| 00:00 | And I still feel like I know . OK. Uh Yeah, with |
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| 00:24 | . OK. How you doing a ? How'd you doing the test? |
|
| 00:34 | . OK. OK. With your . OK. All right, |
|
| 00:38 | All right. Um OK, welcome. Uh Let's see. So |
|
| 00:45 | we're continuing uh unit two, of , chapters three, we'll start four |
|
| 00:50 | this hour. Um Nothing is new terms of canvas or smart work |
|
| 00:56 | Not until next week. Whoa I'm here. Let me just sit |
|
| 01:02 | . All right. Um Let's Uh exam one. So you had |
|
| 01:08 | exam one Thursday, Friday. Uh wouldn't give me the overall stats, |
|
| 01:14 | I did a quick uh average. it was like a 60 sevenish eight |
|
| 01:19 | in there. Uh I'll put the up. Uh hopefully later this |
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| 01:25 | it'll be in that uh canvas It will be called um um exam |
|
| 01:32 | , exam one distribution. So you'll it there. So, I |
|
| 01:35 | that's kind of, you know, pretty consistent in terms of hitting somewhere |
|
| 01:40 | 67 ish and 73 ish somewhere in range for these exams. So, |
|
| 01:48 | uh so number one, the uh you kind of have to have amnesia |
|
| 01:54 | these things. OK? You didn't your expectation. It's not, it's |
|
| 01:59 | a disaster. Ok? You can recover. Uh I would probably change |
|
| 02:03 | up from what you did in exam study wise. Um The uh because |
|
| 02:09 | know that the exam, the, final, final one here is just |
|
| 02:13 | four. There's no, it's not . OK? So even though this |
|
| 02:19 | may not show up again at the , you you wanna know, figure |
|
| 02:24 | , you know what didn't go, ? How can I fix it kind |
|
| 02:28 | thing? So use it, use from that standpoint. Ok. So |
|
| 02:32 | if you can't make during office you arrange with me to see your |
|
| 02:35 | . I you can't make office hours days times just email me and we |
|
| 02:40 | uh do that. No problem. Let's see. I think uh is |
|
| 02:48 | any questions for you? Uh One I was glad about was there was |
|
| 02:53 | technical issues at all. It all without any issues. So that |
|
| 02:58 | that was good from my standpoint. , all right. Um Let's |
|
| 03:04 | So again, of course, I send out an email um this |
|
| 03:09 | Uh but we'll be back on track with the weekly Luz smart work, |
|
| 03:13 | , blah, blah. Ok. All right. So let's do a |
|
| 03:19 | bit of a recap here. Um we started, right? So we |
|
| 03:26 | unit two let me go ahead to and I'll flip back to that one |
|
| 03:30 | . So we, this is what covered. Ok. So we've gone |
|
| 03:35 | pretty much, I think, went all of that. Yeah, we |
|
| 03:39 | through everything in here, right. covered, uh, kind of this |
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| 03:45 | and it covered this material here. Last time, the stuff, this |
|
| 03:53 | on. Goodness, this stuff here uh, last Monday. Um So |
|
| 03:58 | , uh so we've gone through basically at the prokaryote cell, right? |
|
| 04:02 | probably done, you've done this before the eukaryote and intro bio, I'm |
|
| 04:06 | . So, uh so obviously, gonna be some differences, there will |
|
| 04:10 | some similarities but kind of started uh uh transport mechanisms, the outer, |
|
| 04:15 | know the structure of the cell right? And of the bilayer um |
|
| 04:21 | into uh uh the gram negative and envelopes, right? So be |
|
| 04:28 | you know, you should, if , if you understand that you can |
|
| 04:30 | do a crude drawing of a gram three layers, right? Identify what's |
|
| 04:35 | each layer the people look like can how it's different from between gram negative |
|
| 04:40 | gram positive in terms of content. the the basic things we've gone through |
|
| 04:45 | already um be able to compare contrast two. Then um last time we |
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| 04:53 | through uh so I can go back my picture here, went through kind |
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| 04:59 | the I call it kind of the atypical or you know what's what is |
|
| 05:05 | there beyond your gram negative gram positive . OK. So we looked at |
|
| 05:09 | mycobacteria and their very thick um hydrophobic . They do have the pepto glycan |
|
| 05:18 | wall, but just a bunch of hydrophobic hydrocarbon material. Um unusual unique |
|
| 05:25 | them to that group and that has and stuff gets through here rather |
|
| 05:31 | So it means they, they grow . Ok. So, and, |
|
| 05:35 | some other features that we talked about because of the envelope. But then |
|
| 05:40 | the the capsule time biofilm, that's getting ahead of myself here. That's |
|
| 05:44 | the um um what's on the outermost . So we they have an |
|
| 05:51 | So procures have an envelope of different depending on the species. Then what's |
|
| 05:56 | something that can be beyond that, ? And so your slime layer capsule |
|
| 06:02 | and biofilm, right? So these all uh typically carbohydrate protein in |
|
| 06:09 | Um either a metabolic by-product that kind hangs around the outer cell. The |
|
| 06:15 | layer is more as kind of a structure. It's not always consistent and |
|
| 06:20 | it's heavily dependent on really the what eating and, and, and, |
|
| 06:25 | kind of secreting. Ok. The , of course, by contrast is |
|
| 06:30 | gene encoded product or uh it's uh have these to kind of cover their |
|
| 06:36 | , make him kind of somewhat invisible the immune system. Uh biofilms of |
|
| 06:42 | , are a product of lots of coming together and producing kind of the |
|
| 06:47 | that holds everything together in a Um Again, carbohydrate kind of material |
|
| 06:53 | have some protein in there. And uh then we've kind of shifted to |
|
| 06:59 | of the inside of the cell. . Cytoskeleton elements. Uh You |
|
| 07:04 | I just summarize these kind of, involve, their role is in cell |
|
| 07:09 | , binary fission. Uh The role also in uh helping facilitate um cell |
|
| 07:16 | synthesis. OK. And so that's of the role of these, they're |
|
| 07:21 | the extensive network of films like we've ourselves right, with microtubules and uh |
|
| 07:28 | and so on and so forth. it's, it's not that um |
|
| 07:33 | but nonetheless, it has a critical and kind of the cell division |
|
| 07:37 | OK. So remember this process, cell divides, that's that septation, |
|
| 07:43 | ? Septation is that process of OK. Um OK. So then |
|
| 07:48 | the cell various structures. So uh remember the area occupied by the |
|
| 07:54 | the nucleoid, it's not a membrane structure. OK. Um Of |
|
| 08:00 | ribosomes, solid molecules, et various types. But then this phenomenon |
|
| 08:05 | transcription translation, right? So there's nuclear membrane. So these processes can |
|
| 08:11 | virtually at the same time, So what does that do? So |
|
| 08:15 | of thinking um in terms of bacteria, archaea and how they can |
|
| 08:21 | so rapidly from growth equates to being to adapt and evolve rather quickly. |
|
| 08:27 | ? Compared to us, remember, , evolution is all about how fast |
|
| 08:32 | you produce the next generation? We know, uh, we certainly |
|
| 08:35 | by the end of chapter four, fast they can grow, right? |
|
| 08:38 | cell to a million cells in, eight hours, that's like uh 20 |
|
| 08:42 | generations. Think about how many, much the time frame for humans to |
|
| 08:47 | 20 generations. Right. It's I don't know, 405 100 |
|
| 08:50 | right? To do that. Um it takes uh an E coli eight |
|
| 08:55 | to do it, right? So kind of get an idea of time |
|
| 08:58 | here and how they can adapt and . And so it goes well, |
|
| 09:01 | can they grow so fast, How can they do this small |
|
| 09:06 | right? Small chromosome, when you to copy uh one circular chromosome, |
|
| 09:10 | you have processes like this that are together, right? It's gonna make |
|
| 09:14 | of protein very quickly. So cell division requires lots of proteins, |
|
| 09:19 | ? And so um or to, approach a growing uh protein synthesis going |
|
| 09:24 | , right? And so um that that. OK? And then we |
|
| 09:29 | at the application, right? And it does that also facilitates a really |
|
| 09:36 | growth. OK. And so we the, so I remember the |
|
| 09:40 | right? The A is where the is initiated, pull the strands |
|
| 09:45 | Uh That's kind of where the cell to speak, holds on to the |
|
| 09:49 | chromosomes because remember you want to be to have when it's so splits, |
|
| 09:55 | one gets a copy. So it's of, it's a way of coordinating |
|
| 09:58 | . OK. There's not really a tonic spindle, right? Like we've |
|
| 10:02 | when we do television, but because , ours are more complicated, we |
|
| 10:06 | more chromosomes, right? We have 46 to keep up with, |
|
| 10:09 | This only has one copied into right? So it doesn't need to |
|
| 10:13 | that complicated. And so um then copying, so the forks, |
|
| 10:19 | the repo Zoe repos copies that bidirectional . Um But you can see even |
|
| 10:28 | um it's completed the first round, ? So the first round here, |
|
| 10:33 | gonna lead to two cells ultimately, ? But it's already like planning, |
|
| 10:37 | to speak for when it's gonna have cells, right? Because the DNA |
|
| 10:41 | for the next round has already begun and here, right? So it's |
|
| 10:48 | uh and again, this all facilitates very rapid growth, right? So |
|
| 10:53 | is the one that's gonna lead to cells, right? So here over |
|
| 10:59 | here, put this out here Um Right. So here and here |
|
| 11:07 | already that that's going to be when in the four cells. All |
|
| 11:11 | So this is kind of how these can grow so quickly. OK, |
|
| 11:14 | cell division. Uh and, and replication. And so the Z rings |
|
| 11:20 | that's the cytoskeleton elements here. It's of in the middle, that form |
|
| 11:25 | the middle that helps the septation and to read the um cell wall |
|
| 11:32 | But um certainly in, in se the cells in two, right. |
|
| 11:36 | you can see here at the bottom these two cells, um it's, |
|
| 11:42 | already very rapidly gonna then form uh cells because we've already got uh the |
|
| 11:50 | of this occurring here to go split two cells in half, right? |
|
| 11:56 | so exponential growth, right? 1 2 to 4 to 8 to |
|
| 12:01 | very rapid rise. OK. Um again, all these things you talk |
|
| 12:06 | right cell, small cell science, chromosome protein synthesis, transcription translation occurring |
|
| 12:13 | . Um the the cell division all that you know is why these |
|
| 12:19 | can grow so fast. So now take that to me, they're |
|
| 12:24 | you know, growing like nuts because not, it all depends on this |
|
| 12:31 | of goes back to metabolism, It's it's what foods available for them |
|
| 12:34 | eat, right? What are the ? Ph temperature? Right. So |
|
| 12:39 | a lab, of course, we control all these things, right? |
|
| 12:42 | can we can provide them tons of and happy temperature and the right. |
|
| 12:48 | right. So we can have controlled of these things and they can grow |
|
| 12:53 | massive scale. Ok. In nature , sometimes, yes, sometimes |
|
| 12:59 | it all depends on the availability of they have and conditions and so |
|
| 13:04 | Ok. But they can experience explosions growth. We saw that in what |
|
| 13:09 | do we see that in neutral Right. That can be due to |
|
| 13:14 | of growth, right. So it's , it all depends when you're not |
|
| 13:17 | nature. OK. So, um see. OK. So we got |
|
| 13:25 | left to do, then we'll switch to chapter four. OK. So |
|
| 13:28 | this point, any particular questions or ? All right. So in in |
|
| 13:35 | part, you know this this chapter stuff, there's a lot of |
|
| 13:39 | right? This structure that structure, the function blah, blah blah |
|
| 13:41 | right. So um OK. So aging, right? So um you |
|
| 13:49 | , you can see here when these divide, right? This picture here |
|
| 13:56 | or even this picture here, You can see this is this represents |
|
| 14:01 | the middle, right? That's new wall synthesis. OK. So that's |
|
| 14:07 | generate two cells obviously and you it's obviously apparent in a rod shaped |
|
| 14:15 | when this happens that the new material here is new compared to what's over |
|
| 14:25 | , right? So think in terms poles of the cell, right? |
|
| 14:29 | rod shaped cell splits that where it , that's new cell wall material. |
|
| 14:35 | synthesize stuff on the uh out here old stuff, right? So each |
|
| 14:40 | that means each cell then OK has or an asymmetry if you will, |
|
| 14:48 | you might look and go OK. , these are, these are |
|
| 14:51 | right? They're the same, same shape everything, right? Well, |
|
| 14:54 | necessarily because as the so again, cell wall synthesis here where the septation |
|
| 15:01 | . So these represent new poles, ? These are the old stuff, |
|
| 15:07 | ? Because these, these didn't undergo new cell wall synthesis, right? |
|
| 15:11 | were just along for the ride that new synthesis occurred here with the septation |
|
| 15:17 | , right? So what does that ? What does that actually mean? |
|
| 15:19 | what happens is as the cells divide divide in one generations, you have |
|
| 15:24 | with, you can have proportions of with older poles, new poles, |
|
| 15:30 | et cetera. OK. So what found is there can be uh differences |
|
| 15:39 | terms of the um uh lifetime if will of cells relating to these polar |
|
| 15:49 | . OK. They found that the on the old pole on this side |
|
| 15:53 | here is where they tend to have a aggregation of like old proteins, |
|
| 15:59 | don't last forever when they're made they have, they have lifetime, |
|
| 16:03 | , they accumulate damage and it seems the old poles or where these things |
|
| 16:09 | . OK. Um The um the poles tend to be more susceptible to |
|
| 16:15 | license than the newer poles. So a population of cells with lots |
|
| 16:21 | these old poles. OK. you know, can be a reason |
|
| 16:26 | why these, you know, the lifetime uh goes down, right? |
|
| 16:31 | begin to die in life and so . Ok. So beyond that, |
|
| 16:37 | , they've seen in certain species, . This is an across the board |
|
| 16:43 | , but they've seen in what they've that, uh, this can have |
|
| 16:47 | influence in susceptibility to antibiotics. Why? They're not 100% sure about |
|
| 16:54 | . They know that I think they this with, um, mycobacterium which |
|
| 16:59 | tuberculosis. There are a type that do this. Um you see less |
|
| 17:06 | antibiotics. So um again, not why, but to know that is |
|
| 17:11 | if you're trying to concoct new antibiotics counteract them. Uh that, |
|
| 17:17 | that, that can be an OK. So it may, it |
|
| 17:21 | just have something to do with maybe ages relate to less growth and maybe |
|
| 17:26 | , that's something to do. antibiotics target, often target cells are |
|
| 17:30 | rapidly. OK. So maybe it's to it like a slower growth phenomenon |
|
| 17:35 | something. So, but um so the symmetry thing here again, |
|
| 17:41 | So here we see differences in the , old new, right? But |
|
| 17:46 | can also see see this in other . OK. So take, for |
|
| 17:52 | , uh we look at this next or week after endospore formation, |
|
| 17:57 | You talked about this in lab already where the formation of the spore uh |
|
| 18:03 | the differences in the cell making right? The spore is is formed |
|
| 18:07 | one side, one pool of the versus the other pole. So that's |
|
| 18:13 | you see here. The swelling is endospore occurring on one pole versus the |
|
| 18:20 | . OK. You can see um , this unequal kind of growth, |
|
| 18:27 | ? Uh the new pole versus the pole. This can translate to morphological |
|
| 18:32 | . So, Coria bacterium, uh are, this causes um diphtheria is |
|
| 18:39 | one you may be familiar with Uh This leads us to these non |
|
| 18:44 | morphologies where it's a little bit different one pole versus the other. And |
|
| 18:47 | can lead to things like uh swelling one end that you see here. |
|
| 18:52 | branching forms irregular forms. That's what call pleomorphic. OK. So a |
|
| 19:01 | sort of population like this of rod cells, they're all gonna be rod |
|
| 19:05 | , that's a uniform morphology, Could be cox oid, right? |
|
| 19:10 | all circles, right? That's uniform . You can see that but something |
|
| 19:14 | this, it's clear mic, they're all uniform, they'll have branching |
|
| 19:19 | they may have forms like this, kind of all over the map. |
|
| 19:23 | . And so uh here's another example a type that has a, having |
|
| 19:28 | flagellum on one end, right? different, that pulls different from the |
|
| 19:32 | one. So again, these are differences in the cemetery. You may |
|
| 19:35 | at this cylinder, OK. It's same on both ends. But in |
|
| 19:38 | , it may not be OK. structures on one end not the other |
|
| 19:43 | a grows maybe different on one pole the other. So these kind of |
|
| 19:48 | . OK. Um OK. So look at a question when you look |
|
| 19:54 | the question we had this before, ? The only part that was missing |
|
| 19:59 | we didn't talk about last time when had this question was this one. |
|
| 20:03 | . So now we've covered it and course, you can answer g you |
|
| 20:07 | why? Because it's already circled OK. So that's my stupid |
|
| 20:12 | But uh that's uh everybody answered me in a poll and everybody answered G |
|
| 20:17 | then I'll ask, which are to their fault? OK. Do |
|
| 20:27 | think it's gonna be 100% G on ? 100% compliance in this one? |
|
| 20:33 | see. As we know the answer . Let's uh OK. So looking |
|
| 21:01 | the false statements here. Well, know two of 80 are false. |
|
| 21:04 | that's a given. OK? All . 321. Yeah. Let's |
|
| 21:13 | I knew there'd be some people that uh not PG OK. So what |
|
| 21:19 | the two that are false here? are the two other faults? |
|
| 21:28 | Oh, yes. BB for I'm, yeah, I'm pointing at |
|
| 21:32 | basically, right. B and correct um the uh transcription in the NWA |
|
| 21:43 | outside in the way that, that make sense. So don't think of |
|
| 21:46 | nucleoid that way, right? This assuming this is assuming that it's a |
|
| 21:51 | bound structure and something's happening on one and not on the other, |
|
| 21:55 | Or the or the functions are OK. So um it's all |
|
| 22:02 | right? So remember the nucleoid is a it's not a nucleus, it's |
|
| 22:06 | membrane bound, right? So it all happens together, right? Transcription |
|
| 22:11 | translation occur in the nucleoid both OK. So it's kind of a |
|
| 22:17 | way to phrase it but polysome is . OK. Um Repos is correct |
|
| 22:24 | these four bacterial DN application is We just saw that. OK. |
|
| 22:30 | Any questions about this or polar aging anything? Yeah. Yeah. |
|
| 22:40 | OK. Um That's a good I, um I don't know that |
|
| 22:48 | actually correlated in those four formation to as an old po new polio. |
|
| 22:52 | that's my best that I haven't thought it in that way. But that's |
|
| 22:54 | good, I'll check on that. as far as I know there's not |
|
| 22:57 | distinction, but I'll check to make that's a good question. Is that |
|
| 23:03 | ? OK. Uh Anything else? . All right. Um OK. |
|
| 23:09 | let's look at, here's another, another before and after. So we're |
|
| 23:12 | go through all these now to close chapter three and then we'll see the |
|
| 23:17 | at the end. And um, if you're not sure school take your |
|
| 23:21 | guess. Yeah. OK. Counting here. 321. OK. All |
|
| 24:22 | . Well, we'll see what changes when we look at the uh at |
|
| 24:25 | next time. OK. So specialized , um specialized structures, inclusions, |
|
| 24:35 | Granules. These are all terms describing um so number one, they're not |
|
| 24:41 | , that's first. OK. They be bound. But if they |
|
| 24:46 | it's usually like maybe protein around Um maybe some fossil lipids but not |
|
| 24:54 | a bio OK. In any these are typically through due to |
|
| 24:59 | they have that they form these Um energy storage, uh different forms |
|
| 25:06 | energy storage are also in this Um And, and uh so very |
|
| 25:12 | based on their metabolism or particular metabolic of of living. These are often |
|
| 25:19 | to. OK. So uh the of these is all about the um |
|
| 25:25 | being an autotroph really. OK. And so remember autotrophs, right? |
|
| 25:31 | CO2. OK. And so uh of course use light energy in the |
|
| 25:37 | to do this lepes, use oxidation organic molecules. OK. So what |
|
| 25:43 | the structures related to this? thyroids? Right. So we talk |
|
| 25:46 | this in the context of photo right. So uh thyroids aren't chloroplasts |
|
| 25:54 | bacterial photos don't have these, But they can fold up their membrane |
|
| 25:59 | like this that is packed full of photosynthetic material, right? Um In |
|
| 26:07 | to that the carboxy zom right, dark structure you see here, uh |
|
| 26:12 | are basically protein uh coverings around the that carry out CO2 fixation OK. |
|
| 26:21 | this rubis is kind of the shorthand for it. Uh We didn't go |
|
| 26:27 | the specifics of um CO2 fixation and the, and the cycle and |
|
| 26:33 | that. But uh the, the that carries out the, taking the |
|
| 26:39 | and sticking it to a molecule. this enzyme. OK. And um |
|
| 26:46 | longhand name is Rubido 15 by OK. So basically stick CO2 to |
|
| 26:51 | and that's what starts the cycle CO2 . OK. So bacteria that are |
|
| 26:58 | carrying out this kind of activity, . Whether photo or litho trope, |
|
| 27:05 | can form these carboxy zones, It's full of this enzyme to fix |
|
| 27:10 | , right? Because remember if you're CO2, that's your source of |
|
| 27:14 | right? You use that to make your carbon molecules, right? The |
|
| 27:20 | , etcetera. OK. So lots activity with CO2 fixation. The cell |
|
| 27:25 | just kind of pack these enzymes in little Granules, which I have to |
|
| 27:30 | that. Um OK. Also are these um gas vacuoles? |
|
| 27:39 | I think, yeah. So gas are common. Uh many of your |
|
| 27:43 | of course, are aquatic. And they uh have to reach the |
|
| 27:49 | depth. So they absorb light and light energy they absorb is gonna be |
|
| 27:53 | certain depth for op to be OK. That gas rle can kind |
|
| 27:58 | help them adjust to that. So very often uh certainly thyroids are |
|
| 28:05 | carboxy zom and gas rulle are all you see in phototropism. OK. |
|
| 28:13 | But remember the the outlier here can litho troops that don't use light but |
|
| 28:17 | can still like CO2 and they have zom there. OK. Um |
|
| 28:24 | These are all these, these here this line are all storage type |
|
| 28:27 | molecules, right? Use it for source. OK. So meno meno |
|
| 28:33 | Granules, um old term is called , right? Um You stay still |
|
| 28:39 | methane blue. They can, if have these structures, it'll be very |
|
| 28:43 | like you see here. OK. so what it is is really, |
|
| 28:46 | a quick energy source. They can uh basically it's a polymer of |
|
| 28:56 | And so they just hydrolyze uh bond on to an AD P and they |
|
| 29:02 | a TP OK. Kind of an substance uh that you have CRE CRE |
|
| 29:09 | in your muscles kind of has a function. You use it as a |
|
| 29:14 | energy source in a very similar OK. Um polysaccharide. So |
|
| 29:21 | we're aware of course of plants that starch. We we store glucose as |
|
| 29:26 | in our muscles. Um bacteria can both. They're gonna have starch |
|
| 29:30 | they're just basically glucose polymers. Uh sulfur Granules, uh those types |
|
| 29:37 | uh this approach, right, that sulfur compounds as an energy source. |
|
| 29:42 | um a by product of that can elemental sulfur. And so these Granules |
|
| 29:47 | up in the cell body, You see here, some species release |
|
| 29:53 | into the environment. So you can kind of use that as a way |
|
| 29:56 | identify these types in some cases. they hold on to it and keep |
|
| 29:59 | inside the cells? Are they gotten of um lipid inclusion? So this |
|
| 30:06 | a type of lipid. Ok. hydroxy berate. The yellow is the |
|
| 30:12 | of that link them together to form big polymer. Uh You can see |
|
| 30:17 | in Bacillus, these white blobs are Phb Granules. OK. So |
|
| 30:22 | very high energy lipids are lots of . So it can be a very |
|
| 30:27 | good source when needed. OK. again, all these are all things |
|
| 30:31 | know, a a soken store and when it needs to. Um So |
|
| 30:38 | look at this question. OK. we're gonna talk about motion next in |
|
| 30:43 | ways. Um And so think about the cell is in location A and |
|
| 30:54 | can get to B whichever where B be or one or more of these |
|
| 31:02 | of how it could get there. just think of it that way. |
|
| 31:09 | . Let me open the pole. could entities be responsible for a for |
|
| 31:16 | cell getting from? Yeah, to . Yes or no more here. |
|
| 31:31 | right over here any direction, Any of these possible? Yeah. |
|
| 32:00 | . Counting down, let's see what got here. Mhm. Ok. |
|
| 32:18 | had a delay here. Let's Oops, OK. Um Yeah, |
|
| 32:25 | you answered, uh G you are . Ok. So flagellum, certainly |
|
| 32:33 | gonna have flagellum on it, You can move, uh a |
|
| 32:39 | that's actually a type of movement associated the surface. So a pylos goes |
|
| 32:44 | , sticks to the surface and draws cell to it. Ok. |
|
| 32:51 | a magneto zone. Uh that's better describe it on the next |
|
| 32:54 | Gas fact, you, we talked those, those can help a cell |
|
| 33:00 | in terms of depth, right? photograph could have that adjusting its height |
|
| 33:05 | depth rather in a column of water get to the right light absorption |
|
| 33:11 | OK. So all those can produce kind of movement. OK. So |
|
| 33:15 | look at magnetos. So um magnetos not energy sources. OK? They |
|
| 33:23 | use them for food. OK. , it's a magnet, it's a |
|
| 33:26 | inside of itself. That's really all is. OK. So, |
|
| 33:31 | Those that have, these are aquatic bacteria. They um so the material |
|
| 33:39 | called magnetite. And so depending on side of the equator they're on northern |
|
| 33:45 | , southern hemisphere, they will uh will orient them in the water. |
|
| 33:51 | If they're in the northern hemisphere toward pole and downward, it's actually a |
|
| 33:57 | movement toward the pole. That's the pull if you will or traction. |
|
| 34:05 | . Um In the southern hemisphere, gonna go to the south pole. |
|
| 34:08 | . And downward. OK. So again relates to their metabolism. |
|
| 34:14 | In terms of oxygen, right? either anaerobic or micro aero. |
|
| 34:20 | So generally speaking, uh oxygen content the water is less as you go |
|
| 34:26 | , except in where you have you know, currents carrying oxygen in |
|
| 34:30 | water here and there. But excepting that, for the most part, |
|
| 34:35 | um depth, uh greater depths in water less 02. Ok. |
|
| 34:41 | and so that helps them orient themselves get the level of oxygen they need |
|
| 34:46 | maybe they require very low levels of . So it will help them orient |
|
| 34:50 | get to that optimum level. So it's just so it, it's |
|
| 34:55 | type of movement, right? It's movement toward uh mag uh toward magnetic |
|
| 35:00 | type of thing. OK. But to their aero tolerance, right? |
|
| 35:05 | it's a function of that. Um OK. Fmri Pili, Fmri |
|
| 35:12 | . So Pili and Freb are structurally same. OK. They're, they're |
|
| 35:17 | made of these Pillin subunits. The difference is the, the febrile |
|
| 35:26 | more numerous typically and are shorter. that's what you see uh mostly here |
|
| 35:32 | this diagram there. OK. Um in the middle. So Pili are |
|
| 35:39 | less numerous and it can just be , a couple or three or |
|
| 35:46 | But what it does, it will a specialized function. OK. The |
|
| 35:52 | are pretty much for sticking attachment, ? Febrile. Pili can both be |
|
| 35:59 | virulence factors. OK. Um E . 0157, I've mentioned several |
|
| 36:06 | right? The uh uh foodborne OK. Having FMRI is a, |
|
| 36:13 | essential for them. If they those lacking it, they don't cause |
|
| 36:16 | , it enables them to stick to cells of your intestinal wall. |
|
| 36:21 | Um The uh so again, p to um pili, right? Specialized |
|
| 36:28 | . Uh This is a sex So we, we'll see this in |
|
| 36:31 | next unit talking about uh conjugation brings together. It's, it's a, |
|
| 36:37 | a uh structure to which DNA can through and exchange between the two |
|
| 36:42 | Um But there's other pill, there's a pill I that can be |
|
| 36:45 | for a type of movement. We'll about twitching motility. OK. Other |
|
| 36:50 | I can be used to um uh heard of like we heard of the |
|
| 36:54 | of transformation when the cell brings in from the environment, some types can |
|
| 36:59 | a pill that grabs on to what brings into the cell. So you |
|
| 37:03 | have these, these very specialized functions pill. I, you don't see |
|
| 37:08 | with, with frem. OK. So the stock that, that group |
|
| 37:16 | a pretty, you know, they're widespread, they're, they're, this |
|
| 37:21 | is really only in that particular right? So what it is, |
|
| 37:25 | can alternate between having a stock which of sets them in place, |
|
| 37:29 | So they kind of, they, aquatic, typically they'll, they'll latch |
|
| 37:33 | a rock or something and they'll be in place there. And you see |
|
| 37:38 | , it's a nutrient driven thing. , if they're in an area of |
|
| 37:42 | very rich, nutrient wise, they'll sit there and eat the food so |
|
| 37:47 | stock helps them do that. Once nutrients deplete, the stock goes |
|
| 37:55 | and they'll move elsewhere. Ok. I think it actually converts to |
|
| 38:00 | to a flagellum and they'll swim to an area where there's nutrients. |
|
| 38:04 | . So it's kind of driven by . OK. Um OK. So |
|
| 38:10 | is the twitching motion. OK. again, the pylos uh this we |
|
| 38:16 | in biofilm farmers uh but it's all motility is all about the surface. |
|
| 38:25 | . So a flagellum is more like a matrix and it's kind of swimming |
|
| 38:29 | , right? This is the surface essential here. OK. So the |
|
| 38:35 | is extends. So all it is just polymerizing it. We're polymerizing the |
|
| 38:43 | uh these units together, right? extend it like. So OK. |
|
| 38:49 | we can also take them off and it short. So it can lengthen |
|
| 38:54 | shorten based on is it polymerizing or polymerizing? OK. Adding units to |
|
| 39:01 | or taking units off, increases or length. OK. So in this |
|
| 39:07 | of twitching motion, the pylos polymerizes sticks to the surface as you see |
|
| 39:15 | and then uh then de polymerizes, . Taking units off making it |
|
| 39:22 | right? So you can see the movement is basically we start here, |
|
| 39:27 | the movement is going that direction. it's here now where it started |
|
| 39:33 | Ok. So it's moving along on surface as they call it twitching |
|
| 39:38 | It's kind of analogous to, I if you had a, a row |
|
| 39:42 | on shore and the oars are your and you're moving, moving your boat |
|
| 39:49 | a solid surface with your oars because , you extend them this way and |
|
| 39:53 | stick and you move like that. it gives kind of a herpe jerky |
|
| 39:58 | of motion. That's why they call twitching. OK. Um Nano |
|
| 40:04 | relatively recent last 10 years or Discovery. So extensions of the cell |
|
| 40:11 | . So it kind of connects cells . Uh Bacillus does this other types |
|
| 40:16 | this? Um by doing this, basically change cytoplasmic contents, right? |
|
| 40:22 | , nutrients uh and has been shown they can passage nucleic gas DNA between |
|
| 40:28 | other. So um so that's So it's usually between members of the |
|
| 40:34 | population but can they've seen where it extend to other species as well? |
|
| 40:39 | . Somewhat, still learning more about . Uh but certainly can lead to |
|
| 40:46 | of genes and things between cells. OK. Let's uh yeah. |
|
| 40:54 | So we any questions so far? making his own energy storage Granules or |
|
| 41:01 | ? Why is this is a lot this is kind of really definition |
|
| 41:03 | I mean, you have questions we go. OK. All |
|
| 41:08 | So let's look at close this out flagella flagellum, plural singular uh flagellum |
|
| 41:15 | . Uh OK. So couple of to the each engine, right? |
|
| 41:20 | it's uh number one movement with the karum is not like a eukaryotic |
|
| 41:28 | Eukaryotic cells have microtubules. Um and um the movement is more like |
|
| 41:36 | , more like a, like this a whip of a motion like |
|
| 41:40 | OK. Uh That's eukaryotic, which thinking of the sperm, OK. |
|
| 41:47 | a bacterial type, it's rotary, rotates, right. So think of |
|
| 41:54 | propeller, propeller versus doing this versus . That's the main, the big |
|
| 42:01 | here. OK. And so um , besides that, uh these structures |
|
| 42:11 | have uh comus an immune response in body. All right. So it's |
|
| 42:15 | be in a context of pathogens, ? The uh uh medical important |
|
| 42:20 | the, the FLM they possess can an an an antibody response. |
|
| 42:26 | So like with the oo antigen on gram negative, OK. The um |
|
| 42:33 | have the O antigen, same thing has an immune response to it, |
|
| 42:37 | H engine as well. OK. so again, like, like with |
|
| 42:42 | engine, it's all, it's it's an identification me mechanism. |
|
| 42:48 | We have antibodies to all the medically types of this. This is generally |
|
| 42:53 | , again, the enteric, the coli or salmonella. Uh the medically |
|
| 42:58 | ones we can id relatively quickly because know the H and O types, |
|
| 43:04 | ? So we know if a the foodborne pathogen responds to the antibodies to |
|
| 43:10 | oo 157 type and we know, , that's the, that's that E |
|
| 43:15 | that you know causes foodborne illness. Similarly, if it has a particular |
|
| 43:20 | engine, we know, OK. this type for identification purposes, |
|
| 43:25 | It's an immunological reaction and embody engine . OK? Um flagellum, you |
|
| 43:32 | also use as a tool to describe types. Uh So for example, |
|
| 43:39 | one has multiple flagella all around the . OK. This one has it |
|
| 43:45 | both ends, right? This one just a single flagellum at one |
|
| 43:50 | OK. This one has multiple, ? And there's names for all those |
|
| 43:55 | Perri, I don't need to know but Perris is the type that has |
|
| 43:59 | all around mono TRS has just OK. Um amp the truss has |
|
| 44:06 | on each end. All right. you can use it as a as |
|
| 44:10 | of your criteria for identifying uh generally not done because you don't know the |
|
| 44:15 | of doing a flagellum stain. It be very iffy. But you |
|
| 44:19 | if you have an electron microscope, you can do that. But um |
|
| 44:22 | any case, you do see those . OK. Then structurally OK. |
|
| 44:29 | again, remember it's a propeller, think what that is. It's a |
|
| 44:32 | structure here. OK. So within membrane, you have a part of |
|
| 44:37 | structure is about anchoring it in the . And that's the um what they |
|
| 44:43 | a basal body and the hook is rotary part. OK. And so |
|
| 44:48 | gonna bring about the motion. Of , it's energy requiring. OK? |
|
| 44:53 | a TPS to run this thing. . And so uh the movement itself |
|
| 45:01 | , can look kind of odd. . So if you look at a |
|
| 45:05 | bacterium under the, what's called a wet mount, OK. So |
|
| 45:10 | basically got a liquid sample of living , you put the covers upon and |
|
| 45:15 | look uh well immersion and you'll see that they're motile. OK? They |
|
| 45:24 | kind of had the random uh if , I don't know if you still |
|
| 45:29 | these in um amusement parks, bumper , OK? It's kind of like |
|
| 45:33 | like that. OK? But there be a uh what I call a |
|
| 45:40 | movement towards something. So what are typically gonna move to or nutrients, |
|
| 45:44 | like that, right? What we attractants. So attractive module. So |
|
| 45:48 | is all about molecules, OK? molecules bind into the cell and that |
|
| 45:55 | their movement. OK. So you here uh and generally speaking, |
|
| 46:03 | Those are the receptors for the So um by and large, if |
|
| 46:09 | bacterium or archa is moile, it's shaped, we do have a few |
|
| 46:17 | that are coccus that are motile, there are very, very few and |
|
| 46:22 | between overwhelmingly rod shapes are the ones are motile. OK. And |
|
| 46:29 | so the attract them. So chemicals they will want to move to which |
|
| 46:35 | amino acids, carbohydrates, things that are part of their nutrition. |
|
| 46:40 | , these are things that they will to take in. OK. So |
|
| 46:44 | course, then they will want to toward them and the way to coordinate |
|
| 46:49 | is to have the molecules themselves stick the cell. OK. So you |
|
| 46:55 | think that the the amount of those here, OK are going to |
|
| 47:03 | let's say these little triangles are my . OK. And so if it's |
|
| 47:13 | and more, right? So, this is the concentration is increasing |
|
| 47:20 | right? Of my hypothetical solid nutrient molecules, the concentration is |
|
| 47:27 | right? So as it goes so having these interactions right on these |
|
| 47:35 | , OK will promote the movement toward of them, right? So it |
|
| 47:41 | promotes movement going this way because it's concentrated and more and more are appearing |
|
| 47:49 | it's moving in that direction. And that's what it will want to |
|
| 47:53 | right? So it can use take them in and use them. |
|
| 47:56 | . So that's kind of what the the counterclockwise rotations, right? So |
|
| 48:00 | about coordinating movements of these flag. in one direction, they move, |
|
| 48:06 | in a in a direction when you know, when they rotate |
|
| 48:12 | they don't move, they're kind of in place, right? So |
|
| 48:15 | it alternates between what we call counterclockwise CCW. OK. Where they coordinate |
|
| 48:23 | and it's a run, right? , they differentiate between runs and |
|
| 48:28 | OK. So this would be a that we see here. OK. |
|
| 48:35 | that's clockwise rotation. So the proportions tumbles to runs determines is it going |
|
| 48:42 | a particular direction or not? So you can see in a tumble |
|
| 48:47 | rotation, the flagella are kind of , so to speak. OK? |
|
| 48:52 | not coordinating a movement like they are . OK. So, um |
|
| 48:59 | it's all about the detecting the attacks the concentration of them. OK. |
|
| 49:05 | so what you see here on, the left, right, that's a |
|
| 49:11 | . So this, you say you . So in here the points between |
|
| 49:19 | straight lines, these are the OK? And of course, the |
|
| 49:25 | are the runs. OK? So see there's a whole, it's a |
|
| 49:30 | of runs and tumbles here. And so think of it again, |
|
| 49:36 | always use the term that, that , that they're thinking they're not thinking |
|
| 49:40 | , but it's all, it's all chemicals, right? And so detecting |
|
| 49:44 | , binary chemicals influences the movement. um so this kind of random |
|
| 49:50 | they call it where it's going this , then it tumbles and it goes |
|
| 49:54 | way, then this way and that , think of it as it's trying |
|
| 49:58 | seek out an attractive molecule. So we're doing this kind of random |
|
| 50:04 | here and then shoot that way. then that way that the logic to |
|
| 50:09 | is that OK, in this random of movements, it'll accidentally run into |
|
| 50:16 | to some um uh attractive molecules, that will, and if it |
|
| 50:22 | then we'll change from that kind of walking around to something like that. |
|
| 50:33 | . And so that kind of movement the right is gonna be preceded by |
|
| 50:39 | you see on the left because it really found a good haul of attractive |
|
| 50:44 | yet, right? But once it it again through the receptors on its |
|
| 50:49 | that will influence it and increase the of counterclockwise rotations. Remember counterclockwise |
|
| 50:59 | OK. So you can create less those, more of those and less |
|
| 51:05 | , right? That means a there be a lot of attractive molecules hitting |
|
| 51:10 | right to, to, to maintain counter clock FFL rotations, OK? |
|
| 51:15 | produces a straight run. E even that, you see, you |
|
| 51:20 | here, there's still a little bit the, of the um of |
|
| 51:25 | OK. But obviously, it's much than what you see over here, |
|
| 51:32 | ? So the presence of attractant has , greatly change the frequency and there's |
|
| 51:39 | runs occurring here. OK? And be certainly be less of the random |
|
| 51:45 | as it goes into heavier and heavier concentration, right? The bottom |
|
| 51:51 | bottom line here is it's gonna end in a area with lots of attracted |
|
| 51:56 | which presumably are some type of nutrient can use and that's what it wants |
|
| 52:00 | do. OK. Um So it's, it's proportions of these things |
|
| 52:05 | counterclockwise, the clockwise rotations. And influences that is the levels of attracted |
|
| 52:13 | . OK. So it kind of fits together. OK. Any questions |
|
| 52:17 | that? Mhm So um all So here's the after one we just |
|
| 52:29 | with the, let me move this here and then here we go. |
|
| 52:45 | . Right. So the term is and negative chemotaxis. So a positive |
|
| 52:49 | would be to OK. You can have the behavior where it's a negative |
|
| 52:54 | . So it's moving away a right? So it can actually go |
|
| 52:59 | from something the same way to something . OK. OK. It's cut |
|
| 53:25 | from four. OK. Consensus is yeah, that is the false |
|
| 53:36 | Yeah. Mechanisms aren't food energy They are, they, they're magnets |
|
| 53:41 | inside a thing that they're a compass the c orient them or orienting them |
|
| 53:45 | north or south, right? Um else here is uh true. All |
|
| 53:55 | . Um All right. So that up three, right? So |
|
| 53:59 | I think of that as kind of a checklist of different structures, |
|
| 54:03 | Um Knowing kind of what each thing , right? So remember some of |
|
| 54:07 | things are metabolism specific, right? things are involved in motion, some |
|
| 54:12 | storage beyond that, you know, um the negative and positive envelopes and |
|
| 54:18 | of the variations. Uh um So , go back to the that summary |
|
| 54:27 | and that kind of checks the So you know, the, you |
|
| 54:30 | , a super easy way to like yourself you, you know, it |
|
| 54:36 | to draw your favorite shape cox sod a rod and you go OK, |
|
| 54:40 | the cytoplasmic membrane, what else can put in here? Right. Let |
|
| 54:45 | draw the gram negative or gram positive . What are the things involved in |
|
| 54:49 | ? OK. What's the nucleoid? . So pretty easy to kind of |
|
| 54:53 | yourself on, on the chapter three by just doing a basic drawing like |
|
| 54:58 | . OK. Um OK. So we switch to uh chapter four, |
|
| 55:04 | is uh looking at uh basically how grow our probes grow. Uh So |
|
| 55:12 | first part of this is where they to grow, right? How do |
|
| 55:15 | grow them? Then it's um how we measure that growth? OK. |
|
| 55:23 | So this will be, this exam will involve a couple of calculations where |
|
| 55:28 | be able to have a calculator with to do it. Um But pretty |
|
| 55:33 | complicated, we'll go through, through . Um But the point is there |
|
| 55:37 | how we can uh mathematically determine cell and then uh the stages of |
|
| 55:44 | So when, when, when microbes , there's a different phases and pattern |
|
| 55:50 | we'll go through that and then a couple of growth phenomenon, uh |
|
| 55:55 | and uh endospore formation. Ok. , very often with bacteria, r |
|
| 56:01 | , different types of the lack or of nutrients can't influence certain phenomenon, |
|
| 56:11 | ? So those four formations all about out of food or some other |
|
| 56:17 | Ok. Conversely, a biofilm can about the opposite where there's lots of |
|
| 56:22 | , right? That's when the biofilm form, right? Because remember the |
|
| 56:25 | , you got to sustain a bazillion , right? So you better have |
|
| 56:29 | steady nutrients supply. Ok. So couple of examples, but nutrient nutrients |
|
| 56:35 | availability can, can bring about different effects here. OK. So uh |
|
| 56:41 | already know, right? Just you know, 13 and 14 metabolism |
|
| 56:46 | comes in handy now because uh of , that directly relates to how you |
|
| 56:52 | these things, OK? And um course, we already know about the |
|
| 56:57 | metabolisms they have, right? Can aromatic compounds, some can eat irrigant |
|
| 57:04 | , et cetera. OK. So certainly as I mentioned at the beginning |
|
| 57:09 | , um the the um having them the lab where you can control everything |
|
| 57:17 | ? Control ph and oxygen and what eat and you can grow them super |
|
| 57:23 | cell density, which is what you if you're um you know, working |
|
| 57:28 | industry and trying to make them produce product for you that you are in |
|
| 57:32 | market, you know, you can't by with just a little spoonful of |
|
| 57:36 | . You have to have buckets. right. So how do you get |
|
| 57:38 | of stuff grow into high cell And that's where you need to |
|
| 57:43 | OK. What is this they need terms of food, oxygen, |
|
| 57:47 | blah, blah ph um and then that level of growth. OK. |
|
| 57:52 | lots of things involved in that. . Those of you that are in |
|
| 57:56 | majors that are not in a bioinformatics . But the other one, this |
|
| 58:01 | the stuff you'll be doing. Um And there's all kinds of ways |
|
| 58:07 | do this as we'll see. And uh so cho NPS, now you're |
|
| 58:13 | hear that a lot uh as we through the chapter four material, |
|
| 58:18 | Because that's what it's all about no if you're trying to grow bacteria or |
|
| 58:25 | or ants or cockroaches or whatever, ? It's cho NPS, carbon, |
|
| 58:32 | , oxygen, hydrogen phosphorus and The makeup, the those elements make |
|
| 58:38 | the biomolecules basically, right? And the, let's look here. |
|
| 58:45 | So for most bacteria increasing the amount this nutrient to X, right in |
|
| 58:52 | gross medium will typically yield almost a X increase in cell yield, which |
|
| 59:02 | would this likely be? So, don't worry about the, don't worry |
|
| 59:09 | this. Don't worry about that right . OK. Just answer. That's |
|
| 59:14 | here. OK? And again, you're a bad type of person, |
|
| 59:22 | gonna be growing organisms high density, you want to manipulate this one, |
|
| 59:29 | sure. Ok. Counting down Mhm. Ok. Such a |
|
| 59:50 | Oh, yeah, absolutely. It's , right? We are, we |
|
| 59:53 | carbon based life, right? So no surprise you better give us, |
|
| 59:58 | give whatever you're trying to grow lots that. And that's the biggest |
|
| 60:02 | Yes. Number two on the Uh be be behind carbon and you |
|
| 60:09 | , a little ways down. So carbon here, then this thing and |
|
| 60:13 | this, this and this, what would be after carbon? But |
|
| 60:16 | would guess nitrogen, right? Nitrogen first, then nitrogen. Ok. |
|
| 60:22 | you actually have to go a long uh to get nitrogen limited, although |
|
| 60:27 | can, but you have to really the highest cell density before that |
|
| 60:31 | OK. At least in the certainly. OK. Um uh the |
|
| 60:36 | , you know, each of those is um in a cell. Uh |
|
| 60:45 | the weight is due to, I 54% is carbon, right? So |
|
| 60:49 | that's gonna have the biggest influence in that culture up, just adding more |
|
| 60:53 | , right? Nitrogen is something like or something like that, I think |
|
| 60:59 | the cell mass, right? So you need less of that, but |
|
| 61:03 | carbon by, by far, Because that makes up most of the |
|
| 61:06 | constituents, right? Give, give more of that. You can use |
|
| 61:10 | cells, right? Uh And that's you do when you're growing things, |
|
| 61:14 | highest self density, you have a medium and then to keep it |
|
| 61:18 | you add more of this along the and that keeps it growing and growing |
|
| 61:23 | growing to a degree. It's not , um forever. But uh, |
|
| 61:29 | then again, you can have a called continuous culture that can go on |
|
| 61:32 | on and on. But it's, getting way way ahead of the game |
|
| 61:36 | . Let's wait on that. But it, what's the central interest? |
|
| 61:39 | ? All these are, right? the cell, you have to supply |
|
| 61:42 | things to the cell, the cells make them grow essential nutrients can't be |
|
| 61:48 | themselves, they have to supply to , right? So you gotta supply |
|
| 61:52 | , you gotta supply maga, et . OK. So the Y is |
|
| 61:59 | because we're carbon based life, Our molecules for the most part, |
|
| 62:04 | every single one, but certainly 98% them are built along that structure. |
|
| 62:11 | . Now. All you do to the various biomolecules is add different other |
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| 62:16 | , right? Add nitrogen for right? Um add phosphorus and nitrogen |
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| 62:23 | nucleic acids, right? So uh that's the base, that is the |
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| 62:28 | is carbon, which is why it such a big influence in how much |
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| 62:32 | we call the term is bio OK. Biomass is simply the amount |
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| 62:36 | living material. So if we we all stepped on a scale collectively |
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| 62:41 | all the people in this room that be the biomass. So again, |
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| 62:50 | quick, right? So you and we can divide these up into |
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| 62:54 | essentially quantities, right? Macro versus , we need more of the macronutrients |
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| 63:00 | than you need micro nutrients. And much more macronutrients I look at as |
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| 63:05 | per liter, micronutrients, micrograms or per liter. OK. So tiny |
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| 63:11 | , OK? And so the micronutrients what you might think, right? |
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| 63:16 | essentially these things or macronutrients. So we look here uh as mentioned already |
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| 63:26 | the the importance of carbon, And the cycling, right? So |
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| 63:32 | the heterotrophic autotroph thing, right? Intros like us, we uh are |
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| 63:39 | these kinds of molecules, sugars, , fats, right? Supply us |
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| 63:45 | things and we get the two for deal, right? We can break |
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| 63:49 | down and then use these carbs to other molecules. That's one the other |
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| 63:56 | is as we break this down like grab cycle, blah, blah, |
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| 64:02 | , all cruise energy and we get get energy from it by breaking it |
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| 64:06 | and we get little seed units to stuff, right? So we get |
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| 64:11 | for one there. OK. The they fix CO2, right? So |
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| 64:17 | and they use that to build Um So stuff we already know, |
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| 64:23 | ? Uh what we find nitrogen, , sulfur, OK. This is |
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| 64:28 | these things must be supplied right? make these molecules. OK? Um |
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| 64:34 | important CS. So potassium, these often parts of, of enzymes, |
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| 64:40 | cofactors, uh they can be certainly . We see those in redox |
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| 64:46 | right, redox proteins. Uh So calcium also and working with different |
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| 64:52 | So it's very, these are all important and needed at, you |
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| 64:55 | more larger uh uh amounts, micronutrients. Um So these copper |
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| 65:06 | these are often uh parts. Uh seen zinc in um an iron in |
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| 65:11 | large uh cytochrome molecules, right, are in respiration or photosynthesis as |
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| 65:17 | And their levels are really small. when you make a medium, you |
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| 65:23 | supply cho NPS. OK? You don't supply these uh because are generally |
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| 65:30 | in the water anyway, right? pipes and all that kind of |
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| 65:34 | So there's trace levels of these typically water, even in the eye |
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| 65:38 | OK. So that you don't, don't typically add those as a |
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| 65:42 | OK? Unless there's a specific we try to do that. Um |
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| 65:48 | . All right. So terminology So the term growth factors, |
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| 65:54 | So beyond adding the basics of cho , right? You may find that |
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| 66:03 | , and again, these things are in the forms of, you'll see |
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| 66:06 | recipe here soon. But uh carbon add is like, you know, |
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| 66:11 | is very common, right? Or may add it as a protein |
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| 66:15 | OK? Um The, the H CH and O are typically all found |
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| 66:23 | the time on the same molecule, ? Hydro carbons, right? So |
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| 66:25 | typically find those all together, you add h by itself, right? |
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| 66:29 | part of, it's gonna be part whatever your carbon source is, |
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| 66:32 | C six H 1206, right? as it goes in there. Uh |
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| 66:37 | you're gonna look at o as both nutrient but also, right? 02 |
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| 66:41 | need oxygen or not. Ok. N uh N is typically as like |
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| 66:46 | this or that these are all powdered you dump in. Ok. So |
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| 66:51 | theyre combined like ammonium phosphate, et . So anyway, so these |
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| 66:56 | that's how you provide these things. But you know, having said that |
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| 67:00 | you provide those basics, it may that the cell type are growing still |
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| 67:05 | really do well, right? Maybe doesn't grow very well at all if |
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| 67:09 | all it goes very poorly, So that means it's deficient and you |
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| 67:13 | to, you typically uh fulfill that by adding something like this, |
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| 67:18 | It means that they're probably deficient in that they can't make, right? |
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| 67:24 | can't make an amino acid or right? Uh Maybe they can't make |
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| 67:27 | vitamin. So you have to supply to them to enhance their growth. |
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| 67:33 | , you can, and you can those as something like a yeast |
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| 67:37 | all right. Um which is high B vitamins, um blood and |
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| 67:42 | OK. Serum is a fraction of that con needs lots of proteins. |
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| 67:47 | , whole blood itself has a lot stuff in there. Ok. Very |
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| 67:53 | with pathogens. Um, you have , uh, supply blood or serum |
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| 67:58 | both because you know, it enhances growth. There's so much stuff in |
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| 68:04 | and serum. You don't really go the trouble of figuring out what's the |
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| 68:08 | thing in blood or serum that is it grow. That's just too much |
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| 68:11 | a pain in the butt. All . So you just say, I |
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| 68:13 | blood works, you just pop it . OK. So, um so |
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| 68:17 | , very often with pathogens, those the things you have to add blood |
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| 68:21 | serum. Uh OK. So the oxo troph, OK. So, |
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| 68:27 | so if you call wild type, may have heard in the context of |
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| 68:32 | fruit flies, Ryla, we we learned genetics had genetics before. |
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| 68:38 | So wild type is kind of the the, in the pro con all |
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| 68:49 | properties you associate with that species. for example, there's thousands of E |
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| 68:54 | strains, but there's one that's a type. Ok. Again, |
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| 68:59 | this was the first one discovered and all the properties you know, |
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| 69:03 | of as being an E coli. . Now, of course, there's |
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| 69:06 | of variants of that because some E are completely benign and don't cause any |
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| 69:12 | at all. And others are disease right? So, obviously, there's |
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| 69:15 | differences, but there's a core set features that make an E coli an |
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| 69:20 | COLI. OK? And the one kind of has all those features of |
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| 69:25 | , your basic E coli, that's wild time. OK. Then something |
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| 69:29 | an oxo OK. Very often it's amino acid deficiency. You often hear |
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| 69:35 | word oxo in the context of in example here, if it's an alleine |
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| 69:41 | troph, it can't make alline. you have to add that amino acid |
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| 69:46 | the medium if you want it to . Ok. Um That's where trope |
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| 69:51 | . It's deficient in some making some of nutrients, OK? And very |
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| 69:57 | it's in in this kind of OK? Um Can't make it. |
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| 70:06 | now back to kind of something we're with here. So let's look at |
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| 70:11 | . OK. So number one, it from the top down. |
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| 70:19 | So start at the top with energy and read like flow chart, |
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| 70:25 | So let's look at the first question . OK. Which is this |
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| 70:33 | Which box? So you have ABC which box represents chemo atrophy? |
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| 70:45 | Alright. Emo Auto Trophy. Make sure to read from the top |
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| 71:21 | down. Mhm OK. See what get here. OK. Let's see |
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| 71:47 | . OK. That is correct. . So Operative Ward here is uh |
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| 71:52 | chemo of course, that takes you the chemical side obviously, but then |
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| 71:57 | auto right? Using CO2, So, so fit in the D |
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| 72:01 | . Ok. So let's look at one which represents an aerobic heter |
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| 72:10 | Ok. A aerobic. That's right. Where are you in this |
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| 72:31 | ? Mhm. Ok. Let's speed up a little bit and we got |
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| 73:00 | . Yeah, it's certainly, It's gonna be a. Ok. |
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| 73:04 | so, um, the, and these different types here, chemo |
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| 73:12 | chemo autotrophs, photo heos, photo , right? So, combining these |
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| 73:17 | , we've already heard of Hetro, heard of um Autotroph. Uh but |
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| 73:21 | can combine, you know, the photo is dependent on what's the carbon |
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| 73:27 | , right? So you have organic CO2, right? So then um |
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| 73:33 | about if you're a CO2 fixer, fueling that? Where's the energy coming |
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| 73:37 | to do that? Are you a troph? Is it light? Then |
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| 73:41 | what you are. Is it not and energy from organic compounds? And |
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| 73:47 | you right there. OK. So I think we know the the box |
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| 73:53 | algae that's gonna be uh o right? Use H2O photo artos use |
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| 74:03 | , right? That's what a plant algae will do, right? Oxygen |
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| 74:06 | photosynthesis. OK. Um So uh again, these terms, right, |
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| 74:14 | ways to categorize and there's overlap of course, right? So the |
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| 74:19 | organo chemo heterotrophic, basically the same . OK. Um chemo atrop chemo |
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| 74:28 | , same, these are different, ? Because, right, the operative |
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| 74:34 | here, right? Photo hetero trope fix CO2 right. That's what we |
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| 74:39 | it a heterotrophic source of carbon. . So uh so the energy, |
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| 74:45 | ? Photo chema, where's, where's energy come from to support? Uh |
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| 74:51 | energy is a light driven, non driven electron source, right? Li |
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| 74:56 | organic organic. OK. So we've , we've been even just use the |
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| 75:00 | organo trope, same thing as a organo trope, chemo heterotrophic. Uh |
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| 75:06 | we shorten it a bit but means same thing. OK. So any |
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| 75:12 | on this? So next time we'll about putting a medium together to grow |
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| 75:17 | and how will they grow in numbers that kind of stuff? So, |
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| 75:20 | pick it up on Wednesday folks. . OK. |
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