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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_1_31_24_CH 13
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00:18 And good folks. Hello troops. Organo Tros. Don't be offended.
00:28 not a bad word. OK. All right, administrative stuff. So
00:36 saw the email um Monday. Um Casa sent me this message about biometric
00:44 . All right. Just one of things you gotta do to, to
00:48 be able to sign up for time . OK? I if you've done
00:54 already, I don't think you should this again. OK. So,
00:58 anyway, they've made a big point faculty telling students this. OK.
01:04 if it applies to you just, get it done. Ok. Um
01:11 uh let's see. Ok. Uh else? Uh um cost a
01:18 So according to they always come out weeks before an exam. So according
01:24 that schedule, then the 22nd, 23rd is exam one that's two weeks
01:29 then is the eighth. So, so mark that if you're very specific
01:34 getting a particular time slot. So 8th, I presume it will be
01:39 uh 12 a.m. right? Or 12:01 It opens something like that, that
01:46 I believe and that's next Thursday. . Um What else. Uh The
01:53 thing is so remember always be looking your grades on casa, I
01:59 on canvas, right? Look at grades on canvas, make sure stuff
02:03 up there. Ok. Um If not, let me know, it
02:08 be some kind of glitch. If a smart work, you're not seeing
02:12 grade there or it's a, if that because it's, it's a,
02:16 could be a transfer issue going from platform to canvas. Um uh So
02:22 , just be aware of those and thing with the quicker grades.
02:25 um we'll, I, I've kept the stuff from the last couple of
02:31 just to, I guess just to sure that you see that's working.
02:36 But I will delete the, I that's the 22nd and 24th dates that
02:44 will go away and the stuff from 29th onwards we'll stick. Ok.
02:51 , uh one thing, uh let's and I'm gonna, I'm gonna send
02:55 in an email tomorrow but this Ok, this may or may not
03:03 apply to you. Ok. Don't about writing it down. Like I
03:08 , I want to send it in email anyway. So, but
03:10 you know, out of 250 plus , there's only a handful that
03:15 So with the other sign devices. when I look at all the,
03:18 the quicker data has everybody's name and date and all the points,
03:23 The same stuff that translates over to . But I see at the bottom
03:27 list of unassigned devices. Ok. there are clickers that aren't registered
03:32 or something, right? So just you take care of, like I
03:35 , I'll email it. So just aware of that. So there's only
03:40 , 1010 you that fit here. anyway, because you don't want any
03:45 of shenanigans at the end of the , where's my points? And it's
03:49 right there on one of those Ok. So because if it's any
03:54 in that up there in these other devices is not getting over in the
03:58 , right? So just take care it if it applies to you,
04:01 just be on the look out for tomorrow. Um ok, so I
04:06 close that. Uh And then uh else? So usual stuff,
04:13 Uh uh quiz tomorrow, I'm Friday through Monday and then uh smart
04:18 chapter 13 stuff is due on Monday well. Ok. So, 01
04:24 thing uh which is why I boxed this in. So these flipped
04:31 Ok. And the video for this been really been available since day
04:36 right? So uh but looking at class folder on canvas that has a
04:43 available for that, that one. really what you're gonna do there is
04:47 doesn't count for any extra points, what you're gonna do is it's,
04:51 , you're gonna look at the it's gonna explain the chapter 14 part
04:55 stuff. You're gonna try to master , right. So do whatever it
04:59 you do read the book notes, video and then on that Monday,
05:05 , we'll go through, I don't . Certainly a bunch of quicker
05:09 Maybe something else. Not quite but we'll do something that's kind
05:12 uh, uh, make sure that got that information. Ok. So
05:18 there was like five other classes we do this in but the videos always
05:23 up into that in that folder, ? But I'll, I'll, like
05:26 said, I'll make you aware, of this stuff. Um I think
05:32 everything, any questions about anything, concerns. OK. So we're gonna
05:38 with a couple of questions and you're gonna roll your eyes. We gotta
05:40 . Oh my God, not this . It's so easy. But uh
05:45 finding out with it's not so easy I would assume it is. All
05:50 . So let's start with basic question one. OK. So session
05:55 I'm gonna plug that in. And uh let's look here and I'm
06:01 have the clock ticking. Uh So at this question, a hitter trope
06:09 hate this as a food snack as would not be able to provide its
06:14 and carbon. Ok? Or maybe and you think it can, you
06:21 , so uh, it should be them quite well. Not cannibalism that
06:33 , that English. Ok. So would, and cat catabolize them quite
06:39 . Right. Use my bad No. Mhm. And if you
06:57 don't, if you don't like ok. Don't judge it based on
07:01 . Ok. If you don't like or salad. Ok. So that's
07:07 the point. Ok. Ok. you. Yes. Carbon dioxide.
07:15 . All right. So, one I, OK, this next one
07:18 I reworded the question we ended on . So we're gonna show it in
07:25 way. Ok. So obviously the answer is carbon dioxide as everybody gets
07:31 hetro autotroph, right? And this be coming to you instantaneous,
07:36 The autotroph bam, you know exactly bam. You know what? It
07:39 ? No hesitation. OK. Um right. And so this is I
07:45 it from too false to yes. . A yes or no.
07:48 So a positive delta G metabolic process is shown. So here's what I
07:55 in here, right? So here's example, right? Making DNA is
08:00 , you're putting together building blocks A CS and Ts into a building a
08:05 molecule, right? So that's certainly to be positive delta G.
08:10 Um, ok. So would being , so that process, right?
08:17 DNA, would it be a natural to be associated with a TP formation
08:24 that would allow it to then proceed make DNA? Ok. And if
08:29 have forgotten, there's a TP So if I slapped a TP formation
08:36 with, with the DNA synthesis, that allow DNA synthesis to proceed?
08:43 or no. OK. And for , here's the A TP hydrolysis
08:50 OK. So let's um try this . OK. Oh mhm mhm It
09:27 , basically trying to decide, this make that go yes or
09:37 So uh OK. Here we Mm mhm OK. All right.
10:07 let's um let's look, let me all who answered? Yes,
10:16 Uh Why did you answer? Even I, I heard that
10:28 So DNA sepsis is positive delta right? Then a TB formation would
10:34 allow that to happen. But you're energy to go, right? So
10:43 positive delta G, right? And we're going to make that go,
10:45 want to change that into a, positive means you, what is pos
10:51 Genia energy requiring? So what does mean it requires? So where is
10:58 going to come from? You got choices. You have the A TP
11:03 or formation information. Uh The A formation is a positive delta G.
11:11 you want to combine positive with a absolutely positive delta G folks,
11:20 DNA synthesis just like protein synthesis requires . Why on God's green earth would
11:27 want to combine a TP formation which requires energy in itself to do
11:33 combine that? You're combining an anabolic an anabolic process. Life isn't going
11:37 do that. Life does that it's dead, you can't do
11:42 OK. A TP hydrolysis is the releasing. That's what you, that's
11:48 happens in DNA synthesis. In What happens is when um as DNA
11:55 being synthesized and you know, it's a certain order of a
12:00 it's a TPGT PC TP in T , right? These forms are what
12:10 used because when you hydrolyze them, release energy and that allows the synthesis
12:16 proceed, right? So again, that energy requirement process with energy
12:25 right? Just like just like We saw yesterday. OK. Um
12:31 come back to that. OK. over here um Right. OK.
12:40 , all right, we saw this Monday, right? This is energy
12:47 positive delta G, right? The below a TP hydrolysis energy release,
12:54 ? And you, and it's So you combine them together and becomes
12:58 a net negative um output. So it works. All right,
13:05 there. That's what we're talking about there's eating synthesis, protein synthesis,
13:12 an embolic process that needs energy, can, you can make it go
13:18 whether it's a TP hydrolysis or some energy releasing mechanism. OK. Everybody
13:25 that. I mean it should be to you like that. If
13:28 I guarantee if you're gonna see this on exam, you're gonna see it
13:32 the quiz this week. OK. you gotta grasp that process, this
13:39 here. This one, OK. because that's all we're doing. I
13:44 , it doesn't make logical sense. sense to have a TP formation with
13:51 . They both require energy. How it going to go? How is
13:55 gonna, how is one gonna You have to supply a negative,
13:58 wanna make a negative though to you make it go, right? And
14:01 you do whatever life does, whatever can to do that. OK.
14:06 so like I said, it doesn't have to be a TP hydrolysis or
14:10 , it can be combining a process we saw here, right? Because
14:14 comes in different forms, chemical right? So we can have energy
14:19 from electron transfers, right? And allows for energy releasing, that allows
14:25 the energy requiring process of pumping protons , right? So again, just
14:31 those two, right? That didn't using a TP, but it's,
14:36 , it did involve combining energy or with energy required. OK. So
14:42 and, and again, as I , so if it's, if pro
14:46 protons is energy requiring in one they go come back down high to
14:53 energy releasing and again, combining that release to make a TPS. So
14:59 happens all the time. OK. And so of course, we can
15:05 a gradient as a form of right? Um As it again goes
15:10 high to low and release energy, can combine that with different processes to
15:13 things right? Um The manipulation of to products, right? An excessive
15:23 can influence Delta G make it more perhaps um or simultaneously taking products
15:31 right? That also creates that large , right? Products going reactants coming
15:36 . So um all that serves to manipulate the delta G. OK?
15:42 that that's how life's gonna get stuff , right? Whether it's you sitting
15:47 going your brain tissues doing their right? Or what have?
15:52 Um OK. Um let's see any is this, I'm gonna keep hammering
16:00 point home and sound like a broken . But i it's, it's,
16:05 just basic stuff, you know, certain it being bio people, I
16:11 for the most part you just gotta some stuff when you come out of
16:15 . OK. One of those is DNA replication occurs, um how protein
16:20 occurs with the significance of it, ? Evolution, basics of evolution,
16:25 ? How that works? I don't you have to give me the,
16:28 know, the the the excruciating minute details of stuff, but have an
16:33 of what it means, significance of , right? And metabolism is the
16:36 thing. OK. So um there the um there was a video I
16:44 of Harvard graduates, I think of you go Ivy League school,
16:48 Brainiacs coming out of there, They asked the basic question about photosynthesis
16:53 cation. And they couldn't answer. are bio majors. Harvard graduates.
16:58 ? Astonishing. Right. So, anyway, will you use this stuff
17:06 you're on your job? Probably OK. But biotech majors, if
17:12 doing the, doing the, not bioinformatics route, if you're doing the
17:16 route, bio reactors and growing you will. OK? It just
17:21 on what you're doing. But the is part of a well rounded
17:25 right? Science person. OK. um all right. So again,
17:32 is kind of more the same um kind of showing here, you know
17:38 , the the the A TP uh and uh hydrolysis and how it,
17:43 it fits together with these processes. . So uh we got CO2 and
17:50 , OK? Um uh respiration. . That's a process as we'll see
17:57 releases energy. OK? It's multiple . So there's multiple steps occurring as
18:01 like 70 different reactions as we go reactions to products. But the net
18:09 is a negative be OK. And it's that energy from this process.
18:15 so this entails its restoration. It , you know, all those parts
18:20 saw right? This back here, stuff over here, right? All
18:27 , right. So uh if that's metabolism metabolism is occurring there, which
18:32 is in this example, that's what's involved in that, right? Negative
18:37 G and we use that energy two a TP right over here, energy
18:46 right, neo lasses of proteins, science and DNA, whatever building process
18:52 going on, right? Annapolis that energy making small units and building building
18:58 house, right? You take brick, house, brick by
19:02 takes a lot of energy to put house together. Same thing,
19:05 Energy requiring process. OK. So uh always heat thermo and in
19:13 any kind of process heats always a product. OK. And so um
19:20 know, mostly, well, I'll uh if you remember exothermic endo the
19:26 , your endothermic. All right. uh for, for many things,
19:32 the heat for metabolism can't really do for you. Uh If you're an
19:37 , for example, or a or bacterium, uh it can't really do
19:42 for you. But for humans and endothermic, that's how you maintain your
19:46 temp, right? You actually do that heat for metabolism to maintain your
19:49 temp. But regardless. So um so tying together the A TP formation
19:56 hydrolysis to all this. OK. uh so forming a TPS,
20:04 Um we do that by the energy going to see that as we go
20:08 glycolysis today and, and, and uh citric acid cycle, the creb
20:14 , right? That we're gonna produce of energy and use that to make
20:18 TP. OK. So, energy releasing process metabolism, uh energy
20:26 a TP formation. OK? Link together. OK. Then um for
20:33 which needs, which is energy requiring comes from hydrolyzing a TPS, oops
20:42 , hydrolyzing a TP. OK. we go uh this way, going
20:48 here to here releases energy, A DB to phosphate to go here
20:55 energy. So metabolism fuels a TP . Anabolism requires a TP hydrolysis or
21:03 other energy releasing process to help it . Right? Because it's all about
21:10 to make things go so to right? It's about making it be
21:19 right? And so if you're a delta G process like anabolism is what
21:24 you gotta do something to turn that to a minus, right? And
21:29 where a TP hydrolysis comes in or process to change that possibility to a
21:37 . OK? Be be it changing and product ratios or what have
21:44 But something to because in that state going uphill, right? Gotta put
21:52 into it. So if you're gonna it go, you better make it
21:54 downhill. And so do something to that positive delta G to a
21:59 right? In some way. Um you. OK. Um I made
22:09 comment. It was like stud. . Uh All right. Any questions
22:13 that. So look at this. questions? OK. So again,
22:17 what I keep harping on is this requiring link it to energy uh releasing
22:24 . OK. So here and as mentioned last time if um the energy
22:31 a molecule as we're metabolizing it is from uh you know, the
22:38 right? The electrons and we're we're gonna oxidize it, right?
22:42 those electrons and we're gonna do something those, right? We're carrying energy
22:46 we're carrying electrons. Um Then we to, of course, know,
22:50 know what oxidation reduction is about, ? Because we're gonna be seeing this
22:56 in different steps. OK? It's we generate, right? These,
23:02 energy carrying molecules in a DH, ? Those are the guys we're gonna
23:06 a lot of a TPS from eventually we'll see. OK. So we're
23:11 generate N A DH among other things different steps. OK? Through oxidation
23:17 . OK. So um so here have a process of this is actually
23:24 see this in fermentation, the pate to lactate. So we have a
23:32 we're combining again, combining two processes . There's two chemical reactions occurring
23:38 OK? One is providing something the is receiving something so to speak.
23:46 . Um All right. So let's down here. So I drew a
24:00 around um the parts of the molecule kind of put your eyeballs on.
24:08 ? Because as you do that, see that we picked up electrons,
24:14 ? So in most biological reactions, through hydrogens, hydrogen ams transferring hydrogen
24:21 and transfer electrons, right? So hydrogen atoms and it's usually in
24:25 OK. So two hydrogens is what see, there are two protons and
24:29 electrons. OK. Um And so see that pyro ba has acquired that
24:37 electrons, right? So by right? Power rates become, has
24:42 reduced, right? So uh what's thing called pneumonic device? Right.
24:49 rig. OK. Oxidation is loss is gain of electrons. OK.
24:56 P rates reduced. OK. And N A DH, the source of
25:03 electrons, these guys is coming from A DH OK. And uh so
25:09 issues become oxidized in the process giving electrons giving it the py rate,
25:14 , it becomes lactate, reduced to . OK. So uh just a
25:19 of things to point out because um we just focus on, for
25:24 the end products here, N ad lactate, OK. It's not correct
25:31 say if you say OK, pirate been reduced, then lactate has
25:36 I don't know oxidized or lactate has reduced. No, but what the
25:41 reduction is about the reactants, not products, right? So if there's
25:46 , like it says uh P rate reduced and lactate is oxidized.
25:50 OK. These, in this example , N ad lactate. These are
25:55 the end products of those respective redox , right? So the only correct
26:01 that you can say here is py is reduced. N A DH is
26:06 . That's it. All right. so anything referring to anything else is
26:11 ? OK. Um OK. So OK. So as mentioned here,
26:20 we're gonna be capturing. So it's about electron, right? I said
26:23 time I had like different food sources here, I said, you
26:25 your, your body looks at those sources of electrons because you're gonna,
26:30 gonna digest them and break them down small molecules and then you're, you'll
26:35 your cells and then they will process , oxidize them, contol them and
26:42 gonna be a bunch of redox reactions . OK. So this is the
26:45 of respiration that you'll see ad nauseam well. And so um uh the
26:57 glucose, oxygen, Co2 and OK. So glucose is in the
27:01 , glucose is a source of it's becoming oxidized to CO2,
27:06 You can see where do these things to, right? Those Hs are
27:11 , right? As we went to , right? Um And so
27:15 we're gonna capture them form of right? As an A DH,
27:21 ? As fa DH two, And then a TP. So
27:26 that's what we're gonna do with that . OK. And so uh
27:31 So oxygen, of course, if and these things go hand in
27:34 right? If something is being oxidized something is gonna be reduced,
27:38 Because where those electrons going, there's flying around, right? So glucose
27:44 oxygen reduced to water. OK. um now the um glucose and so
27:56 different view of this, of So again, we're, we're interested
28:02 oxidizing, taking you know, breaking , right? Transferring electrons. And
28:08 the middle step of this is pyro pyrates, kind of the fork in
28:12 road, depending on the its metabolism the cell, it can go different
28:17 , have different options. OK? If it goes completely to CO2 and
28:24 , right? So we're gonna capture along the way in different steps as
28:28 go down to CO two. And is where you form N A DH
28:33 A DH two. And there's a of steps where you form a TP
28:39 . But we're going to take those A DH s and fa DH two
28:43 elsewhere. And that's going to make more ATPs for us. OK.
28:48 so just contrast with anabolism, Building, taking that CO2 building
28:54 OK. Which is what CO2 fixation about how plants the CO2 autotrophs fix
29:01 , right? They have to take CO2 blocks, building blocks and make
29:06 a molecule, right? That's energy , that's energy required, right?
29:10 if you're an autotroph, well, what's that source of energy to do
29:14 work light if you're a photo autotroph chemical oxidation, if you're a chemo
29:23 , litho troph. OK. um but that energy is really heavily
29:28 to, to make the molecules because the only way they can make their
29:32 , right? Remember carbon source, . First and foremost, right,
29:37 , something more com complex, The heterotrophic autotroph thing, right?
29:42 it's OK. If I'm Autotroph, am I gonna make these things,
29:46 big molecules from these building blocks? , I better have a lot of
29:49 to do this. I'm either gonna light, I'm gonna ized inorganic things
29:57 hydrogen gas or ammonium. What have ? Yeah, so um the C
30:05 , OK. So mentioned already different of energy molecules I call them.
30:12 so the N AD I only bring up just to you always see this
30:19 with Ned written like this, And it has to do with where
30:25 kind of the reductions occurring, And it's right here where it's boxed
30:29 , right? So any of these a big molecule and it, that's
30:33 the action happened is on that ring . OK? And so like I
30:38 , it's the pairs of electrons that received. OK? And so it's
30:43 focusing on that area here. Um benzene ring, those of you that
30:50 of you that had, have had chemistry, right? There is a
30:54 structures if you remember that don't need know that, but that's how it
30:58 , it can uh it has a for electron but the other one kind
31:02 floats around in that ring. And um it can only accommodate one
31:08 those hydrogens, OK? There's two being transferred, OK? And
31:14 there's only space for one, Just because of the chemistry of the
31:20 . OK. So the other one kind of sitting out goes over
31:24 right? So that's why you always reduction of ned looks like this.
31:29 it does take in the two electrons one of the protons is sitting
31:33 right? Holds on to one, other one, let go.
31:37 Uh The important part is this the acquiring of two electrons. So
31:42 guys are gonna accumulate something like uh think it's a total of 1010 of
31:48 you produce per mole of glucose So you're gonna get a lot of
31:54 for your buck from that because each these produces approximately three A TP.
32:03 . So times 10, that's 30 TPS you're getting from these N A
32:07 S, you're accumulating, gaining glycolysis respiration. OK? You just don't
32:13 the A TPS right away as you're the N DH as they happen at
32:16 electron transport chain. But you do a couple of steps where ATPs are
32:22 directly, right? And you'll see . So I'm jumping the gun here
32:26 bit. But you know that's why somewhat fixated on N A DH because
32:31 all the energy you ultimately get from . OK. Um OK. Uh
32:39 here we go, right. So is the I mentioned, there's
32:42 a couple of steps for A TP formed what I call directly, not
32:48 the electronic transport proton pumping thing. that's what we call substrate level
32:55 OK. Very simple. All it is basically what you see here,
32:58 a couple intermediates in in the process going to be looking at where the
33:05 is phosphorated, right? All that is it simply just gives it to
33:10 P and you form a TP that . So substrate phosphor relation in the
33:15 scheme of glycolysis and so restoration amounts like 44 are made this way compared
33:23 like 34 made from the N A and FA DH pathway. OK.
33:31 uh so not a lot but it's is so solely what a fermenting organism
33:40 on is just that. So you see that oh fermented that can't produce
33:45 much energy as someone who respires. right, big difference in a TP
33:51 . OK. So, but um phosphor relation, photo phosphor relation.
34:00 they said last time the oxy phosphor , right? You and I'll show
34:04 picture here in a bit. You it here in miniature form,
34:08 The whole the membrane electronic transport uh the source of electrons, the
34:15 acceptor, all that stuff, A TP A, right? When
34:19 see all that stuff like you see , you imme immediately visualize oxidative
34:26 OK? A the the let's say way to make a TPS, you're
34:33 make a lot of A TPS this uh theoretical yield, which is not
34:38 gonna be reality, but on you get like 34 at PS this
34:45 like compared to like four. OK. So that's why such a
34:52 deal about this, right? The uh of course, pho photo phosphor
35:00 involves um not identical components, but same concept, the same that they
35:07 have a TP ACES, they do the proton pumping thing right to make
35:11 TPS. Uh But the other components different but it relies on light.
35:17 um it's still the same creating proton , capturing energy, make a
35:23 right? So it's photo phosphorylation the phosphor relation is the same in
35:26 way. Obviously, one is one driven by light and one is
35:31 OK. So uh but both, of these are, are the big
35:36 P producers compared to, compared to level. Um OK. So
35:45 So this uh so for those of , well, especially if you're
35:52 like I mentioned earlier, one of biotech folks that are in the non
35:57 pathway, you'll be familiar with this you're on a job. OK?
36:02 what you're trying to do is to stuff typically a commercial scale, make
36:07 lots of proteins that is a particular of uh IE enzymes usually.
36:13 So you have to mass produce, lots of stuff, right? And
36:16 what are the things you do? , if it's, if it's this
36:18 where heterotrophic, right? Heterotrophic and rests, right? Let's look back
36:23 this equation here. Um This All right. So what you're doing
36:29 if you have uh you're working with an organism, you wanna monitor
36:34 you're gonna have it in this big , this big vessel, computer controlled
36:39 that you monitor things like oxygen, ? Oxygen goes away as the cells
36:46 and you have to crank in more . You have to make it spin
36:50 to get more air mixture and stuff that. Um You the reason why
36:57 types of carbon sources is important, ? So the levels of carbon,
37:03 ? You can make a paper calculation you can get values of an E
37:07 for example. And the basic Here is how much carbon is in
37:12 E coli cell, right? And can go OK? If I wanna
37:16 X amount of cells, I need add this much carbon, right?
37:20 it works right? And um those the kind of things you do to
37:25 maximize growth of stuff. We'll talk about this in the next unit.
37:30 um these are the kind of things you're just relying on the metabolism it
37:34 , right? You can monitor 02 away, come after CO2 as
37:40 Um different ways, right? All stuff you know, when you're in
37:44 realm in that field, these are kind of things you're working on because
37:50 it's it's how it works, Get more carbon, you get more
37:53 , right? And you can really tune it. OK. So I'm
37:57 way off the subject here. That's used to do that for 15 years
38:00 biotech. So that's why I get excited about that. But it's been
38:04 years since I've done it. But is my only opportunity to talk about
38:07 . So uh anyhoo uh back to . OK. So this is just
38:13 show you that. uh OK. we have the two columns here,
38:18 source, right? And oxidant. . Basically oxidant is uh so this
38:24 respiration going on. Uh It's all except for this one. OK.
38:32 That one that's actually fermentation. So you can see the low energy
38:39 , right? So you got delta right? There's all negative values
38:44 Uh And, and so one thing that delta G, right, the
38:48 of energy output you get from the the carbon source and, and
38:55 tal acceptor combo, right? So we're talking about here is this
39:00 Is this right here, right? our carbon or electron source is,
39:07 this column, right? And then like separate, that's actually the
39:11 So the oxidant becomes reduced, So 02 reduced to water.
39:16 So that's what we're talking about here relation to the column. OK.
39:19 you can see that greater delta G equates to more cells. Not
39:26 right? You have more energy right? That's more potential for cells
39:31 uh um um synthesize more proteins uh , to, to grow more,
39:40 , right? One cell to a cells, right? That's a lot
39:42 energy required for that. More energy , more cell growth. OK.
39:46 so you can maximize that by fiddling carbon source and oxidant. So,
39:53 course, if you're, if it's , you're gonna stick with oxygen.
39:57 ? Uh But it depends on what growing, right? Maybe it,
39:59 it can grow anaerobically. OK? you also see that. So here's
40:05 same carbon source glucose and differing only the terminal acceptor, right?
40:13 aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and you see there's a difference, right?
40:18 you see the energy difference 28 83 74 equates to a little bit less
40:25 . So, I mean, that's , it's not oxygen but it's not
40:28 bad. You still get pretty decent , ok? Not as good as
40:33 but you know, nothing to sneeze OK? For inter respire, we're
40:39 happy with that. OK? Uh , but when you compare, you
40:43 , either of those right to right? You can see a
40:51 well, bad is relative, Because a fermenter can be quite
40:57 but it has a couple of things against it. One is the end
41:00 it makes inhibit its growth, Organic acids, alcohols, these can
41:05 growth inhibiting, right? So that's of working against it. But if
41:08 things are kind of in an open , maybe they kind of go away
41:12 , or diffuse out, maybe they affect it so much. But
41:17 but if you have lots of right? And, and no air
41:22 can grow, right? We know um we've all had cavities in our
41:28 , right? That's due to fermenting bacteria. Ok. So the
41:32 they eat, they ferment it and produce acid that kind of can eat
41:35 at your enamel, right? So one example. But uh all
41:39 all you look here and go, energy output is not great for mentors
41:43 have their, have their time, to speak right under the right
41:48 right? They can, they can and do you look at the wine
41:52 beer industry? Right? We we use those. OK. So
41:57 , um any questions about that? I just wanted to. So
42:02 if you're one of those biotech right? This, this is a
42:07 , write this down, OK. have it with you. Any
42:10 that kind of part one. So strongly suggests if you're kind of
42:15 fuzzy on it, certainly come by towers, but look at the
42:19 OK. And uh uh but you want to get these basic things,
42:24 energy requiring, releasing. OK. OK. So as you go into
42:30 part, we're going to go through and again, don't stress about all
42:37 pathways because I'm not gonna expect you memorize or know that stuff.
42:43 It's more about how you're gonna see here. Really? The stuff on
42:46 slide is what to know. So uh it's about stages. So
42:51 take it in like four stages, think. And so stage one is
42:56 glycolysis. OK? And so um you know the molecules, if you're
43:02 know molecules that want us to know not even asking you to know the
43:06 structures just name, right? So pyro, OK. And um you're
43:13 to add this too here, but may help to to put these
43:17 So one glucose, two pirate, ? And of course, we're breaking
43:24 down to a three carbon molecule, ? 23 carbon molecules that and along
43:28 way we retrieve some energy right Um so as I said before,
43:35 is kind of a fork in the , right? Which way does it
43:38 ? Well, you can go the route. OK. Which remember is
43:43 incomplete erv you're not going all the to CO2 and water, right?
43:47 still have energy left in the molecules the molecule and products. OK.
43:53 um the other route is to go , respire. But remember it can
44:01 depending on the capabilities of the it can be aerobic respiration or anaerobic
44:06 . So if it goes this respiration, then presumably oxygen is present
44:13 oxygen is not present, maybe something nitrate is present and you can use
44:18 and it will go the respiration OK? Um So um there's some
44:26 point here to make. Um So in the pirate, so I
44:30 this like in terms of glyco I call the Glyco of course,
44:35 stage one, prate the ace away two of respiration. OK. I
44:43 kind of fermentation as its own Not, not a stage of
44:47 OK. So uh so prate of , does he look away, we
44:54 , we're making a molecule smaller because getting rid of the CO2 here.
44:58 coup sating it. Now we have and I should keep putting these numbers
45:03 here. OK? So we have , right? Or two here and
45:09 two of these. OK? And , so we do some energy,
45:13 ? N A DH and then the cycle. OK. And that's where
45:17 form the bulk, the bulk of N A DH if at H
45:22 OK. And we form, so see there's a couple of steps right
45:30 here and here. That's that substrate phosphor relation. A way of making
45:36 TP. OK. We're gonna take there all these N A DH S
45:41 DH twos and make like like a plus A TPS from that because they're
45:45 go to the electron transport chain. where the whole proton pumping a
45:50 A uh mechanism comes in, So that's why I call this stage
46:00 and four. OK. And fermentation kind of over here. OK?
46:05 it's really just what goes in what out, OK? And literally,
46:11 know the terms you see there, ? Those are the things to
46:14 OK. Um So you don't see reactions being written up there.
46:19 And, and all their respective right? So it's more knowing here
46:22 kind of the big picture of what's on. OK. So we're gonna
46:26 through in a little more detail, a lot on each of these uh
46:34 . OK. Um Any questions about so far? OK. All
46:40 But Mr Hand just shout at OK. Um OK. Glad
46:45 So technically, it's I'm missing a there. It's Emden Meyerhoff, Meyerhoff
46:52 E MP pathway. So no disrespect parnas who he was. But
46:57 um so that calls us, So big things there, don't worry
47:03 memorizing these intermediates. You don't need . OK. Um The point here
47:08 that there's in, in the, bioenergetics, OK? You can have
47:16 an overall negative delta G process but can be some slightly positive delta GS
47:23 the beginning. OK? That so you have to think of
47:26 the whole overall process and the net release, right? But you can
47:33 closer at it and see, oh do have to put some energy in
47:36 . At the beginning. But overall a negative delta G. That's not
47:41 because, but we all know about not getting too far into weeds on
47:47 . Now, enzymes work. But that there's a what's called activation
47:51 right? If you recall that, . So if we have this analogy
47:55 , you know, a rock going , ball or ball, rolling
48:00 right? So I remember um a this case, molecule, let's say
48:06 have a particular energy uh potential energy that entity. That ball is much
48:15 due to its position, right? state of matter, right? At
48:20 high point rather than it was at bottom, right? There's more potential
48:24 change to occur because we just roll ball downhill, right? That's change
48:29 , you know, can impart energy that but it was at the bottom
48:33 very low level energy pretty stable, ? Not much change can happen there
48:37 this position versus that position. So is favorable. Of course, we
48:42 get, we can get energy release that. OK? But right,
48:48 remember there's this, there's an activation , right? You have to get
48:53 the hump enough energy in there to bond breakage and stuff like that,
48:57 ? So even in a in an negative belt to G, we may
49:01 to put some in right to get ball rolling, so to speak.
49:05 ? Think of it as a if was a rock on top of a
49:08 and you want to make it you have to stick like a two
49:11 four, right, wedge it in and then expend a little bit of
49:15 to do that and then it gets . But, but the getting going
49:19 a lot more energy than what you in. So that's what's going on
49:22 . OK? So I'm like call the first part is that energy investment
49:27 kind of get glucose energized, so speak, if you will.
49:31 So we're gonna add some, we're use a couple a TPS,
49:35 And put phosphate groups on here. ? But we're gonna get a lot
49:42 bang for the buck because on the end, we are going to get
49:48 back, energy harvest. OK? so um that's where here this glycerine
49:57 phosphate, there's two of those. ? So we've broken, oops.
50:01 , I didn't wanna do that. on. So we've broken down glucose
50:06 two molecules. OK? Ultimately to of these as you see here.
50:14 . And uh so it's not showing this is happening twice here,
50:18 OK? Two of these. And so you get more surplus of a
50:24 N A DH as well. So gonna get a lot more back than
50:28 you put in, but you have have that first part to get the
50:31 rolling, so to speak. And so ultimately you get down to
50:34 two pirates. OK. So net . So the big things here are
50:39 way of making a TP here and that's that filtrate level phosphate, phosphorated
50:48 just giving a phosphate to 80 That's it. OK. Uh It's
50:54 doesn't require oxygen as a part of process, this can occur does occur
51:00 the absence of oxygen. OK. then the net energy gain. All
51:05 . So we're beginning to accumulate. , these things, these reduced,
51:10 electron characters. OK. And so in the bacterial world, um there's
51:19 this, this pathway is probably number . It's, it's a very ancient
51:24 . We do it, bacteria have , we have the same pathway.
51:28 so it's been one of those things over from eons ago. OK?
51:33 they also have some also have some alternatives to this and that's what we
51:38 here. OK. So in the , that's, that's what we just
51:43 . That's that E MP pathway. . The other one that many have
51:48 have is this thing, OK? in yellow here. OK. So
51:53 inner dero pathway or ed for OK. Goodness, just go back
52:01 . I think I'm right here. . So enter dero pathway. So
52:07 see in, in glycolysis, E pathway, we have glucose as a
52:12 point here. It's these things called acids. OK? Uh This can
52:16 feed in here but sugar acids is key here. OK. So glucose
52:23 is what we call an, an sugar or an aldose that has an
52:27 group at the end. Don't, worry too much about it. I'm
52:30 saying it for a comparison. sugar acids have the carboxylate group
52:34 and when do you see shug you see these in the uh mucosal
52:41 of your intestines? Ok. Your secrete this material and help food get
52:46 your system. Um lubricate that kind stuff. Um but it's rich in
52:52 sugar acids. OK. So not , e coli very common gut
52:58 uh salmonella and others. So we them enteric, OK. All kind
53:04 closely related your salmonella, E coli et cetera. They have this pathway
53:11 they're in an environment where it benefits to have evolved such a pathway.
53:16 have these rich sugar acids they can on. OK. Um And with
53:21 exception here and there uh those that the ED pathway for this process generally
53:30 have E MP pathway. So the is kind of an extra that they
53:35 . OK. So for example, coli can certainly metabolize using the E
53:39 pathway, but it also has this ED pathway if it happens to uh
53:45 the sugar acid molecules to eat, . So there's a few oddballs that
53:51 the ED pathway but and not E , but those are pretty rare,
53:58 or less. OK. There's a . So most that have the ED
54:02 have that E MP pathway. So the other one here variation
54:07 and I go with the ED you do produce energy, of
54:11 not as much necessarily. But um the pentose phosphate shunt is one that
54:20 is really firstly a bio synthetic for synthetic purposes, not so much for
54:29 , getting energy. OK. So penthos phosphate shunt generates these um Bulos
54:37 phosphate. So five carbon sugar. ? And the this is a building
54:42 to make these more complex sugars and into other molecules, more uh like
54:49 amino acids, uh and others. . So they're generally used as building
54:55 for stuff. So when you see phosphate trunk, you should think
54:59 Yeah, biosynthesis purposes. Although it , if needed, it can produce
55:04 energy as well, but its primary is building blocks and we have
55:08 we have that pathway as well. . So um some kind of variations
55:14 glucose metabolism. OK? Um All . Any questions? OK. So
55:25 , um like I said, focus really kind of uh they'll go down
55:31 weeds and memorize all individual reactions and and stuff, right? Just kind
55:35 as I'm describing this. OK. um so here we get into
55:43 this is kind of the fork in road, right? PVA. And
55:50 we're gonna sideways segue, excuse me into fermentation. OK. So uh
55:59 what we covered so far is ping OK. And energy production and
56:05 A TP. OK. So the we're gonna have all that stuff.
56:12 right. So just, just to of for a visual comparison here,
56:15 ? Respiration and all of its various , electron transport chain, a terminal
56:21 , right? Aerobic anaerobic OK. to fermentation which is anaerobic but not
56:31 lot, not all that stuff you saw with respiration. OK. So
56:35 happens is OK. So under anaerobic um so we have so think of
56:45 just keeping using glucose as our So here's our glucose reactants of the
56:51 , right? Glucose N ad And AD P and phosphate.
56:58 Those are the reactions of what we're about, right? So a
57:05 OK? Will take pate. And what what happens is as it does
57:12 clysis forth pyro. OK. N DH accumulates OK. And it has
57:20 to go. I it can't become , we have to keep resupplying N
57:26 . So remember for a fermenter which relies on what causes us to get
57:30 right? Here's the energy it needs have the sugar, it needs to
57:35 AD P and phosphate, which generally a problem, right? Because life
57:40 and reforms those billions of times a . So generally that's not a
57:43 right? But you've got to have AD reformed. OK? Or else
57:51 won't, the ration won't go. what you're doing is you're accumulating N
57:55 DH. And it's not, there's way to go back to Ned.
58:00 . So what do you do? , the fermenter then has these additional
58:04 . So it, it takes reduces it to lactate or reduces it
58:11 ethanol fermentation. OK? Because that's helps regenerate the N AD because in
58:17 process, Ne DH becomes oxidized N and then that can funnel back up
58:25 there and keep the train running, ? So that's so I think of
58:29 fermentation reactions that come after pate, purpose of those is to regenerate N
58:36 , right? Because that's what will glycolysis going assuming you got sugar
58:40 OK. Supply it. So uh so here is kind of what we're
58:46 about here. Oops. OK. right here, OK? It's gotta
58:55 regenerating this. These are your keep that going as long as you
59:00 sugar there, ad P and which generally is not a problem like
59:04 the N AD coming in. And that's what those fermentation reactions
59:09 OK? As we see here. . So here's lactic acid formation.
59:13 occurs, obviously, bacteria do this occurs in your muscles, right?
59:18 you get the T OK? And what happens is uh you take uh
59:25 , you know glycogen in your muscles broken down to glucose, right?
59:28 what your muscles do and they'll carry glycolysis. Um And so that proves
59:36 two A TPS, right? But we have to regenerate the N A
59:40 DNA D and keep that going. . So, if we look
59:45 let's look at this question. Back to what's oxidized, what's
59:50 right. So we have A B C, right? A B and
60:02 . So what is oxidized? Ok. Mhm. Ok. All
60:47 . Cut down from 32, OK. Uh A is correct,
60:58 course. Right. So we're oxidizing A DH N AD and uh P
61:04 is becoming reduced. So pyrates reduced lactate. Uh Basically the question we
61:09 earlier. OK. In a different here. So in ethanol permutation
61:17 pate is the is the raw Uh And this, we actually take
61:23 out deoxy to acetaldehyde. And then is uh again, a DH is
61:32 . OK. Acetaldehyde reduced, So you can see the addition of
61:38 around that carbon. OK. So reduced ethanol and A DH again
61:43 right? For reforming the key here to reform this. OK. So
61:51 that's fermentation, right? So I that with the fermenter, right?
61:55 things, things like Lactic acid, can inhibit growth. Uh when you
62:02 with fermenters in industry, you uh can engineer um uh the e strains
62:10 bacterial strains to be less susceptible to end products, right? That's what
62:16 do with wine that nowadays used to only 9%. Alcohol is now like
62:21 . Uh because you engineered strains to able to withstand that level, those
62:25 of, of ethanol. Um You also chemically kind of remove it through
62:32 uh and, and minimize the effect way as well. So you probably
62:35 a combination of the two. Uh But again, as long as
62:40 could use a finite sugar during N it will, you know, it
62:44 do its thing. OK. Um need to answer that. Uh
62:50 Any questions, right? So now went to the fermentation side. Now
62:55 back on track stages 23 and OK. So pate, we now
63:02 in the presence of um a suitable acceptor. So one thing. So
63:07 coli, right, talk about E a lot. So E coli is
63:11 one that can, that has all options available to it. It can
63:16 , it can respire aerobically, it respire aerobically. So it literally is
63:21 this three headed monster. OK? can, has lots of metabolic
63:27 OK? So if it has a terminal acceptor, it will then proceed
63:33 respiration. So um so what I stage two is this pate to acetyl
63:41 stage. OK. So prate is oxidized again, we're reforming,
63:48 sorry. An A DH, In R of A CO2.
63:53 Now, with um so in terms energetics here, right? So we
63:59 glucose, OK? We had glucose we had to um we had to
64:05 it up. So to speak, ? We had to invest a little
64:08 of energy into it right into um glyceraldehyde three phosphate, right? Two
64:16 those right? Phosphorated then we so we went down to PVA,
64:22 ? We got the energy back, ? A TP and A DH,
64:28 we call this uh free energy right? Energy. OK. So
64:39 pumped some energy in the glucose energy , right? We then took some
64:43 that back as we went through the uh harvesting phase, right? Prate
64:48 energy back in the form of right? So now pyrates down here
64:52 , right? And it is kind a lower energy form like glucose was
64:55 the beginning right now, we gotta , pump that one up.
65:00 And in doing so we're gonna get back again. OK? And so
65:06 way to do that here, that's the acetyl coa is about.
65:10 This thing, the CO A So the CO A is what brings
65:17 of bound. So CO A if you look on your cereal box
65:21 the ingredients, right? You see of B vitamins like thiamine and
65:25 blah, blah. And one of on there is pantothenic acid,
65:29 It's actually the the chemical used to CO A, OK? And so
65:34 A itself has one of these squiggly , the sulfur molecule in there.
65:39 has one of those in A TP a squiggly line. That means high
65:43 phosphate bond, right? And so clip that off and it's how you
65:48 produce the energy. So here K is very similar. So it has
65:51 squiggly line of high energy sulfate su bond. OK. So if we
65:57 that and hook that K A onto that will energize that molecule,
66:01 So that's what's going on here is get this back up, pump this
66:05 up energetically speaking. All right, we're gonna recover lots of N A
66:11 , right? Uh fa DH two a little bit of a TP,
66:17 ? So that's what enables that to by getting this energy back.
66:22 So, um and that's not unusual these energetic processes because you're think about
66:28 , right? You initially pump it and you get energy back from it
66:31 you just do it, do the with pate and so on. So
66:34 , it's not something unusual in OK. And so uh let me
66:40 this out of the way. Um crib cycle, OK. The crib
66:48 is OK. So if you've well, probably would have no reason
66:53 if you look at a metabolic chart all the metabolic process is going on
66:58 your body, right? It would like uh electronic diagram. OK?
67:04 going every which way uh one pathway to another, et cetera. But
67:09 see the creb cycle will be a part in there. You're gonna have
67:13 going to it, arrows going away it. OK? It serves two
67:18 . It serves both metabolism and, a so it's kind of a central
67:24 in metabolism, we call it because serves both sides, right? So
67:28 course, sugars glucose funnel, funnel kind of through glycolysis. Ok.
67:35 like pro when, when you break proteins or you break down fats,
67:40 ? Fats, uh kind of funnel here. OK. Uh proteins will
67:47 in down here when you break them in different different stages of the creb
67:52 . So, but then these TC intermediates, these creb cycle intermediates are
67:58 as building blocks to make stuff, ? So you have both sides
68:05 an AOL and anabolism are, it's a part of both of those
68:09 OK. So uh so in terms energy production, right? So we
68:15 um these three molecules being produced the A DH fa DH two and A
68:22 OK. And you see them by , the red circles right here
68:28 here and here. OK. So so you can look at it in
68:33 ways, right? So we have cly away going in. OK.
68:37 one ace away wants around the OK? But for each glucose,
68:45 produce two Aila ways. That's why look at can look at it in
68:48 ways. This is per a cleo , this is per glucose, just
68:52 it. It's like it's doubling the . OK. So per molar glucose
68:57 produce this much. OK. Um , and so remember that this a
69:04 formation here that substrate level phosphorylation, ? That's we saw that earlier in
69:11 , right? Uh But what we're here is accumulating lots of N A
69:18 and fa DH too. So uh this point, glucose is completely
69:23 right? We got rid of the once there. Then here and here
69:30 . Yeah, because he chewed it , right? CO2 and water.
69:34 . And so um so then uh we call this stage two up here
69:43 this box, right? And this stage three right there. Uh
69:49 I got to see that. So and what's left is what are we
69:54 with all these N A DH S accumulated, right? Because we,
69:57 accumulated them in each stage, So now we're gonna get the benefits
70:02 that. OK. That's what you here. OK. So we have
70:07 N A DH here from here and . So crib cycle, I mean
70:15 mycosis stage one, the P rate C A stage two TC A
70:20 Three, all those points we accumulate a DH. OK. And then
70:25 go to electron transport chain. So again, what you're seeing here
70:31 the slide, this is all oxidated formation. OK. So the N
70:36 , these N A DH s mostly some fa DH too. OK.
70:43 gonna give up their electrons here. is where the proton pumping occurs,
70:49 ? And then the A TP a coming through and then you can't really
70:55 the kind of a small font But um the difference in energy,
71:01 , have phosphorylation, which is substrate , right? Big difference,
71:06 So um nine times the difference right? So that's uh and so
71:15 enough. And obviously that's why an or a respiratory metabolism, oxygen metabolism
71:22 you have that, that energy can a large being like yourself,
71:27 Because you have this very energy rich which um OK. Any questions on
71:36 ? Let's look at, let's look couple of quick questions here. Um
71:42 I there's a couple of things I point out especially on this slide.
71:48 be careful while reading it. OK. That good. No.
72:43 OK. Let's count down here from . I expect the split between people
72:56 say B and E is my Let's see. Yes, that was
73:03 . OK. So I did I did it on purpose.
73:06 So um the, the uh let just see the results here again.
73:14 . So if you are one of the 52 that answered F you are
73:22 . OK. So let's go through two points here, right? This
73:26 and oops, not that this one this one here. OK. B
73:33 . So remember in that source, ? The source is N a
73:36 the source is what let's say we're glucose as our example, right?
73:41 is the source actually, right? you're not making N A DH s
73:47 N ad, unless they're being, they're in a redox process with a
73:51 , right? Breaking down glucose, ? So N A DH isn't the
73:57 , it's whatever the food source is the source. OK? And
74:04 fermentation is not the same thing as anaerobic restoration. I can get why
74:09 might think that because they're both right? Remember fermentation. That's why
74:14 had the contrast between the two. saw respiration and all this stuff that
74:18 with that, right? Like none that occurs with fermentation, right?
74:22 that's fermentation is its own thing. fermentation is not respiration. OK.
74:28 is a very specific thing. Um Let's look at one more.
74:37 . This is about fermentation. So reading that any questions on the previous
74:44 , any questions? So let's the uh oxygen becomes oxidized.
74:53 it becomes reduced, becomes reduced to . OK. Probate becomes oxidized during
74:58 clo not reduced. Uh in order work like cause this requires oxygen.
75:05 , that cause this does not require . OK? OK. 21.
75:41 . If you answered f because the are uh A&E so FF is correct
75:52 . All right. That's all we . All right. So have a
75:57 weekend. See you next
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