect the function, . So uh so, so you |
|
| 50:47 | even from the two dimensional drawing, can see, right? But there's |
|
| 50:51 | difference uh in these two groups, ? So within Procar, they |
|
| 50:55 | hmm, we're, we're seeing this Procar group. OK. Um Based |
|
| 51:02 | this information and it turns out that I look, look at the |
|
| 51:05 | at the types that were showing these guys are Kia, right? |
|
| 51:12 | they tended to be found, you , when you can grow them, |
|
| 51:16 | tend to be found in these weird , right? High, high temperature |
|
| 51:20 | methano agains or what have you, . So they, they knew they're |
|
| 51:24 | to something and then they found this proal group. OK. So there's |
|
| 51:29 | groups of Procans, OK? The and the archaea. OK. |
|
| 51:36 | um they're not kind of, they're like exclusive that you don't ever find |
|
| 51:44 | together because you do find them You'll have Ar Kea, then you'll |
|
| 51:49 | bacteria in the neighborhood as well, not able to fully handle the extreme |
|
| 51:57 | that the Ar Ka are in. there are the they, they'll be |
|
| 52:01 | the vicinity of each other. And there's cases where gene transfer occurs |
|
| 52:06 | two groups. OK? And um mentioned earlier about that when they, |
|
| 52:11 | have those halo files of salt loving have this weird kind of photosynthesis and |
|
| 52:18 | actually have acquired that as well that in the same ecological niches as |
|
| 52:23 | OK. So there can be this of transfer between the two. |
|
| 52:28 | Nevertheless, the point here is that and this also brought about this uh |
|
| 52:34 | to this point, it was all so I can remember genus species, |
|
| 52:40 | class order phylum kingdom, right? was all the names. Now we |
|
| 52:46 | domain. OK. So the main the biggest, most inclusive, |
|
| 52:52 | So we have Eu Caria, which us obviously um then Archia and |
|
| 52:59 | OK. So three domains, Three groups. OK? But make |
|
| 53:04 | mistake, right? Ar Ka are , they have the the hallmark of |
|
| 53:09 | , right? No nucleus, um a single circular chromosome. OK? |
|
| 53:17 | organelles. OK. So they have proal features. So, but there |
|
| 53:23 | some similarities that um they have a for sure, I just mentioned but |
|
| 53:30 | with eukaryotes that bacteria lack lack these . OK. So, and it's |
|
| 53:38 | , not every IKEA have these similarities EY but many do OK? And |
|
| 53:46 | may or may not remember the intron gene structure. We'll talk a little |
|
| 53:52 | about that way later, but that's to you. Caro is a structure |
|
| 53:56 | , and, and some genes in have this structure. Uh the, |
|
| 54:02 | RN A uh polymerase. Um some the Ramos components are similar more similar |
|
| 54:07 | eukaryotes than prokaryote. So they, have those features. OK. So |
|
| 54:13 | that reason, it's not that uh terms of life evolving on this |
|
| 54:18 | bacteria were the first OK, followed thereafter by IKEA and then E car |
|
| 54:26 | OK. So um but again, home here is this creation of domains |
|
| 54:33 | that there's two pro period groups. . Um All right. And so |
|
| 54:42 | is uh so throughout the 1st 22 years on this planet was strictly occupied |
|
| 54:54 | pro carriers, right? So 1st billion years a verse origin was Procar |
|
| 55:04 | . Then came eukaryotic cells um then multicellular eukaryotes more complex than coming out |
|
| 55:13 | the water on the land. And you know, evolving. So these |
|
| 55:18 | origins are um what, what is um how did you carry like cells |
|
| 55:25 | ? Right. And so this endosy . So endosy biosis is of course |
|
| 55:32 | relationship between two organisms. Um but endosymbiont is a very intimate, they're |
|
| 55:39 | associated with each other. OK. so this is believed how this would |
|
| 55:45 | occurred. You would have some kind a pre eukaryotic cell um that would |
|
| 55:51 | been characterized by lots of membrane folding the formation of a nucleus, |
|
| 55:56 | And then endoplasmic reticulum. So if recall bic cell have lots of membrane |
|
| 56:01 | structures in it, right? And uh it's thought that uh it would |
|
| 56:06 | engulfed the bacterial cell Procar cell. if it would have been a uh |
|
| 56:15 | uh heterotrophic cell type, right? you see here, the prote ofac |
|
| 56:21 | um this would have given the cell own power source, so to |
|
| 56:28 | evolved into mitochondria. OK. Uh it then engulfed a for a synthetic |
|
| 56:34 | , OK, it then would have into chloroplast. OK. And |
|
| 56:41 | Ok. Well, what's the evidence that? Well, the evidence is |
|
| 56:45 | we can, those, those organ actually have DNA in them. |
|
| 56:51 | Fragments of DNA in them. And that DNA actually does have |
|
| 56:56 | too different modern day bacterial species. . That's pretty strong evidence that those |
|
| 57:04 | were once a cell that, that was part of a symbiotic |
|
| 57:08 | Ok. Over, over time, course, that that cell would have |
|
| 57:14 | a lot of functions because it's not of its larger entity. So what |
|
| 57:18 | left is what we see now, of DNA, there's even ribosomes and |
|
| 57:24 | in there. So some of the for photosynthesis for respiration are actually coded |
|
| 57:32 | in the organelle by some of those , not all but some OK. |
|
| 57:37 | the fact that the organelles, so mitosis, right, the the nucleus |
|
| 57:43 | and so too do these, these or class mitochondria? Uh But |
|
| 57:48 | don't take that to mean that you pull a mitochondria out of the cell |
|
| 57:55 | put it on a Petri dish and will grow, it won't. |
|
| 57:59 | But as part of the mi mitosis , those organelles do duplicate. |
|
| 58:05 | So all that pretty strong evidence of origins of, of eukaryotic cells. |
|
| 58:12 | . Um Now, uh let's see . So, OK, genomes, |
|
| 58:19 | kind of talked about this a little in the context of um you |
|
| 58:23 | they're, they're, they're small compared our genomes, which are pretty, |
|
| 58:27 | big, multiple chromosomes, single circular , easily manipulable with the techniques we |
|
| 58:35 | um which has allowed us to uh hundreds of thousands of different prokaryote |
|
| 58:41 | And in the process to find all of unique metabolism, that's one thing |
|
| 58:47 | peres you'll find in them, the to do all types of metabolisms that |
|
| 58:54 | don't, we can't even begin to try to do OK. From |
|
| 58:59 | metabolism to producing all kinds of different . So, uh and even degrading |
|
| 59:06 | different types of things. So, diversity of metabolism is one of the |
|
| 59:11 | that characterizes proios. OK. And in that we've, you know, |
|
| 59:16 | where biotechnology came in to exploit these to figure out. OK? Here's |
|
| 59:22 | cool enzyme, let's uh let's commercialize , right? So that's where biotech |
|
| 59:27 | in and, and then uses those . We'll talk about some of that |
|
| 59:31 | . But um but one of the is also the um uh this meta |
|
| 59:39 | . OK. So what this really is you see meta genomes, that's |
|
| 59:45 | way to basically in a show The show um how you can maybe |
|
| 59:53 | types that you can't culture in the . Right? Again, I think |
|
| 59:57 | only maybe 3 to 5000 str strains you can actually culture in the |
|
| 60:03 | OK. There's thousands of others that can't, right? So, number |
|
| 60:09 | , why is that? Why can't culture it, well, in |
|
| 60:15 | OK. Obviously these things are all in, in concert with each |
|
| 60:21 | Uh, fighting, fighting with right? Cooperating with others. |
|
| 60:27 | Um The, the products of one would be used by another. Um |
|
| 60:34 | don't know all the mm feeding relationships on there. So we, we |
|
| 60:41 | not know what it's required to grow on their own. Right. So |
|
| 60:45 | why, you know, we have really coached everything that's out there because |
|
| 60:50 | not, it's not easy to We don't know all the nutritional requirements |
|
| 60:54 | them. OK. So how do find it out? Well, you |
|
| 60:57 | an environmental sample and you basically just all the DNA. That's OK. |
|
| 61:04 | any anything that's in that dirt if it's a dirt, soil |
|
| 61:08 | right? We will blow it blow up the cells, get all |
|
| 61:13 | DNA, OK? Then we use techniques of a common uh DNA |
|
| 61:19 | We'll take those fragments, we'll put in a vehicle to kind of allow |
|
| 61:26 | to grow it and work with That's what the vector will do for |
|
| 61:30 | . Uh We then put it into cell, right? The cell will |
|
| 61:35 | it for us. It will, can grow it and it will make |
|
| 61:38 | of it for us. OK? that's what we use that for the |
|
| 61:41 | coli there. And then what we in the end is a bank of |
|
| 61:48 | . OK? Each containing a different of that DNA that was in our |
|
| 61:55 | . OK. So what we call library, right? Meta genomic |
|
| 61:59 | So now our it say 1 g of dirt and we did this, |
|
| 62:04 | got all the genes that are in soil now at our disposal, |
|
| 62:11 | In the, in this form. . So with all the information we've |
|
| 62:17 | over decades that are on, it's , right? So now this becomes |
|
| 62:22 | the bioinformatics. This is where they guys come in, right? All |
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| 62:27 | databases and you go OK. This what I got in my library. |
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| 62:32 | are sequences. What's it matching up in terms of microbial sequences we've |
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| 62:39 | we figured out, right? There's match up with E coli or |
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| 62:44 | right? So, or is it unique? So this is how we |
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| 62:48 | see what's in there without having to in the lab? OK. And |
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| 62:54 | we can find be un cultural, ? By doing these kinds of |
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| 62:59 | OK. And it's proven to be , especially from uh if you wanted |
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| 63:03 | study my ecology, right? What the bacterial types in, in this |
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| 63:10 | soil in this particular environment? If gonna go in there and try to |
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| 63:15 | and coach everything on a plate, been doing that for decades, |
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| 63:19 | If you have this technique now you get representation of what's out there, |
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| 63:25 | ? Very fairly quickly, right? can give you an idea of the |
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| 63:30 | in that particular environment? OK. Now the any questions about that? |
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| 63:40 | . Questions. So, so as mentioned earlier, um kind of going |
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| 63:47 | to discovery of microbes, Van Ley hope, right? So 16 hundreds |
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| 63:53 | completely different, obviously belief system, very superstitious. Um You're now seeing |
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| 64:00 | invisible world pop up in front of eyes, you're going oh my |
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| 64:04 | what is this, is this something the devil or what's going on |
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| 64:07 | Ok. So of course, origins these things become of, of, |
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| 64:13 | importance. So why, where are things coming from? What is this |
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| 64:16 | ? OK. And so this takes down the pathway of, of |
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| 64:22 | which may seem crazy to us Um But was a thing for quite |
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| 64:27 | long time, right? Um A goose, right? So these |
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| 64:34 | apparently, I, I've never seen barnacle, a goose barnacle, which |
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| 64:38 | of plant tree, I guess. so of course, uh ponds or |
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| 64:43 | are frequented, lakes are frequented by land on it, right? And |
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| 64:47 | see these trees which I guess, don't know if they were high or |
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| 64:51 | , but it appeared to them like were yeet or something. It would |
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| 64:54 | into the water from these plants. made, they made the connection, |
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| 64:59 | , these come from these, these using these barnacles nuts, right? |
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| 65:05 | do you produce mice? There's a , sweaty underwear. Uh take |
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| 65:11 | take husks of wheat. Put it a jar. Wait 21 days. |
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| 65:14 | . Then you get mice. Sounds pretty cool. Um, muddy |
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| 65:20 | gets right to frogs and we'll see here in Houston. Right in your |
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| 65:24 | . Right. You see frogs jump over the place. Uh, if |
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| 65:27 | today. Certainly by the end of week with all this rain, rain |
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| 65:29 | . Right. If you didn't know , you go. Oh rain, |
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| 65:33 | frogs. There we go. So again, this is these kind |
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| 65:37 | beliefs held for a lot longer than would think. OK. So these |
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| 65:42 | all examples of what these are examples , I'll give you a hint. |
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| 66:16 | not, it's not how the world naturally operates if you know that. |
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| 66:31 | . Alternative. OK. So it spontaneous generation. OK? So BB |
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| 66:44 | C are the opposite of each OK. So biogenesis is life produces |
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| 66:50 | , OK. Spontaneous generation is non produces life, OK? Um Mud |
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| 66:58 | soil giving rise to frogs, That's non life, giving rise to |
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| 67:02 | . Doesn't, doesn't happen. So even Van Lebel Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| 67:08 | right? So this vital force is that believed in this thought that any |
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| 67:14 | of mostly inanimate matter with, with , that was the key and of |
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| 67:21 | . Those two together can produce OK? And even Van Leeuwenhoek, |
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| 67:27 | is this drawing of a sperm, ? You see they're in the head |
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| 67:31 | the sperm, a fully thorn. , he's got his knees, knees |
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| 67:38 | to his chest and the hands in front. All right. And the |
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| 67:43 | head right there. So down the of the head, right? Hold |
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| 67:49 | . So he was uh one of people you called a sperm sperms, |
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| 67:56 | . His belief and many others along him thought male, right? Gave |
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| 68:01 | to a fully formed human in his . Ok? And the role of |
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| 68:06 | woman was simply as I love OK. Yeah, that wouldn't fly |
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| 68:12 | , obviously, right? So uh just being totally ridiculous, of |
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| 68:16 | but uh that that was woman. this, right? So obviously crazy |
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| 68:22 | goes along with the kind of belief had in these times, right? |
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| 68:26 | um so then of course, if a scientific sort in this time, |
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| 68:31 | going OK. Is this for Just BS? OK. So those |
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| 68:37 | kind of more of the inquisitive type thought, OK. I don't know |
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| 68:42 | this spontaneous generation stuff. Let me to go down various experiments and things |
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| 68:47 | kind of either prove or disprove it it kind of the division occurs kind |
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| 68:53 | here where we go OK. Maybe doesn't fit for macroscopic life, this |
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| 69:01 | generation because this experiment here by you know, you can have uh |
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| 69:06 | meat carcass, flies are, are flying around it and maggots are |
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| 69:12 | in the meat and they go Look, here, meat gave rise |
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| 69:16 | the maggots. No flies landed on meat, laid their eggs. Maggots |
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| 69:22 | . OK. So very simple experiment just put a cork in it. |
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| 69:28 | ever let flies land on it and will never see the maggots, |
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| 69:33 | So then you go uh oh gotta have oxygen, gotta have air |
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| 69:38 | the force. So let's put some cloth on it. Right? So |
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| 69:42 | can really pass back and forth. you fulfilled your criteria, right? |
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| 69:50 | is present, but there's still no generation occurring. So you go |
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| 69:56 | you settle the issue. Well, and no. Yes for these macroscopic |
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| 70:02 | forms, but no for microscopic right? Remember by this time this |
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| 70:09 | , this was well known that they hook et cetera, right? So |
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| 70:13 | , let's take some broth and literally is stuff just like soup, |
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| 70:18 | beef, soup, broth. It be what it is. OK? |
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| 70:22 | you boil it, you want to everything in there. OK? And |
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| 70:27 | cool it. All right. If do the flask open, of |
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| 70:31 | stuff's gonna grow in there. We nowadays it's just contamination, right? |
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| 70:36 | But they literally thought it was the plus the air giving rise to cruising |
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| 70:42 | . OK? Didn't know any right? So if we do the |
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| 70:46 | down below, eat broth seal right? But again, because you're |
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| 70:53 | letting air there spontaneous generation wo are doesn't count no good. Ok. |
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| 71:01 | So this is where, right, is where pasture comes in to kind |
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| 71:05 | finally settle all this ridiculousness. Um He has an ingenious way of |
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| 71:13 | air to be present but not letting uh contaminate. Ok. Um So |
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| 71:21 | , uh the, the thing here , yes, you can seal |
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| 71:25 | but you're not getting air in And that's, they said that's part |
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| 71:28 | the equation, air and inanimate um gives life and it was at the |
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| 71:35 | to kind of finally put an end this. OK? And so he |
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| 71:42 | or a number of different hats, was trained as a chemist. If |
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| 71:46 | had chemistry already, you may have through the uh uh the chirality of |
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| 71:51 | . He's kind of the one that that. Um But then he quickly |
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| 71:55 | into with that background. It was to be a microbiologist, um went |
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| 72:01 | fermentations studying uh uh the French government on him because the French wine industry |
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| 72:07 | having issues. If you know anything France, they love their wine. |
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| 72:12 | ? The wine is not, They're not happy. OK? And |
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| 72:16 | , and this is really the first of attributing these chemical transformations, |
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| 72:23 | So uh reactants yielding products, You add your reactants, then they |
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| 72:36 | they combine and form products um equilibrium , et cetera, et cetera. |
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| 72:41 | But now is the first time where was actually seeing living things, living |
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| 72:46 | are transforming these chemicals into products. . So the microbes are the |
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| 72:53 | OK. So that was the first this was ever shown. And that's |
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| 72:57 | how the germ theory of fermentation comes , right? So, fermentation in |
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| 73:01 | is uh basically is um metabolism in absence of air. OK. And |
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| 73:09 | we know of course, in uh uh wine production is grapes, |
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| 73:15 | Grapes are the source of the right? Or the hydrate source, |
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| 73:20 | what gets fermented, OK. Um uh are then um or what transformed |
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| 73:29 | sugar into ethanol. Ethanol, of is what is the alcohol? |
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| 73:34 | And so you, you don't have oxygen present and you get that |
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| 73:40 | OK? Uh And what you get is as, as the yeast culture |
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| 73:45 | , you get more product, And so now they didn't add, |
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| 73:51 | didn't have, didn't have like uh couldn't go to the store and get |
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| 73:54 | little packet of yeast and dump it , right? The they didn't even |
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| 73:58 | even add yeast like that. The source of the yeast here is actually |
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| 74:03 | what anybody know, because it this has been going on p production |
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| 74:09 | been going on for centuries, And there was no such thing as |
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| 74:12 | get yeast off the shelf and dump in the yeast were already there and |
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| 74:16 | were there on the grapes, on surface of the grapes is where the |
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| 74:21 | were at and so that's how they more sophisticated. Now, we have |
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| 74:26 | strains we've isolated and engineered. Uh for, for until then, uh |
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| 74:32 | was all the yeast that were on were on the grapes themselves. And |
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| 74:37 | , um and so more yeasts you get more product. OK. |
|
| 74:42 | nowadays, you can buy wine that's that's from the, the wine, |
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| 74:54 | leads to like wine production, like 9% alcohol. Nowadays is double |
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| 74:59 | And uh they have yeast strains that handle the high levels of alcohol. |
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| 75:06 | And so the the off, so off tasting of the wine is due |
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| 75:10 | the vinegary taste is due to bacterial . So, acidic acid. So |
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| 75:16 | can ferment sugars into many different products on the species. OK? And |
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| 75:22 | acid is one of those. And that then brought about the fermentation and |
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| 75:29 | basically that uh its microbes that account the production of chemicals in this |
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| 75:38 | they grow as a result, more , more product and he can identify |
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| 75:44 | types based on the end product, it smelled you go. Oh |
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| 75:48 | this is bacteria. So and so do this fermentation and so we could |
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| 75:53 | them in different ways. And so is all what the germ theory of |
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| 75:57 | is about. OK. So um questions? So we will wrap up |
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| 76:08 | pasture story and get into medical microbiology next time. OK. Thanks |
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