| 00:00 | and then we'll pop. Yeah well a few times during this afternoon for |
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| 00:05 | break. Yeah. So because of uh you know my involvement with those |
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| 00:11 | um new ways of using petroleum systems depleted petroleum systems, I will also |
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| 00:19 | about that topic um at the end this course because I think for your |
|
| 00:25 | that that may play an important role you're gonna work in the energy |
|
| 00:29 | you may know right show is building hydrogen factory etcetera. So it's going |
|
| 00:35 | be part of your future. So why I wanted to spend some time |
|
| 00:38 | it during the last weekend. so 11 thing I wanted to ask |
|
| 00:47 | all is if you have questions or is unclear, make sure you interrupt |
|
| 00:53 | . Okay. The goal of this that you walk away, it's being |
|
| 00:56 | confident in doing basic modeling and knowing going on, what you need to |
|
| 01:02 | . So interrupt me at any point time when you have questions. Yes |
|
| 01:07 | . And do you mind if I how to pronounce your name? |
|
| 01:10 | it's a good question you'll answer. I'm actually um I came to this |
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| 01:17 | 20 years ago, so now I'm US citizen etc. But you can |
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| 01:22 | also my accent is still there and can't change the name so. Exactly |
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| 01:29 | . Okay perfect, thank you Great. So I'm gonna share my |
|
| 01:34 | and then we're gonna go start get . So by the way you should |
|
| 01:38 | all the power points for today, will always send them before the, |
|
| 01:45 | the class starts to Utah and hopefully can upload them every time before the |
|
| 01:50 | starts. But um yeah, so then you can use them to take |
|
| 01:58 | etcetera. So I'm sitting here with power point and some kind of smart |
|
| 02:03 | , I'm just going to give it start. Can you see this? |
|
| 02:07 | , perfect. So if anything is , let me know. Okay, |
|
| 02:13 | , my contact information, so don't to text or call me. So |
|
| 02:19 | is my cell phone number and I'm really, you know, if |
|
| 02:23 | want to send me a text and have a question or a great phone |
|
| 02:26 | , you can absolutely do that. feel, feel free to do |
|
| 02:30 | Um and then uh new Mexico tech address, I'll check every day as |
|
| 02:35 | . Um so feel free to contact with questions or concerns. Yes |
|
| 02:41 | thank you. Right, I'm gonna this. Well I can tell a |
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| 02:44 | bit about my past so um so I came to the U. |
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| 02:49 | I started working at U C san at scripts as a postdoc. And |
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| 02:56 | before that I was in the Netherlands my schooling. So you see |
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| 03:01 | these two um they show my schools left one at university and the right |
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| 03:07 | is a University of Amsterdam and then my career I've spent some time working |
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| 03:15 | Pioneer and for oyo oyo corporation and , a japanese corporation, who by |
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| 03:22 | time I worked there um we were basically um smaller sized fibrosis eyes is |
|
| 03:31 | be used in do fiscal exploration. right, so I'd like to spend |
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| 03:38 | time talking to you about how the is build up and this is also |
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| 03:43 | in understanding, you know, why talking about the topics we're talking about |
|
| 03:47 | . So we have four weekends, you know, and the fourth weekend |
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| 03:52 | actually only a friday afternoon. Let's about the first weekend first let's talk |
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| 03:59 | background reading material first. So you have noticed this in the syllabus, |
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| 04:05 | there's some background reading material? A called basin analysis, third edition, |
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| 04:11 | a book costs elements of petroleum Third edition and then a selection of |
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| 04:17 | papers and book chapters. Now, this is such a condensed course, |
|
| 04:23 | do not expect you to read anything these weeks. So this is just |
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| 04:29 | you for background materials later on in life, you will be doing basic |
|
| 04:34 | then um these these books are good to have, so that's why I |
|
| 04:39 | them here. And so during this , the material that you need to |
|
| 04:43 | , we'll just talk about in So the basin analysis book, do |
|
| 04:47 | have that book by any chance? , so what you can do is |
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| 04:57 | google it. And so there are available online. So that is something |
|
| 05:03 | can, you can give a try weekends when I'm in Houston. I |
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| 05:08 | also take the book so you can at them there then there's the elements |
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| 05:12 | petroleum majority book. This is just example of a petroleum majority book that |
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| 05:18 | the petroleum system in a very simple . So um Meghan. A so |
|
| 05:25 | think you are probably completely familiar with material in that book. Yes |
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| 05:32 | Yeah. Hayden, how how familiar you with petroleum geology? Um Probably |
|
| 05:40 | as familiar as Magna. Um I I forgot to mention bios. Artillery |
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| 05:45 | my first class in this program. this is my second. Okay. |
|
| 05:50 | . In africa to ask you. so we will be going over the |
|
| 05:55 | from the book that you need to for this course. So Madonna. |
|
| 06:01 | will be a repeat. Yeah I a digital copy of basic analysis |
|
| 06:10 | Oh you mean a copy that you want anymore? Well I just have |
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| 06:17 | digital digital copy. Sorry I I extra. Would you be willing to |
|
| 06:28 | that? Maybe. Yeah. Yeah send I have I have a |
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| 06:35 | T. Well I can I can it out on an FTp for |
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| 06:42 | Super. I don't have elements of . I have a I have a |
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| 06:48 | but never said Are you familiar with 1? Petroleum? No no so |
|
| 07:00 | don't I don't have that book. know it's a red book but I |
|
| 07:09 | have it. Okay, so maybe is just as good as having the |
|
| 07:15 | one, do you think or so the point is is that what |
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| 07:19 | need to know for basin modeling about petroleum system and about this book I |
|
| 07:25 | talk about in class. So the are basically um they're helpful if you |
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| 07:31 | understand what I'm saying and I can't it to you or you would like |
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| 07:35 | the words describing it than the books . But I don't expect you to |
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| 07:40 | this, you won't have time for in the coming months. So um |
|
| 07:44 | just want to put it here these are nice books to read in |
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| 07:48 | background in the future. You want spend more time on this. And |
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| 07:54 | the last So selection of journal papers book chapters. So I will actually |
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| 08:00 | all those two Utah and so you get all those. Okay, and |
|
| 08:06 | , also here um it's basically background . So a lot of about this |
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| 08:13 | that was developed in the last 30 or so comes from these papers and |
|
| 08:21 | chapters. I'm sending you. So gonna talk about whatever is important for |
|
| 08:26 | modeling for this class. But some this material is the original material that |
|
| 08:30 | whole basin modeling is based upon. I thought it would be cool for |
|
| 08:34 | to have it. So you know the original names, right? People |
|
| 08:38 | the 90s, for example, that we developed a lot of this |
|
| 08:43 | Um So yeah, so for every every weekend we'll send you that material |
|
| 08:50 | well. More questions about this so . No, ma'am. All |
|
| 08:58 | okay. So this is an empty and I did it because it reminds |
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| 09:02 | of something um some first going to a little bit about basis before we |
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| 09:07 | to the rest of the syllabus just um um how do you say |
|
| 09:14 | Um It puts it in a lot perspective. The first topic that I'm |
|
| 09:21 | to talk to you about is what the different types of sedimentary basins that |
|
| 09:27 | can think of name? One type sedimentary basin, I can tell |
|
| 09:41 | I'll wait for them. I'll go you. Mhm. I'm not |
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| 09:53 | Can you name? The simplest is a simple crustal sag. Which is |
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| 09:59 | , very simple, but nobody really how they form. Um Then there's |
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| 10:05 | gonna call that one basin. Yeah. So what, what you |
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| 10:15 | see in this course and an important part of me talking to you is |
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| 10:22 | you different um words that people in industry used for the same thing. |
|
| 10:29 | this brings up a really good So in my background people would say |
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| 10:34 | indios background, people may say sack you know, other part of the |
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| 10:39 | , people may talk about platform So that's the type of sedimentary |
|
| 10:42 | It's a really important type, we have really great oil producing crypto |
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| 10:50 | basis in North America. And and was right. We don't know how |
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| 10:55 | form. And that is also, is important for basin modeling because it |
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| 11:01 | that if we don't really know how formed, it is difficult to, |
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| 11:06 | know, together a model that is constrained. So that's a really good |
|
| 11:13 | , longer examples rift basins. these are continental rift zones and as |
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| 11:24 | know, when rifts go all the to continental breakup, we form a |
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| 11:28 | at margin, passing a virgin Yeah. Or passive merchants. |
|
| 11:39 | no, it's it's correct. you will see both words, |
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| 11:44 | And you will hear people talking about merchants or president merchants and they're the |
|
| 11:51 | . Right. Another example for art , yep, I'm just gonna, |
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| 12:04 | sorry, or retro arc four lands , but they're called just four lands |
|
| 12:12 | the other side of the ark. ocean basins, there's also that some |
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| 12:24 | are, that are characterized by their like pull apart, like little sort |
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| 12:30 | trans intentional basins that form in you know, generally tectonic strike slip |
|
| 12:37 | , kind of thing. Right. this completes the list. I'm gonna |
|
| 12:44 | this this one here because it's not . But um because it would be |
|
| 12:53 | with some of the other basins. these are the different types of sedimentary |
|
| 12:59 | . Now, if you want to , for example, the sedimentary basin |
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| 13:03 | you're studying is the Williston basin in America, the Williston basin falls falls |
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| 13:10 | this category. It's Accra tonic platform sack basin. You may have heard |
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| 13:17 | the Williston basin and the buck Um So this is a basin that |
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| 13:23 | been very prolific for um for the industry, if you want to understand |
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| 13:30 | in switch a sedimentary basin, whether the part of the basin that you're |
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| 13:36 | in or the formation that you're interested , the depths, maybe the |
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| 13:40 | whether there's oil and that your gas you could extract. What we do |
|
| 13:48 | , because it's cheap is we do in modeling. So that is something |
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| 13:55 | gonna do in this course next based on modeling and for basin for |
|
| 14:01 | to do basic modeling, we need have an understanding of how a basic |
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| 14:07 | , what type of basin you're etcetera. Now, this creek tonic |
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| 14:12 | platform or sac base since the name says it, they form on, |
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| 14:18 | continents and they tend to form are they form only in the stronghold, |
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| 14:24 | parts of the continent. So, North America, that would be the |
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| 14:29 | part, the region of central north michigan, for example, North |
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| 14:35 | that's the strong part of the north continent that typically refines the script tonic |
|
| 14:43 | , rifts and rift at margins. we're gonna walk through these basins in |
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| 14:47 | lot of detail during this course, and rift id margins, they're a |
|
| 14:52 | different story. So they form when starts to extend a stretch and maybe |
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| 14:59 | starts to break up. So you already imagine from these two examples that |
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| 15:06 | the temperature associated with the formation of space and the size of the |
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| 15:11 | how fast they form differs dramatically between atomic platform or sack basin and a |
|
| 15:18 | or rift. That margin or passive is very different. So, continental |
|
| 15:23 | , for example, an area and riffed for maybe 30 million years, |
|
| 15:30 | like that. MY is millions of . Oops, 30 million years or |
|
| 15:35 | . And then a rift so may die or they may be continental |
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| 15:41 | Misc atomic basins, platform or sag , They can easily subside for 300 |
|
| 15:49 | years. Oops, sorry. So can immediately see that's a very different |
|
| 15:57 | scale between atomic space and chronic basis a rift basin. Now, let's |
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| 16:04 | about talk about some other bases. start with four foreland basin, foreland |
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| 16:10 | are sometimes called Flexeril basins and the bases. The name already says |
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| 16:19 | They they form as a result of of the little sphere or deflection of |
|
| 16:25 | little sphere flexing or deflection is you know, how do you say |
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| 16:32 | um bending down. So you can see this is very different from |
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| 16:42 | which is extending and it's very different its something that forms on these oldest |
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| 16:48 | of the continents. So, these basins or foreland basins, they have |
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| 16:54 | whole different history. They may form you know, several tens of millions |
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| 17:00 | years. They will undergo faces of and uplift very different. The shape |
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| 17:06 | different from these other basins. let's talk about for our basins, |
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| 17:13 | our basins are basins that form where have a subduction zone on earth. |
|
| 17:19 | will explain to you again in much detailed data. So, here I |
|
| 17:24 | sketching down going oceanic crust or oceanic . So this is a subduction zone |
|
| 17:33 | and then here would be the continental . So, you may remember such |
|
| 17:39 | sketch right from your undergrad program subduction down going oceanic atmosphere. Now, |
|
| 17:46 | may also remember that when you have a subduction zone of the down going |
|
| 17:51 | atmosphere at one point in time, fluids that are in the oceanic crystal |
|
| 17:57 | and will move upwards and they will volcanoes here, we call that a |
|
| 18:02 | arc. Now you take a look the name of this type of base |
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| 18:07 | the forearm, this is the type sedimentary basin that forms between these volcanoes |
|
| 18:13 | with subduction zones. And this place which is called the trench. You |
|
| 18:17 | remember that word. So, in area here for arcs form. So |
|
| 18:25 | , a very different story right from other basins we've been talking about. |
|
| 18:29 | , you can already imagine these four of different shapes, different places that |
|
| 18:34 | form, etcetera. Now, one type of sedimentary basin that will talk |
|
| 18:39 | quite a lot, or what we pull apart basin for strike slip |
|
| 18:44 | And they already said it. These are basically rift basins, but they |
|
| 18:52 | in a different way. So rift made mainly extending like this, right |
|
| 18:56 | the crust and then pull apart basins strikes the basins, there's a strong |
|
| 19:02 | like this, so that it's very . Um So, you end up |
|
| 19:07 | a basin that is very different shape geometry. That was spaces for |
|
| 19:14 | So, what we're gonna do in course, we're going to go through |
|
| 19:18 | these sedimentary basins in detail. we're going to talk in detail about |
|
| 19:22 | the form. Okay, look like they holds? Where do the sediments |
|
| 19:27 | from, how the petroleum systems And so, when we look at |
|
| 19:31 | syllabus next, you will see that topics come back. So, all |
|
| 19:35 | sedimentary basins comeback now within it, example, in order to understand how |
|
| 19:42 | basins form, we need to have really good understanding of how um what's |
|
| 19:49 | on in the mental of the So, the deep Earth. |
|
| 19:53 | we're also going to talk about the Earth here during this course. |
|
| 19:57 | for other basins, for example, land basins, in order to understand |
|
| 20:03 | basins, flexible basin is the same a different word for the same |
|
| 20:07 | we really need to understand how Earth's sphere behave. So, if you |
|
| 20:12 | a load on it isn't gonna say it's gonna look like. So, |
|
| 20:16 | also gonna talk about strength of the sphere and reality of the little |
|
| 20:21 | Now, other basins maybe rifts. is very important. So, one |
|
| 20:27 | in the syllabus is heat, for , heat in sedimentary basins. |
|
| 20:32 | this is just some background information that wanted to give you about the |
|
| 20:36 | So, in the syllabus, you see this course, we walk through |
|
| 20:39 | sedimentary basins and we hit on some these topics that you need to know |
|
| 20:44 | lot about in order to understand how basins form. Now we do that |
|
| 20:50 | based modeling. So, for based again, you need to know what |
|
| 20:54 | of patient you're looking at. How you recognize what type of patient you're |
|
| 20:59 | at and what do you need to aware of? Do you need to |
|
| 21:02 | aware of this basin being ought, hot, being caught, etcetera. |
|
| 21:09 | , that's why we're walking through all material. Any questions so far? |
|
| 21:18 | , I'm gonna go to the next here. So this is the first |
|
| 21:22 | . And so now we're gonna go the syllabus. Next then we're gonna |
|
| 21:27 | about what the space and modeling. gonna give a review of the petroleum |
|
| 21:32 | and Meghan offer you again it's you this material. But what I'm going |
|
| 21:37 | focus on are the is the the things you need to know for |
|
| 21:41 | basin modeling that we're going to do this course. So for you it's |
|
| 21:44 | a repeat and Hayden, you will pick up just enough so you can |
|
| 21:49 | the modeling and then later on maybe the coming months the details will fill |
|
| 21:54 | . Um But this should help you up the models and understand the |
|
| 21:59 | And then we end today with an of the deep earth. And again |
|
| 22:07 | need to know that for some some the sedimentary basins that we're going to |
|
| 22:11 | about. Now the last line check , remote access. It's just here |
|
| 22:17 | remind us. So I think you have an account on computer systems in |
|
| 22:22 | lab. Right. Yes ma'am. . And then um I think I |
|
| 22:28 | checked it. So is the software we're gonna be? I don't know |
|
| 22:33 | I do or not, do I one there? If you don't you |
|
| 22:37 | you can borrow my account next week or if you don't. Okay, |
|
| 22:43 | , fine. And so the other and hated maybe you can do that |
|
| 22:48 | some point in time during this See if you can click on remote |
|
| 22:54 | package and just open it and close because if it opens for you it |
|
| 22:58 | open for everybody. And so we need to really want to make sure |
|
| 23:02 | next week, because we're going to the modeling next week that we're ready |
|
| 23:05 | go on friday and there's not like panic situation or so. Yes, |
|
| 23:10 | . Right, okay. So then , the first thing that I want |
|
| 23:16 | talk to you about is what time you want to start in the |
|
| 23:19 | So I put here at nine a.m. if you want to start at eight |
|
| 23:23 | That's fine with me as well. have no preference. It's up to |
|
| 23:26 | both of you. 8:30 for That's what we did for the last |
|
| 23:33 | and I will pay. That is with that. Yeah, that's |
|
| 23:36 | You said 8:30. That works for . Okay, let me change that |
|
| 23:44 | . And um so then we need ask you tie to start um Um |
|
| 23:53 | start to assume meeting tomorrow morning at . All right, because I will |
|
| 23:59 | the link today. Okay, So we have it for tomorrow morning? |
|
| 24:06 | . Great. So how does this for you? 8 30 to noon |
|
| 24:11 | to one lunch and then 1 to afternoon. Okay. I see I |
|
| 24:18 | somebody less happy. Does it Would you like other times, but |
|
| 24:23 | works for you guys? That works me? Um That's you know, |
|
| 24:29 | similar to what we've been doing, . Right, okay. So tomorrow |
|
| 24:38 | we're gonna talk about the first sedimentary , creek atomic basins. And then |
|
| 24:45 | an introduction to the type of basis talk about in the afternoon, actual |
|
| 24:48 | of foreland basins. We need to through strength of the little sphere, |
|
| 24:53 | of the literature, etcetera. So going to do that tomorrow morning as |
|
| 24:57 | . And then tomorrow afternoon we're gonna about sexual basins. And then I |
|
| 25:01 | a flexible based on assignments. And I'm going to call that a ford |
|
| 25:06 | basin exercise. We're gonna do it class. And so this has nothing |
|
| 25:11 | do with grading or so, but basically summarizes the material that we've learned |
|
| 25:16 | till that point. And then at end of tomorrow afternoon we'll discuss |
|
| 25:21 | And because then by the end of afternoon, we've been talking so much |
|
| 25:25 | four land based and intellectual basins, will no longer be part of the |
|
| 25:30 | . M. So it's one type base and it's gonna be completely done |
|
| 25:33 | tomorrow, basically. Yeah. then the next weekend we're going to |
|
| 25:40 | on bass and modeling. So on , we're gonna do with all of |
|
| 25:45 | . We're gonna do an exercise that you how to use the program. |
|
| 25:51 | then we're going to discuss that. then um after discussion if there's time |
|
| 25:56 | , I'm going to talk a little more about some principles of basic |
|
| 26:00 | So there will be next week they'll be in the map next week |
|
| 26:05 | in the morning. So we're gonna again at 8 30. I'll correct |
|
| 26:08 | . We're gonna take a look at other principles of base and modeling and |
|
| 26:13 | next week friday or saturday afternoon, we're going to do the modeling |
|
| 26:18 | a big modeling exercise. This big exercise will be able to finish next |
|
| 26:23 | saturday afternoon. And this modeling exercise will need to write a paper on |
|
| 26:31 | paper and we do that for several because it will help you write it |
|
| 26:39 | help you become a better writer. writing is really important in our |
|
| 26:46 | Once you are at the level of masters degree, people expect you to |
|
| 26:51 | able how to write a report for . So we're gonna practice that with |
|
| 26:56 | . I'm gonna call it a petrol paper, we're gonna practice them. |
|
| 26:59 | you will not be graded in any on, you know, if you're |
|
| 27:04 | talented writer or not but what we're do is we're gonna walk through the |
|
| 27:10 | setup of a an official professional report a paper. It's the same and |
|
| 27:16 | you will learn what fits where, you need to include in where |
|
| 27:19 | So that's what you will be um its own just basically effort. Okay |
|
| 27:27 | so this paper we're gonna write about modeling exercise that will do next saturday |
|
| 27:33 | its model meddling exercise, it focuses the Anadarko basin. So you will |
|
| 27:38 | a real data set. And we're we're gonna do based modeling. So |
|
| 27:43 | going to predict whether a petroleum system and if so what uncertainties are in |
|
| 27:51 | it, what what is it that don't really know about it? So |
|
| 27:54 | what the paper is going to be . So next week we're also gonna |
|
| 27:59 | together about modeling results. So this does not have a mystery in |
|
| 28:03 | The idea is that you walk away it's knowing everything. Mhm. So |
|
| 28:10 | special newspaper, um it's due sunday 16 1 p.m. And the reason I've |
|
| 28:17 | this day and time is because I want you to spend any more time |
|
| 28:22 | it than that. Okay. And it's do is you would just |
|
| 28:28 | when you're done, you sent me paper and um you email me the |
|
| 28:33 | and that's basically writing. And then search weekend, we're gonna go through |
|
| 28:40 | whole range of other bases that we talked about by that time. So |
|
| 28:45 | bases back arc basins pull apart The second weekend is going to focus |
|
| 28:49 | lot about on rift basins. And I also would like to talk the |
|
| 28:56 | weekends on new things that are going in the industry. Machine learning, |
|
| 29:02 | may have heard that term geothermal energy going to use it as an example |
|
| 29:07 | transition to it doesn't matter what political , you're a fan of, you |
|
| 29:12 | , energy transition. So transition towards a hydrogen economy. It's pushing |
|
| 29:19 | Right. So, I really want talk to you about it. So |
|
| 29:23 | you know, you know what it when people are talking about it and |
|
| 29:26 | opens up a lot of possibilities for employment in the energy industry as |
|
| 29:33 | And then the third weekend in the , we're just gonna wrap up what's |
|
| 29:36 | there. So it's like our extra . And also if you have a |
|
| 29:42 | draft and ready off your patrons then we can talk about that as |
|
| 29:48 | . And then there's the last friday you know, and I have reserved |
|
| 29:53 | for a review of exam. If any problem, maybe that's modeling |
|
| 29:58 | We encountered you have time to finish then and then there's the X. |
|
| 30:03 | . Wednesday october 19th. Any questions this Ma'am? Sounds Good. I |
|
| 30:12 | one request since we are doing the tomorrow online. It's fine for me |
|
| 30:17 | 30. But if you're doing offline the next week, can we make |
|
| 30:21 | nine because I have to take a and sorry. Yeah, doesn't work |
|
| 30:26 | you, Hayden. Yeah, that . Okay. So then let's let's |
|
| 30:30 | it next saturday at nine a.m. Alright. No problem at all. |
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| 30:36 | right. And then, so after I may talk to don a little |
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| 30:40 | about maybe it may be a good for me to for us to meet |
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| 30:47 | person. Also that last friday. let's see how things go. |
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| 30:53 | Okay. All right rating. So is my first time work ideal. |
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| 31:01 | that does that mean next week and following week are all on campus |
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| 31:07 | No, the planning so far that heard from them is next weekend is |
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| 31:12 | campus but the following weekend. Yeah the modeling weekends is on campus and |
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| 31:19 | third weekend is not planned on So if you want to change that |
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| 31:23 | I need to talk to don. . Oh I see I see. |
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| 31:27 | we don't know right now about the . Okay. I see sorry But |
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| 31:33 | but the 4th 1, the final that's on campus. I think it |
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| 31:37 | be a good idea but I want hear what you using. Um I |
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| 31:46 | so because what you see next weekend um it's just so much easier you |
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| 31:52 | to point to a screen etcetera when we're in person. So let's |
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| 31:57 | it open. But I'll let you . Alright so this is my first |
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| 32:03 | working with these micro credits. And with three parts of this course, |
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| 32:08 | first one is for land based on and basically the material that we finish |
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| 32:13 | of tomorrow. The second one is modeling part. So the patron of |
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| 32:20 | paper on Anadarko basin. And the part is basically the integration of everything |
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| 32:26 | Madura during the exam. So if take this as a three credit course |
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| 32:31 | I think you do, we have foreign land based on exercise. Um |
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| 32:37 | is 10 points for tomorrow patrons paper accounts for 40 points and the exam |
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| 32:42 | comes for 50 points questions about Yes ma'am. Right. I think |
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| 32:52 | all for this. And so what would like to do is take a |
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| 33:00 | hour or so a break. So means we have another 15 minutes or |
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| 33:05 | . So I'm gonna I'm gonna make start now with the next topic and |
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| 33:12 | Um then we're trying to keep to time so try to keep it |
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| 33:18 | You know 15 and 15 minutes or break. So what I need to |
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| 33:24 | , I need to start a new points that I will use to take |
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| 33:28 | on. So what's important is that um did you take notes as |
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| 33:39 | So keep writing with me? Right for home let's just make a |
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| 33:56 | of slides so I can have a of space space to uh right |
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| 34:02 | So do you see this this white ? Yes ma'am. Okay great. |
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| 34:13 | the name of this course is based model and based modeling is also sometimes |
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| 34:19 | petroleum system model thrown in just a . And so what do you actually |
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| 34:36 | quite a lot to. Right I'm just gonna start somewhere and see |
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| 34:39 | it goes right, um we do following, so suppose we're looking at |
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| 34:47 | vertical cross section through a sedimentary So um here's the surface of the |
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| 34:55 | and these here are sedimentary acres. we go. So here's the surface |
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| 35:02 | the earth, this is depth. this basin actually looks a lot like |
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| 35:12 | platonic basin, but that's just a . I tried to sketch something |
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| 35:19 | So looking near the sedimentary basin. in the sedimentary basin, these sediments |
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| 35:25 | at the base are the oldest become , a ports and underneath here maybe |
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| 35:31 | have crystallized in basements. Now today may be a petroleum system in this |
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| 35:41 | . So maybe this formation here is formation with a great reservoir rock that |
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| 35:50 | interested in. And we're interested to whether maybe um um maybe a petroleum |
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| 35:58 | develops here and migration has taken place maybe oil and natural gas have accumulated |
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| 36:08 | . So how do we study that basin modeling or petroleum system only. |
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| 36:13 | we go through a series of The first step is the following. |
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| 36:18 | just going to go to the next , see if it works. So |
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| 36:23 | , what you need to know is this sedimentary basin forms and we just |
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| 36:29 | this here is the oldest layer of . These are all younger To what |
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| 36:34 | do with based modeling, we start sometime in the past basically at the |
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| 36:40 | when this oldest sedimentary layer was So when the sedimentary basin started to |
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| 36:45 | , so maybe 200 million years or so. this sedimentary basin started |
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| 36:54 | form, here's the service of the . And at that point in time |
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| 36:57 | was a small depression that was filled with sediments and we had this first |
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| 37:03 | of sediments. Then in the course time there was maybe subsidence for whatever |
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| 37:12 | , can be some tectonic reason or because of mental processes, but it |
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| 37:17 | subsidence and during that subsidence, that's all the slayer of settlements. We |
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| 37:27 | accommodation space, just gonna draw it with waves from water. So here |
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| 37:35 | now have accommodation space and this accommodation is going to be filled in with |
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| 37:47 | either completely or partially. So we're to form a new sedimentary layer on |
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| 37:55 | and this continues, you can already eventually we end up with a sedimentary |
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| 38:06 | that looks something like this. with based modeling, we remodel, |
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| 38:13 | simulate all these steps, We start the cost or the slayer of |
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| 38:20 | Then in the model, we and add we create accommodation space, we |
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| 38:26 | new layers, settlements and so on so on. So this here this |
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| 38:33 | is actually time starting in the going towards the present present day. |
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| 38:45 | , we build basically the sedimentary basin this software, starting in the |
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| 38:50 | going towards the present day. what's really important is to know the |
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| 38:56 | of sediments that that was the positive what were the sediments came from? |
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| 39:03 | ? And also for example what the content of the sediments was. So |
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| 39:11 | contents sediment source, the environment of profession etcetera. And um this is |
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| 39:25 | for us to know because we need understand whether this was all uh you |
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| 39:31 | , a favorable situation in order for petroleum system to form. Now, |
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| 39:37 | do we know this? We notice today we may have drills an exploration |
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| 39:45 | here, just gonna sketch it like , an exploration well in this, |
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| 39:49 | this basin. And while we did we took course. So we have |
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| 39:54 | understanding of the type of sediments maybe even have an age of the |
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| 39:59 | we can look at the organic content we look at the sediments and we |
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| 40:03 | the basin maybe we can say, these are sediments derived from terrestrial environment |
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| 40:09 | marine environment, this was the environment position etcetera, etcetera. So usually |
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| 40:14 | have this information from a well from data and course now this is information |
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| 40:23 | we need to include in our basic or petroleum system model. So we're |
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| 40:29 | to include when we build those all kinds of information about organic content |
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| 40:33 | the settlements, the type of sediments these sediments compact easily or not things |
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| 40:42 | that. And um so you may already an idea when we start in |
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| 40:47 | past and we go towards the present , when we march through the formation |
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| 40:52 | the sedimentary basin. In in these , we look at every point in |
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| 40:57 | . Okay, you know this layer sediment was deposited. Maybe this was |
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| 41:01 | layer of shield. Okay, it a rather organic rich shield. And |
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| 41:06 | next time step, maybe 20 million later, it was buried this later |
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| 41:11 | these steps and it started to heat , sorry, started to heat up |
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| 41:17 | so much yet that it reached the window or gas window, but it |
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| 41:22 | to heat up at a later point time. This layer of shell is |
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| 41:26 | these steps and now we know it been heated up enough in order for |
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| 41:34 | sediments and and getting material and it's to reach for example the oil |
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| 41:43 | And we know that maturation has we know that from the organic content |
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| 41:48 | mainly are forming oil. Um we all kinds of details about material and |
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| 41:55 | we can say, okay, um think that there's this might be a |
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| 42:01 | in time when maturation is going And at this point in time the |
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| 42:08 | that has started to form may start migrate out of this source rock. |
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| 42:16 | so in the next step, next step, just gonna sketch it on |
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| 42:20 | on the next slides. So we here right, we have the sedimentary |
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| 42:25 | in a basin. We just decided this deepest layer was now in the |
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| 42:30 | window, which means that organic material maturing to form oil. This oil |
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| 42:37 | migrating out and um now we're interested see if it's got stuck somewhere, |
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| 42:46 | it collects in the rest of for rock? Maybe this here is a |
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| 42:50 | sandstone. And so we're interested to where it migrated to that sandstone and |
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| 42:55 | so, if it could have stayed there. So this petroleum system are |
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| 43:01 | on modeling model that we put not only has information about the mythology |
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| 43:07 | the total organic content of that, material the show, but it also |
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| 43:13 | information about the rest of our whether the rest of our rock would |
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| 43:20 | enough ferocity, for example, in for it to become, you |
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| 43:25 | a prolific reservoir rock and we also to know what a migration path pathways |
|
| 43:33 | . So, this oil here, just sketching it going up just to |
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| 43:37 | simple, but you can imagine that geometry of the sedimentary basin is much |
|
| 43:42 | complex and maybe it has more shape this or so, I don't |
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| 43:47 | So we may wonder could any of oil have migrated um two year and |
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| 43:54 | a trip. So this migration, also something we calculate with our petroleum |
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| 44:04 | model. Now maybe migration was successful we found a trap and um really |
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| 44:15 | situated with the rest of our work the last step that the petroleum system |
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| 44:20 | now calculates for us is what this looks like. So for example, |
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| 44:26 | we have um um heavy oil or oil? Do we have um natural |
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| 44:43 | ? If so, how much? that is also part of the petroleum |
|
| 44:49 | of them questions so far. ma'am. So All right, let |
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| 44:58 | see if I, then I will into a little bit more detail. |
|
| 45:03 | keep an eye on more time. don't we take a brief break now |
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| 45:12 | go back in 10 minutes or And then I'm gonna go in more |
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| 45:18 | into the water. Space modeling. . Sounds great. Right, So |
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| 45:25 | is still recording, I should we'll record the break, we'll see |
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| 45:32 | in 10 minutes or so. Thank preferred. Thanks so much dru |
|
| 45:44 | I'm here. Super. Alright. I'm gonna use power Point to explain |
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| 45:51 | little bit more about face modeling. we're gonna use the slumber shade software |
|
| 45:59 | called. But there are many more modeling software packages out there for |
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| 46:05 | basin modes and they all kind of the same. So, um you |
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| 46:14 | , we're using petrol because Bloomberg has been generously giving University of use and |
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| 46:21 | licenses but again, once you based on modeling software package, then |
|
| 46:27 | think you can be comfortable using other as well. So this is the |
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| 46:31 | that we are going to use here weekend. So what is happening in |
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| 46:37 | models, actually what we just talked ? So in petrol mode, which |
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| 46:43 | the base model of the package. use a base in this model starting |
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| 46:47 | the deposition of the oldest sedimentary layer then we walk through time towards the |
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| 46:53 | day. So to enter the entire of sedimentary layers has been the positives |
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| 46:59 | the present day is reached. So is clear, right? No questions |
|
| 47:03 | this. So we go from the towards the present day, right? |
|
| 47:09 | then um so what the software does us and this is this would be |
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| 47:15 | enormous amount of work to do this hand. So that's why we we |
|
| 47:19 | these um american computer models for So when we go from the past |
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| 47:26 | the present day, we basically march time. So we marched through time |
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| 47:30 | one ever how old the base and 20 million years or 60 million years |
|
| 47:34 | the present day. So the this computer model also marches through time |
|
| 47:41 | it does that from the past to present day. And it does that |
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| 47:46 | these short time steps. So maybe basin is 60 million years old. |
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| 47:55 | the computer model marches them through time 60 million years till today. And |
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| 48:00 | does that in time steps of say one million years. So every million |
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| 48:07 | it is going to do a lot calculations. So these based modeling software |
|
| 48:13 | what they all do. Every time they calculate the position with the position |
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| 48:20 | mean um um new settlements that may been deposited or if there was |
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| 48:28 | they would also calculate that you know has been removed. So basically you |
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| 48:34 | how the basin fills up. They calculate compaction of the sediments. So |
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| 48:41 | of the sediments usually follows one of um you know exponential curves which is |
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| 48:50 | all seen many times. So these of relationships between ferocity and let's see |
|
| 49:02 | they're all in um included in the packages And how are they included? |
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| 49:08 | you tell your software package, oh sedimentary layer that was deposited is consists |
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| 49:14 | maybe sense of course sent or so it selects based on what you tell |
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| 49:21 | to do. It selects a porosity curve that is characteristic of that |
|
| 49:29 | So that is how it is included um every time step it calculates heat |
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| 49:37 | in the basin. So heat is most important parameter for you. No |
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| 49:42 | where the maturation has been taking place if the source work is over |
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| 49:47 | So it calculates the heat flow going the basin and then it calculates everywhere |
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| 49:53 | the sedimentary basin the temperature. So call it heat flow but you get |
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| 49:57 | picture heat and temperature. It also its not on this list um pressure |
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| 50:08 | so we'll talk more about that next . So the pressure that calculates can |
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| 50:14 | over pressure but also just pressure, little static pressure as a result of |
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| 50:20 | column above it. And this pressure very important right? If you have |
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| 50:29 | pressure gradients between the source rock and you know, works above and below |
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| 50:33 | source work, sexual pressure gradients, or drives migration primary migration so of |
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| 50:40 | and gas. So we need to the pressure and every layer. So |
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| 50:43 | calculates that for us then it calculates petroleum generation may have taken place and |
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| 50:51 | so um what the composition is and much it calculates explosion of that petroleum |
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| 51:02 | generation would occur in a source work that petroleum may migrate from the source |
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| 51:08 | towards the rest of the rock. that is called explosion. And calculates |
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| 51:12 | for us as well. It calculates lot of things related to migration. |
|
| 51:19 | is it you know, what is physical city of the petroleum? How |
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| 51:23 | is it to migrate, stuff like is calculates so things related to migration |
|
| 51:29 | pathways where does it migrate to and eventually accumulation. So accumulation in a |
|
| 51:39 | rock, maybe the rest of our is kept by a cap rock et |
|
| 51:43 | . So from this you already see these petrol models and basic modeling software |
|
| 51:50 | , they walk through the entire petroleum from the start of X formation to |
|
| 51:56 | present day. No, um but is important for us to know when |
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| 52:05 | do the basic modeling, we need have like a a basic understanding of |
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| 52:11 | happens. We need to know of of normal porosity, depth relations |
|
| 52:16 | we need to know heat flow and important it is. So these |
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| 52:20 | we need to have a basic understanding what's going on in real life and |
|
| 52:25 | going on in the software package. So we'll talk about that this um |
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| 52:31 | class as well. Right, so do we start? Let me go |
|
| 52:39 | . So what I mentioned here on is you basically in the social package |
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| 52:46 | up your sedimentary basin from the past the present. And there's a people |
|
| 52:52 | developed a method to do it and method is called back stripping. It's |
|
| 52:57 | bit weird work, but it basically stripping of sedimentary layers from a sedimentary |
|
| 53:03 | until you're in the past and then fell back up, fill it back |
|
| 53:07 | again. So we're going to learn that is. So that is a |
|
| 53:10 | to fill up the sedimentary basin. all these social packages use this |
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| 53:16 | So we're gonna see how that So we use that and then we |
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| 53:20 | calculate the composition, how this elementary fills up overtime at any times |
|
| 53:26 | And again we start with all this . So take a look at this |
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| 53:31 | here. This is a vertical cross through a sedimentary basin. The vertical |
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| 53:37 | is depth in kilometers and the result access represents several tens of kilometers. |
|
| 53:44 | the grainy material that you see this is crystalline basement. So that |
|
| 53:51 | crystal material and all the colored layers both that are the sedimentary layers that |
|
| 53:57 | in the sedimentary basin. These white here, I hope you can see |
|
| 54:04 | . They are false. So just at this vertical cross section of the |
|
| 54:11 | basin and thinking about the types of basis we talked about at the beginning |
|
| 54:17 | the first hour. Can anybody guess type of sedimentary basin we're looking at |
|
| 54:28 | . Was it a rift basin? is a rift basin. This is |
|
| 54:34 | um The North sea basin transacted through North Sea basin to the North Sea |
|
| 54:40 | is one of the first basins that drilled for oil and gas and pretty |
|
| 54:48 | understood. Um So this is part the North sea basin viking grab in |
|
| 54:57 | of the viking Robin. Yeah. Yeah, it sells off there. |
|
| 55:09 | Yeah, so let's take a look this um course section. So, |
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| 55:16 | I just need to move this um colors again show different sedimentary layers here |
|
| 55:26 | the deepest part of the basin is here. And you say the text |
|
| 55:32 | no more hydrocarbon generation then here above deepest sport we are in a zone |
|
| 55:40 | the sedimentary basin, the depth zone we have a generation of gas and |
|
| 55:46 | that we have a generation of oil oil or gas. Now the zone |
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| 55:52 | the sedimentary basin, the depth zone we find form oil call that oil |
|
| 55:58 | the depth stone very formed gas we that the gas window and below the |
|
| 56:04 | will know. We say there's no hydrocarbon generation. How does this relate |
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| 56:10 | temperature? How do the oil and window and the no more hydrocarbon generation |
|
| 56:16 | . How do they relate to Um With increasing depth you're getting increasing |
|
| 56:27 | . Yeah. Yeah correct. That's perfect meghan. Can you explain the |
|
| 56:36 | of the oil window in the gas in the normal hydrocarbon generation. |
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| 56:44 | Gas generation windows when both you'll find oil and the gas in it. |
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| 56:49 | the gas generation is is suitable for the production of the gas and the |
|
| 56:55 | more hydrocarbons is where you can't find exactly. So say we started out |
|
| 57:04 | long time ago sedimentary layer was deposited this basement over the course of time |
|
| 57:10 | sedimentary basin, the sedimentary layers or was buried deeper and deeper as your |
|
| 57:16 | layer is very deeper and deeper temperatures because it's warmer and the sedimentary layers |
|
| 57:23 | up so sedimentary layer in the course its lifetime it may have entered the |
|
| 57:30 | window or if the sedimentary layer was earlier and is now deeper. Maybe |
|
| 57:37 | sedimentary layer has reached the gas If the sedimentary layer was heated up |
|
| 57:44 | much, we've basically burned up all . We end up with graph fights |
|
| 57:50 | we have no more hydrocarbon generation. it's really important for us to know |
|
| 57:57 | our sedimentary layer is somewhere in the window or the gas window in the |
|
| 58:03 | window or over mature and that is we're after, right? Which is |
|
| 58:08 | is based on modeling. Okay, say that these brown rock layers, |
|
| 58:18 | hope you can see them are our books. So maybe these are Shiels |
|
| 58:23 | a high um total organic carbon, know, total organic content. So |
|
| 58:31 | can see in this sedimentary basin that of this source work is immature. |
|
| 58:37 | here, it's immature and immature means have not been become high enough for |
|
| 58:46 | gas generation to start in other You see that this source walk is |
|
| 58:51 | the oil window, that's here, example. And everywhere here you see |
|
| 58:57 | it's in the oil window. So is perfect. That's where we want |
|
| 59:00 | to be in some places in the basin. You see that the source |
|
| 59:04 | is in the gas window, It's here. So uh their gas may |
|
| 59:12 | formed natural gas main forms. So about assume that the yellow rocks here |
|
| 59:20 | very good reservoir rocks, maybe the sand stones. Now you can see |
|
| 59:25 | distributed throughout the basin. Um they're towards the left, the western |
|
| 59:32 | you can see that are like inter with the source rock in some |
|
| 59:37 | there at larger depths, for here, but there's also a source |
|
| 59:41 | here at shallower depths. Sorry, rest of our rock at shallower |
|
| 59:47 | Now we also see that in this basin, there's a few places where |
|
| 59:51 | can clearly recognize traps and seals. , well, there's an example of |
|
| 59:57 | good seal rock cat Shane show would a good example. Yeah, |
|
| 60:10 | So maybe here there are good cereals good gap rocks. So we just |
|
| 60:15 | about, you know, we guess source work maybe shield. But you |
|
| 60:19 | imagine that such a show is also good cap rock. So we not |
|
| 60:25 | need a good cat broke, we need a trap, right? Something |
|
| 60:28 | a geometric three dimensional structure that can petroleum in a reservoir. And you |
|
| 60:34 | see that around here, around here around here. So, you |
|
| 60:39 | um for example, here, it's like an anti client. And you |
|
| 60:44 | imagine there a reservoir rock that is by a seal that that may actually |
|
| 60:50 | a very nice trap. Okay, this particular case, people also have |
|
| 60:57 | idea what migration may have looked So migration from the oil or gas |
|
| 61:01 | forms in the source work towards shallower . So maybe towards the reservoir rock |
|
| 61:07 | that's indicated here with the blue So there may have been migration migration |
|
| 61:11 | in upward direction, migration here in upward direction and migration here in an |
|
| 61:17 | direction. So if you combine all components components of petroleum system, you |
|
| 61:26 | end up with places where there's gas oil um reservoirs. So here on |
|
| 61:35 | side here, you see, I you can see this little red |
|
| 61:39 | This is a, you know, place where gas has accumulated and you |
|
| 61:45 | see that that gas migrated there. indicated here by the blue arrow. |
|
| 61:50 | forms here in the gas window and moved upward, migrated upwards and then |
|
| 61:55 | its place here in this area You see in the green, I |
|
| 62:00 | you can see that that oil has here. So this oil that is |
|
| 62:07 | here, formed in the oil window somewhere here or somewhere along the line |
|
| 62:12 | and migrated in this direction and was here in this reservoir rock below the |
|
| 62:20 | . And then here towards the rights also see there's actually two levels where |
|
| 62:25 | may have accumulated in the green. you can see that this oil forms |
|
| 62:30 | in the oil window and moved all way up, migrated up directly. |
|
| 62:34 | actually feel this path to a shallower . So, these are our calculations |
|
| 62:42 | a basic modeling software program would do you, it would know, you |
|
| 62:47 | the with ology of the sediments, would know how much organic material in |
|
| 62:53 | is in there. It would know warm this layer has been. If |
|
| 62:59 | was in the oil window in a window or maybe over mature, then |
|
| 63:02 | knows when traps were formed, if occurred, if someone in your direction |
|
| 63:08 | then where accumulation occurred. And then it can also, the software program |
|
| 63:14 | also tell you, okay, this here, for example, we expect |
|
| 63:20 | light oils, maybe this one we expect maybe heavy oils, |
|
| 63:26 | And then finally, it can tell , oh, maybe here there was |
|
| 63:31 | migration all the way towards earth's surface we actually have lost that. So |
|
| 63:38 | these components of uh you know, petroleum system are in this modeling software |
|
| 63:46 | so far. Alright, let's move . Okay, so here's Step |
|
| 63:55 | Step one will be the deposition of oldest sedimentary layer and it's down here |
|
| 64:00 | the top, actually, that's the sedimentary layer in this particular um risk |
|
| 64:05 | in step two, we are starting deposit the new, the next sedimentary |
|
| 64:11 | , etcetera, etcetera. And then we fill up this entire basin with |
|
| 64:21 | . Yeah. Um So you so it doesn't, it back strips |
|
| 64:28 | cemetery layers, but it doesn't does consider like it doesn't move the basement |
|
| 64:35 | with it when it doesn't or it just not in my sketch. |
|
| 64:40 | sorry. Sure. Yeah. So basement, That's actually really good |
|
| 64:47 | This would be everywhere here, right everywhere. That's a really good |
|
| 64:52 | So yes, it doesn't it does correctly. Yeah. So it shows |
|
| 64:59 | the tectonic street um correlated with the . Yeah. And so during this |
|
| 65:09 | we are only going to do very one dimensional models just you know, |
|
| 65:13 | will. But if you would have time and you would do a two |
|
| 65:18 | model or a three dimensional model, could also bring in the model. |
|
| 65:22 | example, information about say this fault when the fault was active. If |
|
| 65:28 | fault is leaking or not, information that can go into the model as |
|
| 65:32 | . We just don't have time for during the short course. Yes |
|
| 65:38 | So you understand these steps right? basin feels like right. And then |
|
| 65:45 | all these time steps enrich the base fills up. We're calculating a lot |
|
| 65:50 | information. We're calculating compaction of the . Of course pressure of the layers |
|
| 65:55 | um overpressure. So this pressure in supplementary layers um is from the overburden |
|
| 66:04 | , which makes perfect sense. But for example, gas generation segmentation that |
|
| 66:09 | take place and it's directly related to . So this this is an important |
|
| 66:15 | of the you know, petroleum system making. So um it's really well |
|
| 66:21 | in these software packages. And here just I'm showing one of these |
|
| 66:27 | depth grooves. So you've seen. sure many of them ferocity is shown |
|
| 66:31 | on the horizontal axis and depth is here on the vertical axis. And |
|
| 66:35 | you tell your basic modeling software the mythology of this material is a |
|
| 66:42 | or for example, um um silt , then it has built in this |
|
| 66:50 | depth relations, maybe this one here the Soul Stone and it follows that |
|
| 66:55 | extra sedimentary layer is a positive, and deeper in the model, its |
|
| 67:00 | decreases. So these relationships are built in the modeling software. Right? |
|
| 67:08 | what's really important during all these steps this subsidence and filling it sediments, |
|
| 67:13 | have to know the temperature and what see during this course is the temperature |
|
| 67:18 | the major factor in maturation. So temperature is also um it's the most |
|
| 67:26 | thing to to know about sedimentary So, this temperature in the sedimentary |
|
| 67:32 | results from a lot of factors. results from what we call the base |
|
| 67:37 | heat flow. The basin. Heat is the heat that flows into the |
|
| 67:42 | basin from below. So, just back a few slides, this is |
|
| 67:48 | sedimentary basin. Out of these, crystalline basement here comes a heat flow |
|
| 67:59 | as heat flows from deeper inside the into the sedimentary basin, so it |
|
| 68:04 | often called basal him flo. later we're gonna talk about where that |
|
| 68:13 | comes from, but it is And that's the heat, the main |
|
| 68:17 | of heating up of earth elements. we need to know how much of |
|
| 68:22 | heat comes into the sedimentary basin. you can imagine if more heat is |
|
| 68:27 | into the sedimentary basin, where if heat flow is higher, then you |
|
| 68:32 | your organic material earlier and at shallower than when the heat flow into the |
|
| 68:39 | is lower and temperatures are lower. it's extremely important to know this heat |
|
| 68:44 | because it's gonna determine where and when one point in time and what depths |
|
| 68:50 | organic material is going to mature. , so we this is something that |
|
| 68:56 | tell the software program, we say example the heat flow is what 60 |
|
| 69:03 | watts first square meter, we give a number, we give it a |
|
| 69:08 | . And again that value is very to to know, but it's really |
|
| 69:12 | for the models, but also a of heat in, you know, |
|
| 69:17 | that happens in uh on earth is generation by radioactive decay. So as |
|
| 69:25 | know, um some minerals minerals, are made up of different elements. |
|
| 69:33 | some of them they they decay and produce heat while doing that. Some |
|
| 69:41 | , they have much higher what we radioactive decay or heat generation and |
|
| 69:48 | And so knowing um you knowing the type for example, if you're talking |
|
| 69:54 | an igneous rock and how old that rock is, tells you something about |
|
| 69:59 | much heat that's rock may produce. you can for example, imagine that's |
|
| 70:06 | an igneous rock that is 400 million old, produces less heat, less |
|
| 70:16 | decay heat than an igneous rock that 20 million years old. So this |
|
| 70:23 | also something we need to, you , know, right, you |
|
| 70:26 | it from geology etcetera now and The last component, which is really |
|
| 70:32 | . We're going to talk about that this course are what we call heat |
|
| 70:37 | and heat affection. So does anybody the difference between heat conduction and heat |
|
| 70:44 | ? What is it? Heat conduction the material allows the heat to pass |
|
| 70:50 | it And heat affection, I'm not sure is it like radiating heat from |
|
| 70:58 | ? No, but your first description heat conduction is truly perfect. So |
|
| 71:02 | is excellent. So, heat affection um heat moving from one place to |
|
| 71:10 | by movement. So, for if you have a um say a |
|
| 71:17 | intrusion in the crust, you you're in a volcanic region and there's |
|
| 71:21 | magma intrusion that magma comes from its in the crust and it takes all |
|
| 71:27 | heat with it when it flows or goes to shallower depths in the in |
|
| 71:32 | crust that would be called called affection heat. So in the earth in |
|
| 71:39 | and in basins, both these forms really important. Heat conduction is really |
|
| 71:45 | . Heat conduction happens ever always. affection of heat may be important as |
|
| 71:52 | . So, you know, these basins, you know, if there's |
|
| 71:56 | tectonic or geologic process that occurs if blocks moving with respect to one another |
|
| 72:02 | . This heat may be affected as . Now heat can also be affected |
|
| 72:09 | fluids in the sedimentary basin. So basins, you know, I'm just |
|
| 72:17 | here for transit through some kind of basin. So the sedimentary basis, |
|
| 72:24 | are, you know, in the layers, there is um hydrology, |
|
| 72:30 | groundwater flow and that grandfather flows through sedimentary basins. And you can imagine |
|
| 72:38 | this groundwater flows much faster than any layers deposited or so. Right. |
|
| 72:44 | these are, you know, this an groundwater flow system and this material |
|
| 72:51 | . So ground water can for also take heat from maybe larger depths |
|
| 72:57 | move it to shallower depths or to side of the basin. So there's |
|
| 73:02 | ways to move heat around in the basin. So several ways to to |
|
| 73:07 | the base and upright can be from we call basal heat flow. The |
|
| 73:12 | comes that comes in from below, from the deeper part of the |
|
| 73:16 | We can have heating up by radioactive of certain minerals or elements that are |
|
| 73:23 | our settlements. And then we can this heat moving around in a sedimentary |
|
| 73:29 | because he is always conducted everywhere and may be infection of heat again, |
|
| 73:36 | flow could do the trick. There and we'll see that later. There |
|
| 73:40 | some places some sedimentary basins for in the gulf of California where um |
|
| 73:49 | have very active groundwater flow systems. we call them geothermal systems, temperatures |
|
| 73:56 | high enough and they effectively move heat so much that it it affects basically |
|
| 74:04 | the heat and the whole basin. So there's some actually pretty cool examples |
|
| 74:08 | go over later. Right. Another that we do in this basin modeling |
|
| 74:16 | we do basic modeling, we we what we call kinetics or kinetics of |
|
| 74:24 | parameters. I'm gonna talk about it the next hour. So um we |
|
| 74:29 | this organic material that is in the right? At least this organic material |
|
| 74:36 | it matures it leaves behind signatures that can measure and that tells us about |
|
| 74:45 | mature are organic material is And veteran reflecting. We'll talk about that a |
|
| 74:52 | bit is an example of that. that means the following means that this |
|
| 74:58 | something we can get get out So when people draw and draw drill |
|
| 75:04 | well and they called the well and look at the sediments they can use |
|
| 75:09 | tonight reflect since to figure out how the source. So from such a |
|
| 75:17 | study based on the core we have idea maybe it sells as well, |
|
| 75:21 | pretty mature. So the basic modeling does the same for us. It |
|
| 75:28 | what it thinks it should be for and we call that kinetics and the |
|
| 75:34 | thing and that's, it's a bit now but becomes clear very nicely next |
|
| 75:38 | is that you can compare what the predicts. It should be with real |
|
| 75:47 | and then you can start to actually your model until they fit. So |
|
| 75:52 | is a thing. We'll talk more the next hour and the next |
|
| 75:57 | Yeah. Is veteran night reflected. is an example of one of these |
|
| 76:02 | . Is that what you're saying? . Okay. Don't they use tonight |
|
| 76:08 | also like to do like paleo heat to kind of like, you |
|
| 76:14 | things are up and down over You need to kind of like reregistered |
|
| 76:19 | something like that. Yeah, that's what it is. Yeah, I'll |
|
| 76:24 | back to that in the next Okay, Alright, I'm sorry. |
|
| 76:28 | , it's it's fine. It's it's really good question. So now some |
|
| 76:32 | these terms may still be, make much sense but fulfill what I |
|
| 76:37 | Now eventually we're also gonna calculate where petroleum generation and petroleum explosion may have |
|
| 76:44 | place Meghan. Can you explain to the words explosion when the hydrocarbons current |
|
| 76:55 | to the rock pores of the They just explode through the tiny pathways |
|
| 77:01 | the social card, into the bigger and that's very easy to find where |
|
| 77:06 | hydrocarbons are because they'll be literally leaking out. Yeah, so explosion is |
|
| 77:13 | one point in time to the hydrocarbons form, they we talked about pressure |
|
| 77:20 | a few minutes ago. Um when you're hydrocarbons form, for example, |
|
| 77:26 | your shield, it causes an increase poor pressure. And um hydrocarbons make |
|
| 77:33 | of the pressure gradient between that high pressure in your source walk and surrounding |
|
| 77:39 | layers. And they move out of source work and they move out into |
|
| 77:44 | rock layers. So above or below source work and then they may find |
|
| 77:49 | their way towards the rest of our . So it is important to understand |
|
| 77:55 | whether that has occurred when it has and then brought direction. This these |
|
| 78:01 | have gone up or down. And the software packages calculate that for us |
|
| 78:06 | well. So we call that primary and explosion and then there's also secondary |
|
| 78:14 | . We talk a little bit about further. So, um in the |
|
| 78:21 | packages this primary, you know, maturation. So petroleum generation cracking, |
|
| 78:29 | from carriage in secondary cracking. This this happens differs from sedimentary basin to |
|
| 78:38 | basin, from source to source work from mythology to mythology. So, |
|
| 78:45 | this modeling software petra moats for example us a choice to choose how, |
|
| 78:52 | know, a model that describes how works, based often on the type |
|
| 78:58 | rock or on the type of sedimentary or sometimes really lit literally um based |
|
| 79:05 | the sedimentary basin. So in the of decades the petroleum industry has gotten |
|
| 79:11 | very good understanding of when petroleum generation place and when this this petroleum that |
|
| 79:18 | first formed, it migrates out and have often published these results in the |
|
| 79:24 | and that information is included in the . So the software may for |
|
| 79:30 | say marcela shell petroleum generation model. then so if you are working on |
|
| 79:40 | , you know, that's that's like specific choice you can make in this |
|
| 79:46 | . Um so in other words, can choose the type, you know |
|
| 79:50 | petroleum generation works dependent on the type source rock, the type of |
|
| 79:56 | Um um you know in these models on your specific problem. So because |
|
| 80:03 | have a free license, we we only have a few models. |
|
| 80:09 | ? So humor. She gave university a few models. So it |
|
| 80:13 | I think the marcellus shale, it have the Buchan but it doesn't have |
|
| 80:18 | 200 different source rocks and models. if you would be in a petroleum |
|
| 80:24 | , you would purchase a license like for something like half a million |
|
| 80:29 | And then you would also purchase with petroleum generation models that are more precise |
|
| 80:35 | that may be really specific for the basin for example. So we don't |
|
| 80:41 | that luxury. We have everything So we're gonna, we're just gonna |
|
| 80:44 | with now in an eventually these they are released into the pore space |
|
| 80:51 | they will start to migrate. Now migration, that's a very difficult process |
|
| 80:58 | model right fluids into this tiny, these tiny openings in the subsurface. |
|
| 81:05 | this is an important component of this modeling software packages to do well and |
|
| 81:10 | complex. So we call this fluid , We need to know at this |
|
| 81:15 | in time is our, how high the viscosity of the fluid? You |
|
| 81:19 | imagine that the fluid with the high has a much harder time migrating through |
|
| 81:25 | narrow pores than a fluid with a viscosity. So, um in order |
|
| 81:31 | for the software to know, you how easy migration is, where the |
|
| 81:35 | migrates to. It needs to do fluid analysis. So it's looking at |
|
| 81:40 | the mixture of chemical components of the are. Again, are they higher |
|
| 81:45 | ? A lot of viscosity? Is , is the hydrocarbons that are being |
|
| 81:50 | ? Are they liquids? Are they ? Are they supercritical, etcetera? |
|
| 81:55 | is the density of the material? the viscosity? Um So all that |
|
| 82:00 | is calculated and taking into account for calculations and then um then we calculate |
|
| 82:11 | migration itself. Right. So there different ways to calculate migration. You |
|
| 82:15 | have hurt, especially you may get at the term darcy flow, there's |
|
| 82:22 | a different way to migrate fluids and service by the fusion. So the |
|
| 82:28 | software always has choices. Right? do you think your fluids migrate for |
|
| 82:33 | in this class? It's not really . But you can imagine if you |
|
| 82:36 | do the real work at victorian you may want to figure out what |
|
| 82:41 | more representative of your type of So, um the software package then |
|
| 82:49 | migration accumulation of hydrocarbons. Maybe breakthrough may be too much of pressure forming |
|
| 82:57 | in the rest of our rock. migration along force has taken place, |
|
| 83:02 | cetera now. Um it also shows what the flow paths are. |
|
| 83:11 | if your source workers down here in in the basin, you had petroleum |
|
| 83:18 | material migrates up. It shows you what the flow paths are. Is |
|
| 83:23 | sideways eastwards? Is it northwards, ? And um so it knows what |
|
| 83:29 | carry your bats are. So where can you um can you hydrocarbons |
|
| 83:38 | And then finally it is looking at reservoir. So, it does very |
|
| 83:44 | form reservoir for your metrics. it gives you a a simple estimates |
|
| 83:50 | um you know, whether you have lot of light oil, for |
|
| 83:54 | in your reservoir, what the percentage of gas, um whether there has |
|
| 84:00 | a degradation breakthrough, maybe a leakage in a very simple basic way and |
|
| 84:09 | is um how the software works. this is just a description, as |
|
| 84:15 | can imagine um um in real this is all physics. Right? |
|
| 84:22 | mass. And so we're gonna talk this. That's a little bit probably |
|
| 84:27 | weekend. But this is just to you an idea how in general this |
|
| 84:32 | works. And this type of modeling . Any questions so far before we |
|
| 84:38 | a short break? No, Good. Alright. So I do |
|
| 84:45 | you have 10 more minutes. So it's okay with you, I'm gonna |
|
| 84:50 | sharing and go out of this power and then uh quickly gonna start. |
|
| 84:58 | the next one. Let's see from gonna try to find things. |
|
| 85:11 | So the next power point that I for you, this is actually a |
|
| 85:20 | quick overview or summary of the petroleum . So let's make a start with |
|
| 85:27 | for 10 minutes or so and then a break. Okay, because it's |
|
| 85:31 | a rather long, a rather long and then I realized uh mechanism for |
|
| 85:40 | . Um much of this may be known material, That's fine. But |
|
| 85:47 | have not known more about the like when you ask the type of |
|
| 85:52 | , I haven't heard about them So that's new for me. |
|
| 85:57 | Alright. Yeah, this is just because I think it's important that we're |
|
| 86:02 | the same basics for this class. just talked about all these petroleum system |
|
| 86:10 | . So here they are. So need to have an organic rich source |
|
| 86:15 | , Right? Um Whoops, I'm go on back. Sorry about |
|
| 86:20 | I try to click on something but remove this. So we have an |
|
| 86:25 | rich source work. We need that order to generate oil and gas. |
|
| 86:30 | myself been heated sufficiently. Not too . We don't want to be offer |
|
| 86:34 | sufficiently. Must be the rest of have good porosity and permeability. The |
|
| 86:42 | rock must be sealed by a cap and then the source the reservoir and |
|
| 86:46 | seal must form a trap. Now these are petroleum system elements. If |
|
| 86:53 | read about it, there's one more specific components to a petroleum system and |
|
| 87:01 | timing of when everything happens. So can imagine that's um say your source |
|
| 87:13 | is heated Um to the right temperature million years ago, 17, |
|
| 87:22 | million years ago. But your c'mon not deposited until 20 million years |
|
| 87:36 | So what are you going to do a sedimentary basin without a seal? |
|
| 87:40 | you say you have a source The source work matured 70 million years |
|
| 87:44 | . The organic material um matured and started to form oil and maybe later |
|
| 87:51 | gas. But anyways you had hydrocarbons have a reservoir work. Great reservoir |
|
| 87:56 | was also in place 70 million years . So no problem there. But |
|
| 88:02 | today we look at the base and we see that there's a cap rock |
|
| 88:05 | seal. But then you look at old the Suez and geologists could do |
|
| 88:11 | and they figure out it's only 20 years old. What do you |
|
| 88:16 | Maybe going on with this basin? you think we have a good petroleum |
|
| 88:22 | eventually or no? Um probably They're not trapped. So great. |
|
| 88:38 | this migration is an order of magnitude than geologic defense. So a 50 |
|
| 88:48 | year gap between when your source work and you have actually your trap system |
|
| 88:53 | got broken place means you've lost So from this example, you can |
|
| 89:00 | it's really important that you always look the geology right of the basin, |
|
| 89:05 | you have everything in place at the . That's the the source work started |
|
| 89:12 | . So we talk call that time critical moment, critical moment. So |
|
| 89:19 | left word there is is critical critical . And so when you look at |
|
| 89:25 | petroleum system, you're always gonna see at this time that the source work |
|
| 89:31 | for lost, you know, maximum . Did you have everything in |
|
| 89:36 | Because again, if it's not the 50 million years, you've lost |
|
| 89:40 | You're not gonna have a petroleum Yes. So we have a source |
|
| 89:44 | heating up of the source work, , reservoir rock, tap rock trap |
|
| 89:51 | all of that needs to be in by the critical moment. If it's |
|
| 89:54 | all in place again, you have risk that you've lost everything. |
|
| 90:02 | Um this is something I'm not gonna into for this this class? But |
|
| 90:07 | just gonna it's a one minutes look this. So people like to classify |
|
| 90:12 | and it's absolutely most important for this . But I'm just gonna mention |
|
| 90:16 | So, you know that people do . So, people, for |
|
| 90:19 | talk about young, shallow soils or the spoils. Young shallow wells are |
|
| 90:25 | characterized as heavy and fiscus and all oils are often characterized or found to |
|
| 90:34 | low viscosity and low density. I'm gonna ask Macken if you would |
|
| 90:43 | to give it a try to explain . Why does this make sense? |
|
| 90:53 | based on the density. I think oils are categorized the heavier the light |
|
| 91:03 | . Yeah, you're thinking in the direction and with costly also because this |
|
| 91:09 | is actually literally the force which is the flow of the bodies. And |
|
| 91:14 | tend to like, we have different of years based on the viscosity as |
|
| 91:19 | . So, I think that's the they also different shape. But does |
|
| 91:22 | share oil also come into these Okay, right. So there's some |
|
| 91:29 | words here on this slide. Mhm boats and deep, shallow. |
|
| 91:38 | do you think that's related to heavy viscous and low viscosity unload answers. |
|
| 91:46 | just guessing the young and the shallow are having heavy and more scarcity. |
|
| 91:54 | mean, they're having more density compared the old landing points. Yeah. |
|
| 91:59 | how does it work? So this is the last after this we're going |
|
| 92:04 | take a break. So if you're basin again, it starts forming these |
|
| 92:09 | layers are very deeper and deeper. see at this point in time, |
|
| 92:16 | layer here, there's a lot of material and it's now heated up just |
|
| 92:23 | that oil starts to be formed. does it work? This organic material |
|
| 92:31 | of very long molecules. And when start to mature these long molecules, |
|
| 92:39 | start to break not mainly not at edge of the molecule, but somewhere |
|
| 92:44 | the middle. So you you start here, it's shallow depth. So |
|
| 92:49 | just start maturing just warm enough, enter the oil window and you have |
|
| 92:55 | just gonna sketch. It's competitive, have a very long molecule, that |
|
| 92:59 | molecule when it starts to mature it And you end up with two shorter |
|
| 93:07 | . Now you're sedimentary layer now is deeper and deeper. And so sometime |
|
| 93:14 | , oops, I'm just gonna sketch sometime later. It is now located |
|
| 93:20 | at larger that's larger, it's much . So these molecules are gonna break |
|
| 93:27 | again, smaller and smaller parts and gonna go deeper and deeper. No |
|
| 93:38 | that are formed the shadow that some just starts. They are they consist |
|
| 93:46 | a larger percentage of these longer So that has two consequences. |
|
| 93:53 | there are more fiscus higher viscosity to half year. And we call these |
|
| 94:01 | shallow oils because this often happens to that are barely forming at shallow depths |
|
| 94:09 | the sedimentary basin makes sense. So, you know shallow in the |
|
| 94:13 | basin, it's not that hot Um Your oil is still is just |
|
| 94:18 | . So it's not we're not talking um Well that is 200 million years |
|
| 94:24 | . We are talking about oil that's 20 million years old. Or information |
|
| 94:29 | 20 million years old. We talk shallow, it's not that warm |
|
| 94:33 | We have many of these longer molecules heavy and viscous. The old deep |
|
| 94:40 | . These can be oils that formed 100 and 50 million years ago, |
|
| 94:45 | in the sedimentary basin temperatures are much . Their maturation is it's much more |
|
| 94:52 | . Right, Organic material maturation is more advanced. So we have many |
|
| 94:57 | , a much larger percentage of these molecules, maybe one step above |
|
| 95:05 | lower fiscal cities because of that and entities. Does that make sense? |
|
| 95:12 | sometimes what you read is that people about all deep oils or young shallow |
|
| 95:18 | . So people have many ways to oils, but this is just one |
|
| 95:23 | to do that. And so petrol based moving software doesn't really characterize it |
|
| 95:30 | this, but it can say for , we have a lot of C |
|
| 95:37 | to C four and we have a of C four to C seven |
|
| 95:42 | And we have fewer percentage of C and larger. So it kind of |
|
| 95:48 | it to some extent. Um So to let you know that. All |
|
| 95:56 | , why it's three. Exactly? don't we have a a 10 minute |
|
| 96:03 | or show before we continue? Does makes sense? Alright, great. |
|
| 96:16 | the company our we're gonna walk through just repeat some of the terminology that |
|
| 96:21 | need to know about petroleum systems for basin models. So, what I'm |
|
| 96:30 | in this slide or the oil window a gas rig, the vertical axis |
|
| 96:35 | this graph that you can see is capital T Or you could also read |
|
| 96:41 | as depth, right? The larger depths in the sedimentary basin, the |
|
| 96:46 | the temperature here will be the surface the earth. This would be deep |
|
| 96:51 | the sedimentary basin between about 55 or and 100 and 50 degrees Celsius, |
|
| 97:00 | about 100 and 50 F and 300 Fahrenheit approximately around those temperatures we find |
|
| 97:07 | oil window. So that depends a bit about the type of organic material |
|
| 97:13 | . But in general, it means , you know, in this temperature |
|
| 97:17 | or depth range we have a mature of organic material starts and oil starts |
|
| 97:24 | be formed. So we call that way. Now now the graph here |
|
| 97:30 | the right shows the natural gas So we have natural gas formation very |
|
| 97:36 | depths, basically the burial of organic . Um you know, methane is |
|
| 97:44 | right and materials start to be so we call that biogenic gas and |
|
| 97:51 | much deeper in the sedimentary basin. temperatures get very high. That's when |
|
| 97:57 | start to form gas. So we oil window at shadow depths and lower |
|
| 98:02 | and the gas window is larger depths higher temperatures. First we form wet |
|
| 98:11 | and then we form dry gas. anybody know what the difference is between |
|
| 98:15 | gas and dry gas accomplish so you're it Exactly. So dry gas is |
|
| 98:28 | and let's get wet gas would be ethane propane routine for example. So |
|
| 98:34 | next three in line, so this what we call methane and wet |
|
| 98:38 | The other the next three in the , basically that form. So when |
|
| 98:45 | increase even higher, what is gonna with the methane, what is gonna |
|
| 98:50 | here below the dry gas just be burned off essentially. Yeah, |
|
| 99:01 | So we are only going to be over with C. Yeah, |
|
| 99:06 | So again, close to the surface biogenic gas must see then a larger |
|
| 99:17 | some temperatures increase. We first reach oil window and then after that we |
|
| 99:25 | the gas, we know first the gas window and a dry gas window |
|
| 99:30 | again these these molecules, you model sees in your molecule decreases, |
|
| 99:39 | ? So here you can have up like 76 or so in your In |
|
| 99:47 | composition and that decreases the more maturation explain. And finally we're left with |
|
| 99:55 | CH four. So there's like this chemical evolution as well, that is |
|
| 100:01 | of other courses in your trajectory. I'm not going to go over |
|
| 100:05 | But just to let you know and we if we have time to do |
|
| 100:09 | the model with the modeling um exercise weekend, you can see it predicts |
|
| 100:15 | of these things. Alright term that need to know for modeling is total |
|
| 100:22 | carbon or T. O. So this is the concentration of organic |
|
| 100:27 | in hold on in source rocks as by the weight percent of organic |
|
| 100:33 | So this is a number. If put in for example, you build |
|
| 100:38 | model and you sail, say we a shield, then Petro modes or |
|
| 100:45 | basic modeling software is gonna ask oh, do you know the percentage |
|
| 100:49 | T. O. C. And you do know it, you know |
|
| 100:54 | because the company has thrilled an exploration into the source rock. And so |
|
| 100:59 | analyzed the source rock there. So are some ideas about C. |
|
| 101:03 | C. If you don't know then what you can do is you |
|
| 101:07 | do good estimates include that and then on, once you've built your whole |
|
| 101:12 | , maybe you can do some sensitivity in which you vary this parameter but |
|
| 101:17 | is T. O. C. when you build your petrol mode |
|
| 101:20 | you will see that one column that asks you for is what the |
|
| 101:24 | O. C. Is. So source rock needs to have a |
|
| 101:30 | O. C. Value. That sense. Right? All right. |
|
| 101:35 | little bit from over a few So towards the left we see total |
|
| 101:39 | carbon content and weight percentage and towards right quality of the source rock. |
|
| 101:46 | these numbers are very small. Should know. So between about two and |
|
| 101:51 | we already call a good um source . Now, what's really important for |
|
| 102:00 | whether the petroleum system has formed is the temperature is that the source rocks |
|
| 102:06 | reached? Right? So the source are the rocks with the organic material |
|
| 102:10 | those are the rocks that are interested to see whether they've reached the oil |
|
| 102:15 | or the gas right now. So do we know, how do we |
|
| 102:19 | if temperatures have been high enough in source rock to form petroleum? Any |
|
| 102:24 | how we could notice? You may heard it in an earlier course, |
|
| 102:35 | using ice Ekron methods um to date that are within that sedimentary unit to |
|
| 102:43 | what their thermal maturity was. So actually you're you're very close. |
|
| 102:49 | So what you're after is you want know the temperature in the past |
|
| 102:53 | The maximum temperature that the sedimentary layer . That's what you're after. So |
|
| 102:59 | call that paleo thermometer. There's many many, not extremely many, but |
|
| 103:06 | many paleo multiple multiple paleo thermometers We're gonna discuss one or two |
|
| 103:13 | And so that is what you're You want to know we call it |
|
| 103:16 | paleo murder because we want to know the highest temperature was that the source |
|
| 103:21 | reached. So maybe if you did well today the source work may not |
|
| 103:26 | very hot and maybe it is because whole basin cool down or whatever |
|
| 103:32 | but it's the highest temperature that has reached. That is going to tell |
|
| 103:36 | whether you're going to be able to oil or gas or whether maybe it |
|
| 103:41 | over mature. So it's a failure over there. That's where after. |
|
| 103:45 | why are we not really interested in cold temperatures to figure this out? |
|
| 103:53 | the bottom world temperatures is where the ends. And we are not interested |
|
| 103:59 | finding it because it might not have oil and gas. Like how much |
|
| 104:04 | stroke will have. Great. So us anything about the past, we |
|
| 104:09 | find the temperature today as 20° lower it was in the past. |
|
| 104:17 | so I'm gonna discuss too because um is something that plays a role in |
|
| 104:24 | modeling. So this basic modeling software , they basically, they predict this |
|
| 104:31 | you can compare the prediction of the with an observation that petroleum company may |
|
| 104:37 | the data that the petroleum company may . So the different types of failure |
|
| 104:42 | is um only gonna go over the that we see most. So you |
|
| 104:48 | divide them into chemical video thermometers and video thermometers. So what's important to |
|
| 104:57 | is we're looking at the maximum temperature the source of rock was subjected and |
|
| 105:03 | temperature can be different from today. ? So that's why we call |
|
| 105:07 | So first let's take a look at example of chemical and that is found |
|
| 105:14 | a process called paralysis. So what the company do? The company may |
|
| 105:20 | drilled a well and court a source . It takes a sample of that |
|
| 105:26 | rock and takes it to the And then uh one experiment that is |
|
| 105:32 | is often done in the lab and University of Houston for many years, |
|
| 105:37 | had a really, really outstanding paralysis . I don't know about the situation |
|
| 105:44 | . This is one of us. you have a sample of your source |
|
| 105:49 | , you're gonna heat it up when heat it up a little bit at |
|
| 105:52 | temperatures. The hydrocarbons that were already that source rock are gonna be |
|
| 105:57 | Ized and you're gonna be able to them. They're gonna come out Then |
|
| 106:02 | corner and be called as S then you're gonna heat up your source |
|
| 106:06 | further at sample further and then what's happen is that organic material that was |
|
| 106:12 | the source work but that was not yet. You're maturing it, you're |
|
| 106:16 | it up you know in a lab switch high temperatures it starts to mature |
|
| 106:22 | that. So those hydrocarbons are done be expelled as well from that sample |
|
| 106:29 | does as to Now she takes the between those two. S. |
|
| 106:35 | So as one story that was the that were already in the sample. |
|
| 106:40 | heated up a little bit they come and you defied that as one by |
|
| 106:46 | as to you get the following. as one again was the amount of |
|
| 106:51 | that was already in the sample was generated. You were able to measure |
|
| 106:56 | and as to as well as produced you heat it up. So the |
|
| 107:00 | of that sample to generate. You the amount of petroleum already generated divided |
|
| 107:06 | the total amount capable of being generated that sample. And that gives you |
|
| 107:11 | about the maturity of the source I just got one note it |
|
| 107:16 | assist the process in which you need the presence of sulfur heat he said |
|
| 107:24 | , in the presence of the cell . I don't know I just heat |
|
| 107:30 | of the story. Okay. I'm just making sure I just read |
|
| 107:34 | some. Okay. All right. if this ratio s. one over |
|
| 107:42 | . one s. 2 is It means that the source focus |
|
| 107:50 | there was not much petroleum already generating . The higher this ratio is the |
|
| 107:56 | mature your source rock case. So can if you know this ratio this |
|
| 108:02 | something you can measure right in the by doing that paralysis experiment. You |
|
| 108:07 | measure the maturity of the source rock we call this sometimes the transformation |
|
| 108:14 | So the transformation ratio of the source is the extent of oil generation. |
|
| 108:19 | the transformation ratio is the decimal fraction reaction completed. So if it's |
|
| 108:25 | we say that our source work is immature. No reaction has happened. |
|
| 108:30 | it's one then your source work is mature. Actually everything has been burned |
|
| 108:36 | and there's no organic material anymore that , you know mature, that's called |
|
| 108:42 | transformation ratio. So transformation ratio of a half is a transformation ratio. |
|
| 108:49 | gives you shows you um great potential a source rock because there's maturation, |
|
| 108:56 | ? It's probably in the oil window it's not in the late gas window |
|
| 109:02 | . Yeah, so that's what this is uh is referring to. So |
|
| 109:08 | software package asks us to put in number for the transformation nature. So |
|
| 109:14 | is the term. So it's it is a value. And how |
|
| 109:20 | you say it? A number of gift or source work to tell us |
|
| 109:25 | how mature it is. If the work is extremely mature, you have |
|
| 109:28 | higher maturation ratio. If it's you have a much lower maturation ratio |
|
| 109:34 | zero again would be completely mature. would be all the available organic material |
|
| 109:41 | been um you know, has been to hydrocarbons. So it would be |
|
| 109:50 | to have a reservoir that's highly Oh, because that's a really good |
|
| 109:56 | . So, um people are after , right, because oil is the |
|
| 110:01 | valuable, so which are after is reservoir where the transformation ratio is closer |
|
| 110:08 | a half that's called the peak. your transformation ratio is 8.9, then |
|
| 110:15 | think what you're gonna find is a of dry gas, methane and it's |
|
| 110:19 | not worth that much money. So general, people are more enthusiastic about |
|
| 110:25 | maturation ratio of 0.4 or 0.6 than are of a maturation ratio of |
|
| 110:34 | Yeah, okay, so that's the ratio, another term. And this |
|
| 110:44 | also often in petroleum system modeling is the hydrogen index. And the hydrogen |
|
| 110:51 | is another maturation indicator. And hydrogen is often shortened to H. |
|
| 110:59 | It's very similar. Hydrogen index is amount of paralyze herbal organic compounds from |
|
| 111:07 | two over the total panic total organic . And it sounds complicated, but |
|
| 111:14 | basically a simple relationship. What this shows you on the vertical axis is |
|
| 111:21 | increasing down rehearsal. And some axis the hydrogen index H I zero on |
|
| 111:29 | left side of the axis. A value towards the right now. If |
|
| 111:34 | no no maturation going on, your index does not change the depth. |
|
| 111:42 | your hydrogen index with depth is basically vertical line. Nothing much changes. |
|
| 111:48 | your data points, if you would them, um they would fall around |
|
| 111:53 | line when maturation starts of your source , then you see that the hydrogen |
|
| 112:00 | value goes down. So at this um dataset from a particular sedimentary |
|
| 112:08 | your maturation probably start around here or from this point in time, you |
|
| 112:15 | that the hydrogen index of the rock of the source rock is going to |
|
| 112:19 | smaller. And if you look at ratio again, this ratio becomes |
|
| 112:25 | It means the amount of pie realizable compounds decreases. A pyre Elizabeth organic |
|
| 112:32 | . Those are the organic compounds in source work that if you heat it |
|
| 112:36 | , could become oil or gas So if that this number here |
|
| 112:43 | you know that you're already maturing your material. So maturation starts as soon |
|
| 112:50 | this hydrogen index goes down. So somebody shows you the hydrogen index graph |
|
| 113:00 | hydrogen index versus depths. You see when maturation starts, the numbers start |
|
| 113:07 | decrease your you go in this direction . So there's less organic material |
|
| 113:12 | then that could still become oil and . Does that make sense? So |
|
| 113:20 | the part because of my Internet Can you repeat it? Yes. |
|
| 113:26 | , where do you want me to the whole hydrogen index? Yes, |
|
| 113:31 | the connection just disrupted. Okay, no problem. All right. So |
|
| 113:38 | end up with the transformation ratio, ? That tells you basically about the |
|
| 113:43 | of the source rock. Now these like to to to to show this |
|
| 113:51 | also in a different way and it's hydrogen index. So the hydrogen index |
|
| 113:56 | also based on experience you do in lab in which you heat up your |
|
| 114:02 | the sample of your source work. the equation definition is slightly different of |
|
| 114:09 | hydrogen index than from the transformation So the hydrogen index is the amount |
|
| 114:14 | paralyzed organic compounds, compounds that are your sample over the total organic carbon |
|
| 114:21 | was in there. So, if fewer organic compounds present in your sample |
|
| 114:27 | still can become oil and gas. means that there has been more |
|
| 114:34 | The more maturation occurs, the less organic material is that is left behind |
|
| 114:41 | can still mature. That's basically that hydrogen index shows us. So here |
|
| 114:46 | can see the graph how that relates depths. So, hydrogen index is |
|
| 114:52 | here on the horizontal axis depths on vertical axis. The hydrogen index does |
|
| 114:57 | change if there's no maturation, but maturation occurs, this number decreases. |
|
| 115:06 | in a graph like that, you almost pinpoints at what depths This steps |
|
| 115:12 | . Um your, your source work starts to mature, Does that make |
|
| 115:19 | ? So when you build a petrol model um, or a model from |
|
| 115:23 | different company. Right? Actually, you have to either give it a |
|
| 115:30 | ratio or hydrogen index. Um, this is a number that we get |
|
| 115:38 | , you know, a sample that been taken from an exploration. |
|
| 115:41 | for example, now the other type video thermometers that we see those are |
|
| 115:52 | paleo thermometers and the one that I'm to talk about is called veteran. |
|
| 115:56 | reflect INts and veteran it reflected is shorter too are on the score of |
|
| 116:03 | , it reflect its So this is paleo thermometer method that was actually developed |
|
| 116:11 | cold photographers. So it has been for a very long time when they |
|
| 116:15 | interested back in the days to assess rank of coal samples. So the |
|
| 116:19 | mature, the more heated the the more you see this in the |
|
| 116:26 | overnight reflects its values. They actually up and I'll show them that this |
|
| 116:29 | a little bit. So the shiny of called increases when you go from |
|
| 116:34 | to emphasize, we all know that ? And that shiny nous. That |
|
| 116:39 | something that if you have an you know specialized lab, you could |
|
| 116:44 | measure it. This is not easy do. You really need to be |
|
| 116:47 | specialist specialist in, but this is that can be done in a specialized |
|
| 116:53 | . So what we're talking about here um you know when you have coal |
|
| 116:58 | forms from you know, organic material from the environment, it's very |
|
| 117:05 | deeper compacted water is expelled. That goes through different maturation stages right from |
|
| 117:12 | to brown coal to black coal to . And if you look at the |
|
| 117:17 | towards the right, you can see even officially look at the core, |
|
| 117:22 | becomes more shiny the more you go this line and it's that shiny |
|
| 117:27 | Um That is meant for tonight's reflect and if you have a normal sedimentary |
|
| 117:33 | , there's always some organic material in sedimentary rock right? Especially when you're |
|
| 117:38 | at the source work. So it's the same reflect instead of reflecting or |
|
| 117:44 | nous that we're looking for a network see, to look, you |
|
| 117:48 | to look at the maturity of the material. So here I've summarized it |
|
| 117:54 | one graph. So you can we've part of this graph before the vertical |
|
| 117:59 | here against depth or temperature. We to cool the oil. The oil |
|
| 118:04 | curve right towards the right of We have the natural gas maturation with |
|
| 118:09 | biogenic gas, the methane at shallow and then the wet gas and then |
|
| 118:14 | gas at large depths and towards the is shown by tonight reflect since So |
|
| 118:19 | eyes reflect tints of immature material close the surface is something like .5 or |
|
| 118:27 | less. And then very mature material for tonight reflections higher than 2.5 or |
|
| 118:35 | would be in the dry gas. in order for mature, so for |
|
| 118:40 | reflections again, those are numbers that may have available available for the source |
|
| 118:45 | so far for tonight's reflection seas between a 0.6 and 1.5, but probably |
|
| 118:50 | the oil window if it's between 1.5 three were probably in the gas window |
|
| 118:55 | larger than three were actually completely burned . And we're graphite completely often |
|
| 119:01 | So this is another paleo thermometer. um this failure thermometers, they come |
|
| 119:08 | very handy when we do based on because you can imagine that um when |
|
| 119:14 | have that information available, you can the heat going into the basin in |
|
| 119:20 | a way that your model predicts exactly has been found in that analysis. |
|
| 119:25 | then you know that you're the temperature your model is right. So that |
|
| 119:29 | petroleum system that it predicts is probably accurate. So that's how we're gonna |
|
| 119:35 | it next weekend. Any questions so about this? Did we say? |
|
| 119:43 | had three paleo thermometers. Yeah, and then we talked about the two |
|
| 119:51 | ones, right transformation ratio and hydrogen and there but there are many |
|
| 119:57 | But these are the ones that I see used basically. And you need |
|
| 120:02 | know for the base of modeling uh know work you may find others in |
|
| 120:09 | literature. Right, let's talk a bit more about this veteran it |
|
| 120:19 | So what you assure you know thinking this fight tonight reflect since is that |
|
| 120:25 | have you know a rather constant increase right? The higher the temperatures the |
|
| 120:31 | shiny those the veteran nights become. um you you expect some type of |
|
| 120:38 | that is rather gradual as you are into the higher temperatures. Sometimes when |
|
| 120:44 | look at the data set of a sedimentary basin you may see changes in |
|
| 120:52 | knights versus steps that are very southern just kinda sketch it. So maybe |
|
| 120:58 | worst until access here shows veteran mental , vertical axis shows depths and imagine |
|
| 121:06 | in the sedimentary basin that you're working the well has been drilled and at |
|
| 121:11 | depths the company has decided to measure it's infections just to get an idea |
|
| 121:16 | the majority of the different sedimentary basin . Now what you would expect is |
|
| 121:21 | your veteran night values increase with Maybe you have some points here and |
|
| 121:26 | and it should look something like Now sometimes if we see something very |
|
| 121:34 | . Um I don't think I can it, can erase it. |
|
| 121:40 | so sometimes you see something like You see a nice increase of value |
|
| 121:44 | that that you would expect and then jump and then you see something like |
|
| 121:50 | , It continues there. Sorry about . So there's some kind of abrupt |
|
| 121:57 | valuation. It could be like it could be going on the other |
|
| 122:01 | , but it does something like So that may point us to something |
|
| 122:06 | a heat defense for something else that taken place in in the basin. |
|
| 122:11 | people use that information to understand the . If you normally would expect a |
|
| 122:16 | increase with depth. And now you all of a sudden a step. |
|
| 122:20 | at these steps here, you would to value something like this. But |
|
| 122:25 | find something that is more like much higher value. What what would |
|
| 122:30 | mean? That means that this material has been heated up much more than |
|
| 122:37 | you normally would have expected. This what you would have expected. There |
|
| 122:40 | been much more heating up and now right over here. So you could |
|
| 122:44 | about what happens. Maybe there was kind of igneous intrusion holds material, |
|
| 122:49 | the salt intrusion that has heated up source rock, maybe you've missed a |
|
| 122:57 | or a nonconformity in your sedimentary And you don't realize that this material |
|
| 123:03 | should actually have been here below. this part here is missing and you |
|
| 123:11 | see it anymore in your well you see that. So such a |
|
| 123:16 | between the or maturity and depth. it isn't what you would expect, |
|
| 123:24 | you need to think about, what I tell you? It's a really |
|
| 123:27 | way to find an unconfirmed et right rock layers in your sedimentary basin or |
|
| 123:34 | of a block along a fault and maybe your material has moved from deeper |
|
| 123:41 | to shallower depths or or maybe give a heat event and Anthony's intrusion. |
|
| 123:47 | , those are things, If you be the basic modeler of a of |
|
| 123:53 | petroleum company, those would be things would think about. You wouldn't do |
|
| 123:57 | blindly right. You would start to if something is out of order questions |
|
| 124:04 | this. Alright then let's move So we talked about migration before you |
|
| 124:14 | ahead. Okay, we talked about before. So, um primary migration |
|
| 124:20 | migration out of the source work towards above or below your source work. |
|
| 124:28 | it can be above and below. . Secondary migration is migration when when |
|
| 124:34 | petroleum is already out of the source , to where it's going to be |
|
| 124:38 | rights of our work. So its migration and secondary migration, This primary |
|
| 124:46 | occurs again because when you form um or gas in a shield. So |
|
| 124:52 | a very small pore space, When you start to mature organic material |
|
| 124:57 | you form oil gas in your you're gonna overpressure the course, you're |
|
| 125:05 | cause overpressure higher pressure in the post as a result of that higher |
|
| 125:10 | you form this pressure gradients. So here's your source work. This is |
|
| 125:16 | a horizontal transact. And then we rock below the source rock and we |
|
| 125:22 | rock above the source rock. Another called the sketch here it's a pressure |
|
| 125:27 | . So pressure. So maybe your is like this you pour pressure and |
|
| 125:33 | in the source rock because the maturation taken place, it's like this and |
|
| 125:37 | below it's below the source rock it's that. So this is a pressure |
|
| 125:42 | high pressure and the source for glower above and below. This pressure gradient |
|
| 125:47 | going to be used by petroleum that been formed to move out of the |
|
| 125:52 | walk. The pressure may be so that this source work starts to fracture |
|
| 125:57 | . Micro micro flex that could be by the petroleum to move out of |
|
| 126:03 | source work. And then the source the petroleum basically moves away. Is |
|
| 126:09 | that pressed out of the source work the overlying or underlying work formation. |
|
| 126:15 | that is called primary immigration. So controlled by this pressure. Then the |
|
| 126:22 | migration. So once your petroleum is of the source work and it's now |
|
| 126:27 | a different type of rock above or . The source book. It may |
|
| 126:31 | to migrate. And why is Why? Why would it move if |
|
| 126:35 | were here or here. Why wouldn't stay there. When would it |
|
| 126:42 | When the pressure increases nope. Good , but not not right for this |
|
| 126:51 | for this particular migration. Secondary migration of the increase in the ferocity in |
|
| 127:02 | rock and the bomb ability. They created the pathways and it just moves |
|
| 127:08 | so the pathways are created. But does the material want to move? |
|
| 127:13 | why doesn't it sit in the Why why does it want to |
|
| 127:16 | Why does your oil or gas once has formed here in these large lapse |
|
| 127:22 | your basin, Why don't they just there? Because there is poor space |
|
| 127:26 | as well. Why doesn't it stay ? Does it not have like a |
|
| 127:36 | seal cap? That's right. So a pathway available, Right? So |
|
| 127:41 | both think you're right along the right . So it leaves the source rock |
|
| 127:46 | of the pressure, right, high and the source walk, it goes |
|
| 127:51 | . It doesn't want to be it wants to go to a lower |
|
| 127:54 | region. But once it's in the pressure reaching, you know what's going |
|
| 127:58 | be important, the fact that oil gas that are being formed even in |
|
| 128:02 | amounts, they have a density that's lower than the rock. So if |
|
| 128:08 | have low density material here in the , it's not going to stay |
|
| 128:12 | No density material wants to move upwards where it's gonna find its either gonna |
|
| 128:19 | cap rock, right? So to to go to shallower depths or if |
|
| 128:23 | never finds the cap rock, it's migrate all the way towards the surface |
|
| 128:28 | basically form an oil spill. A natural um oil oil spill at |
|
| 128:33 | surface of the earth. Yeah. it's it's because of its low |
|
| 128:39 | So the density of oil and gas much lower than the even of heavy |
|
| 128:45 | than the density of the rocks that just it's not gonna be stable |
|
| 128:50 | If it can move it will So the rise primary immigration. We |
|
| 128:59 | talked about it. It's the pressure gradients. Um So the high pressure |
|
| 129:04 | you form in your source works when start, once you start to mature |
|
| 129:08 | organic material, it forms oil and gas that increases the pressure in the |
|
| 129:13 | space. And that drives primary Yeah. And primary migration is um |
|
| 129:22 | the source work to the carrier events call the carrier that deserves our networks |
|
| 129:27 | secondary migration is from the carrier beds the reservoir. And the secondary migration |
|
| 129:34 | is driven by density. So because and gas have lower density than |
|
| 129:42 | Oil and gas are buoyant, which if they can move upward to shallower |
|
| 129:49 | , they will. So keep that mind. Alright, if you were |
|
| 129:57 | before we can have our large last of the day. Right? So |
|
| 130:02 | you see here is a figure that copied from a book this formation here |
|
| 130:08 | horizontal stripes. That's a shell. shell can be a source rock And |
|
| 130:13 | capital, correct? We see here sands rock. Sand reservoir rock, |
|
| 130:20 | see a very nice shaped anti client then above the scent reservoir. Oh |
|
| 130:26 | see again lays of shells. Now arrows that you see here those are |
|
| 130:32 | path arrows. So you can see this shell here at large steps may |
|
| 130:39 | matured and as a result of that and gas may have moved upward, |
|
| 130:47 | upwards into this center is a Also, the shield that is present |
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| 130:52 | may have matured if this shield matured and gas may move out of it |
|
| 130:58 | of downwards or support. You see that explains the two directions of those |
|
| 131:05 | . So the sand reservoir rock, stones have very good porosity and |
|
| 131:11 | So this would form a reservoir rock you see that because it's kept by |
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| 131:17 | layer of shell. This here forms very nice trip. We have a |
|
| 131:22 | layer that excess a catwalk above. have a sandstone reservoir. We have |
|
| 131:27 | show layer above. So we basically a four way closure here. You |
|
| 131:32 | that. And then here at the part of the central rock reservoir. |
|
| 131:37 | for we find our oil and natural accumulation. So if this is here |
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| 131:45 | our reservoir, this black part we're just gonna sketch it here, |
|
| 131:52 | her recipe for and you can see oil and gas are um present in |
|
| 132:02 | reservoir. So where in this particular would we find the oil? And |
|
| 132:10 | would we find the gas? Would be mixed with Zombie on top of |
|
| 132:15 | other? What would be the The density of the gas is less |
|
| 132:21 | density of the oil. So you'll the gas to be literally in a |
|
| 132:30 | place, competitive and great. So gas would be on top because it |
|
| 132:37 | a lower density as you just And oops, I'm so sorry, |
|
| 132:44 | the oil would be at the So sometimes we go call this a |
|
| 132:49 | cap, a gas cap on top the oil. Yeah, excellent. |
|
| 132:56 | just wanted to ask you the pressure just talked about. Is it the |
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| 133:00 | overburden pressure and the poor pressures? , it's it's the poor pressure sort |
|
| 133:06 | if the if you if you have shale reserve for with organic material and |
|
| 133:12 | materials, these large molecules, these molecules start to break apart, that |
|
| 133:21 | they take more space and you increase poor pressure because there's nothing there to |
|
| 133:26 | to. Right? So you pour increases and that forms a pressure gradient |
|
| 133:33 | that share layer and information above and . That pressure in that source work |
|
| 133:39 | actually become so high that it may or frack the source rock naturally forming |
|
| 133:47 | of the oil and natural gas to its way out of the source |
|
| 133:51 | So primary migration out of the source . Does that make sense? |
|
| 133:58 | Any other questions or concerns? ma'am. Right, let's see um |
|
| 134:11 | Let's I'm gonna skip on this If we have time at the end |
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| 134:15 | this hour, I'm gonna go over one because there's a few more |
|
| 134:18 | So this actually comes back exactly to question you just asked. So let's |
|
| 134:23 | a little bit about pressure in the . So there's a little static |
|
| 134:27 | Right? So you may have heard this definition pressure imposed on the layer |
|
| 134:31 | rocks by the weight of the overlying . So let us pray that pressure |
|
| 134:35 | higher the deeper you are in the . And so this letter started |
|
| 134:40 | you could summarize in an equation that see here p would be pressure. |
|
| 134:45 | depth, so pressure as a function depth would be P. Zero. |
|
| 134:49 | is pressure at the surface of the plus g the gravitational constant times the |
|
| 134:55 | of the rock layers above you. that means the entire this term is |
|
| 135:00 | entire weight of the layers of elements you. And then plus P. |
|
| 135:07 | . Which was the pressure. The pressure at the surface. So that |
|
| 135:10 | you the pressure a little static pressure any point in depth inside the |
|
| 135:17 | Now the hydrostatic pressure is pressure imposed the column of fluids and at |
|
| 135:23 | And so when we talk about the and the petroleum systems, we talk |
|
| 135:29 | the flu. The pressure is That is caused by the fluids in |
|
| 135:33 | pore space. So the overburden pressure the little aesthetic pressure. Plus this |
|
| 135:39 | pressure. Now, sometimes people talk overpressure or super normal pressure. Super |
|
| 135:46 | pressure is the same as overpressure. those are pressures that are higher than |
|
| 135:51 | would normally expect in your source for rest of our work. So pressures |
|
| 135:56 | are greater than the hydrostatic pressure and can find these over pressures and sediments |
|
| 136:03 | all ages. And how does it naturally? So when you have a |
|
| 136:08 | layer that is buried deeper and the sedimentary layer compacts, fluids are |
|
| 136:14 | out of it and the pore space . Now, sometimes this compassion doesn't |
|
| 136:20 | well. So you're you're you're sedimentary is very deeper and deeper, but |
|
| 136:26 | um there's a shell layer above and fluids just can't escape the pore space |
|
| 136:33 | that point in time. What can is that you're at a depth which |
|
| 136:36 | sedimentary layer and the pore space and that are in the pore space are |
|
| 136:41 | much bigger than what you normally would at that depth that would then cause |
|
| 136:47 | . So, poor space overpressure. as soon as you have compaction in |
|
| 136:53 | you you know bury all of your layer and compaction and you can't get |
|
| 136:58 | of your the fluids in your, your, in your poor space, |
|
| 137:03 | you can create such an over pressure . You're just at a situation in |
|
| 137:09 | you have, you know, more in your poor space than you could |
|
| 137:12 | carry at that depth. So we it's called, it occurs in what |
|
| 137:17 | call a close for fluid environment. maybe maybe you are looking at the |
|
| 137:24 | of central sense that then became sedimentary Sam's central and it had originally quite |
|
| 137:32 | poor space. Central has that It has quite some poor space and |
|
| 137:36 | you're bearing it deeper and deeper. your sense lens, your original sandlin's |
|
| 137:42 | surrounded by hell first by mud layers that then became shell. The shell |
|
| 137:48 | very no permeability and so you can up with that sand lens that now |
|
| 137:53 | a center of sandstone that hasn't been to de water normally. And so |
|
| 137:59 | you were drilling it now you would an over pressure situation. So that |
|
| 138:05 | over pressure and that is something we to be very aware of. So |
|
| 138:08 | many causes of overpressure and I've just here for one is called partition and |
|
| 138:16 | . One is called compaction. All called diet genetic and quickly gonna go |
|
| 138:21 | this because this is important and basic . So partition over pressure is caused |
|
| 138:28 | fluid fill. So you can imagine you have a sedimentary basin here it |
|
| 138:33 | again. And as we have fluid maybe from the site of sedimentary basin |
|
| 138:40 | the center. But hey here in center we actually have somewhere an impermeable |
|
| 138:45 | rock. So you can imagine that pressure may build up here underneath this |
|
| 138:53 | cap rock. So we call that . We also can have structural |
|
| 138:59 | So we have a sedimentary basin and not going to sketch a different |
|
| 139:03 | Now, I'm not going to sketch sedimentary basin that actually has four |
|
| 139:07 | So maybe these are the sedimentary layers . We're seeing four blocks, sketch |
|
| 139:13 | quite right. But you get the and maybe this four block now is |
|
| 139:17 | move upwards with respect to this one and at a later time step it |
|
| 139:22 | this in between a little bit more . Now you can end up with |
|
| 139:30 | layer that um Let's see. I'm so this is correct. Was |
|
| 139:45 | but I'm wondering if I'm explaining it you correctly. All right. So |
|
| 139:53 | have a sedimentary layer that comes from depths and has moved to a different |
|
| 139:58 | . Now the sedimentary layer here has compaction and the poor pressure that belongs |
|
| 140:05 | these steps. If you're gonna move , for example, the shallower depths |
|
| 140:10 | of some technology events. Now you up with a poor pressure that belong |
|
| 140:16 | these steps. But it's now at steps and at that depth it may |
|
| 140:20 | over pressure that may have been normal . But we know that that these |
|
| 140:25 | increase with depth and it may be pressured when you find it at shallow |
|
| 140:29 | . So we call that a structural for overpressure. The search, possible |
|
| 140:39 | of overpressure in the subsurface is what call compaction. And we actually just |
|
| 140:44 | about it. So if you have sedimentary layer and it's being deposited rapidly |
|
| 140:49 | other sedimentary layers are deposited, talk . And so normally you go to |
|
| 140:53 | the sedimentary layers, but now it goes way too fast and you can't |
|
| 140:57 | rid of the poor fluids correctly. you can't be water. You come |
|
| 141:03 | because it was too fast or maybe there were no escape routes. Maybe |
|
| 141:08 | sandlin's was embedded embedded within sandstone and also within shields and it just comes |
|
| 141:16 | rid of its fluids. That may be a possible way to offer pressure |
|
| 141:22 | sentence. And I'm gonna go one to illustrate this because this is something |
|
| 141:32 | happens very frequently. And they see on many um wristed margins or passive |
|
| 141:37 | , continent margins. So, take look at the top fish here here |
|
| 141:41 | see here, the ocean towards the with the fish in it. And |
|
| 141:45 | we see here a sediment packages that been deposited on the edge of the |
|
| 141:50 | . So this is on the on rift of marching the gray stuff here |
|
| 141:55 | be shell. And then, this here would be sandstone? The |
|
| 142:03 | part would be sent stone. what you often have when you are |
|
| 142:06 | four continents is that you have sea rise and fall. So when sea |
|
| 142:12 | rises and the margin of your continent underwater, you're gonna submit sediments that |
|
| 142:18 | very typical for marine sea environments, , for example, then later in |
|
| 142:26 | the seawater level may fall again. you see level, force your on |
|
| 142:31 | margin, the edge of your rivers, maybe transporting material sent etcetera |
|
| 142:38 | from the continent. So it's less that you're gonna be depositing shield |
|
| 142:42 | You're gonna be depositing scent. So much some fine material, but you're |
|
| 142:47 | gonna be depositing scent later on the level may rise again, they fall |
|
| 142:53 | , etcetera. So, because of sea level rise and fall that naturally |
|
| 142:58 | on birth. What we see is we can have these sand lances that |
|
| 143:07 | embedded within shield and you can imagine event, that whole system subsides. |
|
| 143:14 | sand lens cannot get rid of its fluids. Its water naturally because the |
|
| 143:22 | that surrounds it just doesn't have enough available for the material to escape. |
|
| 143:28 | it's very normal for us to see pressured sand lances in embedded in |
|
| 143:35 | So you can imagine that you this fairly common. This is not like |
|
| 143:39 | abnormal situation or So. Now the topic, the last cause for causing |
|
| 143:48 | is something that we call a diet cause or a diet genetic gap. |
|
| 143:54 | what does dia genetic mean? Do know that in this context? What |
|
| 143:58 | die a genesis mean? What are talking about if we're talking about that |
|
| 144:04 | ? There are three process for the agencies. Made a genesis and genesis |
|
| 144:12 | on the depths and the temperature and pressure differences. Yeah, So dia |
|
| 144:19 | is what happens first. So your are being positive and while they're being |
|
| 144:25 | they undergo changes, right? For pressure. Sorry, poor space |
|
| 144:31 | they compact, they did water that segmentation, segmentation is fairly normal to |
|
| 144:39 | . Right? And that's that's almost these grains together. So that's the |
|
| 144:44 | genetic phase. So you basically go sediments to sedimentary rocks. When you |
|
| 144:50 | from sediments to sedimentary books and you to put cement down there maybe because |
|
| 144:56 | groundwater flow or meteoric water, you to cement these grains together. What |
|
| 145:04 | do is you reduce the porosity and . That makes sense. Right? |
|
| 145:09 | going to start to develop those that's space with cement. And so when |
|
| 145:15 | fill up the pore space with you end up with low porosity and |
|
| 145:19 | permeability. And you can imagine that have a you know, if these |
|
| 145:24 | your sedimentary layers, one of these layers, the process of segmentation was |
|
| 145:31 | effective and it's now gonna be a within your basin that is very low |
|
| 145:39 | and permeability. And that layer is not gonna allow de watering from the |
|
| 145:46 | below. It's not gonna happen And so it's confirmed if you call |
|
| 145:51 | diet genetic cap, basically an almost impermeable cap. And as a |
|
| 145:58 | of that, the layers below that's , they can start to overpressure if |
|
| 146:03 | whole system subsides further and you can't rid of your your your water in |
|
| 146:07 | poor space, you're losing your poor , you're gonna over pressure. So |
|
| 146:12 | will be the last very common core a cause of overpressure. So basically |
|
| 146:18 | a result of cement ation for carbonate cemented shields. So you have |
|
| 146:24 | layer of shield with that that's carbonate for space is now almost zero. |
|
| 146:30 | is almost zero. And um you when you drill through it and you |
|
| 146:35 | it underneath it, you may find overpressure layer. Any questions about |
|
| 146:42 | Does this give you a general idea overpressure in the subsurface? Yes, |
|
| 146:51 | . Right. Sometimes pressures are lower normal, we call that subnormal |
|
| 146:58 | Some subnormal pressures are pressures that are than what you normally would expect at |
|
| 147:03 | depth. So this occurs also in . This occurs in reservoirs that are |
|
| 147:09 | that are isolated so separated from circulating for example and reservoirs that are petroleum |
|
| 147:19 | that are separated or isolated from each . Let me see if I have |
|
| 147:24 | picture. I don't so, say have a reservoir rock here petroleum reservoir |
|
| 147:32 | which you find oil and you start produce it. Now, maybe what |
|
| 147:37 | didn't realize is that there was a in this reservoir and this force was |
|
| 147:44 | it formed naturally by eulogy processes for reason. Um It's it forms an |
|
| 147:52 | layer, sometimes falls through that there all kinds of fluid flow processes that |
|
| 147:58 | metamorphoses. Um and for some reason particular fault instead of it being open |
|
| 148:03 | allowing for fluid film, it's closed it became a impermeable barrier. |
|
| 148:11 | say your drill here into this part the reservoir, you're gonna extract, |
|
| 148:16 | gonna pump out oil or gas. pressure on this side then decreases. |
|
| 148:24 | this rest of far rock now is in contact with the other side of |
|
| 148:28 | force. And the poor space here not filled in with, you |
|
| 148:34 | groundwater for example, you can imagine end up with a reservoir that is |
|
| 148:39 | pressure. It has a subnormal So, that is something that can |
|
| 148:43 | as well. Alright, questions so . So, this Hayden gives |
|
| 148:52 | like the minimum um information that you to know for the base modeling petroleum |
|
| 148:59 | , if you know what I If this wasn't in your background. |
|
| 149:04 | right, okay, so you're talking if the reservoir is under pressure. |
|
| 149:13 | ? But what will be the consequences the reservoir is over pressure? |
|
| 149:20 | as a petroleum engineer, I would very worried. Um So, drilling |
|
| 149:27 | an over pressure reservoir is dangerous. ? And so that is the main |
|
| 149:32 | there. So if if you um for based modeling doesn't have much effect |
|
| 149:41 | you do, based on modeling, you do it often you may you |
|
| 149:45 | gain an insight and understanding of when could expect over pressured layer. So |
|
| 149:51 | is something then that you could communicate other people in a in a |
|
| 149:56 | Right. But petroleum engineers need to very aware of over pressured formations because |
|
| 150:02 | the danger that it gives you when try to drill through that. |
|
| 150:08 | for basic modeling, um it's not not directly related to what we will |
|
| 150:13 | here except for I think when you you do basic modeling more and |
|
| 150:18 | you have an understanding of how these form etcetera, you may get an |
|
| 150:24 | of um if you may if there be an overpressure layer. Okay, |
|
| 150:35 | gonna stop sharing here. Alright. I suggest is that we take a |
|
| 150:41 | break, 5 to 10 minutes or and then we have one more hour |
|
| 150:45 | go. And in that hour I talk about the deep birth and that's |
|
| 150:50 | end would be that will be the of today. Okay, sounds |
|
| 150:55 | See you soon. Okay, They were starting. So this is |
|
| 151:06 | last hour of today. I'm gonna an introduction to the deeper earth and |
|
| 151:13 | course a lot going on in the earth. So we're only going to |
|
| 151:17 | on things we need to know because are somehow important for um base sediment |
|
| 151:23 | basis. Okay so I'm gonna start all the way in the center of |
|
| 151:28 | earth with the earth's inner core and the inner court. It's the first |
|
| 151:38 | that I'm going to talk about. this inner core is um Extends from |
|
| 151:49 | center of the earth which is at depth of about 60 300 km Outwards |
|
| 151:59 | a depth that is about 50 150 . So the inner core of the |
|
| 152:08 | is solid. It consists of mainly iron and a little bit of |
|
| 152:20 | And it has has a density. density I'm gonna say is a |
|
| 152:28 | Yeah density is a row and the rho is larger than 12 thousands kilograms |
|
| 152:37 | keep. So it's very dense It has a fiscal city and fiscal |
|
| 152:48 | we don't know but it probably is like Um 10 to the 14 Moscow |
|
| 152:57 | . So viscosity, the unit of cities, pascal p a capital p |
|
| 153:04 | a seconds as 10 to the 14 seconds. Its temperature temperature Is larger |
|
| 153:18 | 5,000°C. And the material behaves in a manner. So fiscus as in not |
|
| 153:32 | for example. Fiscus manner. Now outside of the inner core, people |
|
| 153:40 | that there's tectonics going on. This not the technology we have at the |
|
| 153:45 | , but there is some evidence for . Maybe slippers may be moving over |
|
| 153:54 | other here on the outside of the court. Now this inner core grows |
|
| 154:01 | time. So when earth started to there was no inner core. The |
|
| 154:06 | core grows because the earth is cooling and as the core as a whole |
|
| 154:13 | core and inner core and amount of earth are cooling down. That the |
|
| 154:17 | core grows because iron and nickel that in the outer core become parts they |
|
| 154:25 | on top of the outside of the core. So over time, this |
|
| 154:31 | core grows by freezing of iron and that are coming out of the outer |
|
| 154:39 | and that are becoming part of the core. So as earth's cools |
|
| 154:46 | which happens every day, um the core grows a tiny amount because iron |
|
| 154:52 | nickel basically freeze on top of that core. So that means that the |
|
| 154:58 | core grows over time. It also that the outer core. Let me |
|
| 155:04 | if I can embrace this. The corpse which is located outside of the |
|
| 155:14 | core. Of course the outer core loses iron and nickel elements to the |
|
| 155:21 | core over time. So the outer , which also consists of iron and |
|
| 155:27 | . In the course of time, is losing iron and nickel to the |
|
| 155:31 | core. And the outer core also some other elements in it that are |
|
| 155:36 | than iron and nickel and that are behind in the outer core. So |
|
| 155:42 | heavy elements are sinking to the becoming part of the inner court. |
|
| 155:46 | lighter elements stay in the outer The outer core extends from the depth |
|
| 155:52 | about 50 150 km to a depth about 2900 km now. The outer |
|
| 156:03 | is not solid, it's liquid and outer core also consists of iron and |
|
| 156:14 | plus other lighter elements. So the core is lighter, lower density than |
|
| 156:20 | inner core. The inner core density something that 12,000 kg per cube. |
|
| 156:26 | outer core density is something like 10,000 per cube. So it's much lighter |
|
| 156:33 | the inner core. The outer this is really interesting. It has |
|
| 156:39 | fiscal city that is not something like to the 14 past four seconds. |
|
| 156:45 | viscous. But it has a that is something like 10 to the |
|
| 156:52 | three pascal seconds. And just to what that is that's similar to the |
|
| 156:59 | of water. So in other the outer core, even though it |
|
| 157:03 | iron and nickel and and you medals, it feels like water. |
|
| 157:09 | so it's pretty interesting. So the core is conflicting. You may have |
|
| 157:16 | of that we call that outer core . And this confection of the outer |
|
| 157:25 | . That is not random or But outer core infection aligns very beautifully |
|
| 157:32 | these Halleck shaped confection currents that surrounds the inner core. So that would |
|
| 157:41 | , you know, one here for that you can't see on the on |
|
| 157:44 | outside etcetera. So it's beautiful aligned surrounding the inner core. The outer |
|
| 157:52 | again is liquid. It's convicting. also consists of iron and nickel and |
|
| 157:58 | very low viscosity. As low as . People estimate that's you know, |
|
| 158:04 | fluid in the outer court moves maybe fast as a you know, slow |
|
| 158:10 | river so it flows quite a lot year. And then again this |
|
| 158:17 | we call it hell eco confection. here we're gonna start at the point |
|
| 158:23 | is important for sedimentary basis. It this week. So um the outer |
|
| 158:31 | is conflicting and it brings heat from core towards shallower layers so that heat |
|
| 158:40 | the out of core. Now this heat. And now I'm gonna go |
|
| 158:48 | an empty page and we're gonna start . So here is our outer core |
|
| 158:54 | and heat was coming out of this core heat or heat flow. That |
|
| 159:06 | enters the next layer on earth. this was the core and here is |
|
| 159:11 | inner cord out of court is here of court in a court. This |
|
| 159:16 | enters the next layer which is the mantle. And this lower mental on |
|
| 159:25 | is like a special layer at its , lower most site and that layer |
|
| 159:31 | here, it's irregular in thickness. I'm just trying to sketch it here |
|
| 159:36 | this layer has a name and it's D double Crime data were prime |
|
| 159:47 | So this layer has only been studied recently in the last decade or |
|
| 159:53 | So we haven't known wrong about this yet. So the thickness of this |
|
| 159:58 | of a prime layer is in some , maybe 100 km. In other |
|
| 160:03 | , it may be like more like km. It's very from place to |
|
| 160:10 | prime layer. So this need of prime layer forms the boundary between the |
|
| 160:17 | which is rocky as we know, and outer core which is a metallic |
|
| 160:29 | metallic liquid. No rocks from the can ever enter the core but people |
|
| 160:39 | that material from the court may leak into the seat of a prime layer |
|
| 160:44 | a in a few locations. And in this lead over prime layer and |
|
| 160:49 | look at it with geophysical methods, evidence that are some leaked core |
|
| 160:54 | a metallic liquid material in this deed prime layer that leaks out for some |
|
| 161:02 | . Now the heat that comes out this outer core and then enter city |
|
| 161:08 | prime layer and then enters the lower . That heat is important for the |
|
| 161:14 | of some sedimentary basins and for folk Ism on earth. Because what this |
|
| 161:21 | does that comes out of the it may start to collect here must |
|
| 161:26 | that more later and form plumes of material to the plumes of hot |
|
| 161:33 | a plume of hot material that rises the way towards surface of the earth |
|
| 161:40 | at least towards um out of more of the earth. So plumes of |
|
| 161:46 | material. So they originate here all way at the outer core, at |
|
| 161:51 | base of the Mental. And we the effects of the surface of the |
|
| 161:55 | . I'll come back to that Next weekend. In the third |
|
| 162:00 | Yeah. So they are. This is important for us. So we |
|
| 162:06 | that this deed of a prime layer we find all the way here at |
|
| 162:09 | base of the mentor is the birthplace mental plews. The first place of |
|
| 162:24 | plumes. Yeah. So this um data were prime layer is also of |
|
| 162:36 | . I'm going to show that the slides because of something else. So |
|
| 162:41 | is again our out of core, ? There was a deed of a |
|
| 162:47 | layer that looks weird and here is lower most parrot of the mental, |
|
| 162:52 | mental. And here was the outer at the Earth's surface. As you |
|
| 162:59 | remember from your undergrad degree, we subduction, right? Subduction of oceanic |
|
| 163:05 | sphere that's um just trying to sketch surface here. Subduction of oceanic little |
|
| 163:12 | into the mantle and the subduction of oceanic plate into the mantle. This |
|
| 163:19 | goes somewhere, this subduction is going and on this things deeper and |
|
| 163:25 | And this material, this subjected oceanic material actually ends up in this lead |
|
| 163:31 | prime layer. So this leader of prime layer is also the graveyard, |
|
| 163:38 | of seductive slabs, graveyard or subjected . Right, let's move up. |
|
| 164:07 | , we have here to inter court out of court. Lower mental, |
|
| 164:12 | mental. And here was the D prime layer to the lower mental consistent |
|
| 164:22 | . Just like the rocks we find at the surface slightly different composition. |
|
| 164:27 | the lower mantle and the outside of lower mantle. We find the upper |
|
| 164:33 | a permanent one. The upper mantle layered as well. It has a |
|
| 164:44 | layer that is called the transition that's a layer of all of it |
|
| 164:56 | called the esteem a sphere. And a layer above that that is called |
|
| 165:05 | little sphere. Yes, so lower upper mental and upper mental consists of |
|
| 165:15 | transition zone layer, that nastiness, layer and the outermost part of the |
|
| 165:20 | is formed by the little sphere. the mental plumes that may form here |
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| 165:26 | the way to the prime layer. may find its way through the mental |
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| 165:33 | the way through the transition zone into atmosphere. And they may actually poems |
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| 165:39 | beneath troops. The little sphere. this remember. So this is holds |
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| 165:48 | . So you can remember that this gonna affect the formation and the evolution |
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| 165:53 | some sedimentary basins all the way So we'll come back to that tomorrow |
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| 165:59 | next week. So the transition zone between about 660 km steps And 410 |
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| 166:09 | steps. And then above that we the esteem sphere and then we find |
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| 166:14 | base of the little sphere at about kilometer steps Or maybe 120. |
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| 166:26 | let's take a look at some numbers , let's start with the Esteem a |
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| 166:32 | . So the density of the esteemed sphere is something like 30 200 kg |
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| 166:39 | cube. So this is a number you will see come back a lot |
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| 166:46 | week. And we can answer and really important for many, you |
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| 166:52 | sedimentary basis processes. City is high , 10 to the 1910 to the |
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| 167:06 | plus called seconds. So, you know, compare that that that's |
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| 167:11 | youth. 10 to the minus three we get there right in the |
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| 167:14 | Of course it's much much higher Let's go a little bit lower in |
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| 167:22 | transition zone. This layer here we a density That is about 4000s. |
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| 167:33 | a little bit higher and the viscosity is about 10 to the 21 was |
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| 167:38 | seconds. Now, what I'm finally do. I'm gonna now go into |
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| 167:46 | shallower parts here for the little Let's take a look at the list |
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| 167:51 | . I'm just going to sketch it worse mentally, just to make things |
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| 167:55 | . Use too little steel. So here was the sphere With a density |
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| 168:03 | 3200 kg per cube. And then we have the little sphere. Upper |
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| 168:15 | is formed by the crust. And lower part we call the mental religious |
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| 168:31 | , Right? The mental atmosphere has density for about 3300 kg are |
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| 168:40 | And then the crust is the value it varies a little bit, but |
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| 168:45 | like 2800 kg per key. And here we are at the surface of |
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| 168:54 | earth. Now, the viscosity of mental little sphere is something like 10 |
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| 169:08 | the 21-2023 seconds. So very Just really working material and after |
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| 169:18 | It's something similar. Okay, I'm gonna take a look at the |
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| 169:28 | in more detail. So, here's surface of the earth. I'm just |
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| 169:33 | a three year. That's the surface the earth. This here is the |
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| 169:36 | of the first, so, here's mantle. What is the name of |
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| 169:42 | base of the chris, Do you ? No memories coming up mojo. |
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| 169:57 | , um so this is a you need to remember. The |
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| 170:01 | cursed cursed is to fight it into upper crust. The lower crest, |
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| 170:15 | upper crust is what we call The lower cost is what we call |
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| 170:24 | doctor. And the mentor is what call fiscus. What's the difference between |
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| 170:36 | and ductile? What's the difference between brittle upper crust and a doctor |
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| 170:44 | I know the difference between the brittle and the doctor materials. Is it |
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| 170:49 | same? Not just saying that that's different. If you try to stretch |
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| 170:55 | , they respond differently. What do do differently? Don't let you sit |
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| 171:05 | the room. It's been a You know what you want me to |
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| 171:16 | in here. These are how they , how they deform their defamation brittle |
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| 171:25 | that fractures ductal ductal means that it's flowing and viscous is just like thick |
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| 171:35 | thick material, thick, thick I guess. Yeah, I guess |
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| 171:42 | in the upper crust, you Right? So some of these faults |
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| 171:48 | the upper crust, they go deep they enter the lower crust in the |
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| 171:53 | cursed. You don't have faults. too hot. The workers must break |
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| 171:57 | the fault, right? It's what deal said is contested before. So |
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| 172:03 | in the upper crust may become what call the sheer song in the lower |
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| 172:13 | . So in other words, if look at those rocks, you see |
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| 172:17 | is sharing is moving but it's not not a peeing break. The physical |
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| 172:24 | cannot form such shear zones because it's forming fiscally. Right? So you |
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| 172:30 | have that build up um Of of how you see say it uh um |
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| 172:38 | know, hearing doesn't happen in that that you can form and maintain shear |
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| 172:44 | . Um So there's a difference So what is important for us? |
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| 172:49 | need to know that chris really Right. We need to know the |
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| 172:54 | atmosphere underneath it really well. We to know the densities so we're gonna |
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| 172:59 | it simple in this class. Upper people think has a little bit lower |
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| 173:04 | than the workers. But let's just this 2800 kg per Cuba doesn't really |
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| 173:09 | that much. Something like that. sometimes people say the upper crust is |
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| 173:16 | like 2700 kg per two. Something that. A little bit lower. |
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| 173:22 | , that's the course the mental is density of something like mental atmosphere, |
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| 173:27 | kg per tube. And then underneath we have the esteem sphere And it |
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| 173:37 | a density that's a little bit 30 200 kg per Cuba. |
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| 173:44 | so that's important to remember Brito up doctor or lower across fiscus part of |
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| 173:50 | mental little sphere. This here is entire little sphere. The mojo is |
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| 173:55 | boundary between the cursed and the mental then below the little sphere we find |
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| 174:00 | steam a sphere if you don't pick anything else of this hour. This |
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| 174:04 | you really need to notice. So to realize. The cursed is lower |
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| 174:09 | 16. The mental little sphere is density, 3300. And underneath the |
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| 174:16 | tina sphere as again lower density. let's talk about sicknesses. We have |
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| 174:24 | little bit of time left over. Typical thickness of the crust and the |
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| 174:33 | is something like 35 km or Depends on where in some places 30 |
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| 174:38 | , all the places 16. It gives you a ballpark number. Typical |
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| 174:46 | of the base of the little So the little sphere estimates fear boundary |
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| 174:50 | something like 100 kilometers or maybe 100 20 kilometers. Something like that. |
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| 174:55 | much deeper than that. Yes, below that we find the esteem a |
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| 175:01 | . The esteem a sphere, it a lower density because small portion of |
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| 175:07 | rocks there is molten, we call partial melting will come back to that |
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| 175:12 | . So there is some amount in rocks of the esteem a sphere. |
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| 175:17 | is why it has lower density multi has lower density and solar material. |
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| 175:23 | also because there's a little, you , some small fraction 3% or so |
|
| 175:28 | molten rock in the esteem a the atmosphere flows more easily. You |
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| 175:34 | that it's not a rocketing to If it can flow, it will |
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| 175:38 | , so it will flow, it's viscosity flows more easily. This mental |
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| 175:43 | it. The mental portion of the street is much more Fiscus, difficult |
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| 175:47 | move, difficult to reform. Let see what else. Um, maybe |
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| 176:00 | one more thing. I'm gonna make clean slate again. Um Service of |
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| 176:07 | earth mojo mojo was the base of crist. This is the base of |
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| 176:16 | little sphere. So the little spheres , these steel spheres here and this |
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| 176:27 | will be called the little sphere sphere . So, of course here, |
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| 176:33 | we've upper cursed and lower crust And here is the mental portion of the |
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| 176:42 | sphere. The mental little sphere up lower cost mental little sphere. The |
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| 176:47 | crust resolve was brutal forms, Lower across this dark tale and then |
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| 176:54 | mantel was Fiscus. The is physical well. Now he remembers through the |
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| 177:03 | right? Upper and lower cost lower 2800 mental literature, 3300 S tennis |
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| 177:10 | , 200 km per here. Let's about temperatures because temperatures are so important |
|
| 177:17 | sedimentary basis. So are sedimentary basin here, right. The small proportion |
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| 177:25 | the upper crust. Or maybe if a deep basin, something like |
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| 177:30 | Or maybe even if it's an organic or something like that. But that's |
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| 177:35 | where our basin is. It says all The surface temperature, whatever 0°C |
|
| 177:42 | so, um Rachel Ductile transition is around 375°C. Base of the moral |
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| 177:55 | Just to give you an idea maybe 700°C, but this varies from place to |
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| 178:03 | the base of the little sphere. sphere schemes fear boundary. Many scientists |
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| 178:09 | it's something like 1300°C. And then remember oil in the railroad suits, It |
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| 178:23 | like 80 degrees or so. exactly. So it's literally somewhere |
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| 178:28 | right, the oil window. And guess when a tiny bit deeper, |
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| 178:32 | you see there really in the uppermost of the crust, we're nowhere near |
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| 178:37 | lower crust or something like that. So these are important numbers to |
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| 178:45 | especially this 1, 1300° near the of the Mojo, something like |
|
| 178:51 | So, these numbers, they come later. If we think about vocalism |
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| 178:59 | there's a lot of melt presence here rock, the molten rock finds itself |
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| 179:05 | shallower, adapt. It moves upwards rock to melt molten rock moves |
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| 179:10 | Maybe it's palms a little bit here the crust, below the mobile |
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| 179:15 | But some of it may find its towards the surface and we have some |
|
| 179:18 | of magmatic intrusion in the sedimentary To think about the temperature material here |
|
| 179:24 | certain on the decrease, Okay, cools down a little bit when it |
|
| 179:28 | its way towards the surface. But in the sedimentary basin, a dyke |
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| 179:33 | a silla magmatic silver magmatic dyke may be 1000 To 1200°C. It's hoped material |
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| 179:46 | all the way from down here and can imagine if that intrusion sedimentary basin |
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| 179:51 | really affect maturity. Okay, so think that I am going to stop |
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| 180:02 | with this material for the day. quickly gonna go um to the power |
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| 180:10 | that I have um then you stop sharing so I can actually find the |
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| 180:19 | points. Um Alright, so I a PowerPoint that summarizes the deep |
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| 180:27 | It's called earth layering. And we're start it now and in the last |
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| 180:31 | minutes I'm just gonna share this with . Um Let's start it off. |
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| 180:46 | , okay. So um in times we have a lot of time exercise |
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| 180:53 | layer of the earth, it's actually online notes if you want to make |
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| 180:57 | so we would go together through this of earth. So we don't have |
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| 181:01 | do it because you work through it . So, but if you want |
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| 181:04 | take a look at it, it's . Here's an overview figure that I |
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| 181:09 | very much personally because it's very clearly described these different layers. So |
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| 181:15 | important for you, which you really to know, you need to |
|
| 181:19 | Talk right continental crust, oceanic course haven't really talked about that continent of |
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| 181:24 | is super important for sedimentary basins. little sphere. So the continental crust |
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| 181:29 | the mental portion of the little sphere form a little sphere. You need |
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| 181:33 | know that and the sickness. You to know that underneath it is the |
|
| 181:38 | fair. So, these are also . Little spheres works. Crystal rocks |
|
| 181:42 | . Fear of rocks transitions on the . But the ionosphere again, as |
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| 181:46 | purchase amount, so it moves much easily. It's important for us as |
|
| 181:51 | . Remember these different densities 1st 28 Mentalists fear 3300 underneath the skin |
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| 182:00 | 3200, something like that. make sure that you understand that |
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| 182:04 | heavy, a little bit lighter, then underneath it is the transition |
|
| 182:09 | And so the reason I'm saying this because a lot of her understanding of |
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| 182:14 | basins has to do with how the responds to these different density differences. |
|
| 182:19 | , it comes up from now on time. Yes. So, cursed |
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| 182:24 | lower cursed mojo is the boundary between cursed fundamental Mental little sphere from the |
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| 182:31 | part of the little sphere underneath that have the atmosphere. So, if |
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| 182:35 | forgot it, make sure that you . So, I'm not gonna ask |
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| 182:39 | course about the deep birth or the of these layers. You don't have |
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| 182:43 | know that. Um But it's you know, I'm not gonna ask |
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| 182:48 | like that. You can if you to know where to look it |
|
| 182:50 | but to understand the rest of the , you just need to need to |
|
| 182:54 | , you need to remember again, shallow parts chris's mental atmosphere. Little |
|
| 182:58 | estamos fear, okay, this is topic that's let me see where |
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| 183:06 | Well, we can talk about So here's a map of the |
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| 183:10 | You may may not have seen this . Well, here's a map of |
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| 183:14 | earth and it has almost dispatches named covert in. So these patches are |
|
| 183:20 | super interesting. If you look at rocks here in these patches, these |
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| 183:25 | all volcanic rocks. And some of areas are gigantic. You see, |
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| 183:31 | this one here is called. It's the size of the half of the |
|
| 183:36 | US here in the Galapagos rise the of, you know, southern |
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| 183:42 | So these are gigantic provinces on earth volcanic rocks we call these large thickness |
|
| 183:51 | , This large igneous provinces. Um don't know how exactly they form, |
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| 183:57 | there are indications that they may be to this plumes of mental hot plumes |
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| 184:02 | mental coming all the way from the portion of the earth moving towards the |
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| 184:07 | . And what we'll see tomorrow next is that they may play a role |
|
| 184:13 | the formation of some sedimentary basins. that's what I'm talking about these. |
|
| 184:18 | this is what his province look So there's one in India just gonna |
|
| 184:24 | something, it's not on the Oh it is. You can't really |
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| 184:29 | it. It's like here, it's the deccan traps. It's one of |
|
| 184:34 | . So these rocks, they are basically layers of lava flows. So |
|
| 184:40 | forms this entire huge mountain range. really amazing. We have also one |
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| 184:46 | these in the US. So here can see the metro Washington Oregon. |
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| 184:52 | colored area here is our own large province. It's called Colombia with our |
|
| 184:58 | in Oregon and Washington. You can again, if you look at this |
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| 185:02 | , these are brussels, right? are igneous rocks. Okay, there's |
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| 185:10 | places on earth where people think there's for these mental plumes plumes of hot |
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| 185:16 | coming up and when this proves material up, we sometimes call these |
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| 185:22 | So it's like, it's almost like different word for the same thing called |
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| 185:28 | hotspot. You can see Hawaii So as you probably know, is a |
|
| 185:34 | of volcanoes that is so large that have risen above sea level. So |
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| 185:40 | are volcanoes on the ocean floor so there above sea level. So you |
|
| 185:45 | see here, you know, the island's build up of two very large |
|
| 185:51 | . If you would look at the of these volcanoes, this one would |
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| 185:56 | young and the age would increase. back this one week old. And |
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| 186:02 | may have seen that people think that lines of volcanoes with younger ones going |
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| 186:09 | the way to older ones that they caused by the tectonic plate, the |
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| 186:14 | of the earth moving above a mantle hotspots more about that tomorrow and next |
|
| 186:22 | . So what you see here is figure that you may have seen before |
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| 186:25 | class. You see here, the through the little sphere, oceanic crust |
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| 186:32 | top this here's the cursed, the ground. This here's the mental part |
|
| 186:36 | the little sphere. Here is the and hear a mantle plume has come |
|
| 186:42 | all the way from the deal of prime layer at the base of the |
|
| 186:46 | material comes up. It's hot rocks to melt some of the molten |
|
| 186:51 | makes it all the way towards the . We have a volcanic eruption and |
|
| 186:54 | can start to form a volcano Now you're tectonic plates moves over the |
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| 187:01 | this location of the hotspot and the moves over it. We start to |
|
| 187:07 | a line of volcanoes above the hotspots that is hawaii So similar processes happen |
|
| 187:14 | sedimentary basins, urban continents breakup, they can be very important for sedimentary |
|
| 187:21 | and petroleum systems because you can already it. Both. Material comment from |
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| 187:26 | molten rocks, lava or magma that this way Francis way towards the |
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| 187:32 | the bell goes off. If this up a new sedimentary basin as a |
|
| 187:37 | or sell it may really heat up source rock. Alright, here's another |
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| 187:43 | of a mantle plume going to skip . This one. I'm gonna skip |
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| 187:46 | now. And because it's 10-5, gonna talk about this. Either either |
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| 187:55 | or next week. Yeah. I'm gonna stop it here for today |
|
| 188:01 | ask you all if you have any . So, I got one you |
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| 188:08 | talking about the brutal and the Doctor the upper and the lower cross. |
|
| 188:12 | . Can you just explain me why are named like that again? |
|
| 188:19 | if you have heard about brittle it's But do it the same one |
|
| 188:27 | the kind of crossed the and the is how it default upper crust deforms |
|
| 188:34 | . Lower crust deforms. Doctor. . It's the same like it's the |
|
| 188:40 | . Right? Yeah. So that correct. We call it the upper |
|
| 188:46 | . If it's Britain, we call the first ethics doctor. Most of |
|
| 188:50 | time people talk about upper crust, crust. Not all see in the |
|
| 188:55 | weeks the sedimentary basins forming the cursed ? Some sedimentary basins such as |
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| 189:01 | They have a lot of false that in the brittle upper crust. So |
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| 189:04 | had a brittle upper crust is really . That term is important. And |
|
| 189:09 | may also see that term if you read about, you know, a |
|
| 189:13 | system that formed in a certain type sedimentary basin. In some sedimentary |
|
| 189:18 | faults are really important and others not all. But in some sedimentary |
|
| 189:23 | faults are important. So, the that you have a brittle upper first |
|
| 189:28 | , it plays a big role in these basins form and what they look |
|
| 189:32 | eventually. So, these terms will important in the coming weeks basically. |
|
| 189:38 | . Thank you. Yeah. The deal. You're, you're quite |
|
| 189:47 | I'm very sorry for interrupting. Like was very rude. Sorry. |
|
| 189:51 | it is really no problem. Whatever can add or ask us. We |
|
| 189:57 | very happy with you here. you're muted. I was gonna say |
|
| 190:09 | the instructor. Not. I I don't want to. Uh |
|
| 190:20 | It's what's difficult for me to keep . Are you saying? That's |
|
| 190:27 | So, but I don't want to , Yeah. Already, if nothing |
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| 190:35 | , um, please relax tonight. I'll see you tomorrow morning at 8 |
|
| 190:42 | Utah. You'll be there at 8 . Right? With our new |
|
| 190:49 | I guess. That's it. Are we gonna get are we gonna |
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| 190:56 | a whole bunch of new lecture notes ? Yes, I will actually, |
|
| 190:59 | will send them out once we're done . So I have them ready |
|
| 191:03 | So I'm gonna send them out in next half hour. So, so |
|
| 191:07 | we could do, we could So you Takahiro upload them on |
|
| 191:14 | But since we're all here and we're three, we can all, I |
|
| 191:18 | only also send it directly to you you want. You know, I |
|
| 191:23 | know how to get, I don't how to get black to black |
|
| 191:30 | Right. I will do that. you should see them. Hopefully in |
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| 191:34 | next 10, 15 minutes or Okay. Great. Nothing to prepare |
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| 191:39 | tomorrow. And we'll see you at 30 then. Awesome. Thank |
|
| 191:44 | ma'am. Good night. Right. . |
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