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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture17_1028
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00:01 Yeah. All right Charl yeah, apologize again for not getting your paper
00:11 up. Um It's been a nightmare is around this time of year
00:16 Remember everyone's greatest depending upon other people their jobs. If someone doesn't do
00:19 job, I don't have a complete . So I've got to play juggle
00:24 in some cases like there'll be a who actually receives ah Or didn't receive
00:30 three reviews. I mean they will assigned, someone was assigned to
00:34 but they didn't do the review. I'm trying to figure out how do
00:37 deal with that. So uh for 80% of you, 90% of your
00:41 already. Um but then there's 10% you. So that's why I haven't
00:45 yet when I was use. I know if that someone else finished my
00:53 degree. Mhm. one It said . She is not at this moment
00:59 something. Four hours. I I know what's going on there. I
01:03 , if that happened then what you , the simple rules just log
01:07 log back in. Um So, could be a turning an issue.
01:10 could be a blackboard issue. It be a server issue. Could be
01:14 software issue. Could be a network . You never know. And so
01:18 anything does does stuff like I'll give an example. I have a family
01:23 six. Right? Me, my . four kids. Oh, drive
01:30 nuts. They all want to be my computer because they all suck.
01:36 , no, I'm they don't But my younger kids like play on
01:39 computer. My older kids like to Youtube videos and screw everything up and
01:44 went in to start creating stuff to other day, I can't figure out
01:48 , you know, someone must have with the network settings, right?
01:52 spent hours trying to figure out it any of that. It was just
01:56 virtual network was not letting it, someone pressed a button. It turned
02:00 off. So that's the idea is got to just kind of troubleshoot it
02:04 . Figure out what the problem That was the point that besides be
02:07 about my kids being on my That was the whole point of
02:10 Right? So if you have an like that, you know, try
02:14 try and if you can't do then email me. If it's sometimes
02:18 I'm on and I see the email up and I look and see,
02:21 try to get to. But if during office hours, I will definitely
02:24 office but daytime hours, I'll definitely able to respond back. All
02:28 But if you didn't do it or you didn't complete a review, I
02:31 there were a couple of people. I went through every review by the
02:34 , you know, I don't read all, but I can go through
02:37 kind of look for patterns and And so for example, there are
02:40 people that weren't getting credit for their . So remember if you don't meet
02:43 25 were threshold, it considers the complete. And so it doesn't give
02:48 any credit for it. So I to go through. And I got
02:50 look to make sure that anything you get credit for, you actually deserved
02:54 for. And then there are some it's like, well you got credit
02:57 this. But I went through and look it's like, oh look,
02:59 person gave all five to every one the people that they were assigned
03:04 Do you think that they did their ? No. And then you go
03:08 the review and they're actually the comments the review actually kind of good.
03:11 like great. But you gave them five. You didn't do the
03:14 I can tell when you did the . Oh look, you have 10
03:17 to go. So you know, you're not getting credit for that.
03:21 you don't do the peer review the you're supposed to you're not getting credit
03:24 it. Again, that's a very subset and probably nobody in here because
03:29 you're showing up, you're probably actually the work. It's just a
03:33 So you can see it pisces me because every year it's like this and
03:37 just drives them to do what you've assigned to do. If you're a
03:40 , are you gonna blow off I don't feel like doing surgery
03:45 No. Right. I'm not gonna that, Get your work.
03:50 Sorry, I'm bitching. I hate the weather starts getting cold, even
03:54 it's hot. Mhm. Today what gonna do is we're gonna deal and
04:02 guys have a test on Tuesday. sure you're all thrilled about that.
04:06 Today, what we're gonna do is gonna finish up with the respiratory
04:08 Hopefully you're going to see that this pretty simple. Um I've got to
04:13 real careful here. Uh I read yesterday that I'm just going to share
04:17 you. Um It's a meta study uh on triggering uh you know like
04:25 warnings is the word you've heard a one, right? You know?
04:29 the idea behind the trigger warning is we're warning you or getting you prepared
04:33 something that may trigger you may cause to become upset. And they did
04:38 these studies looking at all these studies they found that trigger warnings actually cause
04:43 harm than good. And so what up here and I'm like, oh
04:46 is tough. That's a trigger isn't it? It's like what I'm
04:50 to do. I'm trying to what say, Be careful, slow
04:52 Think about this. But in actuality I'm doing is probably making you panic
04:56 little bit and I think the opposite true as well. I want to
04:59 it is easy. That's a trigger . Just a different type of trigger
05:03 . Right? So, don't worry this. And that can also cause
05:06 harm. So, I'm gonna try do that less. Even though this
05:09 easy. I mean, respiratory system right. Ultimately, what we said
05:17 the respiratory system, the purpose of respiratory system is to get the oxygen
05:20 the cells. Because cells needed for what sort do we use? Cellular
05:28 ? Good. Okay, making sure on the same page. Right?
05:31 that's the whole purpose. Right? got lots and lots of cells and
05:35 all not near oxygen. So, gotta figure out a way to get
05:37 oxygen to them. All right. then they're going through the process of
05:40 respiration. What are they going to ? Sam. Yes, they
05:46 But as a byproduct of the production ATP what do they Co two
05:52 We're keeping it simple. We don't about ATP. That's for another
05:56 Maybe another lecture. Alright, we're getting oxygen in the air we're
06:01 co two. We need to get away from the cells in far
06:04 That's a waste product. We want to be gone. And so,
06:07 the whole purpose here is to deal those two issues. Oh, too
06:12 to the cells CO two away from cells. So, in the grand
06:15 of things. This is what the doing, right? We're basically if
06:19 take out all this middlemen stuff. here, middleman stuff, you can
06:23 basically, I'm bringing an oxygen near the cell so I can get cellular
06:27 producing CO. Two and getting rid that. So everything else is a
06:33 of transport. That's all it Right. And so what we need
06:37 do is we want to make this as easy as possible. We don't
06:41 to have active systems in place. want inactive systems or passive systems.
06:46 so what you can think about in grand scheme of things in order to
06:49 oxygen from the Al Viola into the ? Well, let me just start
06:53 oxygen to the cells. What is partial pressure of oxygen have to be
06:58 relative to their lower and to get two out of the body. The
07:02 pressure of CO. Two in the Viola has to be greater or less
07:07 lower. All right. So, already understand these principles. Now,
07:12 I have all these middlemen in right? Or these passage where these
07:16 mechanisms in place in order to get oxygen from the Al Viola into the
07:20 , I need to have a partial gradient, right? That favors oxygen
07:25 from the elbow light to the And that's gonna be true. What's
07:29 happen is we're gonna create a partial gradient or a partial pressure gradient is
07:33 to be there because there's gonna be oxygen on the uh on the sending
07:39 , on the systemic side as it back towards the towards the lungs.
07:43 so oxygen is going to rush into blood until it reaches equilibrium. And
07:49 it's going to travel around. And because the oxygen levels are lower here
07:53 the cells, the oxygen is going rush out. The cells are out
07:57 the blood into the cells or near cells so that they can be taken
08:00 . And then the converse is On the opposite side, CO two
08:04 going to be higher than it is the blood as it's arriving from the
08:09 systemic circulation. Right? And then the auction leads, CO two is
08:13 to be added because it's gonna rise because it's lower and then it's going
08:18 reach a point of equilibrium and then going to travel around and then because
08:23 reaches equilibrium, it's able to leave we move carbon dioxide back out into
08:28 Al Viola. I see in the , you guys go home,
08:34 I mean, that's all this That's all today is about. But
08:38 gonna look at how damn it. right, Okay. So if that's
08:44 we're looking at, it scares me I can't see my next slide,
08:47 looking at a few diffusion processes and is it boiling down. Remember I
08:52 there was numbers. But you don't to know the numbers. Memorized
08:55 But looking at the numbers just allows to see these differences. Look,
08:59 partial pressure Of oxygen down to the around 40 million mm of mercury up
09:06 . In the other is about So you can see that pressure
09:08 right, partial pressure difference. So oxygen coming from the cells arise towards
09:14 Al Viola, I then there's that that's gonna drive oxygen into the blood
09:19 it reaches equilibrium. The reason it equilibrium because the blood slows down in
09:24 capillaries. Right? And so you a greater amount of exchange and say
09:27 where you have veins or something a little bit larger. So basically
09:32 is kind of trickling through, oxygen going to rush out to where there's
09:35 lower concentration or partial pressure of And so that's why the partial pressure
09:42 up to 100 and in the blood partial pressures around 100. And then
09:46 it rise back down to the Oh, look, I've been burning
09:49 all my oxygen. So the partial is a lot lower so oxygen flows
09:53 until it reaches equilibrium and that's when returns back. Simple cycle. Same
09:58 is true for carbon dioxide. I'm carbon dioxide. So the partial pressure
10:02 up about 46 millimeters of mercury as arrives blood is arriving with the lower
10:07 pressure of carbon dioxide. So carbon rushes until it reaches equilibrium gets up
10:12 the LBO lie partial pressure of carbon and the AL Viola is roughly 40
10:17 of mercury. So, carbon dioxide flushing out or rushing out into the
10:21 Viola until it reaches equilibrium, repeat cycle. So, basically the circulation
10:27 serves as this middleman for this exchange take place. All right.
10:33 oxygen is carried in the blood in of two ways, it's either found
10:38 in the blood as a gas. right. So, we could actually
10:41 take a sample of the plasma and could pull out oxygen molecules. All
10:47 . Because it dissolves just like carbon or auction anywhere. Right? It
10:52 goes into things where there's less of and if it's like a liquid or
10:57 gas, it's just going to move that gradient and that's what's going to
11:01 . All right. But when we about oxygen, we talk about oxygen
11:05 . We typically think about oxen transport different means. What's the other means
11:10 . And where's hemoglobin found in the blood cells. And that's a key
11:15 to remember here because it's very easy start confusing to do things. All
11:19 . So, we got to remember is gonna move from the Alvin ally
11:24 the blood and other the liquid form the blood, but it's going to
11:27 carried predominantly on hemoglobin. All So, what that means is auction
11:33 to move from the blood into the blood cell and it has to have
11:37 mechanism to drive it in that Alright. But what I want to
11:41 talk about is I want to talk this bound to the oh actually I
11:45 I'm going to talk about the first , but when it's bound to
11:48 alright, it's gonna be in the blood cells. So here we're showing
11:51 hemoglobin is referred to as its de form and it's not bound to oxygen
11:56 up toxins referred to as oxy All right. There are four globe
12:02 molecules in hemoglobin. That means there's he molecule for each of those
12:06 So how much oxygen can a hemoglobin ? Thank you. That's what I'm
12:09 at. I'm looking for four. answer is four. So, if
12:13 have all four of those bound what's the percentage? 100%. This
12:18 gonna be fun math. If I away one oxygen, what percentage of
12:22 do I have 75 and another 150 then 25 and then none. All
12:28 , So it's a real simple number play with. All right, everyone
12:32 worn a oximeter? You know an . Is that little white thing that
12:36 go to doctor? Soft stick on middle of the end of your finger
12:38 go look your oxygen levels are If they don't say the normal they're
12:41 freak out. What's the number? what number do they freak out at
12:48 below 90. About 92 is when start getting panicky. Alright,
12:53 you notice that's not 100 or Right? And really what they're doing
12:57 they're looking at uh you know when talking 175 50 that's one off.
13:02 one hemoglobin molecule? And you have billions that's a real number.
13:10 So, the partial pressure of oxygen what's going to contribute to the degree
13:18 saturation. The more oxygen and I it into the plasma, the more
13:22 available to go into red blood more oxidants available for red blood
13:26 the more I can push on the . All right. So, basically
13:30 we're doing is we're looking at a towards hemoglobin is what we're trying to
13:34 at. So, as a partial of oxygen increases, that's going to
13:38 the production of oxy hemoglobin. If drop the partial pressure of oxygen,
13:43 means my oxy hemoglobin is going to go of its oxygen to bring that
13:48 levels back up in the surrounding In this case we're talking about the
13:54 . All right, So oxygen or for the best. The best way
13:59 think about this is it's basically a or a depot in which you're gonna
14:03 oxygen for later use now to give a visual representation of this. I
14:09 you to think about like this here our valvular air. Here is our
14:14 plasma? Here is the site of . The red blood cell. Look
14:17 the partial pressure of oxygen, where it lowest in the red blood
14:23 Right? So, naturally oxygen is to move through all the different layers
14:30 we tend to ignore to get into plasma. Right? When were the
14:35 slide I showed you oxygen arriving or blood arriving back into the Al Viola
14:41 a partial pressure of oxygen around 40 of mercury. So, that's what
14:45 can say. It's about 40 millimeters mercury here over here. And that
14:48 how much? About 100 100 100% yet. Alright, percentage deals
14:54 hemoglobin saturation, which we'll get All right, So, forget from
14:58 to here, there's a 60 millimeter in pressure. So auction is going
15:03 be driven into the into the All right. But in order for
15:08 to get into the red blood that means the auction level has to
15:11 even lower. Now, why is oxygen level lower? Because oxygen has
15:15 propensity to bind up the hemoglobin it binds to hemoglobin. So,
15:19 you have available hemoglobin, but you've away oxygen. So, you're creating
15:23 gradient that pulls or drives oxygen into red blood cell. All right.
15:30 of mass action. Right? Every it takes something away, I need
15:34 fill up that space. So, go to the next place to fill
15:37 up. That kind of makes sense far? All right. Now,
15:42 you can't visualize this, we're gonna this as an example. Not this
15:48 not teaching what I'm teaching you. just a visualization of it. I
15:52 you to imagine a life without red cells and hemoglobin. All right.
15:57 , here's the oxygen. Here's the without the red blood cells. What's
16:01 to happen is auction's gonna flow in ? Until it reaches equilibrium. And
16:05 what they're just showing you. Is you that equilibrium between those two
16:09 All right. The amount of oxygen your blood can carry without red blood
16:15 and without hemoglobin is not enough oxygen keep you happily alive. All
16:20 It might be able to keep you , but not enough to do
16:24 I think maybe you'd be able to your heart and that's about it.
16:27 right. So, we don't have means of supplying enough oxygen for our
16:32 simply by just having blood. We to have those red blood cells.
16:38 remember what's packed inside those red blood are those hemoglobin molecules. So,
16:43 , what we have is we have blood cells in there. And so
16:46 happens you can see here is a where we don't have a hemoglobin.
16:50 ? So, the oxygen that comes sees a gradient and moves inward binds
16:56 to that spot because it moves What happens is we lose that oxygen
17:02 though we have equilibrium between these two when this one leaves, it creases
17:07 that drives oxygen inward. So oxygen always moving down the gradient and we're
17:13 the gradient by having oxygen capable of hemoglobin. In other words, the
17:17 for auction by hemoglobin is pretty All right. Another picture just so
17:26 you can visualize a little bit is this one where it's actually showing
17:29 many red blood cells showing up With little hemoglobin or very little oxygen notice
17:36 about 75% saturation here and then when come in, this is an
17:42 But every time you pick up And up notice now we're 100% saturated.
17:47 drawing more oxygen back into the All right. Such as a visual
17:53 . All right. So oxygen is driven down its partial pressure gradient into
17:59 blood and into the red blood cells and a hemoglobin. All right.
18:03 this is how we're saturating our bodies oxygen so that we can do the
18:08 that we do so free with Kind of. All right. This
18:18 little thing right here is called the hemoglobin saturation curve. Remember I had
18:23 think about hemoglobin is having four teams ? For hands means foreign binding
18:28 I mean, I can be for single hemoglobin molecule. I can be
18:31 four states 100% saturated, 75% 50 . So on easy numbers to look
18:37 right. And so if you look this little thing right here,
18:45 hearing 100% There is 75%. Would be there 25%. Somewhere around
18:50 . And so, what this is you at this partial pressure, What's
18:55 to happen is is I'm going to this degree of saturation. So,
18:59 about 100 millimeters of mercury, what saying is that my saturation should be
19:04 100%. All right. At saturation. My partial pressures around 40
19:12 mercury. All right. And I do that for 15 for 25 and
19:16 on and so on. All The first thing I want to point
19:19 here is what is 100 and 40 ? If we went back to the
19:23 or second slide that I showed what are those two numbers represent?
19:26 millimeters of mercury. Is where? do nothing. It's up here.
19:31 Al Viola. Right. Al Viola and then the other one. The
19:34 is venus. So, basically what partial pressure of oxygen is in cells
19:41 normal resting cells. So, your metabolic activity Dropth the partial pressure
19:48 60 of mercury. And how much do I need to do that?
19:51 one pre hemoglobin. All right, , that's resting. All right.
19:58 what you're doing right now as you fall asleep to the beautiful lilting sound
20:02 my voice. All right. Think running across campus. Do you need
20:09 oxygen? Yeah. Right. So now have a steady pool of options
20:15 to you? Right? So you release more auction from hemoglobin. All
20:19 . So the greater activity yield A release because you have a greater
20:26 In other words, yourself start burning oxygen a lot faster. And so
20:30 means you're going to start dropping your pressure and then look here's 50.
20:36 my partial pressure drops around 25, hemoglobin is about roughly 50% saturated.
20:42 took me 60 of mercury to let of one oxygen. But it only
20:47 me what Maybe 15 mm of Mercury to drop the next one and then
20:54 get to the next one. Probably seven of mercury. In other
21:00 as my need for auction increases. how do I measure that? I
21:04 just simply look at how much oxygen available to the cells by looking at
21:08 partial pressure. The quicker I release from human globe. In other
21:13 the greater the need more readily available the greater ease at which it is
21:17 me to release my oxygen. that's kind of cool. The other
21:22 that you can think about this is hemoglobin has an affinity for oxygen if
21:27 bound up to oxygen. In other , as you bind up more
21:31 the greater affinity is it's able to oxygen and the less oxygen has,
21:35 less affinity it has to bind up is more readily. There's more easy
21:40 it to release oxygen. All That kind of makes sense. In
21:44 words, the more oxygen I the more, the more that it's
21:48 to release it because it's capable of . In other words, if I
21:52 hold onto four, I'm happy. if one goes away, I'm willing
21:56 give you the second one quicker. the third one quicker. Right?
22:00 if I bind up on the opposite , if I bind up one,
22:03 easier it is for me to bind the second and the third and the
22:06 . Does that make sense? as auction become more or less
22:11 I'm moving in the direction to make oxygen either usable or to store up
22:18 what I'm trying to get at. that's what that curve shows you.
22:21 right? So, oxygen when we in the Al Viola, it's more
22:28 for it to bind up because auction to bind up. Mhm. When
22:33 arrive in the tissues, I'm more to give away oxygen because it's willing
22:38 let it go is what I'm trying get at. So, that's what
22:43 oxygen uh hemoglobin curve is basically showing the relationship between the degree of saturation
22:49 the partial pressures. All right, kind of nice means the blood is
22:56 around with the oxygen reserves? I have to wait for my lungs to
23:01 in a whole bunch of box in to make my muscles work. Got
23:04 place to go. It's already already my bank of oxygen kind of
23:08 Right. Well, how do I it release oxygen faster or less?
23:14 , there are some factors that play role in changing the attraction of hemoglobin
23:20 oxygen or vice versa. Alright, acidity are two of them. And
23:25 we're going to have a D. . G. And carbon dioxide.
23:28 right. Now you can sit here memorize these and that's fine. I'm
23:34 you have hard drive space to do . Okay. Or what you can
23:38 is you can say ah There's there's in common between temperature acidity, the
23:44 of carbon dioxide that all have one in common. It has to do
23:49 metabolic activity. Easy way to remember when I exercise do get hotter or
23:54 hotter. So as temperature rises, an indication an indication of an increase
23:59 metabolic activity. All right. You this a long time ago in Biology
24:03 . And if you've taken cell biology biochemistry, you've learned it again,
24:08 , cellular respiration is an inefficient The amount of energy that's stored in
24:11 glucose molecule is not 100% released in form of energy? Well, it
24:16 all energy but all usual energy. the other energy that we produce?
24:23 , right. So as temperature that's an indication of increased metabolic
24:27 So if I have increased metabolic what's the probability my cells need
24:32 Pretty good actually. That's the actual . So as temperature rises, I'm
24:38 willing to let go of oxygen at partial pressures is what I'm trying to
24:46 at. And so what temperature does that it's shifting the curve? I'm
24:51 to time out for a second. . When I was in your
24:55 my freshman year of college, I micro economics. I think of the
24:59 economics class. I can't remember. how important it was to me.
25:02 right. And I remember the professor there because I was good at
25:06 I stopped doing that a long time . I'm not good at it
25:09 But I was good at math and shot there and he was talking to
25:12 that guns and butter curve for You've taken economics. Do you remember
25:16 guns and butter? No. Apparently no one has taken economics is
25:20 longer requirement. That's okay. But basically it's a curve. And
25:23 said blah blah blah blah shifts the . And I said, whoa,
25:28 . Time out. You can't shift . The curve just is right.
25:34 just is. Well, when I variables, I create a new
25:39 But what he was saying is no, it's moving the curve and
25:43 just said here second ago, the shifts and basically what it's saying
25:48 look, new variables cause a rewriting the curve away from the original
25:56 What you're looking at here Is what just described the shifting of the
26:01 And I just want you to say not a shifting of the curve.
26:04 variable or changing the variable causes the to be rewritten. So the red
26:09 there represents the middle at 37°. If temperature rises, the new curve has
26:17 moved to the right relative to the curve. And so what this is
26:22 is, look, we're going to that one hemoglobin. So what's the
26:26 of one hemoglobin disappears? What's our , 75. So here's your
26:32 Remember initially we were at 40 of , partial pressure of oxygen. Now
26:38 at where we release that oxygen about 50. So at a higher
26:45 pressure, I'm not even using up my oxygen yet. But there's an
26:50 that I will be. So I'm to release my oxygen early so I'm
26:54 that cell with increased metabolic activity with auction before they even are desperate for
27:01 . Opposite is true when it cools down. That's an indicator of the
27:06 of metabolic activity. So I hold to oxygen longer. Alright,
27:11 The byproduct of metabolic activity is a in the ph And so the same
27:17 happens as well as ph decreases right . Uh This is supposed to be
27:26 Alright. That basically uh when you more acid that's going to decrease the
27:34 for uh uh hemoglobin and oxygen. other words, human golden lets go
27:40 oxygen faster. So that's the same that's going on here as PH
27:45 so goes the curb, it moves to the right and so release oxygen
27:52 . All right, carbon dioxide, do we get carbon dioxide increased metabolic
28:03 . So as carbon dioxide levels that's an indicator that the cells are
28:08 an increase in metabolic activity. Maybe should release oxygen earlier. So,
28:12 are the three you can see carbon levels rise. Ph goes down.
28:18 other words, the number of protons or temperature increases. Those are all
28:23 of an increase in metabolic activity. last one right here is a molecule
28:28 in red blood cells. D. . G 23 di fossa obliterate,
28:32 . There's a different glass clinic pathway being used. Some hormones can stimulate
28:37 and what that does, it hey, hemoglobin, that oxygen go
28:41 and let go of it and so release the auction. So it makes
28:44 available. So really what it It sells talking to red blood cells
28:49 tell them to release the oxygen and things right down here, just saying
28:55 I just said basically, if you're in this direction, you release oxygen
28:59 than you normally would if you're moving this direction then you are holding on
29:04 oxygen at at a partial pressure that normally have let it go previously.
29:13 that kind of makes sense? Or just I just saw your eyes do
29:16 . I don't like when always do where it's like I know it's
29:20 So what it's saying is if my or if my curve is redrawn on
29:25 side of it, I'm letting go oxygen earlier than I normally would.
29:30 at higher partial pressures. Okay. sir the PGA there is a and
29:40 a we're at a high altitude or . Um You know I don't know
29:45 answer to that and I wish I . That's a really good question.
29:49 primarily when you're at a higher altitude talking about a writer, a poet
29:53 right and that's going to cause an in red blood cell production. But
29:57 is within the red blood cells. I guess if you have more red
30:00 cells you have more D. But D. P. G.
30:04 only active when your body needs press but when you need the oxygen
30:11 available at that moment it's basically a uh like a chemical signal that says
30:17 the oxygen. So I'm not solely solely dependent upon temperature uh ph or
30:24 dioxide levels. That's what I'm trying get out. So there's there's another
30:29 outside of measuring metabolism. All Of course, oxygen simple. It's
30:41 the blood or it's in the red cells being transported on hemoglobin. Carbon
30:46 , of course, has to be confusing. Has three mechanisms it can
30:50 in the blood. That's easy. two right? As dissolved just like
30:54 is all right. It can go the red blood cells and bind up
30:58 hemoglobin. It does so differently than does. That binds not to the
31:04 It binds to the globe and portion the molecule. And the third way
31:09 that it's transformed into bicarbonate and it's back to the blood. So,
31:14 transformed. It can be transformed in blood directly, or it's moved into
31:18 red blood cell, transformed and then right back out again in the form
31:23 . And this is the most common that it's being transported. All
31:27 bicarbonate dissolves easier in the blood than dioxide does. And so that's why
31:33 transport that in that direction. And uses this particular equation. Now,
31:39 know a lot of people like I'm looking around here, a bunch
31:42 science geeks, right, Alright, time for you. This is what
31:46 do. You don't put caffeine on body. You don't put all those
31:49 . You know? This is the right here that you have to put
31:52 your body. All right. That's important one. You're going to see
31:55 over and over and over and over . Now, here's the truth.
31:59 dioxide and water will naturally become carbonic . All right. It can do
32:05 , it doesn't need an enzyme to so. But the carbonic and
32:09 that's the enzyme right here speeds up process significantly. Alright. It's a
32:16 process. And actually what happens is you form carbonic acid, it will
32:21 down into bicarbonate into a proton. right. So, that's what that
32:26 . And it shows you that's completely . What that means is is in
32:31 I'm in a tissue, like around cells and I'm red blood cells show
32:36 and pick up carbon dioxide and does conversion and then the bicarbonate is transported
32:42 the blood. When it arrives back the lungs, you can do the
32:45 reaction create carbon dioxide. So, can breathe the carbon dioxide right
32:50 All right. So, while this up a majority of the process,
32:58 quickly reversible. All right. It's one of these enzymes where it's like
33:03 stuck over here now. All What we have is we have something
33:07 called the chloride shift, which I'm to show you here in the next
33:10 . And so that's what allows us move the bicarbonate of carbon dioxide where
33:15 need it to be. And it's same sort of rules. Remember,
33:18 like that picture. I showed you out there in the blood and here's
33:22 out in the lungs and here's the . Here's a red blood cell,
33:26 ? The reason we're able to get into the red blood cell is because
33:30 never let it saturate or quick break the blood. We always have the
33:34 there to allow the auction to flow until equilibrium. All the hemoglobin is
33:39 , and then we're going to see along the way. And that's what's
33:43 go on here. Yes, Mhm. Is there something watching
33:57 Um, So, yes. And is part of how the kidney
34:01 So, when we become when our becomes too acidic, we actually pull
34:05 protons out and get rid of And this is one of the things
34:09 the kidney is responsible for. All , but where do we get those
34:13 from this? And what's interesting because getting rid of so many protons.
34:17 this is this is a factoid. don't need to know this. We
34:20 roughly 60,000 bicarbonate molecules to everyone And you'd say, but wait a
34:27 . I know my chemistry, they me memorize these stupid ratio things.
34:32 so, if every time I'm making bike, I mean, a carbon
34:35 acid and it associates shouldn't get And the answer is yes, but
34:39 get rid of a bunch of those . All right, because of the
34:43 of my kidney works. And because what I'm trying the acid base balance
34:47 the system works. So we're heavily pushed towards the bicarbonate side. All
34:53 , that's a good question. All . So, I'm just going to
34:56 you the three different steps here, you can see it. Right?
34:59 here we are in the tissues. making lots and lots of carbon
35:03 The amount of carbon dioxide here is be lower there than there.
35:06 That's why carbon dioxide moves in. ? So, once carbon dioxide is
35:12 , it can stay in that dissolves . Which is that's what that's
35:15 Some of it can actually be converted into by carbon. As I
35:19 it's a very slow process. you know, we do have carbonic
35:23 and hydrates, but not a lot it is gonna be converted directly in
35:26 blood. All right. It's a , very small portion. The amount
35:31 carbon dioxide that's inside the red blood are actually fairly low relative to the
35:36 area. And the reason for that because we do have the carbonic and
35:40 there. And so, if we carbon dioxide and water plus the carbonic
35:44 hydrates, I'm going to go through the fun little steps to make the
35:48 . All right. So, every I take a carbon dioxide and turn
35:52 into bicarbonate. That is one less dioxide. So, I'm one less
35:56 away from equilibrium. So that's going draw carbon dioxide from the blood.
36:00 so now I've got my gradient driving dioxide in. But obviously, if
36:05 making bicarbonate, I'm accumulating bicarbonate. I have too many by carbon,
36:10 I'm gonna reach eventually reach equilibrium. , this is going back to all
36:14 kIM one that you took. Ever why you have to take kIM one
36:17 two. So, you can understand little process right here. After you
36:21 this process, you can throw the of the chemistry away. You don't
36:25 me. Deve Okay, you're Every time I make a bicarbonate,
36:33 actually shifting the equilibrium or shifting towards . I don't want to shift towards
36:39 . I want to keep making by . This is where the chloride shift
36:42 in. It's a chloride bicarbonate So, what I do is I
36:47 that by carbon and I throw it the cell. Now. If I
36:51 threw it out to sell the inside the red blood cell, right?
36:53 just pumped it. Red blood cells be full of more and more
36:58 Unbalanced protons, The inside of the would become more and more acidic.
37:02 don't want it to be more I want to keep things in balance
37:05 that's why I'm bringing in a right? proton and chloride. Are
37:10 attracted to each other? Yeah. you doing? I'm gonna hang out
37:15 you for a little bit. All . That's what they're doing inside the
37:21 blood cell while bicarbonate is away playing hanging out with you. That's what
37:28 . So, now we've taken the . We've thrown it out here.
37:31 so the levels of bicarbonate out in blood are rising, Right? And
37:36 how we're going to transport the But we're drawing and pulling more and
37:40 carbon dioxide into the cell. The thing carbon dioxide does remember what we
37:45 is that it's going to bind up him a globe. What it binds
37:49 to hemoglobin. Here it is, . What it does is it causes
37:54 to release oxygen. All right. , this is how we're also driving
37:59 of the oxygen out. But in what we're doing is we're creating that
38:04 dioxides with carb oxy hemoglobin. All . I'm sorry. It's carbon meaning
38:10 global, Excuse me, car box . Bad karma hemoglobin. Good.
38:16 right. So, we're carrying it hemoglobin. We've made bicarbonate and we're
38:22 an S. Co. Two and But most of it is being transported
38:26 that by carpeted in the blood. when I arrive at the lungs,
38:30 first carbon dioxide that's going to leave which one when it's already there in
38:34 blood that leaves that creates a So carbon dioxide inside the cell has
38:41 leave. That's creating a disequilibrium. , I'm going to try to make
38:44 carbon dioxide, but I don't have bicarbonate to do so. So,
38:47 going to start exchanging the carbon dioxide chloride again. Going to push the
38:53 out bicarbonate in make more carbon Which is going to start allowing me
38:58 shift carbon dioxide back out to the . So in the lungs I'm delivering
39:03 dioxide. I transported as primarily as . But I'm making carbon dioxide
39:09 And then after all the carbon dioxide been exchanged, I go back down
39:14 I do the same thing all over . So, do you see what
39:19 doing here? His transport. So very second slide I showed you was
39:25 basically exchange from the air with the and we're just trying to make sure
39:28 do I get that to the cell how do I get from the cell
39:32 to the air. Am I making or am I talking crazy talk?
39:42 want to vote for creature talk? right. I do it. I
39:48 ready for the crazy talk. sir. Wow. Yes.
39:56 Yeah. Yeah, sure. can I draw it over here.
39:59 that help everybody if I drew Okay. Right. Hopefully this one
40:08 . If not, I have to find another one, I'm just going
40:10 do the whole thing. Right. got co two, right, this
40:14 in the tissue. So whatever our happens to be. If it's cell
40:19 if it's lung. Okay. So this case co two goes into the
40:26 right from the plasma becomes CO two stay there or it can go into
40:32 red blood cell Rbc where CO two converted through a series of steps as
40:38 or it's bound to hemoglobin Right? it can stay even as co.
40:44 . Yeah. Right. But we want by carbon inside the red blood
40:48 . So what we're gonna do is going to transport uh by carbon out
40:51 the cell and we're going to exchange for chlorine. Uh huh. I'm
40:56 real lazy. I'm not putting my sides. All right so now I'm
41:01 in the lung. All right I have Co two in the Plasma.
41:06 so that's CO two in the plasma going to go out to the lungs
41:10 it's lower partial pressure. Oh no means this becomes lower. So what
41:15 have to do is I move my two that way this CO two becomes
41:20 . So now I've got to move CO two there and I've got to
41:23 this CO two to there as But when that gets lower I've got
41:27 replace it. So what am I do is I'm gonna shift my bicarbonate
41:30 make my C. 02 so I move it there. But that's driving
41:33 to here which is driving out there that's how it's moving out especially stairs
41:39 I'm either moving down I'm always moving the stairs. So as long as
41:42 there's any sort of equilibrium in the and there will be equilibrium in the
41:47 when I'm between between the cells or the lungs. So as I'm
41:52 I have equilibrium. But once I back to the tissues, I'm actually
41:57 something out. So I have to where I've pulled out and then I'm
42:02 between the cells and the tissues And then when I arrive in the
42:05 then I'm basically producing stuff. I'm pushing in that direction. Kind
42:10 makes sense. Mhm. It's favorable the sense that it's trying to reach
42:22 . There's so with regard to this , carbonic and hydrates, this will
42:27 occur even without the enzyme. All . So, So, the
42:32 the free energy that's there is so that it can go either direction.
42:38 ? You don't have to put in real energy into the system to do
42:42 . All right. But the carbonic hydrates makes it happen quicker. All
42:47 . And that's why it says If there is just basically saying,
42:50 , it would happen. We don't the carbonic and hydrates, but it
42:54 happen now. What do I I'm just going to go to a
42:57 here, Why do I say put equation on your body if you're gonna
43:01 you're gonna attach yourself with a science . Why that one you're going to
43:04 it again, All right, you're to see in the digestive system going
43:07 see it in the renal system. it's probably in other systems as well
43:11 we haven't bothered talking about or haven't into. All right. It's just
43:15 very common pathway. This is in how we make protons for digestion.
43:20 we're talking about uh hcL you're digesting the stomach through carbonic and hydrates.
43:28 right, pause here. Any other ? Mm No, no, no
43:42 okay. That's okay. Alright. they affect the holiday In effect simply
43:49 says, look as carbon dioxide, dioxide levels rise. That's going to
43:54 auction levels to fall. That's that's it says. All right.
44:00 there's a lot of science behind that says carbon dioxide will bind up the
44:05 in which causes a change in the of the hemoglobin, which causes a
44:08 affinity for oxygen, which causes option , which causes allows for more carbon
44:16 to be made basically, Which allows carbon dioxide into the red blood
44:19 which causes the pattern to repeat So, we just call it the
44:24 data effects basically. Carbon dioxide makes leave hemoglobin. All right. I
44:34 a picture to show carbon dioxide leaving the opposite direction of what we saw
44:39 we looked at oxygen. All This slide can be a little confusing
44:47 remember I told you on Tuesday, said it doesn't matter if you're breathing
44:51 or out the average partial pressure of . And the Salvia lies about 200
44:55 mercury. And then you read this and I know someone is going to
44:58 this slide while studying for Tuesday and gonna go wait a second. This
45:02 what he just said. Notice. said, the average partial pressure of
45:08 Is 100 of Mercury. All Does that mean that the partial pressures
45:12 ever change? No, they do when you breathe in you're putting in
45:16 air, which has more oxygen, means the partial pressure slightly rises.
45:20 right. And then as you have exchange taking place, that means the
45:24 pressure is gonna lower get lower. ? But the average partial pressure is
45:29 or less constant. Regardless, breathing breathing out or holding your breath.
45:34 , if you held your breath for minutes, do you think you're partial
45:36 is going to drop below that yep. And you're going to faint
45:41 it's going to be really, really and painful. All right. So
45:44 do that for long periods of So, I'm showing you this to
45:50 you understand that Yes, there are . But over. But if you're
45:56 at an average it's more or less . And that's what the white lines
46:00 representing. Is that average All Now, the reason I point this
46:05 also is because this is our grand from this simple concept of oxygen being
46:12 the atmosphere and going to the cells carbon dioxide going to the cells to
46:15 atmosphere? The only way that can is if we're breathing in and breathing
46:20 , Right, that's the ventilation And so ventilation is vital to ensure
46:27 we're getting oxygen going into the LBO so that they can go to the
46:32 should go to the cells and while pushing carbon dioxide out so that we
46:36 this gradient that we can take advantage . All right. That's in essence
46:41 we're trying to deal here. what we're talking about is pulmonary
46:45 That's the volume of air that you in and out every minute. There
46:49 go. Sorry about that. All . It's really easy to calculate pulmonary
46:55 is equal to your title volume times respiratory rate. Title volume is how
47:00 air you're breathing in and out per , roughly. 500 millimeters of mercury
47:05 not millimeters millimeters per breath. Respiratory is just a number of breaths that
47:09 take per minute. And you can this out. You can just sit
47:12 with a little clock and you can how many times you breathe in and
47:15 . Right? That's one breath in out. That's one breath,
47:20 And then You can just kind of 500 mils. But you could actually
47:24 and measure that as well. if I want to increase pulmonary ventilation
47:30 , it says I can increase the volume, Right? So, if
47:32 double the title volume, what happens pulmonary ventilation? It doubles if I
47:37 my respiratory right? What happens to pulmonary ventilation doubles? Good. You
47:42 ? Simple arithmetic? Yeah. All . Yeah. But you also have
47:46 understand that. Sometimes mathematicians don't get formulas right? All right. Because
47:54 I increase my title volume, I do a better job of increasing pulmonary
48:01 than if I increase my respiratory And the reason for this is while
48:05 think about respiration is moving air in out of the lungs. Remember when
48:09 talked about the lungs, we said there is a conducting zone and then
48:12 have a respiratory zone and a lot the air is still in the conducting
48:18 . Not playing a role in So, if I increase my respiratory
48:22 , I may not be moving all air. I need to into the
48:25 zone. It may be spending all its time just in the conducting
48:28 So, I need to make sure I'm talking about the amount of air
48:33 actually get into the respiratory zone. other words, I've got to ignore
48:38 dead space. All right. What the anatomical dead space? Well,
48:44 we go and take a look, talk about the conducting zones. Now
48:49 , this is just a cartoon to of represent all your ravioli and you're
48:53 zone, Right? But you can all those branches. The anatomical dead
48:59 in your body is about 150 All right. So basically, how
49:04 we do this? We take a . We fill up that space and
49:07 how much stuff gets in that conducting zone. And then we measure that
49:10 out. And that is your anatomical space. 150 mils, roughly.
49:15 much are you breathing in for I just told you a minute a
49:20 ago. About 500. So that the amount that's getting into the respiratory
49:25 for each breast should be about 350 . Right? So I need to
49:32 I'm making adjustments, it's better for to make adjustments to how much is
49:36 down to that respiratory zone. So I want to do as I want
49:39 increase my title volume by conducting that of the conducting zone never changes.
49:46 amount of air that's in my respiratory can change. Okay, I can
49:52 if I have Al Viola that can and I've got thousands upon millions of
49:56 things and I can increase how much in the respiratory zone. But my
50:01 remember was that a rigid cartilaginous They don't stretch. They don't get
50:06 . So that stays a constant. , so really when we're talking about
50:12 ventilation, what we really want to concerned with the AL Viola ventilation,
50:16 is the title volume minus an atomic space. Right? Times respiratory
50:22 Now to show you that this is advantageous. I want to show you
50:25 graph that does this. All And I want you to see the
50:30 and then I want you to think how it works in real life.
50:32 right. This is just trying what trying to show you here is they're
50:36 to keep pulmonary ventilation constant. All . This is why it's a terrible
50:44 because if I'm trying to keep this , It's not really going to have
50:49 real effect. Right? So, dead space is roughly 150 mils.
50:55 . Right. So, if my volume is 500 minus 1 50 that's
51:01 to give me 3 50. So times 3 50 should give me um
51:06 number right there. 4200. Did do that math? Right.
51:11 no, no. Yes, that correct. Right? Because what I'm
51:15 is I'm comparing this to that So, Al Viola ventilation is about
51:21 versus normal. But look what happens I start doing shallow breathing.
51:28 All right, let's say I am see this title like, okay,
51:35 300 mils per breath. Always remember I'm looking at minus 1 51 51
51:40 times 20 gives me 3000 miles per , right? Versus this.
51:47 So, I'm spending less time in respiratory zone. Just moving a little
51:51 of air and finally deep breaths but breast permit it. So 7 15
51:59 , that's 600 Times eight. There's that. And why I say this
52:04 a terrible graph is I want you think for a moment about,
52:09 I don't know, exercising. All . You're sprinting. Do you do
52:13 breaths when you sprint? The answer be yes. Right. Right.
52:22 what's also happened to the number of per minute? It's going up.
52:26 , both of them are going Right? But if you were to
52:29 one constant, then what's going to is is that you can see there's
52:34 greater effect. And how much I in in terms of al viola ventilation
52:41 normal than if I just hyperventilate paint a picture. It's that time of
52:48 , Halloween. This sunday. You got your costumes picked out?
52:55 Okay. Long time ago we used have parties at Halloween. All
53:02 I don't know what you guys do . All the things I read about
53:06 Tiktok and the instagrams, it scares to death. Maybe that's the
53:12 Right. So one of things we to do is we get people in
53:17 chair and we'd say, all get down, get all tight and
53:21 now start hyperventilating and you Do that 30 seconds. And they say stand
53:25 and you stand up and you're It was awesome. Why?
53:31 because we're mean, right. I you want to know the things we
53:38 to do, we used to throw at each other. Hey, the
53:44 of us that survived are stronger. remember a friend of mine, I'm
53:50 gonna go through all these, but remember playing, not indians. It
53:54 just like, let me see if could hit a moving target. You
53:57 back and forth with a bow and , not with the tip of the
54:02 . You take one of the suction arrows and you take off the
54:06 And I remember him shooting at me shooting at him and he hit
54:10 in my ankle hurt a lot, course. Right? So yes,
54:16 used to do that parties. So why why did I pass out
54:23 why did my friend pass out or did anyone pass out when I'm
54:28 Where am I moving my hair? only just sitting in the conducting
54:35 All right. Is my gas exchange taking place? Of course it is
54:39 because I got step in the respiratory . But even though I'm moving air
54:44 and down, it's only the stuff in the conducting zone that's moving and
54:47 eventually I'm going to start running out oxygen. So when I stand
54:51 there's the Ortho static shock, you ? Well, and then there's no
54:55 to support the activity that I'm which is standing up in my brain
54:58 , oh well, you know, time to shut things down because otherwise
55:01 going to die. And so that's you pass out. Don't do that
55:09 parties. There's a lot of things shouldn't do at parties. That's what
55:17 does this kind of makes sense. in a normal human, normal healthy
55:28 , basically what you're going to try do is you're gonna try to or
55:32 you're gonna see is that the number L. V. O. Lie
55:35 are there are mostly all functional. there is something called Al Viola dead
55:41 as well. Alright. So generally , if you look at a healthy
55:44 , you're going to see that all Al Viola are able to expand and
55:47 and they're able to play a role gas exchange. Those Al Viola that
55:52 play a role in gas exchange or we consider to be valvular dead
55:56 Right? But in a normal healthy , there's very little valvular dead
55:59 But there is some and the reason there is El valor dead space is
56:04 your body sometimes fails to match ventilation perfusion. All right. So ventilation
56:10 what do you remember? What's the of it breathing in and breathing
56:15 Do you remember what profusion is that ? Yeah, remove refers to fluid
56:21 , in circulation. All right. so what we want to do is
56:24 want to make sure that there is control to ensure that there's gas exchange
56:30 place. Do you see what I there? I drew something on the
56:32 because I knew I was going to back to it. All right.
56:35 , here's a really easy part. is the venus side. Here's the
56:40 year old side of a capillary. we have here are Sorry, I
56:44 that back move. That's awful. is atrial side. This would be
56:47 side. But this is blood that's . That's the oxy. So,
56:50 gonna have higher CO two content, oxygen content. So, what's going
56:54 happen to the CO two? It's to go out, right? Because
56:58 lower partial pressure there. What's the going to do? It's going to
57:03 in right? And then what's gonna up happening is you're going to end
57:07 with a blood vessel, right? now has lots of co two.
57:13 little oxygen. And because we've done gas exchange is now going to have
57:17 lot of CO two and very little . And so now, what we
57:21 here is basically dead space because we equilibrium, Right option is not going
57:26 come out because it's match co two not going to go out into the
57:32 because it's matched This is dead That's bad in terms of exchange
57:38 notices one Al Viola out of millions you might have maybe 1% of yourselves
57:43 this. So, what do I to do? Well what I can
57:50 ? Mhm. Is actually draw this but not an arrow all the way
57:54 . All right. What I will is when this condition occurs is that
58:00 gonna stop the flow of blood. other words I'm gonna conclude that blood
58:05 , right? And what I want do is I want to dilate my
58:15 . Now what am I doing Well I still have lots of CO
58:19 . Very little 02. But because not going through this blood vessel now
58:22 can't have exchange it's going to go a different blood vessel right? So
58:26 don't have exchange taking place. And happens to my CO two in my
58:32 when I dilate like this. Well CO two is going to leave as
58:36 breathe out and I'm going to get oxygen to come in right when I
58:42 in. And so now what I is I have a blood vessel or
58:50 Al Viola has lots of CO two sorry lots of oxygen and very little
58:55 two. Now I have a problem . What's my problem? Yeah I
59:05 I can't exchange gasses because I don't a blood flowing through. So now
59:08 do I have to do is I to trap my blood or sorry my
59:16 . So I'm gonna bronchial constrict and I'm going to viso dilate. So
59:23 I have co two coming through very action. So now I can now
59:28 my exchange again and then I just doing that cycle over and over.
59:36 you can imagine now at the local . All right. So the bit
59:40 the grand at the macro level we see this. Right. So too
59:44 going to the lungs. Oxygen is from the lungs to the blood.
59:47 what we've been talking about. But the micro level we have to make
59:50 exchanges taking place. And so at individual al viola local control is ensuring
59:58 there is a maximum amount of Uh huh. That's what this
60:07 And you probably saw this. No think you saw this in your
60:12 And that in your book basically is I just described during periods with regard
60:19 ventilation bronco dilate. And we're response an increase in partial pressure in the
60:26 via life. Right? Partial pressure carbon bronchi constrict in response to the
60:31 . And that's what we're showing increasing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
60:36 so I can get rid of Bring in the oxygen constrict. Now
60:40 holding onto the oxygen and I'm not out very little carbon dioxide with regard
60:45 perfusion arterials are gonna dilate in response an increase in the partial pressure of
60:52 . So I can have an Right and they're going to constrict when
60:57 partial pressure of carbon dioxide gets too . So I'm now constricting.
61:01 I don't have exchange taking place. matching the flow of blood to where
61:07 can take place. And this is at the macro level throughout the lung
61:24 . Go to the next slide, . This always makes me nervous.
61:29 tell me you've crashed. Okay. right. So, when do I
61:39 ? What causes me to breathe in breathe out? Well, there's a
61:43 title volume. Right? But have ever done that like that phantom,
61:48 know? Sy Yeah. Here Iand if I can make other people young
62:00 are contagious. They're like memes. right. Actually, I've actually asked
62:08 to write papers on yawning before. one's ever come up with a definitive
62:11 as to why we on Alright. reason where we breathe in and out
62:17 because of respiratory centers that are located the brain stem that establish our rhythmic
62:22 patterns. All right. These are or are subject to voluntary control,
62:27 your cortex can play a role in you breathe for example, I can
62:33 you breathe faster for me and you on Tuesday, Right? And then
62:38 asked you to hold your breath and did for me. Right.
62:41 So, you do have voluntary control that. But as we're sitting here
62:48 , you're breathing. You don't have sit there and go time to breathe
62:52 time to read out, right. the good news. All right.
62:58 , we have three different types of centers. We have those that alternate
63:01 patterns of inspiration expiration. We have that regulate the magnitude and then those
63:06 serve other needs. All right. that's what we're gonna kind of walk
63:10 . So, rhythmic breathing is regulated in the medulla. All right.
63:15 medulla has the central pattern generators that responsible for regulating the respiratory muscles.
63:23 , there's both inhibitory excitatory neurons And so, you don't have to
63:27 about this. They're going to play role in this. So, the
63:30 group of neurons are called the dorsal group. All right. These are
63:34 respiratory neurons. They cause your conspiratorial to fire or to contract to cause
63:42 . All right. So, what humans are your inventory in your inventory
63:46 ? Do you guys remember? Diagram the Yes. And which one's
63:53 External? So, that's what they're . They're acting on those two.
63:57 contract. Yeah. And inspire. when they stopped that signal, that's
64:04 those muscles relax back in. that's what the DRG is doing.
64:08 right. They cause inspiration because they through a series of action potentials and
64:14 it stops. That's expiration. And you repeat that process. Stop expiration
64:22 . That's inspiration. Expiration. That's title volume right there for the dorsal
64:26 group the ventral respiratory group. I know why that's being frustrating. Has
64:33 inspired tori and excretory neurons. So, all of a sudden now
64:38 adding in both. Right? So I forcibly expire, I'm actually pushing
64:44 out. So that's what those excitatory would be as I'm forcing air
64:49 And so when I have an increase demand for oxygen, I'm gonna increase
64:54 inspiration and then I'm gonna push In other words, I want to
64:58 expiration in response to the increased All right. So both those things
65:05 occurring in response to activities. I have to think about it. It's
65:09 , oh I'm exercising now. So have to breathe harder and breathe in
65:13 and then breathe out harder. It's to happen because of the ventral respiratory
65:21 . We also have the pre But complex which should have the two dots
65:25 the O. There. Um and , we're not 100% sure what they
65:30 . But in essence it's believed to that pattern of of maintaining respiratory
65:37 Alright, so again, conspiratorial These are going to be found in
65:43 medulla and they think it's like a . So it's basically communicating. And
65:49 was about to get really confused here wait, it's in the pond.
65:51 no, there's two other things in ponds. These are the agnostic and
65:56 centers. And I think now they changed the names of them again on
65:59 . So they may not have these anymore. But basically what these are
66:04 can think of as the gas and brake? Uh to uh stimulating the
66:10 larry uh nuclei. So the agnostic they do is they prevent the inflammatory
66:16 are being turned off. So this what elongates the breath, Right?
66:20 what you do is you go and keep going right as opposed to stopping
66:25 you normally would stop. Whereas the attack six basically shortens inspiration.
66:29 you get those shorter breaths. that's when I say gas and
66:33 That's what I'm thinking about, is and brake like that. Mhm.
66:39 that's not the only way we control is through the medulla. They need
66:43 , right? Your body is saying need oxygen. Or actually is
66:48 No. Actually, what your body saying is I have too much carbon
66:54 . I need to get rid of . All right. That's really what
66:57 monitoring. So, what we have we're looking at chemical control. We've
67:01 talked about this. We've said there's couple of things that are important,
67:05 ? When I increase my metabolic my temperature goes up, I produced
67:09 CO two and produce more. Yeah, hydrogen. Right? And
67:16 way you can think about this, you're like, well, I'm not
67:18 about the ph thing. It's real carbon dioxide plus water makes Yeah.
67:25 , bicarbonate and a proton. So the CO two levels rise.
67:30 naturally make more protons? All So, my ph drops. Damn
67:38 keeps popping up. All right. , where do we have these
67:42 We have one in the crowded one in the aorta. So we
67:45 the crowded and aortic bodies. All . They have cells within them that
67:51 called glioma cells. Glioma cells are chemical detecting cells in these structures.
67:58 they do is they look at they look at carbon dioxide and indirectly
68:02 at oxygen as a result there are cells that actually do measure partial pressure
68:06 oxygen. We just don't know All right. And that's what this
68:10 slide is going to show you is We don't know how. All
68:14 So, the one that's most The thing that your body actually gives
68:17 damn about is what is the partial of carbon dioxide? Because if you
68:21 carbon dioxide levels rising, that means activity is rising. That means you
68:25 more oxygen. I can super saturate body with oxygen. But if it's
68:29 through it faster than I can provide , then it's not gonna do you
68:33 good. So, what we want know is how much carbon dioxide is
68:38 in the blood because that's the sign breathe out and to bring something new
68:43 Now. Here's a danger in Did you guys ever get told I
68:48 , I know you're a different generation me by a significant margin now.
68:52 did you ever get told never to in refrigerators as kids? Some
68:58 Yeah. Some people are like, , what are you talking about,
69:01 ? Why would I play in a ? All right. And it's actually
69:05 even my generation. All right. really has to do with my grandparents
69:09 . My grandparents grew up in the Depression. All right. Back in
69:12 Great Depression. The refrigerator they had like the old fashioned kind, they
69:16 have rubber seals. What they had they had kind of a rope that
69:19 around the edges. And what they is they locked in place.
69:23 And if you've seeing like large meat or industrial refrigerators, they have to
69:29 of press a large buttons or grab massive handle that separates it from the
69:35 mechanism. And then you go inside on the other side they have the
69:38 kind of mechanism, but basically they're . They're massive. And they hold
69:41 lot of cold air in them. normal household refrigerators had that kind of
69:47 handle where like, it has a and it holds on to something
69:51 And you basically lock it into Now, you don't need a handle
69:56 the inside of a refrigerator because when you gonna go in the refrigerator?
70:00 refrigerator never. Right. You're not to do that. But if you're
70:04 kid in the Great Depression and you across an abandoned refrigerator in a deserted
70:09 or deserted lot of which, remember used to be deserted lots all over
70:13 place, Right? Not everything was park, Right? What did you
70:18 ? You dump things out on the and you know, for kids,
70:22 like a playground. I don't know you. I used to play in
70:26 sites. Did you ever play in sites? If you grew up in
70:30 neighborhood where they were building lots of , that was your playground? They
70:34 , they built a synagogue down next me where my best friend live.
70:39 stories tall. We climbed up to top of that sanctuary we hung from
70:44 the scaffolding. Why? Because it's . And we could Right again,
70:51 still here. I didn't die. sure my parents, if they found
70:56 , they would have killed me. right. But anyway. So,
71:00 happened is you play in a play hide and go seek, go
71:02 in the refrigerator. It slams shut it seals you in and there's no
71:07 to get out because there's no handle the inside, Right? And all
71:11 a sudden now you have the best spot on the planet, but no
71:14 ever going to find you. And you're going to run out of oxygen
71:17 that space. And so, as start breathing in your breathing in more
71:21 more carbon dioxide, right? And body is saying, oh carbon dioxide
71:25 are rising in the body. So do I have to do?
71:29 breathe harder. Get more air in has more oxygen, which it does
71:33 because you're making more carbon dioxide. so what happens is when the partial
71:40 comes down so low, where you're pressure of oxygen, that's when it
71:44 like threatening levels in your body you know, this isn't working.
71:47 think we'll just go ahead and stop . Mhm. So this is how
71:56 body normally monitors when it's time to in and out. But when it
72:00 dangerous, in other words, the get too high. You know,
72:04 well, it's really oxygen levels get low. That's when it's like this
72:07 working now at a molecular level, is what's happening in the global global
72:12 . And I don't want you to this stuff. I just want to
72:14 out that there are mechanisms that look if the partial if the partial
72:18 reaction drops low, there are mechanisms detect it. I mean, I
72:22 the explanation. There's somehow elevates cyclic . We don't know. It just
72:29 . You know. Um There might a hint containing protein in global,
72:32 know, So basically when auction binds that's how we know, we don't
72:36 for sure. But we think But in essence what happens is is
72:41 through one of these mechanism that causes of these channels which causes deep polarization
72:46 causes the cells to signal to neurons tell the brain it's time to breathe
72:52 . And this is true again for copy uh hyper hyper catania, which
72:58 basically an increase in carbon dioxide basically, it's the same sort of
73:01 . If I make protons binds up that channel, which causes deep polarization
73:05 eventually. And or if I see , which means if I pump in
73:10 protons from the surrounding environment. in essence, what am I
73:14 I'm measuring carbon dioxide levels as they . I'm measuring proton levels when they
73:21 . And so that's causing the cells signal to tell me when to breathe
73:25 . Now we have the same type monitors are receptors are located in the
73:31 nervous system as well. All So there again, it's dealing with
73:35 protons carbon dioxide and even oxygen levels , both in the blood and through
73:40 central uh cerebral spinal fluid. Excuse . All right. So, as
73:46 levels change, in other words, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
73:50 that's going to cause an increase in number of protons, which is dropping
73:53 ph which causes an increase in So, that's how we're affecting the
74:00 and really through the through the ponds causes to increase or decrease our rate
74:06 inspiration. All right now, the picture in all of this is simply
74:17 . If I can remember protons and remember carbon dioxide and which one is
74:20 important than which then you're good to . And basically what it boils down
74:24 the central nervous system is more important the periphery because brain, if I'm
74:30 at the ph in the brain basically that drops, that's a sign that
74:34 need to breathe in. That's the important thing. All right. And
74:38 kind of did it out here the central nervous system, uh partial
74:43 are really the proton concentration and ph that is more important than the carbon
74:49 concentration because our receptors are looking at which is greater than the periphery in
74:56 periphery, they're about roughly equal. that's more important than the auction.
75:01 then the time when auction becomes important under those emergency conditions, when the
75:06 levels really dropped. That's when the starts freaking out. So, central
75:12 system, most important. Two more that were done and then it's time
75:18 the weekend. It's I don't know they still have it, but chewy
75:25 used to have happy hours starting around , saying. all right, The
75:32 breuer reflex basically says lungs can only so much before they pop. All
75:38 . They don't really say pop. um the idea is that there's what
75:42 would consider a full breath. So the title volume gets to about one
75:46 or so, that's when it says more. No more. No
75:49 We don't want to expand too And so basically you're looking at the
75:52 of stretch. And so basically when stretch gets too much, that's when
75:57 get a negative feedback towards the medulla says time to slow down and reduce
76:02 amount of breathing that you're doing. . Last thing I mentioned, I
76:09 there are other things that can interrupt and expiration. Those things that govern
76:15 things. All right. And so is what this massive list is.
76:18 , hypothalamus affects changes in breathing rates on your temperature. How do you
76:24 ? The faster you're going to And basically that's just a sign of
76:28 activity. Right? So, I I need to cool myself down.
76:32 but two. I really am trying get more auction my system so I
76:36 respond to that need Uh huh, activity, limbic system, breathing rate
76:44 in response to emotions. Have you that? Alright, we're just gonna
76:48 crying as an example. Have you people crying hysterically? Right. That's
76:57 the change in your breathing rate. ? Little boys. Little girls,
77:06 adults after they break up just saying cortex. All right. Your breathing
77:11 change in response to your activities. love this picture. I have to
77:15 a picture up here singing. You just tell he's putting it all all
77:21 key too. Right. So when talk, when you're saying you're changing
77:25 breathing rate, right? And then course you're going to change your respiratory
77:31 when you eat. Right? I , have you ever tried to swallow
77:35 and breathe in at the same It really is hard to do.
77:40 can't actually were one of the few that can't do that. Most species
77:47 , they're tricky extends up higher so can swallow and eat their food while
77:52 breathe. Of course, we're the species that can talk. And part
77:58 the reason they believe that our thing that way. Tracy has developed so
78:05 is because of this pattern of speech we produce. So can't eat and
78:11 at the same time, but we talk. It's kind of a trade
78:15 . And lastly, we have involuntary that can override voluntary control. All
78:22 . Let's see, basically your cortex send things directly to the respiratory
78:27 bypassing the brain stem. And this what I'm saying. When I say
78:31 you can decide when you're going to in and out. Like everyone hold
78:34 breath. We're going by a Did you ever do that when you're
78:37 kid? Right. I mean, voluntarily overriding the involuntary action. So
78:45 obviously mechanisms in place that allow us do all that. All right.
78:50 gonna work hard. And I really gonna try to get those grades up
78:53 . Um, I may make a to you all might you might see
78:58 email that will come and like within next two minutes when you see an
79:02 I'll be like I need like five for extra credits type thing. All
79:07 . So when you say it's like I say, I'm gonna say I'm
79:09 need this many. So it's like first however many are gonna be able
79:12 it's kind of like a radio call . All right, so just be
79:16 . That that might happen. I guarantee it's going to happen and if
79:19 does happen, I can't guarantee what . It depends on what I'm sitting
79:22 and doing it. I'm meeting with spillers tomorrow. So I have like
79:25 three hour meeting. So maybe before might be after, I don't
79:30 Oneness. No, it would be like one review. Yeah, it's
79:35 easy 10 minutes of your life. . Yeah. Oh my goodness,
79:44 . All right, go
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