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00:05 All right, So, what you're at up here is the distribution for

00:08 first exam. Average was a which was better than last year.

00:18 , I mean, it's we're gonna about it, but um you can

00:23 it's actually a very nice earthward Last year we had this kind of

00:28 fish tale that was going on. again, this probably has to do

00:32 2.5 years of peace. I'm learning study, not study, you

00:45 last two years, we'll get him eventually. Maybe. Alright, the

00:52 grade was the 96. Low grade 20 medium grade sits very, very

00:56 to the average, which is a thing. We don't want it to

00:59 one way or the other. Standard . Just kind of means it spreads

01:02 . So, we kind of want have tight standard deviation. But this

01:07 just one example. We don't care examples over there. Okay, I

01:11 how I did look at how your . Okay, you better you

01:19 It could be worse. Right? , you look at that that that

01:24 be your frame of records here. is not an english class. Where

01:33 you're competing against everybody. So, want to be better? Well,

01:40 actually care the thing we need to ourselves with because this is a representation

01:48 the overall great that it has in class. Now notice how much of

01:53 class have we finished so far a . So, we have records three

02:00 . We have a lot of class front of us. So, after

02:03 first Oh no, my dream of a blank are ruined. I will

02:10 become that. Oh no, I go to law school now. Is

02:15 where you get now? So what do is we look at this and

02:24 all right, where do I stand this group? This is a

02:29 I had to give you a greater and go on. This is what

02:34 the rain is around the nineties. rain starts around 78. C.

02:38 starts around 54 50 in my And so you can see here we've

02:43 these cohorts in here, we'll do . But basically, if you find

02:47 , you said, okay, I do them have to figure out what

02:50 my grades are and stuff. I figure out where I sit on the

02:54 and if you're down here in this , you can bring yourself up.

02:58 you're down here in this rain, can bring yourself up because you still

03:01 so much more of the class to . And part of this is is

03:05 rid of bad habits and bad study . Starting to learn and say,

03:11 , I want to learn this because have a long term goal. My

03:16 is to become a black. Mhm . Alright, That's A Good

03:27 She's not a bad All right. what you gonna say, look,

03:32 got to give us some uh some habits. I want to lose

03:38 Stop eating french fries. Not We want X surprise, right?

03:51 I want to become stronger. I have to go and actually

03:55 Can't wait for that fill. You heard about the pill in Japan,

04:00 know about this. Researchers in Japan created a pill that mimics exercising and

04:07 it doesn't about muscles. Oh right. We can't wait for

04:16 We have to go and do this . Part of this part of this

04:19 being in class is learning how to us get past that discomfort of learning

04:27 it's not fun. It's not fun me like to sit down and learn

04:30 , right? It takes time and . And you know that plenty of

04:35 more fun things to do in You know, like watching Youtube,

04:41 things don't watch that again. So let's let me just sit.

04:46 these things right here, these are probably have dropped the class and haven't

04:51 dropped the right, you know, and just disappear. You take the

04:59 . And so that's what that circle represents. This idea represents.

05:05 probably didn't do. There's a couple you still haven't got the top that

05:10 still haven't bought it yet. So that's when you get to you hard

05:16 the assignments helps you understand materials alright the rest of y'all. You

05:23 if you're here, you don't wanna here, You want to be

05:25 So you're here you don't want to there. So I want to figure

05:29 and change how to stay. Alright remember what I said on the first

05:35 of class I said you know we we all the remember this year it's

05:41 be and at one point different goal ? When we study the same way

05:51 we always do we want to get from that we want to change our

05:55 and it's gonna be uncomfortable beginning once start changing things because on Tuesday after

06:04 I got to my office student Um So I mean I guess you

06:10 test thursday so we get on Tuesday dr wayne. I'm not thinking that

06:18 can show you the email. I'm in pharmacy. You know my name

06:26 um Right I took you and I I still use your study that I

06:35 to show you my notes for my they sent me 60 pages of uh

06:48 it works. It's not good practices . This is where we are.

07:04 pack. Are you panicking? Alright. Alright. Out there from

07:16 heard Yeah. Alright you guys have get out more often start reading

07:27 Okay. Right. Alright now I an email from a couple of people

07:38 wayne. Dr wayne. I didn't about the I'm following this from the

07:44 first lecture. Let's see what it right. two types first like this

07:55 . Read too review right. If not doing those after lecture reviews,

08:03 missing. I'm not opening up any assignments for you. Once we're done

08:09 that. It's in the past like broken up girlfriend or boyfriend. You

08:14 go back to go forward. You are not in the head.

08:19 understand this? I mean there's always . I missed my six.

08:30 let's do a little bit of What's the total points for?

08:36 Okay. So let's just we're gonna some simple math. If there's two

08:40 . How much is the first? much? 5%. Okay. We

08:47 24 classes each. So 24 divided four units. How many per unit

08:55 . But there's four units will take divided by four. How much is

09:00 ? One point? You're fine. , if you missed those review

09:06 how many points you missed your final ? 1.2. 5 points.

09:19 All right. How can you make extra credit. I mean, come

09:26 . I'm giving you double points just they All right. So today is

09:32 today. We worry about today is day we look forward and not missing

09:41 . So, we talked about No. Give the lecture reviews confused

09:46 the end of chapter review. Huh? The very last day of

09:55 right before the exam. If you extra questions to practice. Alright.

10:00 have both and review their names. this one is lecture review, they

10:05 up after class at 10 o'clock every the chapter reviews the ones that deals

10:10 with the chapters are gonna be at end of the So if you've missed

10:17 and I've got we've got to move . You get stuck on this.

10:23 not gonna we got to move Don't worry about points here. There

10:28 a point. Don't have a these help you learn the material. Don't

10:45 . Don't pay very horrible story. exam as professor who didn't believe in

10:55 credit. You know, you have draw molecules and one exam and had

11:03 average of 30 one of my release is here. I'm still for the

11:10 of the in science. We don't about the numbers. You worry about

11:16 we sit. Okay. If you're happy with the economy, you have

11:23 study that. Today. We're gonna reel. You know, you're me

11:33 he's contemplating law school law schools. more fun. You got to read

11:38 whole bunch of stuff and make up that go wrong. All right.

11:45 right. Questions I saw equal. is just an environment if it includes

11:55 book. Right? And while you're there's questions that are there,

11:59 And then at the end you open after class, you'll see another one

12:02 this little assignment class. You'll see review reading reading things that you're gonna

12:09 doing. And then at the end the year you'll see a whole bunch

12:12 reviews pop up? Especially this year we're gonna cover three. Yeah.

12:19 this time we're gonna now that sounds a lot, but just there's not

12:25 lot. So Yeah. No, one of that connect, remember is

12:32 different product, different publisher, bunch practice problems. When will that open

12:42 ? Alright, That's actually a good . Thank you for reminding. All

12:45 . So, I'm gonna go back I'm gonna show you here real

12:50 Remember this? This little thing right should be right here. So,

12:55 have 10 exams missing. Alright, you count those out there? Probably

13:01 ? Five there? So they probably for those 10. Alright. I

13:06 I have to make up exams that in products. Alright. But typically

13:12 about a week from the exams thursday for me to flesh out what

13:18 missing exams are. And so once examples taken that 20th. All

13:24 But it's not a one night It's like a week long thing.

13:28 so if I have to open up , I extend it on the other

13:31 because I want to have an opportunity the purpose of this extra credit.

13:34 are just self assessed asked the question , how did I do did I

13:39 the grade that I wanted? Why I not get the grade that I

13:43 or why did you know? what I do? How do I make

13:48 in modification? So the point is every time you take an exam you

13:53 be asking am I prepared for the ? And then the second question should

13:57 asked after is okay. I thought was prepared or maybe it wasn't what

14:03 I do differently to get the grade ? Actually see? And that should

14:06 a natural practice. But you'd be that these students actually do that.

14:10 this is one giving no no no is the exam. Like I said

14:18 that's 80% of your grade. And what this is saying is do the

14:22 . I told you how to Right? So if you I'm just

14:25 make our math math really really Okay. Just so we can play

14:29 say you did perfect on the top perfect on the connect right? And

14:32 let's say you got a 60 on test right? So 60 times 80%

14:37 48 points plus 10 plus 10 is point. So you'd be sitting someplace

14:43 about there. Right? So where you be you'd be on the top

14:48 of the C. Range and if did your extra credit which we don't

14:52 included C then you can imagine I'll my other five points put myself up

14:56 I'm probably up in this range right . So I'm just that's just easy

15:00 . So the idea here you have don't try blackboard for your grades.

15:05 hear me say that? Did I on the first day of class?

15:09 reiterate that the orientation quiz. Your own math. Alright. I

15:16 . I told you to calculate and what you need to do is just

15:19 of say what did I do on test? How am I doing on

15:21 homework? Use those two things mathematically figure out where you sit. Hey

15:29 he's not right. Yeah. Uh soon as everybody's done taking exams,

15:42 comfortable, I don't want that right? Because we don't want to

15:45 the people an unfair advantage doing if each other for their grades. That's

15:51 curve is. Yeah, we don't to. So probably row o bodies

16:23 the family normally work and we feel all right, you can imagine that

16:28 are on the table and the first you're going to deal with things on

16:32 outside. That's the table. So integer mint is the skin and it's

16:39 the only thing that means in real speaking, developmentally speaking, they all

16:44 from the same source. All So we're gonna look at a couple

16:47 things today. We're gonna look at . We're gonna look at hair,

16:50 gonna look at nails, right? we'll be looking plans altogether. All

16:59 . So the skin has two main and I'm just gonna point this at

17:04 We're looking at things. Something is differently than something else. There's a

17:08 for that. So, you should start pointing that out. So,

17:11 can see here we have two main . Means they're different from each

17:17 Alright. And relying on them is is called the Which really isn't part

17:22 the skin, but because we have better place to put on me

17:24 Just kind of included on here. can see the name below the where

17:31 sitting is like this. We have layer. When I was in grade

17:39 . We used to have a Alright. Just Yeah. So,

17:49 just your skin. All right. is your outermost layer is composed of

17:53 epithelium. So, that started trigger couple of ideas about what this should

17:57 looking like. You is a vascular blood vessels and its job is that

18:01 protects everything below and underneath the So, cartoon here, This is

18:09 is our epidermal. So everything under that would be down below the layer

18:15 that So the has a blood vessel on the nerve. It has uh

18:21 made of connective tissue. Ilium is provides the strength to the upper layer

18:28 in place. Now here, you'll see muscles. The smooth muscles are

18:33 be associated with hair follicles will build . And this is where the majority

18:39 the nerve fibers are gonna be So, we think that the

18:43 Were thinking, not many nerves we're , but no blood vessels. So

18:51 here's where the blood vessels and just as sub Q. That layers layers

19:03 primarily issue. It is the thing which everything anchor. This is usually

19:10 part where I actually you already hunter I don't use that hunter. And

19:14 never seen an animal when you take that skin, what you see is

19:23 remaining surrounding the connective tissue that holds muscles in place. Now your mother

19:33 you want to experience this. Go to your local grocery store and five

19:38 chicken. Right with the And what sitting on now? This serves as

19:52 shock absorber. Imagine a whole bunch back there that does a really good

19:58 about those things. So this is of a big list of functions of

20:04 And so it's really easy to think as being protective. And that's a

20:10 it's a chemical barrier radiation barrier. can think of all these things you

20:20 no. Uh anyone ever dumped acid your body accidentally in the I've done

20:33 derek acid hydrochloric acid drop things. horrible messes. And look still

20:39 Right. Why? Because I've got chemical barrier on your body right

20:45 Thousands upon thousands of organisms. Micro living on notice. They're not killing

20:52 . Okay, it's a biological right? The temperature here is different

20:57 the temperature inside your body. It's maintains a constant temperature of your body

21:03 barrier when that sun hits you. basically serves as the way a lot

21:07 UV radiation. We'll talk about how does. That last one up here

21:12 a physical barrier. If I hope with a stick generally speaking, that

21:16 go through you unless I put a of force the physical barrier.

21:22 you do this all day long and can see I don't have this you

21:29 here. Alright. It helps prevent loss. It's water resistant. Notice

21:33 you go into a pool, you , well up like a balloon,

21:37 the water out and keep the water . Remember how we said living things

21:45 metabolic activity. Skin plays a major in maintaining the in your body.

21:53 basically produces the whole bunch of other roles that will play that we're not

21:58 go into. It plays the role secretion absorption in terms of creating waste

22:04 the skin. And I mean I know. But come on,

22:10 face it okay enough. You That saltiness is waste leaving your body

22:22 water that they consulted their fury. thing that are being secreted also things

22:29 actually get sort through things like lotions stuff that you put on your

22:34 Anything that is fat soluble through that . There are community sized living within

22:43 structure of the skin. We're gonna at one here in just a

22:46 So it basically serves as that first , the pathogen that live on the

22:51 of your body that can be found your external, in terms of the

22:56 underlying, this plays a major role maintaining temperature. So it's a metabolic

23:01 , right? It's because of the of those structures we've already looked at

23:05 in terms of recognizing what's going on the environment, this is where you're

23:10 see a series of nerve fibers. it plays a major role in sensory

23:15 when people touch you or you're being by something, it's detecting what's going

23:21 in trying to environment. So skin not just a barrier, it plays

23:27 major role across a whole bunch of areas that we describe freeze in that

23:36 . If you make yourselves in the , we're gonna focus first on the

23:40 and we're gonna go to the so first two cells that were most interested

23:46 are called the and are the most cell that you're gonna find when you

23:55 at the skin, basically what you're at and you're looking at sides,

24:00 called because they produce. And that's intermediate filament uh that uh is that

24:08 talked about what it does. Is fair to provide strength to these cells

24:14 that they serve as a physical Now these cells are connected to each

24:20 by a series of described about the version, stuff like that, it

24:26 as a unit because of all the between the thousands upon thousands upon thousands

24:31 cells that are there. Alright, are connected to surrounded the melanocytes are

24:40 located. So here is the full down here this this light pink is

24:45 be the Irma's and you can see this layer that is that base layer

24:51 the epidermis and in that base layer where you're gonna find the milan

24:55 And sites are few and far They're very very rare in skin color

25:02 they're very as you see it's kind hard to kind of see the picture

25:10 you can see that they kind of , push their these men drives through

25:15 individual cells so you can hear the have all these extensions and those extensions

25:21 like pushing up in between the cells it's through these extensions that Melanie is

25:26 released. So the produced melanin and melanin is produced in response to UV

25:33 to protect the because melanin melanin is up by the site and basically used

25:40 kind of an umbrella to protect their from UV damage. And so the

25:47 important in protecting our sites from See this a little bit later.

26:03 is a stratified squamous epithelium. You why we learn these words feeling so

26:13 , you should immediately think what this looks like. It has five

26:18 Five layers are living on the three are living down below. We have

26:24 that are not living up above. when we look at our skin we're

26:28 at is we're looking at that Now if you spend any time out

26:32 the center, if you have a of flaky skin, you kind of

26:35 what that is. You can sit and go like this and you can

26:41 so you're what you're pulling off their . But as you work downward living

26:48 and the reason they're living because they're to the blood source that provides the

26:55 . Now there's a name for five we're gonna go there and you can

27:00 strategist means layer and then these are what do you think basil?

27:17 Right, greatly a little bit This is which would be clear.

27:28 finally for him corny. Not really , but like spicy. All

27:36 More so than the Spinoza. So is the innermost layer. That's the

27:40 layer and we're just gonna walk Alright, so when you're doing this

27:45 , this is like oh each one different names. They must have different

27:49 for a different purpose so that you think that you should be looking

27:53 Right, So the layer is the layer is actually a single layer.

27:58 can see it right here. It's single layer of cells that sits right

28:03 the connective tissue of the All So if it's sitting on a technical

28:08 that needs to train a basement right? So, it basically is

28:14 dividing line. You can see that has an up and down motion.

28:19 , what we call this are the ridges and the epidermal ridges create the

28:25 that you're gonna see ultimately on the . And so when you look at

28:29 , what you're looking at the function epidermal ridges that are sitting down deep

28:34 the epidermis. Now, this is single layer. These are huge boil

28:39 nature or from our nature because this part of a stratified layer. We

28:44 really care about the shape because ultimately shape of their profit. We're going

28:49 focus on now, we said So, if you look at

28:58 they're all and every now and then might be this is where the will

29:04 located when you are looking at Um or at the the next layer

29:17 is many layers thick, uh in lot. So this is called It's

29:27 Because these sites are basically cell. , it gives them kind of spiny

29:39 . Now, if we went back looked at the picture right here,

29:48 these sessions are terrorist actions to be at individual size. Right? Because

29:54 can see the nuclear but you can't their membrane. If you are able

29:58 apply the membrane and see that the kind of look like this as

30:04 So, even though the cartoons doing poor job of demonstrating what we're looking

30:12 just trust when you look in a and you're not gonna have to

30:18 Oh yeah, that's what they Yeah. Down here in the valley

30:27 have sides that are rapidly dividing when arrive into the Spinoza. Those that

30:37 been created from that division have are to differentiate and differentiating in the cells

30:43 don't divide. So basically you're producing down here in the But up here

30:49 is your side of function alright. they differentiated and they're starting to produce

30:57 and tons of character to help serve next layer up is a very very

31:09 layer and this represents the last layer now. What's happening is is that

31:18 you sell there are divided down here being pushed for that corny and I

31:27 crystal up up and away and you be further further away from the vasculature

31:32 sits underneath it. So imagine yourself pushed further and further away from

31:38 What would happen start and died and kind of what's going on. But

31:43 not just starving and dying as a of their differentiation and the lack of

31:48 that they're able to do. They further and so they start producing a

31:53 type of keratin called highland and if so they're kind of investable and these

32:02 are viewable or you can see them the microscope, which is why they're

32:07 that name brand clothes. Alright. we're differentiating. We're no longer needing

32:14 nucleus but we're dying. We don't all these organelles were dying. So

32:18 start shedding off with destroying these structures so you lose the organelles first pushed

32:26 and eventually you're going to convert into last little memory and a bunch of

32:36 this is the process of dying. won't be complete until you're up in

32:40 last layer is the weird layer. . It's only present in thick

32:51 We're gonna talk about a slide into slides, right? But this thing

32:57 your hands back in your hands once on your feet therapy. And your

33:11 . Yeah. Alright. Yeah, ears good. Uh um And so

33:27 right. Now have it up here All right. So these thick layer

33:38 protect against friction. So let's think what we do. We grip the

33:44 with our feet. That doesn't feel that work here. But we do

33:48 rip things with our And so I I can that one too. I've

33:57 I've got right here. Right. when you think of that's that's what

34:03 know what you have here is you these producing a unique type of

34:09 Alright, specific in these locations to that barrier of protection, right?

34:15 called a Leyden. So is reorganized what this does is alive and not

34:25 is this sticker protective but it also a barrier. All right now it's

34:33 easy to see on someone who's as skinned time indoors. But if you

34:38 darker skin or if you go outside spend time out in the sun and

34:44 you know you're light skinned like me top of your skin skin skin is

34:48 darker but your palms are light. reason for that is because of that

34:55 barrier. The alliance that's there. takes that UV and absorbs it before

34:59 get down to the landside unnecessary. the melanin because there's no minister.

35:12 . So at this point, you again we're further away. So at

35:15 point ourselves kind of died there kind pancaking down. They've removed all the

35:20 . So at this point you can consider the cell death. Alright.

35:24 they're not found in the skin. finally we're gonna get that last

35:31 that last layer of the Cornea. this is mostly thick and thin.

35:36 is the outermost layer and it's very thick in terms of the number of

35:42 layers to sell sitting in there for to 30 lots of things.

35:49 so at this point, what's happened is that that cell has pressed

35:54 it's squeezed all of his materials as the cytoplasm is gone. And so

35:59 you're left with are the intermediate a plasma membrane flat or plasma membrane

36:07 layer flat layer fat still attached to other uh scale like structures. And

36:22 where the name comes from, It's very corny quantified as the word

36:28 we that we use. And because have these layers of fat because you

36:34 a protein one physical barrier from damage because there's fat water. So this

36:45 why we have this kind of water . So again, relatively insisted the

36:57 assault being natural organism. Environment. can crawl their way through. You

37:02 actually cut a hole. So for , when you skin your knee,

37:06 remove the probably get into your right? I can for all sorts

37:18 horrible nasty things on the surface of skin and pretty much not damaged.

37:23 not saying go test that because I'm you'll find something apartment. And

37:30 physical assault against for those of you athletes. I want to commend the

37:38 you know, volleyball players. Don't ever watched volleyball game? Never.

37:44 a liberal. Yeah, she died face first into stuff. Yes,

37:53 jumping and you see them they go across the board magazine. Yeah,

38:09 problem. No big deal. Everyone has their little thing. But

38:16 is cool, soft brian is is it's really, really hard.

38:25 You have to have a lot of about the other points out real

38:35 Again, thick skin five layers as strategy lucid um thin skin that's everywhere

38:42 your body for the most part So there's four layers. Everybody has

38:48 plans. But the thick skin, do not have hair follicles. You

38:52 not have the thing about when you palms. That's a really really thin

38:59 sweat. But think about that sticky sweat that you get everywhere else,

39:04 here in Houston. Right? Because have some basis plans and we have

39:10 different types of sweat glands with hair . What what So far it's pretty

39:27 . five layers. Names Differences. we said that we have for

39:36 So we have an immune inside that in our skin. It's called cell

39:41 our little cartoon here it's the green macrophage. I would say it's a

39:49 lazy sell because all it does is around the skin. But if you

39:53 up the skin and tell you pathogens there and that's when you get the

40:01 attack. Thinking about that when the get that localized edema that's a function

40:08 recognizing those toxins and chemicals of mosquito past you and basically it tracks or

40:19 other immune sites to come in. other thing that's capable of doing is

40:24 there's damage, it will start uh eating the sales of the damage or

40:31 other foreign material that happens to This is in the skin. I'd

40:40 point out that in terms of protection surface is dry and hospital. Um

40:51 of the reasons we are pretty well against viruses is that part of the

40:56 in our sweat include I. A. Which is immunoglobulin. Um

41:01 don't even know. Um But also bases in DNA. Which are in

41:07 of breakdown RNA and DNA. And one of the natural things that we

41:12 things that have already D. A. That are easily it was

41:23 color of skin. So there are couple of different pigments in the body

41:30 are responsible for skin color. We're focus on the main one here and

41:36 one as well. But I mean in your in your blood that helps

41:40 create color. But the primary uh that causes skin color changes is this

41:48 called melanin. Now it's the only that's going to be made in this

41:53 which is what we're focusing on. right. And we've already said.

41:57 what we have we have these extensions is to make the melon and it

42:03 it in response to you like. so there's different types of melanin is

42:09 in the body. And so this genetically impairment. So darker pigments are

42:15 a class of melanin called you Melanie pigments are from the class of pigment

42:20 melanin. And so just depending on your genetic background is you're going to

42:25 these different colored pigments. So like example if I go out the side

42:29 for the most part I'm pretty pretty , right? If I go spend

42:33 time on the sun, I'll get . Mhm. I was like

42:47 But so what happened is my melanin going to produce a bunch of feel

42:55 and I get that kind of that canyon. All right. You're dark

43:01 already. You're producing you knowing and you have the sun in response to

43:07 , like you're gonna produce more, know, which gives you that darker

43:13 . Everyone has the same relative number milan aside. So that that differences

43:20 color is a function of two things have a military producing. And how

43:27 you? So we can take this sample from each of us and be

43:32 , oh look, there's one for million but also get freckles,

43:47 That's just local accumulation of. So kind of shows you kind of how

43:53 going, how it works. So can see they're always producing moments.

43:58 in the presence of sunlight because here's picks up the moment and absorb it

44:06 places it on the sun side or typical side facing outward over the uh

44:14 that no, is basically create an , definitely UV damage to D.

44:25 . A. Can be catastrophic basically these horrible mutations in the means that

44:32 replaced. And sometimes that results in mutation in which nucleotides you actually have

44:39 . Alright, that's Milliman. Have ever watched you need to be familiar

44:47 , remember snippy. Of course you're quiet. She's an orange. He's

44:57 . Yeah, looks like a so why, why is she,

45:06 is she that? She is the is because she is an artificial

45:11 Alright, you've probably seen these artificial , basically rubbing your skin. And

45:19 it is is basically a fact valuable , fat, fat and in it

45:28 a pigment called All right now, place where we can get naturally is

45:37 will accumulate in your body. And happens is the keratin in the uh

45:44 the uh you know the tanning lotion you get absorbed in the skin and

45:52 it is in there and basically that shows off that. So you can

46:00 of see if you see someone walking , they have really, really

46:04 you know, kind of skin like you go. Big one million.

46:17 the key thing is just understanding world in the epidermis, we do

46:29 two types of fibers that we need be aware of. The first is

46:33 also called it's located in the and picture doesn't do justice. But I

46:42 you to imagine there's a single cell that kind of mythology is kind of

46:46 a character like that would be the cells and then usually associated with free

46:53 ending. And that's what you're seeing these these structures out here coming

46:58 those are free nerve endings. The endings, every nerve ending. And

47:01 that communication free nerve endings to tell when you're being touched. Alright,

47:07 this deals primarily with the question of touch. And so when I feel

47:14 on the surface, they're all over place. Um You can see here

47:20 have one that's penetrated the uh right here, close to the surface.

47:24 response for different types of sensations of sensation of pain or the perception of

47:30 . Uh exception of pickling, which a form of life fetch uh itching

47:35 is a presence of chemical stimulation. that's usually what we refer to.

47:42 just any like think about it like , which is really like when you

47:47 a mosquito bite, why you're itching there's a chemical in the skin already

47:52 you telling, you know this shouldn't here. All right. At least

47:58 the basic types of american. And get into this a little bit more

48:06 I want to understand where they I think that's the last thing said

48:13 D. If all you're doing in life is going from your dorm room

48:18 your classroom back again. Stop doing . Yeah. Go ahead questions.

48:29 . Well, so what you're doing you're damaging the skin and causing the

48:34 I don't want to see it drying . That's not the case. I'm

48:37 picturing right now. There's me or woman who has an addiction of

48:46 but what you're doing is is you constantly assaulting the skin for the production

48:52 that amount. And that's the darkening . But then you're also I wanna

48:56 you drawing out, okay, what doing is it's this constant involved.

49:01 this innovation different. Is there fat ? So, so you can feel

49:11 like this, remember what cell is membrane, right? And the membrane

49:16 a layer of fat, right? then within that cell then you have

49:20 stuff. And so when that sell down and squeezing our which you're left

49:26 this plasma membrane and that carrot in you've already produced. Right? So

49:31 have intermediate element which is strength and you have layer of fat, which

49:35 fatty stuff, which is what But it's like coding something. Why

49:46 you driving at? Not necessarily. just trying to think about some of

49:52 things that when I want when I out of the can do the same

49:56 happened, my skin dries out. probably just a function of um actually

50:02 ourselves faster than trying to any other . Mhm. So, I don't

50:25 what the cause of that is. mean in terms of why does

50:29 But again, it's gonna be the or philosophy. Uh So the idea

50:35 is, remember you're dealing with that Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson struggle with

50:44 we have a massive patches of skin turns very, very light and basically

50:49 was basically either loss of the last the loss of the last time

50:53 And so, remember shows kind of reach yourself because Mhm. What?

51:16 dark, dark moments. No, trying to take care. So,

51:26 , it was always police, police. But again, hair is

51:30 little bit unique. It's gonna be balance than they're those kinds of

51:37 So, but it's probably a production that different because my arm here.

51:44 right, that's great. Sad. right. Finally, you need

51:59 basically what you do is you're gonna cholesterol, cholesterol gets converted in the

52:04 gets modified and liver modified activity will get down to the active form of

52:10 counsel trials B vitamin B that we're interested in. I always work in

52:18 lab. I grew up in el I was doing, working in the

52:23 , there's you know, I just uh and so I would do an

52:32 and I said, well, I'm go make de and he would be

52:38 , so I could, you come on. And I knew the

52:41 where they had actually placed So out guys underneath the point is uh you

52:58 you need vitamin D. In your that actually there's a high correlation to

53:02 and levels in the body. Make you get outside and and stuff.

53:09 the reason that's important is that it to increase the intestinal absorption basically makes

53:16 bone strong Very important prospects important in of energy. And so it's just

53:24 of these chemical that you desperately need stay healthy. And again it's all

53:31 made or started. You can actually vitamin D. Three and it's an

53:36 form you know so we take vitamin . Three. Um You're basically getting

53:43 inactive form. Um I don't know you're getting a dialogue. I think

53:47 getting this one barrel and it will processed into its active most stronger helps

53:56 absorb offer. Oh sorry what's that everything? There is a remember there

54:11 actually a paper roll recently but I right now where if you look at

54:19 population The average person actually has I think even when patient majority people

54:30 dying struggle infections. Yeah it's correlation necessarily causation. So I would say

54:45 . Okay. Moving on to the , dermis is actually a little bit

54:50 In the epidermis there's only two layers it. Um We have the layer

54:54 nearest the epidermis called papillary layer Look below the layer, deeper stuff

55:00 called a particular layer. Alright so reason it's called papillary is because of

55:08 shape particularly because of the presence of specific type of that's located. Now

55:15 we said is where we're gonna see lot of basketball chair. This is

55:18 we'll see a lot of nerve is but basically you can think of as

55:25 means through which munis eyes travel um a role in body defense and moving

55:33 around the body. Right? So at the in this cartoon, you

55:38 kinda see they're trying to divide I don't think it's this clear.

55:43 really the papillary layer is this aerial ? It has these Papillion. What

55:49 extensions that are in close association with ? Yeah, they're over. So

55:57 way uh this way. And so is the reason why the are so

56:05 affiliated um here in these areas which not being drawn in this picture.

56:12 can imagine capillary lips moving up. see free nerve endings in this location

56:17 the epidermis. You'll also see um types of economic sectors that we're talking

56:28 . The reticulated layer is basically everything that. So, I'm just going

56:32 kind of create a line right there just say here, that would be

56:37 particular layer. So here we're gonna reticulated fibers. And what I want

56:44 kind of point out is two So this right here represents cleavage

56:49 This right here reflects, flex your . So, if you look in

56:54 particular area, what you're gonna see you're gonna see a lot of collagen

56:57 running in more or less the same . All right. And so that's

57:01 this little math kind of shows you direction which college in that. Uh

57:06 ? The cleavage lines actually show you help surgeons for example know which way

57:12 cuts. So if you know which of the body looking at you,

57:15 want to make the slide along the length as the collagen fibers. Because

57:20 creates a wound. And easier feel I go perpendicular to that line,

57:25 the or the cleavage line pull and the wound harder to seal back.

57:32 this is kind of unique arrangement of fibers that is beneficial to our understanding

57:40 how to do surgery. Um So vascular lies lots of nerve fibers.

57:47 blood vessels are coming up closer that can provide the nutrients um to the

57:52 levels or to the epidermis. This also the way that we regulate body

57:57 . So when we get hot we the blood vessels, more blood to

58:01 surface. That blood is primarily water heat with it that he gets transferred

58:07 to the surface and then uh look that sweat is produced. So the

58:11 is transferred to the fluid and sweat evaporating cold basically, basically constrict blood

58:20 resurfaced so that he stays uh more . And then we have flex your

58:26 . If you want to flex your one into your hands. The lines

58:30 your hands. You can see when , when you bend your hand,

58:34 the skin folds itself in a specific that's just gonna flop wherever it goes

58:39 that helps control um uh You know grip and be able to grab

58:45 So you're not fighting injured. And reason that there's if I anchored to

58:54 the skin to pull. All So, these are the three different

59:05 I want to be aware of. , they're named after people discover.

59:11 we're gonna do the cheap and easy right now, when we get to

59:14 about sensory receptor and we'll talk about the morning, notice their locations.

59:19 right. So, we got miners Ruffini miners, miners is up here

59:25 the papillary layer. Rufin eases kind sitting in the middle and then down

59:30 that's Pacini in um And they played roles in terms of the type of

59:36 we're trying to So, if I'm near the surface, I'm obviously gonna

59:40 detecting things that are very light, gonna be penetrating. Very All

59:46 So, we did primary light touch and vibration. Easy way to see

59:50 . Take your hand And you feel touching the desk, You feel the

59:58 of the desk when you wrote. what that's what misers is doing.

60:02 basically allows you to know things that like touching, You can feel the

60:07 , that movement to vibrate going The this is gonna be deep

60:14 So, when you want something is deep into the skin hard in the

60:19 . That's what Yeah. And then in the middle of the fees when

60:25 manipulating the surface. I mean the of the skin. So like twisting

60:31 the, that would be with uh we're just gonna keep it simple for

60:39 now. So my appears on the of on the bottom says like versus

60:44 and then is in the middle that of shape. Alright, skin

60:55 Here's hair, here's everything here is is kind of downhill landing the plane

61:06 stuff. So hair is very similar in terms of structure, it is

61:14 keratin. The difference is is a type of keratin that produced in the

61:19 follicle, which is an imagination of epithelium or the layers into the connective

61:26 . Alright, hair is much more , much more durable than the cells

61:32 make up your skin and when you at the hair or the cells you

61:37 kind of see that they're arranged in very different way. And so instead

61:40 them flaking off or sloughing off the structure leaves as a unit. So

61:49 , we have different functions. Um picture. It's a picture. Um

62:01 , so just think in terms of is here serves as protection alright here

62:05 the up on the top that's protected sunlight. Um You've ever gotten a

62:12 by being outside through your hair. went to concert a long, long

62:18 like second life. Um And we up at six a.m. This is an

62:25 event. We basically drank all day . So we became horribly dehydrated and

62:30 around six o'clock in the afternoon when started. And so we went to

62:35 concert by then sunburn. Look my I got right, there is nothing

62:47 ? Um You probably notice your old people like me, we have

62:52 of nose here. This helps attract , there's hair in your ear,

62:57 attract trap things in your ears as on your eyes. This is an

63:01 one if your eyebrows and the shape the eyebrow knows how has this kind

63:05 peak shape and what it does is act natural. Um Headband Sweat one

63:12 . That's what comes down hits that in your eyebrow directs the water towards

63:18 midline or out towards the lateral So your sweat goes away from your

63:23 instead of your plays the role of retention. This is uh said Inspector

63:32 Specter Specter was the uh engineer who create the people's sound and he was

63:40 insane. And this is a picture him at trial for uh threatening to

63:46 somebody, right? Yeah. I . Uh his client was, What

63:52 you think? Yeah, aesthetically um hair wasn't this bad, it's actually

63:59 lot more, but he showed up this this after they never had.

64:03 so it was like but he didn't know you want to go read the

64:07 about it's crazy, but you can again. Yeah woman um understand.

64:18 can feel it dance When I was younger. About 6th grade girls houses

64:27 the 80s. So they're still shag . Alright. Sitting there watching a

64:31 with her tv show. Yeah. . That's how I feel what they're

64:55 to anyway. So again, how I know it's there? Yeah.

65:02 Visual identification knows how people get their change. Really hard to recognize wow

65:07 look different. Alright. We identify by their hair. It helps us

65:13 determine age as well as sex for most part. Right? You can

65:18 look at somebody said that is a hairstyle or a female hairstyle. It

65:24 one of the ways that we Um It also serves as a way

65:30 disperse uh pheromones specific specifically actually regions both pubic regions. Um So it

65:39 a multifunctional structure. What in terms the structure we're gonna again, real

65:49 . The portion that sits above the is called the shaft. Anything below

65:52 skin is referred to as the root the very bottom of the route you

65:57 see here which is long up This is what is called the

66:00 Within the bulb. We have a bunch of dead cells. But there

66:04 a region that it sits on top . So you can see here this

66:08 pink that's epidermis. This dark purple is connective tissue and it's this connective

66:16 where you have blood vessels and This is referred to as the full

66:20 sitting right above the papillon part of epidermis is the hair matrix. The

66:25 is where you have the living cells are producing the cells that make up

66:30 hair itself. So all this structure here is a function of cells divide

66:36 . So matrix is like the and this stuff up here is like the

66:43 layers of in that we looked at the end of term. Now again

66:49 producing hard care 10 instead of the we see in the skin. So

66:53 gives a very very different feature. that's where the blood vessels and the

67:00 hair plexus. When you see the plexus, it's referring to a nerve

67:08 . You wanna see it. Oh feel that I take a cross section

67:21 the hair. You can see that have three different regions. The middle

67:25 is where we're gonna have some air . Have software heritage. This is

67:30 gives here is right. So it's just the stiff fighting stuff. We

67:37 have a inner core that's a little soft. And then as we move

67:41 , this is where we're gonna start these flatten layers, this is what

67:44 cortex is. And when you get the very surface you'll see that physical

67:50 of what those flattened cells look So the outer surface is referred to

67:54 the cuticle. So maduro is on middle or on the inside the

67:59 like the outer portion is called the and the absolute outer surface is the

68:07 , the cortex looks like the but it's just not on the

68:11 Yeah, just so that you can what this looks like. It's a

68:15 . So here's one cell, the cell sits on top of it like

68:20 , like that. That's why they flick off. So when you take

68:24 hair fiber, you can break They don't just go you're just basically

68:30 the inner cells from each other. you're just disassociating them from one

68:38 The follicle, you know what I is a result of the imagination of

68:43 field into the connective tissue. during development you have your epidermis,

68:48 have your sermons. And what's happening is that it rose down with that

68:53 we refer to the imagination. And what you have is you have a

68:57 layer and then we'll have a connective that's on the outside. If you

69:01 at the picture here, you can of see this. All right.

69:05 , what's the pink portion? What we call that? This stuff?

69:09 here. Say it again at the this yellow portion? What's the yellow

69:18 ? And gamble at the very That's right. Find the one.

69:34 , well, I'm not gonna be to point, you have to do

69:37 like this. All right. if you look at that paint

69:42 look at that portion. Uh that portion is epidermis and see how it

69:48 pushed down where the hair is. see that in that picture very happy

70:07 . Right? You can see gets down. So all that people,

70:12 ? You see there is epidermis and sitting on the outside, so it's

70:18 . So we have the connection just the other side of the back.

70:25 wife this right here will be connected right here. That would be the

70:40 . Alright, so associated with every cultural is director. So the erector

70:50 , you can see right there. just trying to show you the possible

70:53 . You can see what to And then when it relaxes it goes

71:03 , where's your hair stand up, And Oh all right. I want

71:13 to think of a cat. You're a cat. So, I was

71:16 that. Right. So what happens you scared that what does it

71:22 His hair stands up? So that's . You know that you just don't

71:31 the hair to make yourself look And then of course, look at

71:37 cat or a squirrel or a dog any other mantle when it's cold

71:41 What do it fluffs up his And what it does is trapping heat

71:47 , basically the air trapping the The heat in the body warms up

71:51 air air then near the body keeps warm. So when you're cold,

71:56 your body trying to do the same is trying to trap warm air next

72:01 the body differences. You don't have ? It's just a uh a conserved

72:10 conservative. So here grows in a . All you had to pull out

72:15 each also is doing its own So we start off in the energetic

72:21 . The energetic phase is simply that in which we're actually producing hair.

72:25 , hair is growing as blood spotted , active. And so it's producing

72:30 and then it goes through this period in activities, so it's becoming uh

72:36 , it's no longer growing. And finally it basically uh gets pushed out

72:42 becomes inactive. And so it gets out again being the energetic phase.

72:46 , that's when the hair falls So if you're ever looking in your

72:49 all the hair that time in the , like my hair is falling

72:52 that's normal, right? What you're for is the abnormal hair falling out

72:57 you like your hair and you get to the hair. That's when

73:04 All right. So there's this natural of we have different types when you're

73:13 development from the first hair on your . So when you're born basically replaced

73:28 this next next group of hair, is Bella's hair. Now,

73:32 your bells here is more apparent than . Alright then. Really light hair

73:38 on your body. very soft, right. Like on me, I

73:44 you have probably Bella's hair probably Alright, I look from my

73:50 away from a natural road, there be Bella's here. So, here

73:57 see on babies, right? I I don't know, I mean,

74:11 know when you're talking to hispanic you know, there is, who

74:17 ? I'm just thinking, I'm think all my friends when their babies are

74:21 and they're just dark black, thick . Right? Yeah. So,

74:27 the really the better stuff is think when your baby and you can see

74:31 software that's on their faces, its , it's everywhere that you go out

74:36 and it literally falls out in a and it gets replaced very, very

74:42 by that. But the hair on head is more of a different type

74:47 hair. It's this type of As far as the hard one,

74:52 kind of like and yes, say . Yeah, that's a that's a

75:03 way to think about it. But I hesitate to say peach fuzz because

75:07 fuzz has a specific connotation, especially adolescents, like young men have peach

75:13 on their face, right? But terminal hair growing in, right?

75:17 you can think of it as the that's generally there all the time.

75:23 ? So terminal hair? Is that hair and again, it doesn't matter

75:27 color, it's why do we have ? That's just that's just the first

75:37 here. So all mammals go through three stages. So even whales are

75:46 then they lose that hair um you , right before birth. Just just

75:53 stage group. All right, this is what you're most familiar

75:56 So, that's the hair on your . That's actually hair, pubic

75:59 face, and chest, and adult . So, you can kind of

76:02 here where even down here on your , this is gonna be the hair

76:06 is dependent on nutrition and hormones. , you want to just think about

76:12 and head butt, basically all here your body for the most part is

76:18 . Except that light the peach fuzzy , this is on your body.

76:24 , that primary. All right. In terms of hair, uh some

76:35 you have this nice long straight Some have kinky hair. Some have

76:39 kind of wavy hair. It's all of the actual shape of the hair

76:43 . So, if you look at hair and the microscope, you see

76:47 when you have like this kinky then the hair follicles are like

76:52 they're flat and elongate, Right? if you have oval hair, so

76:59 shape it's going to result in a of waiting there. Whereas if you

77:04 round hair all around business. my hair break fish. Right?

77:12 , I probably have right here. this came up many times in

77:19 Like what, what hair color? ? So you're that you have.

77:28 , what about And you know, have we have a great variety of

77:32 color. Mhm. Just look at uh and so forth. What a

77:43 hair. What about hair? So guys are probably familiar with here?

77:52 grew up with the money like Right. And why? Why they're

77:57 men? Well, it's a function the no longer or are no longer

78:02 melanin. So, I Oh my and pepper hair not blond here

78:10 Because I have to miss Melanie This all I'm gonna end with

78:21 And then you guys can we'll deal glands. Uh All right, so

78:32 are being made of, you have do that. Uh They help you

78:38 protect the ends of your business. . Have you guys ever female?

78:46 lot of fun. So basically it's to protect the ends. Right?

78:53 . There are three parts I want to know. All right. The

78:56 part is called the plate. The plate is the thing when you look

79:00 the that's what you call that That underlies that is the nail

79:04 So the plate sits on the Alright, But the nail grows which

79:09 this direction or that direction because Right, So the matrix sits over

79:16 . That's where it's being developed. a matrix. The matrix pushes the

79:22 forward on top of the bed. right, so there's three different part

79:27 for giggles. Little white part right . That's called to and then the

79:33 is the portion of the towards the and that's basically protecting the major just

79:40 second later. Alright, so that be the beautiful, right there.

79:45 is not right. So, this called the Beautiful, also called the

79:51 if you want to know what happens you get underneath that nail and poke

79:54 right there. That's the hypothermic. right. Alright. We'll come

79:59 We'll deal with plans. Well, the uh the other class come on

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