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BIOL 3332_MW_15998 - 2-24-20 Lecture
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00:00 Really? Yeah. Okay. all right. Okay, Bo.
00:24 you. Uh, so and, , okay. There. Everybody have
00:40 good A metabolize you can nationalize Arab . Okay, uh, wear out
00:56 project. So the guy said that , uh, next time should be
01:02 where this actually used to be replaced its not very bright anyway. So
01:07 those of you, kind of she balls over here. Um,
01:13 A couple of things. One. our schedule. So I Hi.
01:23 best that we do get the 01 these teamwork exercises before the next
01:29 So we got a spring break. is the best time to do
01:31 Don't do it right before the So we have a opportunity to going
01:37 that material absolutely before the police a days before the U. S.
01:43 we're gonna target. I know. could be the first Monday after spring
01:49 . You kind of scarcity. Who up for that? But some
01:54 uh, too much party. what a play if we can a
02:05 island part. So Yeah, that , um uh, Okay. So
02:14 too. So we're going on uh except day, then restoration 14
02:26 on, for example, lectures. always wanted to have uh, uh
02:38 over. It was not that We'll just throw it up to that
02:43 day, like, so I'll make decision. It's just like everything that's
02:51 to stop that. Um okay, continuing on so no bit of a
03:01 . So, uh, through some this stuff, look at last time
03:06 this one slide, eso just kind rewind s. Remember here with the
03:13 picture. The big picture is as are going toward this chapter on
03:23 uh, kind of cartoonishly represented by . Grab it here. Okay,
03:36 , coach Ventricle over for anything that's and doing stuff like, be else
03:43 my required here. Right? So looking at a, uh, section
03:51 , which is about looking at different . The bacteria metabolized, uh,
04:00 Well, well, and that's three of, uh, mechanisms of respiration
04:08 . Okay, so we're talking about is really break down large organic
04:14 Okay, um, and doing so a couple different ways. So remember
04:21 term patrol, right? Um, what trump's use us use conference organic
04:28 break those down in the process. know, there's two purposes here.
04:32 is is to get energy way. reactions, oxidation reduction reactions to capture
04:40 energy. And then wait a minute , right? Life makes stuff with
04:50 building blocks to make your DNA and hydrates your s. Right. So
04:57 many hair folks, it serves those Not everything, but certainly from
05:03 So, um, eso reparation. that the restoration process is one that
05:13 involved. More stuff. Pretty good . That's those terms. Uh,
05:20 transport system, A just component called 80 p seven days. Right.
05:28 we're gonna, um, have ways to generate energy. Uh, and
05:35 is through respiration. So it involves transfer consumer transfer adventure. Right.
05:40 G. Right. That's that, , parameters tells us whether it's a
05:47 required. You're right. Because you , here is coupling energy crying process
05:54 energy, releasing process. Okay. of your car. Right.
05:59 you have gasoline. All right? . I mean, the complex organic
06:06 that you're going to get in, ? So a little tiny explosions.
06:10 , And you're eating a lot. the explosion or drive system right.
06:16 your energy coupling American processes, The energy released when you have those
06:23 Gasoline, right, that drives the . That s so it's always about
06:34 you think one makes the other Yeah. So, uh, way
06:40 use tiny explosions. We have to things occurred mostly at moderate conditions.
06:46 ? So way rely on enzymes to this work for us. And,
06:52 , s So we looked at medical . We can love them. Either
06:55 of these two titles make a deposit . Okay. Granted, different
07:03 They have different magnitudes of negative g how Delta G generally most favorite fall
07:10 of those two categories. Okay, process. And again, you can
07:15 at this in terms of simple yet energy releasing your car and seeing what
07:30 doing What s you wanna look So, um, so the the
07:42 when you okay, uh, right that we owe how much energy is
07:51 certain types of grass is a cattle Teoh, right? Takes this
07:58 uh, this type of, bluegrass, whatever e super this
08:05 Theo. Okay. Eso, right. Energy, energy. A
08:19 of things to make life go. so eso original restoration There's more complex
08:27 Amore mawr completed products, if you , Right, We have because it's
08:33 oxidation because way can't do anything. two right, That's B Most simple
08:40 form. Very stable on do nothing break CEO to down this carbon oxygen
08:48 get energy Incomplete Oxidation is what we in fermentation. We'll see that
08:52 So you think this spot this spot taking a complex organic material on only
08:59 it down partially. A lot of level in these molecules. Okay,
09:05 with the push fermentation today, but Oh, okay. Again, This
09:12 sitting Thio metabolism realm, but just we'll talk about this next week.
09:20 I didn t o right, so had to break it down. They
09:29 yeah track. That's what our propped Because that takes a lot of
09:34 See how a co two compared to of the 10 products, right?
09:39 lot more attitude, a lot more bonds here. That's what being
09:44 You can go to some other molecules takes you right. You right.
09:51 lot of things can use Internet Tonto okay on, then It's like 78
10:01 . Yes. Remember that billions of second. So a million times a
10:09 . Right now you're doing both of ? Yeah, making a PP so
10:17 you see empty pink. It's not way over. It's not just thio
10:24 it, but also you have to okay. And what the native village
10:30 was positive, right? To make teepee bottom reaction. T o m
10:38 o. To make that when you , you can use a former stored
10:45 that could be released when they participate their reactions. Okay, Essentially can
10:51 a couple of something else to make . So, uh, eso link
10:59 link here with this is shown Okay, so we have to,
11:08 So here's our cattle bolic processes on side. Okay? That's one
11:15 This is the colossus and reparation That's a process that releases energy.
11:22 use that to produce 80 p. this reaction here, this is what
11:30 talking about on this side. Thank . That's that part of the equation
11:37 energy to make a teepee from those steps. As you go. Complete
11:43 here captures community, and you use . So So this this part
11:52 the energy releasing form of ATP that in on this side. Okay.
12:02 here. Okay. Uh, it's sorry arrow. A tulip.
12:11 Energy releasing. Okay. So things making protein using a protein,
12:22 a nuclear type rival nuclear ties to the fake ass is that's all from
12:27 to big, right? And building . Take their first come from Hydraulic
12:34 80 p. Technically, you with a high. Not only that
12:42 point is energy releasing process with a . So, um all right,
12:54 , that's the first question. the last time waiting, Uh,
13:01 really remember. Remember this thing Okay, thanks. What? We're
13:09 it cos process. It could be remember. It's always just a chemical
13:15 . It could be a concentration Right? I'm using that coupling into
13:21 energy reporting process. So, that's certainly true. What? Right
13:25 . Uh, you there comes with . They get back, they demonstrate
13:35 is agent. So, again, this principles being applied here and
13:44 Yeah, uh, eso in terms metabolism this concept of, Then there's
13:52 how have have This occurs at the reaction level. Right? So we're
13:58 about redox reactions, oxidation reduction How we what we're doing,
14:06 A food source like that. You there with you? Come on.
14:12 banana last week, right? That's zip right here. Uh, this
14:20 here. Right. Insert banana, ? It could be whatever your food
14:26 , right? I mean, I'm it. Uh, technically,
14:31 actually, transport chain is not the itself. It's products of certain reactions
14:39 actually go there. But this is source is a source of electoral.
14:44 , so, um uh, so talking about not reactive. This is
14:52 kind of to see where you're at oxidation reduction. This kind of,
14:57 , we're talking about here. it's just kind of if you remember
15:03 about. Alright, So here's our . We have higher bait.
15:11 said any th involved product being black and solid parts. Yeah.
15:26 Sorry. You very well. Mhm. Sorry thing up. Thank
15:40 . There we go. Don't. . If you're not 100% sure it's
15:49 , we'll talk about it. Yes. Okay. At the timer
16:02 thing is what Um, yeah, , yeah. Okay. Yes.
16:34 right. Let it go back. ? Head count. Okay. Two
16:42 , one can 1 99 just got . OK, all right.
16:50 that's pretty good. The answer is . Correct. So, um,
16:58 But this So we're adding, remember, Redox reactions are oxidation
17:03 So it's about electrons either being, , something. Give me up.
17:07 . Something is gaining electrons. And so in biological reactions, it's
17:13 the transfer of hydrogen atoms is how do this. Typically, remember,
17:18 atom is one proton on electoral And typically they're There are they are
17:25 pairs. Right. So two as you see there, Um
17:32 to h would have. Actually, H plus would have one proton in
17:37 electrons. Okay, Um, so write that correctly to age plus equals
17:48 one proton two electrons on. So two electrons are being added to Pirate
17:54 . Right? You can see that compare this to this Nice.
18:01 um, edition of electrons form that the prospect. Okay, So
18:11 Baby tans lost electrons. Okay, myself. Okay, Okay. Private
18:20 gained electrons. Okay. Eso has reduced okay. And then in a
18:28 h is the one giving him All right, so it's become
18:31 Okay? And, you know, makes me see that right there
18:36 right? Nothing there. So, , so in in in 88 to
18:41 modular, just based on a lot indeed a four, I should say
18:47 very prevalent in biological reactions. Get stronger character, right? Sure.
18:55 . Um, and so, h being formed a lot in costs
19:02 reparation, A couple of things, one thing for sure is that they
19:08 a choice here. That said, , maybe give the option of black
19:14 is ox. That's or reduced? , nothing is. Nothing is
19:19 Toe. Okay. Lets just because product end product not being it's the
19:27 of public becoming do. Okay, lactic itself is not the outside.
19:33 just a problem. Okay, The of anything. Plus soothe. It
19:40 as a form of communication. The clause itself. This ration is not
19:46 offset or reducing the problem so that sure, people up. What
19:53 So, um, the, uh right. So I just put some
20:00 here, so we all think maybe have your favorite when you call those
20:08 Humenik device. Okay, so oil is one. Observation has lost.
20:17 is gaining. Okay, So loss electrons, our game of electrons is
20:27 . So it's kind of and I electron shorthand like this. The east
20:33 minus. Okay, um, uh s so it seems kind of
20:41 saying, Okay, molecules become It's actually gained something. You wanna
20:46 the opposite. Uh, but Redox , that's not the case.
20:53 It simply has electrons just kind of to, uh, twist your brain
21:00 you got my opposition, right? fact, uh, remember when you
21:06 electron transfer? Uh, now the here is a rational See over and
21:14 again. Okay. Aziz, for , for a lot of things in
21:18 section. Okay, So answer the first one after number one. Let
21:24 just do this chance. Cover it . Well, okay. Which molecules
21:34 all right? Uh, pretty Pretty good idea most. We're going
21:42 get this over with the timer Yes. Here we go.
21:52 So we put a sock in it give co two water Yeah.
22:12 E. Okay, head counts. 99. So mhm it is.
22:27 . Okay. Okay. Here we 78 99 200 to 1.
22:41 Okay. Um yes. 65 se . Okay, let's, um let's
22:52 the second. All right? And . Okay. 65%. A
23:11 You 6, 16 years? Did, uh, anybody go to
23:24 rally yesterday? What about, there's one person did? Yeah,
23:34 put together. I was out of . Mexico also. That's always
23:48 I'm scared. I did. Uh, all right. I like
24:06 . Hold on. That's a real people straggling Hold on one more
24:16 Yeah, I know. Yeah. . Yeah. Just for answering.
24:23 it went up before. I want just hit the same as you did
24:36 . Yeah. Okay. If you're answer, answer. That's going
24:50 All right. Uh, I was Ugo, If I keep doing
24:57 keep repolling. Maybe get 100. , more time. No.
25:07 Um okay. Uh, no, just 90% be okay. So obviously
25:14 have I hope it's obvious. So is becoming, um, oxidized.
25:22 oxidized, co two. Okay, just uh, just using electrons,
25:28 you probably should be obvious, It's become a much smaller molecule.
25:33 , way basically have picked up. a number of these molecules. We
25:38 seen them yet, but as we through the pathway, we create these
25:45 caring molecules in a d f a h. How is how our gobbling
25:52 these electrons and we actually do something this. This is basically how the
25:58 is being captured in the form of two molecules as well as a couple
26:02 spots for a teepee is formed So these three are the kind of
26:06 molecules were forming along the way at steps. Theune. Of course,
26:11 reduced auctions being reduced to water So, um, take the and
26:22 sort of envision that, Remember, that we'll see it again, but
26:26 the transport something feeding intellect. Something that picks up, picks up those
26:34 . Lucas front option back. So from the shuttle basically thio transport
26:45 So bottom here is showing you kind , you know, we're not focusing
26:51 each individual reaction every time in every . Okay, so we're going out
26:58 a larger conflict, a thio than to this pipsqueak intermediate, which
27:06 basically to two of these two para . Okay, so we have one
27:13 of glucose, and if it does spire, we will go to co
27:21 . Okay. If we ferment, go a different route, OK?
27:28 power base kind of the is kind a central point in that metabolism.
27:34 this way for men Don't go this . Inspired you see us? We
27:39 . So our small molecule Small, , smaller smallest. I,
27:47 captured energy mentioned. So wear redox . So will form things like an
27:54 th if a d h two along way. Okay, um not here
28:03 more here. Don't worry about it now. Will form a little bit
28:08 ATP directly along the way. And so, again, capturing energy
28:14 these forms in certain reactions along the . And, uh, your
28:21 right? Pirates too. Uh, this this right here from this to
28:30 two? That's the tablets. that is cut tablets. Okay,
28:35 this. And so, um, Oh, Liz. Um,
28:44 so as we're going now, over is gonna be an embolism because this
28:49 something that's gonna take a lot of to execute. Check. So we're
28:55 back to glucose. Okay, You blocks waveform electrons back on it,
29:05 actually, it uses typically what you here is in a is in a
29:11 . Ph. It is very common the electron donor here, except plants
29:19 algae. Uh, you see some times that are so, uh,
29:27 responding takes electrons to do that. your foot patrols do this. You're
29:36 student. Um, all right, the the okay, I just do
29:46 in here to show you. So one of these universal referent carriers,
29:53 living things have it. Um, it is the oxidized form that becomes
29:58 . As you see here. You see it when it's written correctly.
30:03 always looks like this. You're Okay, I get that. Any
30:07 these become reduced picking up electrons. what is what existing over here.
30:12 , alright. It really just has do with the structure of in a
30:17 , which you see here. And boxed in portion is where the chemistry
30:22 basically happening in terms of electron except , reductions occurring. And so eso
30:31 hydrogen remember gonna be too electrons and protons. Okay, that's what that
30:39 . And, uh, two of electrons that ring structure can accommodate two
30:46 , Okay? And they'll knock around there. Um, that's that the
30:52 structure that aromatic compounds half okay, they can accommodate both electrons. But
30:59 , one of the hijabs, conform body. Okay, Thea other one
31:04 left over here. So? from this, the molecule is holding
31:11 two electrons on one proton, and other one is left out here like
31:18 . That's that, Dude. So again, just have to do
31:23 it every man z. Thank Okay. All right. Uh,
31:39 . The okay, generation American. he goes free a couple of registrations
31:47 terms toc that made right more because terminology thing, but also in the
31:54 of it. So the of when you are producing ATP's, you
32:02 basically using any Pia's your what's your ? That's prostate on ways to bring
32:13 about. One is what we call level falsify evolution and, uh,
32:21 simple. So you just have a . Just a fancy name for a
32:25 compound. So substrate level false basically substrate that is false for
32:33 Okay. And in the reaction, D. P. Picks up that
32:40 strait to form 80 p plus unforced related substrate. So that's all what's
32:49 on. So happens at a couple points in black holes is the inspiration
32:56 I call it, like the direct of making a D. P right
33:01 with these two oxidative and photo foster , Um, which, uh,
33:09 components are very simple. Okay, course, what's driving is different.
33:14 light drives in photo, false But it involves these things,
33:20 I'm going to be telling this but right now to keep me out
33:24 my leg. My desk that involved pumping this couple to electron transport
33:31 um, 80% days and protons going agreed for this marriage to the former
33:36 That that's that's both part of both them. Are today's population total
33:43 in fact, again put a It's his wife. Is the driver
33:50 ? Okay, um, so they have terms transfer to a degree that
33:57 roll, uh, comments about the And it's what is a central part
34:04 respiration right where you have. And when I say reparations, both
34:11 applicable to both aerobic and you will in anaerobic respiration. Bacteria do both
34:19 things. Uh, okay, let's on the Okay. So here this'll
34:32 a Is this kind of to show , uh, the bacteria you can
34:40 them with tax, carbon spikes, sources. And then you grow them
34:46 . Leanne aerobically ferment. And so is kind of the impact on there
34:53 when we look at these different processes private sources. Okay, so,
35:02 , first you see, So there's distinctions here. China, uh,
35:09 , red and green. Okay. that's defined by whether we have oxygen
35:15 . Okay, so actually, we sort of monitoring growth. Okay,
35:21 in this table, then the carbon , Of course, it was a
35:25 car. Okay, second call is internal, except if you look at
35:33 in this way with this on tiger but traffic. So remember they had
35:43 transfer transit train and be here. ? So here is our source,
35:47 . I wrote banana there earlier, ? But we're using carbon sources,
35:53 , colonel, Except, er, , could be option, which is
35:56 the first, uh, blocking blue and reparation. Wait here.
36:05 this'll is actually fermentation checks. Eso doesn't really involved. Transportation are accepted
36:14 the same way. Okay, so, uh, equipment, carbon
36:21 Which processes the most bypass? most biomass glucose and oxygen sex.
36:29 you do is look at the biomass . And so all biomass is
36:33 uh, the entire weight of living . So we all set on the
36:39 together, that will be the biomass this roof. Okay, so,
36:45 , so we looked at glucose here glucose here. Okay, Um,
36:51 . See that aerobic respiration using new ? He was better than any other
37:01 metrics. Uh, it Xena. a difference, obviously. 10.
37:07 man from old biomass, less it terribly. But it's not like a
37:16 10 or something close to a But why is why a picture not
37:25 is Eric. No. Yes, . You know, maybe maybe you
37:32 , because we haven't talked about uh , I guess. Yes, it
37:41 . It does relate that right? So why would it not Yeah.
37:54 this that that Iraqi comes with the begins in Chapter 14 stuff on click
38:01 transfer change. So it has to with this parameter called reduction. And
38:08 that's the ability of a molecule to be off. It's a 54
38:13 Something with a higher above potential. grab that box, right? Wants
38:18 become really right. So number one on Earth for being that serving that
38:28 . Strongest reduction. Well, opposition the strongest. And so being there
38:40 the end of the transfer change, what These guys, they're gonna sit
38:45 . So so say, oxygen, . What becomes critical, right?
38:52 s So that means that these guys our public for that. That's all
39:00 . So you gonna eat that they Octavio? Okay. Oxidants become
39:08 right? So because will become Yes, but so we have options
39:13 this end, if we close here handle this. So you have a
39:17 strong molecule strong in terms of production was really suck electric, right?
39:23 equates to foreign. So if you nitrate has your talks after, it's
39:34 quite the same in terms of reduction close, but not as good as
39:40 , so it's a good electron but he is not a so that
39:46 to less energy. It was a , Okay, But you wasted with
39:51 book. Thank So it's really about . Don't worry if you get all
39:55 because we'll talk about that. That why it's all about this is this
40:03 all about reparations all about, putting together strong donors in the front
40:12 strong except hers in the back. bacteria can mix and match different
40:16 right? Option X y z carbon or nitrate on this So you have
40:24 different carbon sources. So look at versus Form eight. Okay, A
40:32 . Okay, We get how By being not very much competitive.
40:37 the reason there is that, 40% glucose? How many farmers informed
40:46 ? Yeah, small opera credited There's not much energy associate Um,
40:55 fermentation fermentation that gives us a ethanol in all federal police. It has
41:05 novel fermentation. That's the worst. that's everything. Rule everyone Reparation Carol
41:16 sperm In case in terms of you'll get it. But there could
41:20 situations where a bacterial technic line itself the funding. So part of your
41:28 making lot throws, but ultimately fermentation limiting. I never really thought about
41:35 . But it's all that common energy the product production. That's what directly
41:41 Thio mighty piece received more work. , that's about right. Um,
41:50 , let me question So it's a are in archaea are unique in that
41:58 can use lots of different things from . Okay, and mix and match
42:03 sources and accept hers. Okay, on where they find themselves in a
42:09 , you go very first time. do fermentation reparation and the aero
42:17 which is left depending on what time . Um Okay, So this happening
42:25 to show you this is how you to know this stuff, right?
42:29 it's not about memorizing each and every , but knowing what happens in
42:34 Okay, so, uh, it's four stages, right? And knowing
42:41 goes in welcome that. Okay. then what's the energy being harvest?
42:49 through, Jack. So which one this is Of course. The Blackhawks
42:53 okay. Here's the terms. That is what you what you need to
42:57 . Okay, so we go Coffee from energy. They're not going to
43:04 through. Uh, here. This the euro. Metabolically speaking. So
43:12 got a two routes, your presentations the product of this kind of small
43:18 alcohol. Or we could go on to respiration. Okay, so then
43:24 to the formation of a secret Reduced to this is a So we're
43:32 from three carbon to carbon molecule See? Look away and then wake
43:41 America and VH one, then Krebs surgically, Krebs cycle. And this
43:48 where the coast is finally completely Thanks. And way do some CEO
43:55 hear that there were mayors, lost and then all of these energy carrying
44:03 . Speaking of the and, f a D h two, these
44:12 what then go to electron transport. they accumulate a number of these in
44:16 process here, like false is here the pirate Peter Krebs cycle. So
44:23 all end up transport change. So age to be a basically the they
44:32 the forms that interact directly with electron because they become option. You got
44:38 shop and What a way This is way I'll ask the question in two
44:48 , Uh, you remember Here uh, yeah, way more sense
44:58 . So, uh, okay. , you know, no things in
45:03 because they come back and yeah, . And I'm not even that big
45:09 stickler on numbers, but we'll get the tell you everything up then you
45:14 to know those those total numbers, Oh, yeah, uh, pretty
45:20 makes it more manageable. University Um, okay, so let's start
45:27 policies. So, um so good here. First of this substrate
45:36 the thing about even in a anabolic , native of details, there can
45:47 points where you saw that even you add some energy to it to make
45:53 favorable. Right? Eso glucose has of intermediate energy state. Right?
46:00 it is not a directive as it . So what causes that kind of
46:06 between energy, investment and energy? hardest. Thanks. Okay, so
46:13 put this little diagram, which you time I talk about this here.
46:18 , so I have three empty on side on. You can see that
46:24 . Like cause this is a process the downward process right, it will
46:29 . And okay, but even for Bolic processes, right? We need
46:35 get the ball rolling, so to . So we may need Thio put
46:43 energy again to get over the hump then down once we do, you
46:47 , get back in that stuff, ? Getting that every game e think
46:54 , uh, going on top of . We have a two by
46:57 Right energy, right Once that growing gonna go, I know. Recoup
47:03 you put anywhere plus give some more . Um, in, uh,
47:12 , interactions with activation. Answer is . Cattle ranches have activation. So
47:16 over the hall on that even catastrophic . Okay, eso after this first
47:24 about a piece a lot, into it to passport like glucose to
47:29 this group toast 16 by phosphate. then we'll split back to six.
47:36 molecule. Put 23 carbon a high . Uh, you don't Even if
47:44 one, uh, show you what of happens here? Right? So
47:50 put that into two smaller prostrated molecules then capture the energy back.
47:56 Through the V h the 80 p . So remember this substrate level for
48:03 what's going on here. Here, is that substrate level possible relation that
48:10 piece will get from these guys, ? That will come with, like
48:15 someplace. That's that's that oxidative So our next you hear a piece
48:23 couple of years, The end is ? The government, That's what That's
48:32 we'll cast those in, so to . Uh, now, not to
48:40 , Never seen away. So, , piratey at this point now you
48:48 see just energy right by cooperating because the original molecule made more reaction.
48:58 , but then we went back Right? So now higher rate is
49:02 not very reactive, either. All . Hello. So you could pop
49:08 back up again, okay? And where Okay, so, uh,
49:15 gonna pirate up into having something on way, put co a in their
49:22 of build up the energy of that . Uh, okay. So let's
49:27 at, uh okay, So this just a slight right turn here just
49:33 show you that there are other pathways this Empty my par that basically we're
49:40 at here this thing in this, figured all reactions, but this is
49:46 the E M P pathway show But there is another Catholic called
49:54 If they're doing a rough pathway, sugars that are called sugar acids.
50:03 if you've had, um, if have organic chemistry, I don't know
50:09 you had or not, but there's carbohydrates can be of a type we
50:16 , um, all of those Okay, that looks like this on
50:21 end. Okay, Alba High And then you have those that are
50:27 sugar acids. Have a car select group, you check. And
50:33 what these guys are. Okay, the process of, well, differently
50:38 terms of the panel's back now, would you find lots of things?
50:43 of shooter asked. But it turns you find a document, so you're
50:48 your intestinal wall creases a cells that you get help foodstuff fit three
50:56 years longer, and that material is high in these triggers, and so
51:04 you're gonna have this pathway. In , the people so call, for
51:11 , can have both the e. . P. But paralysis pathway and
51:16 factories use. It is a We can use those super acid by
51:23 it thru this path here. And it was very common for coal
51:28 salmonella and others that we owe. , in most most that have the
51:37 habit. In addition to thief usual pathway, There's a few oddballs that
51:44 have the nothing that causes the most have both have e They also
51:54 um you take those bosses, we that as well. But when you
52:00 of it, always can. Producer uses in Biosciences are making nuclear times
52:07 certain amino acids etcetera. So it's used. Thio, I just want
52:14 to buy a building block for the blood sugars. Right? That
52:20 probably you production off nucleotides. so all uses a resource is typically
52:30 that was about his sister had his . So let Zack, Thank you
52:38 much. He okay? Not I'm getting there. All right.
52:46 , great. I, uh So about a little bit beginning.
52:52 that's more of what? Which Court battles. Restoration. So I'm just
52:57 of showing you for a review of it is. It's obvious that when
53:02 compare this to respiration are to Excuse me that it's a reparations much
53:09 complicated. Alright, involving so And let's first have in common.
53:17 this right here? Call. But thereafter respirator goes down. This
53:22 pack over here with different stages, of, uh, oxidation pirate as
53:28 was away from the Krebs cycle, the letter carriers. And they go
53:33 the booth that we have put going on a pdf terminal except,
53:42 a lot of stuff. Yeah, fermentation. You'll have number one.
53:50 , um, animal. Nobody involved off on even in preparation for
53:59 Um, this process, period like might happen to pirate. That does
54:05 require off, and it will occur the afternoon off. Now, whenever
54:10 go to this route, reparation for , that will be His options is
54:19 way. But but remember, that's very also be handled. A
54:28 yeah, for example, in the , there was no 02 Okay,
54:36 oxygen, but had, let's potassium nitrate, he was in the
54:45 . Um, then e. Coli use nitrate as a trouble, except
54:50 him inspire. But if that worked . All right, then,
54:57 it might permit. Right? So all depends on what's available.
55:00 And you can switch back and You know, maybe it's initially aerobic
55:05 up, a preparation that goes with , except you stuff. And then
55:12 goes to permit. So all that's , Um, now, in,
55:21 , fermentation fermentation, the put in the last minute. I hope it
55:28 . So let's look at, so me let me splashes up there.
55:32 , So here is kind of Right? So we have incomes,
55:37 ? I'll describe what's going on. policy. Right. So if you
55:41 a couple of e to a Yes. Right. Okay. So
55:50 can Okay, this has for making , but what does it mean to
55:57 looking react? Make sure there's a sugar, a sugar A We have
56:08 B that put the worry about So much for me. You form
56:14 former eighties and you break any peace time second, so that all
56:19 But in this guy any deep, have this present the child. So
56:27 one is for making all right, source of this, uh, we
56:33 have a race suppliers all the time this is what needed to keep this
56:39 go. Okay, to keep that going. So we got battery
56:45 You better have a secure supply in D plus because a lot of sugar
56:52 teachers in the deep very soon things run out. Okay, so we
56:58 a generation. That's really what the is that come here. Collecting acid
57:05 . That's not taking these additional react reactors are what we supply way any
57:11 a deep. So you keep your . Marriage is going right. And
57:16 if fermentation reactions produce in 88 that can become, uh, I'm sorry
57:23 paper actions oxidized in 88 that then . Keep keep the whole thing up
57:30 years. So something about sugar, . Whatever sugar making Anthony. You're
57:36 . Sure. So, looking for some of anaerobic, uh, the
57:46 Like the gas interpretation. We have production of 80 p. Here's a
57:52 weight and lactic in the process. question is what is being oxidized?
58:02 are your three choices a a See what is being oxidized? A
58:17 See Jack, who Let me do . Voice. Forget 23 minutes.
58:25 you are. Okay, okay. , guys. That's hard to deal
58:48 . Okay. Okay. Yeah. , yeah. Way yourself.
59:11 Yeah, right. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Like coming.
59:50 . Look. Yeah. All Let's see. Okay, 70%
60:10 um, yes. Let's look at next one. Which is 20% percent
60:20 , he said, Okay, let's at the alcohol fermentation. And so
60:28 is way back with after that figure context. So what we have here
60:37 higher rate chair right there. First in this one is getting rid of
60:43 two. So deep car box elation parking. Okay. And that gives
60:49 this molecule s account okay to Uh huh. Then we have our
60:57 in again. Tell me from this of that and, uh,
61:06 So this one, we're asking what reduced, right? So we have
61:14 our choices. That's confusing There. see a e is right on the
61:22 . So a pyre abate B as Taliban high c So ABC a higher
61:33 e a. Let's reduce if you Oh, uh, okay,
61:51 This is It's not what I right? It is not okay.
62:23 . Uh huh. It's Yeah. , appreciate. Hi. Cops talking
62:38 it was and talk to you. , lets see. Way going
62:49 This mhm. Okay, that's 65 . Okay, so, no,
63:01 the first one way, get, , or the oxidized. So,
63:10 , so the whatever not size is up its election. So many.
63:19 is, uh, is serving that by becoming oxidized. Electrons were being
63:25 to para bait on. So reform as a result. So we can
63:29 that. Of course. This is the first clicker question we had,
63:33 think, for a second question. we saw that electrons being added.
63:40 all right. So hey, is , uh, okay, what they
63:49 to the bottom one so again Uh uh, A Yeah. And
64:01 it's, uh, again we see addition of electrons right there.
64:09 So be is being reduced. that's a reputation from So all this
64:21 occurring. The actions of oxygen. , it's an option for many
64:26 Bacteria in your mouth like to do . And the end result of that
64:31 can be cavities. Yeah, so think about it. Fermenting
64:46 Is that actually, uh, wait that will be Oh, yeah.
64:54 . Question. Well, you Yeah. Not production. You're gonna
65:05 those things participate together. Five. , any part of being exactly give
65:13 a price to adults just seems speaker A. But you would see the
65:20 that, like, a reaction you , You have participation off. The
65:29 is getting electrons together. So something coming reduced some things coming out.
65:34 always a but that expensive. yeah. Question. Okay, so
65:44 look at So if we go the of okay, there's oxygen present or
65:54 suitable except for early restoration. It's gonna come and go with this.
66:01 ? Okay, So TC a He is one of those called central
66:07 in attack. One of those charts have a rack, You see,
66:12 c a cycle of credit cycle such gas. It's, like all the
66:17 . Okay, you see arrows going towards narrows going away. Okay,
66:22 it actually right number building blocks for naturalism as well. But a lot
66:28 Panama processes speaking into it also so with the pirates. Social custom Glucose
66:37 occupies that previously and, um, of the sea with Coetzee. So
66:47 eso pirate dimension was already have a energy and Lord of the State and
66:53 oxide souffle to to this advocate Now we really gotta thio Dr Molecule
67:02 Code A is what serves that Okay, So short for Kuwait as
67:12 it's actually so hydro group at the coenzyme diet perspective, the coins in
67:19 reaction And when you look at it has a If you recall in a
67:29 like a squiggly line to indicate hydrogen , you see the same thing in
67:33 CO A molecule in the form of You're on to something. It was
67:40 of the model A So we do aspire, it gets oxidized kind of
67:48 it up again. We put this put this koei group on it.
67:53 remember, right co A lot A of your, uh that involved in
68:00 . And my call is this You've be viable models processes and can't prosthetic
68:09 . It is working co eight come Uh, a plastic. You see
68:15 the bikers there? We'll see panic acid, That's that. It's your
68:20 to serve his purpose here. I'm produces sealed. So now way have
68:28 energy to make it go through into c A cycle or Krebs cycle to
68:32 gas it cycle all being the same . And here is what we finally
68:39 rid of all the co two have completely. Of course, the capture
68:46 different points here. So we'll look it in two ways. Remember,
68:52 , glucose that is reading into it regular down a two molecules. First
68:59 pirates in two of silica ways. for me, just going to time
69:05 me to do so on a One going in 11 term.
69:13 It's basically 3123 88 1 50 to . But because they're putting two of
69:20 in for each glucose is around. maybe a double off the numbers
69:27 That, and so again to be . Now, with all of the
69:34 molecules here, we've got a If they need to, they end
69:40 over here. Here's where they're all funneled into here, here and
69:50 I'm going to that contract right a . Yeah. So the contract substrate
69:58 way had a couple of spots where made he's directly. How much you
70:03 ? A It's no contest. 34 . So really a good thing or
70:17 thing. So, uh, So I could take the stock books
70:24 we'll see you on Wednesday. Can guys okay? Yes, thanks.
70:55 zero thing. So this is your of this? It has to do
71:02 way. Yeah, So one. just a way. So h
71:12 that way, if it takes just just one way to e way have
71:38 eight. Plus, it was in value. So two electrons, everyone
71:50 there's an extra e. So because the h e Yeah, but
72:08 right. No way. Figure it . We Oh, wait, are
72:33 here. Okay out of this for electrons on one of the coach.
72:41 it is more appropriate. That's not of destruction and sticks out for
72:46 That's that's the H plus, like said. Is that right? Just
72:53 . No, e said it back e. OK, because obviously,
73:00 you have two electrons and protons, don't have a s's just electrons.
73:07 e. Yeah. So, for whole Yeah, I know what I'm
73:15 learned in chemistry last semester. We on the electrons on it. Seems
73:20 we're looking more at the height of . Well, like a well,
73:31 like Redox in general. Yeah, . Like normally, I would like
73:35 out all the charges and see like, right out. Which one
73:38 electrons in which side of the But it looked like you were
73:42 I don't I don't get that much because you have to tell e o
73:48 of shortcut e o foundation for how shortcut it in your head because it
73:57 of E o Anderson. So e me off was like when you went
74:10 , like, an a d h
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