| 00:00 | Back on track. All right, we're gonna finish up 13 and |
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| 00:06 | um, usual stuff, right? have a lot of with this |
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| 00:11 | uh, probably Monday. Um, next week, uh, the week |
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| 00:18 | spring break, uh, on we finish up on the ninth and |
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| 00:25 | the end of unit two. don't get two after, uh, |
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| 00:30 | before we finish up next week. . Um So, uh, |
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| 00:37 | you know, we covered this three , 3636, 13 and 14, |
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| 00:42 | two. The essay is uh So a week from tomorrow, the |
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| 00:48 | scheduler opens up for exam two. . So, uh 24. So |
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| 00:56 | ways away, um, let's come . So we'll start unit three after |
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| 01:04 | come back from spring break. uh, but none of that obviously |
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| 01:08 | on the exam too. So, , uh, anyway, so that's |
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| 01:13 | of what's coming up. Um, . So the, uh, let's |
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| 01:20 | at a question to start with. . Uh Just kind of get |
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| 01:28 | get our gears going, especially me uh look at this one. |
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| 01:32 | So this diagram of a cell, cell, let's say, and this |
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| 01:37 | kind of the Respi the processes in that we've been talking about. And |
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| 01:44 | , uh let's see uh what we do here. So which one is |
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| 01:52 | let me pause that briefly. what is this one? What's |
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| 01:58 | All right. So this might be good uh self check uh To see |
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| 02:04 | you remember about this. You you can put glucose on a piece |
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| 02:08 | glucose and have co2 and water down . How much of it can you |
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| 02:14 | in? Right? How much of do you know the process? Um |
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| 02:18 | it might look something like this, ? So. Mhm So of |
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| 02:27 | remember we're not, we're not having memorize all the reactions and all the |
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| 02:33 | . It's more like stages of the , right? Um OK. Let's |
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| 02:40 | count down here. Hm. And you see something like, although it's |
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| 02:47 | applicable to this question. So the is like uh e whether, whether |
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| 02:51 | the same, it's the same OK. Like the HS uh the |
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| 02:58 | those are all represent each one represents same similar molecule. OK. So |
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| 03:10 | cut out its 9876 21. So it is indeed uh Right. |
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| 03:25 | , and you could, this is next one here is not a quicker |
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| 03:28 | , but you can, you can on your own kind of this thing |
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| 03:33 | move, you can figure out what's J G H F? All |
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| 03:37 | other letters, right? So uh would be what P, right. |
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| 03:43 | course, P uh what would the what might the ease be? |
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| 03:51 | co2 carbon dioxide. OK. Um could be uh N A DH um |
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| 04:03 | uh let's see. Uh H that's, that's an easy one. |
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| 04:06 | are protons, right? Protons, proton gradients. Uh A is the |
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| 04:12 | T P I, excuse me, A P A, right? This |
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| 04:18 | uh this this would be AD P to A T P. So, |
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| 04:23 | know, as a prep cycle. you know, just uh so knowing |
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| 04:27 | stages of things as we went through time here, right? Uh And |
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| 04:33 | I consider uh of course this 1234 terms of the stages in respiration, |
|
| 04:42 | ? Fermentation is kind of its uh separated on purpose because of course, |
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| 04:49 | produces energy for those that use but it's separate in the context of |
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| 04:54 | components that, that involve, We don't have uh ad P |
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| 05:01 | we don't have a proton gradient that's with fermentation, right? Fermentation |
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| 05:08 | right? Which we talked about last through this is the energy making part |
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| 05:13 | fermentation is this right? Well, includes this, right. So |
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| 05:20 | so that is, that's what pierces for, for nature, right? |
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| 05:25 | so we gotta keep supplying uh of carbohydrate source or some other carbon source |
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| 05:34 | N ad right, ad P and . So those three things. It |
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| 05:40 | keep going on the again, And of course, we have to |
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| 05:44 | keep resupplying that. Right? And that's what we do with Pate is |
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| 05:50 | produce these small organic acids, alcohols that process is what it's, it's |
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| 05:56 | re reduction of pyro bait that then the oxidation of N A DH to |
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| 06:02 | reforming this. Right. So these of additional reactions occur, they are |
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| 06:08 | are meant to resupply the N ad keep the whole thing running. In |
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| 06:14 | . So um so you can just here from this diagram, I'm just |
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| 06:17 | this in half, right? All the stuff if you will involved in |
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| 06:23 | , like compared to fermentation, It's really a comparison. So um |
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| 06:30 | again, knowing the state comes out , energy that's produced um the |
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| 06:37 | right? This is what you should familiar with, OK with, with |
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| 06:40 | process. And so today, um gonna go into, well, let's |
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| 06:47 | go to the, let's complete this I mention it. Um OK. |
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| 06:52 | we're gonna, so we ended with last time. So I remember P |
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| 06:57 | back for so pyra bait is kind the fork in the row, |
|
| 07:01 | So depending on again, the capabilities the micro bacterium, uh what's available |
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| 07:07 | for the conditions, right? Is , is there oh two present? |
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| 07:12 | it, is there not 02 Uh is the proper terminal acceptor |
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| 07:18 | OK. Um is it not? if you're in e coli you can |
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| 07:22 | fermentation, restoration and her. So got three different ways you can |
|
| 07:28 | OK. Uh But, but regardless is kind of the, the, |
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| 07:33 | , the decision point if you OK. And so we can go |
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| 07:38 | respiration, aerobic or anaerobic going that or fermentation. OK. And |
|
| 07:46 | um so as we look, then now going to respiration route, |
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| 07:52 | then goes into eventually goes into the T C A cycle, there's |
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| 07:56 | three names, there's T C A , creb cycle, Citric acid |
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| 08:01 | all referred to the exact same OK. And so the uh so |
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| 08:07 | we go there, so stage two the pate oxidation to A OK. |
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| 08:14 | so that begins with that. So the numbers here. So one |
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| 08:18 | two P, ultimately two of these co A. OK. And so |
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| 08:26 | do have some energy production here. A DH has formed a couple of |
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| 08:31 | . Uh So, like I mentioned time that overall uh negative delta G |
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| 08:39 | , which is what this is like respiration. But there are points at |
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| 08:46 | figured as the, the at a point has to be energized to |
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| 08:51 | get the ball rolling. So we're that, using that analogy, |
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| 08:56 | And so we saw that in right? We had to put in |
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| 09:00 | energy uh phosphorated glucose, right? so we, we, but we |
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| 09:05 | that back plus more. Got a . Um So similarly, when we |
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| 09:10 | down the prate rate, it's kind in a similar state, right? |
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| 09:13 | now we have to energize that. so this, this is what the |
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| 09:18 | A does, right? This molecule is derived from pantothenic acid. If |
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| 09:26 | ever look on one of your cereal , if you'd like to eat |
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| 09:29 | uh especially, or any kind of that they say are vitamin fortified, |
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| 09:34 | typically your b vitamins, things involved respiration. And so panic acid is |
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| 09:39 | of those. And so it's where A is synthesized from. And |
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| 09:44 | but the point here is the squiggly , right? It's one of those |
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| 09:50 | energy bumps that you see in a , OK. So if you, |
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| 09:55 | can combine this code A to another , you're basically imparting that energy to |
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| 10:02 | . OK. That's essentially what we're in forming. There's a high energy |
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| 10:06 | there in forming the coal to do , right? So now we boost |
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| 10:10 | up and now we can, we go into the creep cycle and we |
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| 10:13 | some more energy back. OK? that's what happens. OK. The |
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| 10:19 | cycle is one of those, they it central points in the town. |
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| 10:27 | , but if you look at a chart, right, of all the |
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| 10:31 | reactions going on in your body, ? You're gonna see arrows pointing to |
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| 10:38 | and going away from it from the side, right? Because in involved |
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| 10:42 | both metabolism. So things like uh , when one um uses proteins as |
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| 10:50 | carbon source, an energy source, will funnel into the creb cycle. |
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| 10:55 | you use fat as a carbon energy , it actually funnels into uh a |
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| 11:02 | then goes into the creb. Um So, uh so of |
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| 11:09 | glycolysis to uh goes into the crab . But so too, you have |
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| 11:16 | building blocks, use things like oxo um su co A but these intermediates |
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| 11:24 | are part of the crab cycle, are used to build stuff as |
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| 11:28 | So it's both a part of anabolism catabolism. OK. Uh Very |
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| 11:34 | And so um and so things like , different types of amino acids are |
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| 11:39 | using crypto intermediates and other types of nucleotides, I think as well. |
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| 11:46 | so, um and these kinds of I'm only telling you this just for |
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| 11:51 | own information, but they call it amphibolic. It's an an amphibolic pathway |
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| 11:58 | serve both anabolism and metabolism. And so uh so remembering the numbers |
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| 12:08 | , right to A are formed for mole glucose. OK? Because you |
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| 12:15 | look at it in, in two , right, in terms of energy |
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| 12:19 | . OK. So here's your energy N A DH and this other carrier |
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| 12:24 | the DH two, this one only up shows up here in the creb |
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| 12:28 | . We don't see it elsewhere like do in a DH when it's |
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| 12:32 | OK? You do have an A P form here. OK? And |
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| 12:37 | that substrate level phosphorylation, right? it happens in a couple of |
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| 12:42 | It happens here and it happens in glycolysis. OK? You form a |
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| 12:48 | bit of A T P S this . OK. Uh So in terms |
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| 12:54 | how you can look at this. per acetal, OK. So, |
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| 13:01 | if you look at it per you're going through it twice because each |
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| 13:04 | makes two acetal cos so when ace through one time, you're making |
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| 13:10 | obviously twice, right? So you look at it as per glucose or |
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| 13:16 | , and you're just doubling up the , right? So it's sort of |
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| 13:21 | om 66 and ad 82 fa DH s and two A T P S |
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| 13:26 | glucose. OK. And so remember and this is tallied up on the |
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| 13:31 | slide, but you also have um an A DH from glycolysis and to |
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| 13:40 | A DH from oxidation right here, up here. And so 6789, |
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| 13:48 | , you're actually accumulate, you're accumulating things. 10 N A DH s |
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| 13:53 | and you're gonna make some energy with , we'll talk about that next |
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| 13:58 | But uh ultimately, these, these N A DH s and two fa |
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| 14:05 | two s make a total of 30 A T P s altogether. |
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| 14:10 | Much more than what you get like presentation. OK? And so um |
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| 14:16 | course, the oxidation of, of is complete, right? It's all |
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| 14:20 | to co2 here here and finally OK? And we're done with |
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| 14:27 | OK? So co2 and water the product here. So uh and so |
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| 14:32 | just tally up the what we've OK. So again, so when |
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| 14:40 | see this, right, this this is the process of oxidative |
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| 14:44 | right? That involves all of these . So in so the stage is |
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| 14:49 | , right? 123 and four, called that four. And so here |
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| 15:00 | the energy output in blue, These are the N E DH S |
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| 15:03 | produced. OK? And fa DH S and so that's, that's the |
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| 15:09 | source, of course, is this our example here. So the source |
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| 15:15 | whatever the molecule is, that's being up here. OK. And they |
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| 15:23 | that's the source of electrons, But remember that the glucose itself is |
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| 15:28 | interacting with the electron transport chain, oxidizing it, right? And we |
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| 15:33 | those energies and steps right here here here. So and so the N |
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| 15:41 | eight then are formed as a result these oxidation as is fa DH two |
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| 15:46 | then that supplies the electrons to the . And then remember they use that |
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| 15:53 | pump out protons, right. So so again, this oxidative phosphorylation and |
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| 16:00 | of course, they come down the T P A to produce lots of |
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| 16:04 | . OK. So by comparison, substrate level phosph relation, right? |
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| 16:11 | difference, right? Um Excuse um more than 8 to 1, |
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| 16:17 | , in terms of where lack state pho relation gives you fermentation only relies |
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| 16:22 | this when, when it gets from . OK. So two versus |
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| 16:28 | So that's a big difference. So um the uh so what we're |
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| 16:36 | Talk about kind of today and 14 um mostly focusing at least today on |
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| 16:44 | of what's going on here in the of OK, providing electrons, the |
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| 16:52 | that do this, right? And molecules that accept and kind of looking |
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| 16:57 | evaluating both those things. OK? trying to combine, make the make |
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| 17:02 | optimal combination of the two, Because it's all about electron flow, |
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| 17:08 | ? But then en energy right to pump out these protons, |
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| 17:13 | So that's kind of what we're looking in, in 14, beginning |
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| 17:17 | So we use the term reduction right? So we'll go through |
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| 17:20 | but that's kind of what we're looking uh uh when, when we get |
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| 17:24 | that point. OK. So let's any questions for me? All |
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| 17:32 | So uh let's look at this question . OK. So let me pause |
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| 17:40 | you can take a read of OK. So these are some of |
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| 17:44 | things you know, that should be with you. I want they're kind |
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| 17:49 | the, on ideas lingo of, this, this topic? OK. |
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| 17:56 | which statement is true? OK. , um, uh, uh, |
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| 18:04 | right, way off the bat. gonna tell you B is not a |
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| 18:06 | statement. B is not true. . Because it's not the source. |
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| 18:12 | source is what was oxidized to make N AD. OK. So N |
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| 18:18 | A is not the source, it's was it glucose? Was it a |
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| 18:24 | that was the the start of the or whatever was being the source being |
|
| 18:30 | ? Right? So it's not an DH, right? So you can |
|
| 18:33 | um B as being a true right? So, Oh, the |
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| 18:47 | going all right now from 28, . 10 9 32, right? |
|
| 19:21 | . So, well, we know uh this one's false. OK. |
|
| 19:29 | OK. Um oxygen becomes oxidized now becomes reduced, right? It forms |
|
| 19:35 | water. OK. So that one . OK. Um Para becomes reduced |
|
| 19:44 | you look away formation, no it oxidized to a um the pyro |
|
| 19:51 | can become reduced during fermentation. I , we can, we can see |
|
| 19:54 | during fermentation but not uh in the are in this process. Um in |
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| 20:01 | to work glucose, glucose. it's it happens in the absence of |
|
| 20:06 | in China. Um permutation is the as anaerobic respiration. No. |
|
| 20:14 | None of these are true, So uh yes, fermentation is a |
|
| 20:21 | . OK. But it's nothing like , right? As soon as you |
|
| 20:26 | respiration you go oh uh up from chain A T P A S uh |
|
| 20:32 | gradients, et cetera. None of is part of fermentation. OK. |
|
| 20:39 | OK. So let's look at uh question. OK. This is about |
|
| 20:48 | . OK. Let's go back Let's see. So which one of |
|
| 20:58 | applies to fermentation? Oh, no problem. I meant to do |
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| 21:07 | . So, yeah. Which one applier applies to fermentation? OK. |
|
| 21:39 | slowly count down here. General All right. Let's proceed. |
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| 22:00 | And Or 99, we here 100 went down 198. All right. |
|
| 22:09 | a good number. Oh 100 snuck . OK. Uh Yes. And |
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| 22:16 | two are, what's one of the ? That's true. A and B |
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| 22:27 | N C? Yeah, that's A and C. So, um |
|
| 22:33 | . So that's, that's fermentation. question about this or the previous? |
|
| 22:40 | right. So, all right. our last bit here here on, |
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| 22:46 | uh Chapter 13 is metabolism of aromatic . So I'm sure, you |
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| 22:51 | aromatic compounds contain aromatic ring rings, benzene ring multiples of them typical |
|
| 22:59 | Um They found wood. OK. And so in general, uh as |
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| 23:08 | as I know, bacteria are the ones that can eat aromatic compounds. |
|
| 23:17 | them down, get energy from OK? Aromatic compounds in general are |
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| 23:24 | , toxic in small amounts. They they're very stable and are not easy |
|
| 23:33 | break down. And mainly because of aromatic ranks is why OK. The |
|
| 23:41 | and so the key to being able break this down is to break the |
|
| 23:50 | . Oh, hold on is to the ring. And once you can |
|
| 23:55 | that, then it's relatively easy to it down to the uh the components |
|
| 24:01 | feed it into the creb cycle or one of 11 of the stages |
|
| 24:06 | of the process that we've been talking . OK. So breaking that ring |
|
| 24:10 | the hard part. OK? So have picker enzymes that do this. |
|
| 24:15 | ? And the key and it turns the, see this is to add |
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| 24:19 | and oxygen to the ring and that it amenable to degradation. Ok? |
|
| 24:26 | what do you find these things? you find the compounds in all kinds |
|
| 24:31 | crude oil for your gasoline and, other crude oil products? Um paints |
|
| 24:37 | dyes. Um the uh uh and course, you know, many of |
|
| 24:44 | things are often times parts of streams are let out knowing or unknowing as |
|
| 24:51 | . And uh so bacteria that do have been developed to uh for bioremediation |
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| 24:57 | and they put them out in the to clean up these kinds of, |
|
| 25:00 | areas where these spills occur. Uh common one, uh relatively common is |
|
| 25:06 | gasoline stations that typically are, are longer in operation but the, the |
|
| 25:12 | that hold the gasoline are underneath the and are just kind of left to |
|
| 25:17 | . And sometimes these things kind of and brick and leak gasoline, which |
|
| 25:22 | get in the ground water, of can affect you. So, um |
|
| 25:27 | it often times these are areas where bacteria are used to, to bireme |
|
| 25:32 | clean up these areas uh or at enhance the growth of those that are |
|
| 25:38 | there to, to help do OK. Um And so these pathways |
|
| 25:43 | been extensively studied. They're actually uh not that complicated. There's only like |
|
| 25:48 | or five genes involved and these often on plasma. So there can be |
|
| 25:53 | between these members of these species. So here's an example of some aromatic |
|
| 26:00 | . Um the uh the pets, they, they have a common kind |
|
| 26:05 | molecule they get to and that's the . OK. This one right |
|
| 26:11 | So takes a slightly different detour going benzoate but it does still get into |
|
| 26:18 | . OK. So you're adding OK. So dioxin a enzymes or |
|
| 26:26 | do this? OK. And so are specific for the various amino |
|
| 26:33 | I mean um hermetic compounds. Each a aromatic compound that can be |
|
| 26:39 | hands particularly by A is associated with . And it basically adds oxygen and |
|
| 26:46 | that allows for the, so this kind of the the main molecule in |
|
| 26:51 | of uh common and the second one this, this right here where |
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| 26:57 | this is the product of the ring , the mutate. OK. So |
|
| 27:02 | you get to that bam, it fairly quickly that components of the um |
|
| 27:08 | into the crept cycle or at some in the glycolysis respiration pathway. |
|
| 27:15 | Um The bacteria that do this um have adaptations to be able to one |
|
| 27:24 | in the presence of the aromatic compound it is toxic. Uh But two |
|
| 27:30 | these are also not very uh water . OK. So they produce these |
|
| 27:37 | surfactants. So your familiarity with these probably like uh carpet cleaners, they |
|
| 27:43 | like this foaming action to kind of with fire. It's kind of what |
|
| 27:48 | will do. It kind of helps to somewhat solubilized the um the airman |
|
| 27:55 | , so we can take it So, uh so those that do |
|
| 27:58 | and this is the big group Pseudo Moroto Coccus, especially Pseudomonas. |
|
| 28:04 | . Um That's been extensively developed and to have uh you know, multiple |
|
| 28:11 | for these various aromatic compounds and has used in these bi remediation purposes. |
|
| 28:19 | . Um OK. So this is more of the same here. And |
|
| 28:25 | again, to show you how um these products are funneled into uh CRE |
|
| 28:33 | or in the pate and so forth eventually the creb cycle. Uh And |
|
| 28:39 | you can have uh the difference here these dioxin aes is where it is |
|
| 28:44 | , attacking what position on the ring the 12 position or the 23. |
|
| 28:51 | . Don't, don't worry so much that. But um, so really |
|
| 28:55 | takeaway here is breaking the ring requires , adding it to it. The |
|
| 29:01 | is a nice enzyme to do And then once you break it |
|
| 29:05 | then the, the and the it be funneled into uh these pathways we've |
|
| 29:12 | talking about in respiration. OK? Any questions That's 13, OK |
|
| 29:22 | a little bit and focus on as mentioned before. So I always write |
|
| 29:28 | little diagram here to represent respiration, ? Like transport chain membrane that we |
|
| 29:36 | electron diner, right? And then her very basic uh terms except where |
|
| 29:46 | gets reduced donor gets oxidized, And so in this really what we're |
|
| 29:51 | be talking about for most of the rest of lecture is this OK? |
|
| 30:00 | of this getting the right combination of acceptor. OK. Our optimal |
|
| 30:06 | right? You wanna have molecules that good at giving up electrons, then |
|
| 30:13 | wanna have molecules that are good accepting and you can put that together, |
|
| 30:17 | you get energy production from that. ? And that energy is used of |
|
| 30:22 | to pump out protons to sustain that gradient. OK. And so of |
|
| 30:29 | , we as humans are somewhat limited what these can be for us, |
|
| 30:36 | ? So a a DH a a two oxygen except, right, the |
|
| 30:43 | can have a number of different options . They can have, of |
|
| 30:46 | all depends on the type of bacterium what you can do, uh, |
|
| 30:51 | the conditions and what's available to Ok. But they have options of |
|
| 30:55 | different donors and acceptor. OK. which ones you put together? It's |
|
| 31:01 | about the energetics, right? What's favorable? That's what, that's what |
|
| 31:07 | win. Ok? And that combination produce energy, right? Depending on |
|
| 31:13 | they are. Some, in some , not as much as other |
|
| 31:17 | OK. That's really in a What we're looking at here in as |
|
| 31:22 | start 14. OK. And so is just an example of, Of |
|
| 31:28 | so of course, we're talking about reactions, electron transfer and respiration and |
|
| 31:33 | of 14. And so here shows bacterium that I think we've been aware |
|
| 31:39 | for about 20 years or so. lately, it seems like um it's |
|
| 31:46 | more attention to it, agreement. navies are working on this as a |
|
| 31:51 | different aspects as have other biotech But what it is is a bacterium |
|
| 31:57 | backer that can actually conduct electricity OK. So we can use in |
|
| 32:03 | cases, same source right, acetate becomes oxidized. So that's the electron |
|
| 32:09 | donor. OK. There's electrons uh takes those uses some of it for |
|
| 32:15 | , but also shuttles them off to species, right? This is like |
|
| 32:20 | material here. OK. Uh And there are some like this guy here |
|
| 32:29 | has these appendages that actually is the materials like wires almost OK. And |
|
| 32:36 | will contact another species and then you'll transfer. So it's interspecies electron |
|
| 32:43 | OK. This is an example of we call Syn OK. Kind of |
|
| 32:52 | means feeding together, right? They're of eating together and uh geometric helps |
|
| 32:59 | electrons to the other species. And uses those to in this case, |
|
| 33:04 | co2 to methane or nitrate to And so you see these kind of |
|
| 33:11 | in nature, this is one kind sharing electrons, so to speak. |
|
| 33:15 | very interesting has some, there's a of different uh potential applications, everything |
|
| 33:21 | uh what you use here. So you can use as a way to |
|
| 33:24 | rid of waste, use that as source. And then uh so there's |
|
| 33:29 | lot of work on these things. I like this diagram here where it's |
|
| 33:33 | of just plugging into the wall, ? Um Anyway, so the point |
|
| 33:38 | is about electron transfer, right? so it's really about evaluating which molecules |
|
| 33:44 | good at giving them up, but are good at receiving them. |
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| 33:47 | And so this is what reduction potential all about. OK. So just |
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| 33:52 | recap, so we're kind of we're looking focusing really on this OK, |
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| 33:58 | respiration, right? We talked about . OK. So both of these |
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| 34:02 | using complex organic compounds and sources, ? So these are in the heterotrophic |
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| 34:07 | or chemo organic troth group, same and in respiration, of course, |
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| 34:12 | can have different acceptor aerobic anaerobic Um And then of course, all |
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| 34:18 | parts associated with that, right, crab cycle and transport chain, et |
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| 34:24 | . OK. So, uh and , so what we're focusing on is |
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| 34:31 | this, all right. So these e which is reduction potential and there's |
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| 34:37 | relationship between that and delta G, ? And so we're really looking at |
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| 34:42 | of these here, OK? Because energy, right, what you use |
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| 34:48 | , what you use on this side what you're using on this side, |
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| 34:52 | ? It makes a big difference in of how much energy you'll get, |
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| 34:56 | the flow and the energy translates directly how much of this you get, |
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| 35:03 | ? And that proton motor force and ultimately how many of these you |
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| 35:09 | right? So it all, it ties together, right? It all |
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| 35:12 | together. OK. And so uh number one, this table confuses |
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| 35:21 | It confused me my first thought. . So we're gonna try to break |
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| 35:26 | down. OK. So number it's a, it's what we're doing |
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| 35:33 | we're evaluating the ability of a molecule be a electronic sector evaluating in terms |
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| 35:44 | um how well it does that, equates to um then it does, |
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| 35:50 | function is it does it require energy do it or does it give off |
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| 35:55 | ? Right. So it's, it's ranking really? So focus on number |
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| 36:01 | , focus on the pink column. ? Number one, focus on the |
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| 36:06 | colum only right now. And so a ranking of worst to best. |
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| 36:17 | . Best, right? And so The Best. OK. Co2 the |
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| 36:30 | . OK. Um Now the, now looking at it in the context |
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| 36:39 | the actual value of reduction potential, . What does the, what does |
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| 36:43 | worst have? Well, the the worst has is a negative, |
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| 36:47 | A negative number. The best has positive number. OK. And that |
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| 36:53 | to also to delta G. So you can see negative value of |
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| 37:01 | potential, positive delta G right? energy input to use CO2 as a |
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| 37:08 | . OK? And it is used an acceptor. What is it used |
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| 37:12 | an acceptor? Due to what as by this group? Plants Algae, |
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| 37:21 | ? Co2. fixation, right? electric, that's co2 being accepted, |
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| 37:27 | reduced. All right, two glucose other organic quants. OK. So |
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| 37:34 | can't even though it's the worst, ? That means you gotta put a |
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| 37:37 | of energy input. Where's the energy from? Not that but the |
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| 37:43 | right? So uh so even the can it can work, right? |
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| 37:50 | provide enough energy for it. Um it does work, right? Because |
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| 37:54 | didn't have plants doing our things. , it wouldn't be much good for |
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| 37:59 | . OK. So anyway, back the best. All right. So |
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| 38:05 | , the pink column, we're looking molecule ability to be a good |
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| 38:09 | We we're calling good donor. I'm , good accepter, good accepter. |
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| 38:16 | coming good acceptor. The one that typically just release energy. OK? |
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| 38:20 | that's what you want. You want maximize that. So I kind of |
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| 38:25 | in the head of the text I here but let's just look at |
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| 38:28 | Uh So you can have strong you got weak donors, strong |
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| 38:33 | weak except OK, so a strong is you're gonna be a weak accepter |
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| 38:40 | vice versa, right? So there's ways to think about this. Um |
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| 38:45 | gonna give you two or three uh whatever one works for you. |
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| 38:50 | So um so the other thing to to, to think about is it's |
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| 38:58 | pairs, we call these redox OK. So if we look uh |
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| 39:03 | just highlighting this one here, And that's bracketed or boxed. |
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| 39:10 | So we have, that's this one here. Of course, this one |
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| 39:14 | here. So we have two right? We have the H |
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| 39:18 | We have the age two. They're a part of that part, a |
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| 39:23 | of that. So H plus the , I'm sorry, acceptor H plus |
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| 39:28 | acceptor, right? You see that here, acceptor see electrons becomes H |
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| 39:35 | , right? Horrible in that right? Horrible because it's a positive |
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| 39:41 | G, right? You gotta put into it. But OK, what |
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| 39:45 | if we look at it from a perspective, what about not as a |
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| 39:50 | but as a donor? OK, we have to look at this |
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| 39:54 | OK? Here's the door. So I'm gonna do that. |
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| 40:00 | we have to go in this You got to reverse it. The |
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| 40:07 | rich H two oxidizes to protons and . OK? And when we do |
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| 40:15 | , your first reaction, then you're slip the signs. OK? The |
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| 40:21 | 4 20 becomes plus four, the plus 81 delta U becomes the minus |
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| 40:28 | right? So you can see why would call that a strong donor then |
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| 40:36 | , compared to H plus Member of pair as an acceptor. Thumbs down |
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| 40:43 | H two part, the boer thumbs . OK. So, and that's |
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| 40:49 | for all of these pairs, In one roll, it's good in |
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| 40:53 | role, it's bad typically or you , somewhere in the middle. |
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| 40:58 | So uh eight oh two strong right? Very high negative delta |
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| 41:06 | OK? Oh Two would be a , the 02 H2O pair, |
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| 41:12 | Let me see it. So here , acceptor donor. OK. And |
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| 41:19 | um so if we look at, we already mentioned about the delta |
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| 41:27 | right? So F is, I the fa constant E is the reduction |
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| 41:34 | and N is the number of OK. So there's that correlation. |
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| 41:40 | generally positive reduction potential, negative delta OK. So what we try to |
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| 41:47 | is to combine strong delta strong OK. And generally, it's not |
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| 41:54 | two of these things because the electronic chain has multiple components. So you |
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| 41:58 | of line them up, strong strong acceptor. OK, or to |
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| 42:04 | stronger acceptor. And so here there's gonna be a bit of repetition |
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| 42:11 | . So again, the way to about this, right? So if |
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| 42:13 | look at a more positive reduction potential that reducing the acceptor. OK. |
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| 42:24 | and that's in other words, more reduce that right? Gets more |
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| 42:32 | OK? A more negative value of , right? This one on the |
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| 42:38 | , right. It means if you the donor, this guy, |
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| 42:45 | So H two that's gonna be and negative delta G OK. So oxidizing |
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| 43:00 | donor uses more energy. So for given pair, basically what it's saying |
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| 43:07 | one is a better donor, one's better accepter and evaluated in the context |
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| 43:13 | negative delta G giving off energy. ? Because ultimately, when you think |
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| 43:18 | it, that's what you've got to back to this again. So donor |
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| 43:27 | her, this the choice of these things has to produce energy because you |
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| 43:35 | that energy to maintain the proton right? So you gotta have energy |
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| 43:41 | produced, right? So you wanna as best one can have favorable combinations |
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| 43:47 | donor acceptor to make that happen. . Um And so again, as |
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| 43:54 | , as I mentioned here, Uh redox couples, right? There's |
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| 43:59 | donor and except form there. And this this happens to be this process |
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| 44:09 | here. Aerobic oxidation of hydro is , is a very common among bacteria |
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| 44:15 | good reason using a lot of right? E coli can do |
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| 44:20 | right? Um Other types of bacteria do this. It's a way to |
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| 44:24 | energy. Um but lots of it H two is not an uncommon raw |
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| 44:32 | to get a hold of because it's a a product of fermentation. So |
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| 44:37 | bacteria of course, all live amongst other and whatnot. And so of |
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| 44:41 | , there may be some fermentation going , more likely a two will be |
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| 44:44 | and it can put that to OK. So um it's actually something |
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| 44:49 | talk about next week, it's called . So lots of it, it's |
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| 44:54 | it's in different forms and see this different forms. And so we'll talk |
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| 44:58 | that more next week. But regardless now it's combining strong donor and strong |
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| 45:05 | . And again, these things are , right? You can add these |
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| 45:09 | up and of course, you're gonna a very nice negative delta G |
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| 45:15 | And so again, more of the , right? N A N A |
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| 45:20 | D eight. So even N ad an acceptor, right? Takes energy |
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| 45:26 | now. You have to remember, know how we can manipulate delta |
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| 45:31 | right? You can manipulate product uh ratios. Um uh you can uh |
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| 45:39 | also remember that these are parts of A DS involved with other enzymes. |
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| 45:43 | so that, that too can uh though it's slightly not great in terms |
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| 45:49 | energy input, that can balance it by having an enzyme be involved, |
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| 45:55 | or reactive product ratios can affect So obviously, we do um we |
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| 46:00 | reduce N ad and make N A S as we've seen in respiration. |
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| 46:05 | But certainly N A DH as a is very good. OK. And |
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| 46:11 | we couple that with aerobic, Aerobic respiration. Again, you get |
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| 46:16 | lot of this is what usually happens us, right? This is what |
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| 46:20 | in our mitochondria. So we have lot of energy and that's used to |
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| 46:24 | that proton gradient. OK. all right. So let's, so |
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| 46:31 | see if how if you can make evaluation, OK. Based on being |
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| 46:36 | data and then we'll, we'll go it. OK. So here's the |
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| 46:43 | . So c could bacterium obtain energy uh ate as a donor, electron |
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| 46:53 | and nitrate, you know, three as electronic acceptor. OK. So |
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| 46:59 | kind of goes through the same logic been going through here. We that |
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| 47:06 | and so again, uh we're, not, we're somewhat limited in what |
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| 47:11 | can use in terms of donor et . But bacteria have a lot of |
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| 47:15 | typically. And so, um this certainly be a scenario right, where |
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| 47:20 | may find itself and, and what's and trying to combine, right? |
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| 47:26 | obviously it doesn't have a brain making decisions. It's all about bioenergetics, |
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| 47:30 | ? What's energetically favorable? OK. so it may not always be the |
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| 47:37 | optimal combination, but as long as get a negative delta G out of |
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| 47:44 | , that's what you get, that's you do. OK? So let's |
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| 47:51 | down. OK. 3 2 OK. So if we take |
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| 48:12 | so I kinda like to do it more basic than what you like to |
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| 48:19 | . But uh let's just kind of piece by piece here. So I |
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| 48:22 | kind of set the thing problem So we are uh evaluating sate as |
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| 48:28 | donor, right? So it's gonna uh oxidized, giving up electrons um |
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| 48:37 | then nitrate at the end received OK. So that's our combination. |
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| 48:43 | we didn't have to do the reverse , right? So we're evaluating SU |
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| 48:46 | a donor. So we're gonna reverse , which means the sign gonna change |
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| 48:54 | ? Here in here. So of , now it becomes a negative, |
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| 49:00 | positive delta G. You go Wait, is this really gonna work |
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| 49:03 | not? Right? So remembering that is all additive, right? I |
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| 49:07 | add it all up. So our which is actually pretty good. All |
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| 49:11 | . So that's gonna give us still net positive delta I I, I'm |
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| 49:16 | , reduction potential. And according to negative delta G, so theoretically, |
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| 49:21 | , it can happen. OK? again, you know, you |
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| 49:26 | in the, in the, in the environment where the back here |
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| 49:29 | faced with, you know, you, it may not be |
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| 49:33 | so suck wouldn't be the optimal but that's all you got and you |
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| 49:37 | respond with nitrate but then you make work. OK. So it just |
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| 49:42 | on what it can do. And obviously these are all, I |
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| 49:45 | this is all uh enzyme media. the nitrate has to have the enzyme |
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| 49:50 | do this obviously. But the E for example, can utilize a number |
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| 49:55 | different donors and acceptor. OK. it just all depends. Is there |
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| 50:01 | question about this? So yeah, answer is yes, which but overwhelmingly |
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| 50:05 | answered correctly. OK. But is any question? OK. So, |
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| 50:11 | you'll see a question like that on quiz. So here's another one this |
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| 50:16 | kind of about it's more so about terms, make sure you understand the |
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| 50:21 | stronger donor versus stronger acceptor, this of thing. So take a |
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| 51:16 | OK. OK. T 54. . So um the two of these |
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| 51:46 | probably should be fairly straightforward just by directly off the table right, without |
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| 51:51 | anything which is a right requires energy reduce N E D, well, |
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| 51:56 | pretty obvious. Right. So that's true. OK. The nitrate is |
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| 52:02 | better terminal acceptor than N E D you can kind of read that as |
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| 52:08 | . Right. Uh, it's a positive reduction potential, right. |
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| 52:14 | that's a good trait in acceptor, ? Much better than this. |
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| 52:18 | So that's true. So the one we have to do a little more |
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| 52:22 | on is B, right? And DH is a stronger donor than |
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| 52:27 | OK? So that requires doing OK. So again, we're looking |
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| 52:33 | this as a, as a right? I don't wanna, you |
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| 52:37 | the heading here, I just don't you to get that confused here. |
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| 52:40 | looking here as a donor. So so N A DH as a donor |
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| 52:48 | versus nitrate as a donor, So we've flipped the signs, |
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| 52:52 | And so we see that um the night right here, right? A |
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| 53:07 | N is, I'm sorry, looking this one, read the wrong |
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| 53:09 | OK. And N is a stronger , right? So you can see |
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| 53:13 | um and the difference in uh delta , right? That this would be |
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| 53:22 | as well. OK. So um uh and another way to think of |
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| 53:31 | is, is um well, I'm , that's gonna be too confusing. |
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| 53:37 | I think if you, if it's right, I hope it's not |
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| 53:41 | I mean, it's uh the whole thing, right? It boils down |
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| 53:47 | which gives you the, which gives a good negative delta G. |
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| 53:51 | And in some cases, it's it's the donor form that does that |
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| 53:56 | that's better. In some cases it's acceptor form. OK? So generally |
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| 54:00 | good acceptor are gonna have positive reduction . OK? So any questions about |
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| 54:08 | ? All right. So the correct here is actually they're all true. |
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| 54:13 | . So um there's a couple of of this in homework, a couple |
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| 54:19 | different examples on black work crews. uh you should feel comfortable with |
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| 54:26 | I hope. OK. So do have any questions? Let me |
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| 54:29 | All right, but as you're doing on your own, you have |
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| 54:33 | Certainly email will come by right. uh let's look at kind of the |
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| 54:40 | of the process um referring to electron for chain. So the kind of |
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| 54:47 | that are in these um uh systems um mine is containing metals, the |
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| 54:59 | , the metal atom is what kind brings about the uh electron transfer and |
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| 55:07 | . So iron is very common. zinc, copper, OK, are |
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| 55:12 | in these. And so these tend be very big complexes. So a |
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| 55:17 | group with the aromatic uh rings here well. But then always typically a |
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| 55:24 | nonpolar part because these things are stuffed membranes, remember. OK. And |
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| 55:30 | these cytochrome have just such a OK. Very large multi protein component |
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| 55:37 | structures. Um also very common are we call iron sulfur proteins are often |
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| 55:43 | in these transfers as well. Um uh small organic co factors. So |
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| 55:50 | are kind of the shuttle molecules that electrons back and forth between these larger |
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| 55:56 | , which I and so again, arrangement of these right is um strong |
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| 56:02 | . So we're increasing reduction potential. we're going more positive going this |
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| 56:11 | OK. So progressively stronger and stronger that are better at grabbing electrons. |
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| 56:19 | ? And of course, that's what want because that's what maintains flow. |
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| 56:23 | . And of course, remember that energy, right, the delta negative |
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| 56:28 | G here that's used to pump the up. OK. So that's what |
|
| 56:36 | feeling. So this is aerobic respiration could be anaerobic respiration, the same |
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| 56:40 | it's gonna be occurring. OK? um here it kind of shows you |
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| 56:46 | graphic of E coli right on the condition. So the thing to remember |
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| 56:52 | is that uh they can, they change the components that are in this |
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| 56:56 | are in the uh electron transfer system on environmental conditions, what's available to |
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| 57:03 | . So we can switch different. But of course, you know, |
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| 57:08 | a restoration, our preparation period that gonna have um the the processes that |
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| 57:17 | the uh electronic carry molecules that go the site, right? So you're |
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| 57:21 | oxidize the source, right? Carry F H two as well. The |
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| 57:28 | component is the N A DH D . It's very large multi protein |
|
| 57:34 | Uh you because obviously it's a a protein, you can uh receive electrons |
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| 57:39 | also has that dual capability that can protons. Right. So the electron |
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| 57:45 | and pumping proteins, right, these the small organic molecules quinones that between |
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| 57:53 | large components. And this is the oxidase, right. Again, large |
|
| 57:59 | multi protein complex. The uh the so depending on the conditions of this |
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| 58:08 | oxidase can change whether it's this is one that interacts with oxygen for aerobic |
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| 58:14 | . There will be others that it uh utilize for other internal acceptor and |
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| 58:19 | coli and R can, can can ferment can be respired. So |
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| 58:25 | will have a variety of different enzymes do to do this with and it |
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| 58:29 | change pretty much on the fly depending what's going on now. OK. |
|
| 58:35 | um so uh of course not, you can see it here. So |
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| 58:40 | that, you know these transfers, transfers energy, these this proton. |
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| 58:48 | it was left to kind of fill out and is the nature of the |
|
| 58:54 | mode of force, right? We discussed, you know, the energy |
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| 58:57 | provided the energy for that these electron and then the A T P A |
|
| 59:03 | and a little bit about how that . Uh the other. So |
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| 59:10 | I actually am going to uh do stop right. Uh And that's what |
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| 59:18 | saying. Please stop. All And I will, I'll, I'll |
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| 59:22 | . So I, my 1130 we finished a little early as |
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| 59:27 | So that's all right. We got , we'll save it for next time |
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| 59:31 | have a good weekend. Folks. you, Tuesday |
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