| 00:05 | Yeah. Oh yeah, that who know? Ok. Yeah. |
|
| 00:32 | testing, testing, testing. Um, let's get going nice |
|
| 00:46 | Like the rain. It's good Ok. Although if you got your |
|
| 00:50 | , you might not like it. , anyway, fitting since we're talking |
|
| 00:57 | not till the end hydrological cycle, ? Rain. Ok. Um All |
|
| 01:07 | . So, uh where are we ? So we are actually coming to |
|
| 01:13 | end. Uh So these last well, first we gotta finish up |
|
| 01:18 | last part of um 14, which a photo trophy. We started that |
|
| 01:26 | , Tuesday. So we'll finish it and then go into five and |
|
| 01:31 | But remember very small parts of those , right? So it's just just |
|
| 01:36 | one section in five on a No, I'm gonna start with one |
|
| 01:43 | there. Um, but again, point is it's, it's, it's |
|
| 01:47 | an entire chapter. Just, just section. Ok. Same with uh |
|
| 01:52 | . So it's only uh those two . All right. So, |
|
| 01:57 | what we don't finish up today, We'll finish up on Tuesday. |
|
| 02:03 | And, and we'll finish every, finish all of it. There's |
|
| 02:07 | there's not that much more to So, um, that will be |
|
| 02:12 | the quote, catch up, catch up, day. And in |
|
| 02:14 | course schedules always kind of, I it in, in case I'm a |
|
| 02:19 | behind or something. So I have day to and we can finish the |
|
| 02:24 | . So, um, so we , you know, two next |
|
| 02:28 | Thursday, but obviously that's not, is not on the exam, |
|
| 02:37 | Ok. So, uh it's one these. So I'll, I'll uh |
|
| 02:41 | class so I'll post a video tomorrow you can watch that next week or |
|
| 02:47 | . Um, ok. What We got? So usual stuff. |
|
| 02:52 | the um, unit quiz. I mean, it's, it's the |
|
| 02:58 | thing as a weekly quiz. It's longer, it's more comprehensive. It's |
|
| 03:01 | of like a summary of the whole . So you're gonna have chapter 1 |
|
| 03:05 | , 14, you'll have five on . You'll have the only part of |
|
| 03:11 | that's on there is what we talk today, right? So, what |
|
| 03:15 | probably do is post some questions that to the part of 22 we don't |
|
| 03:23 | about. Ok, I, I'm that we don't, that doesn't show |
|
| 03:27 | on the quiz. Ok. So post those like on Monday or Tuesday |
|
| 03:31 | week and you can, uh, at those. Um, what |
|
| 03:35 | So, exam of course is a from uh, tomorrow, a week |
|
| 03:40 | Friday. So the 22nd 23rd scheduler open. So, if you haven't |
|
| 03:46 | up, uh, let's see. else? I think that's it. |
|
| 03:50 | , the, so the uni, , it, it, it's, |
|
| 03:54 | , it's 28 28 questions, I it is. So, you'll have |
|
| 03:59 | minutes. Ok. Um, the exams exams are like 34 to |
|
| 04:08 | questions in that range with an Ok. So, um, to |
|
| 04:15 | of try to give the equivalent in of, you know, but these |
|
| 04:19 | quizzes kind of Timewise somewhat similar. , uh anyway, uh I think |
|
| 04:25 | it. Anybody got any questions about we get going here. OK. |
|
| 04:31 | right. So we're going to start a clicker question, I think. |
|
| 04:38 | , no, we're not jump the . OK. Fake out. All |
|
| 04:44 | . 222. OK. I have delete that one later. All |
|
| 04:48 | It's the next slide after this. . So we are uh OK. |
|
| 04:54 | we like to start with context and , right? So we have, |
|
| 05:00 | th 14, we were, we've looking at redox reactions and uh began |
|
| 05:08 | respiration, right? And how um redox reactions are really occurring in the |
|
| 05:16 | transport chain for the most part, . So in respiration, we uh |
|
| 05:21 | a have a donor giving up electrons then going to an acceptor and then |
|
| 05:26 | translates to energy production that is used pump protons out and then the creating |
|
| 05:31 | gradient of protons high out low in attraction, proton motive force, |
|
| 05:39 | Um They come in through the A releasing energy forming a TPS, |
|
| 05:45 | Uh So respiration can occur aerobically, . Um We also learned last time |
|
| 05:54 | um the front part, right? uh lits, right? So an |
|
| 06:00 | sources can be the source for right? Um And so now we've |
|
| 06:06 | to um light is a driving force . So you'll see uh the mechanism |
|
| 06:15 | a TP formation. Photo phosphor looks to respiration in that involves electron transport |
|
| 06:24 | , proton pumping a TP A. those kind of components are the same |
|
| 06:29 | not for all photos systemss, but most OK. Um And so uh |
|
| 06:36 | that's what we're focused on here is . OK. Different types of photo |
|
| 06:41 | and uh what they all have in , you see there. So they |
|
| 06:43 | be chlorophyll based non based, Um But what's common to all of |
|
| 06:49 | is a light absorbing molecule typically stuffed a membrane that absorbs light. Then |
|
| 06:57 | that the of light excites the you then have um a conversion of |
|
| 07:04 | energy to chemical energy, right? of A TP N A DH and |
|
| 07:11 | NAV PH. OK. And so N ad ph oops, not yet |
|
| 07:19 | ad Ph OK, because all we've so far really is just NABH. |
|
| 07:24 | so it's not a general rule, you often see any VPH involved in |
|
| 07:33 | processes photosynthesis. OK. Um That's you see that but uh any |
|
| 07:41 | I mean they both serve the same , right? Electronic carrying molecule. |
|
| 07:45 | um all right. So we did one type of photography and that's what |
|
| 07:52 | question is about. OK. We about last time at the end. |
|
| 07:57 | me open that. So the the ops in these photo, right? |
|
| 08:03 | what's true regarding that up here? . Oh Life. Mhm. |
|
| 08:42 | No, no. OK. So . Let's count down from 40. |
|
| 09:24 | . Mhm. Do do do K 876 321 pause but he and his |
|
| 09:57 | speak now. There we go. . All right. All right. |
|
| 10:04 | we got like CNG. OK. If you answered see you are |
|
| 10:16 | Yeah. So um this type of trophy. OK. Um Basically |
|
| 10:26 | it's a light driven proton pump. no, it's different from chlorophyll base |
|
| 10:34 | you don't have a electron donor. right. It doesn't involve that or |
|
| 10:40 | transport chain. OK. It's just of light being absorbed, right? |
|
| 10:46 | excites the molecule that retinal molecule bound the protein absorbs that light changes the |
|
| 10:56 | that induces protons being pumped out. . So there's no no electron donor |
|
| 11:03 | or electron transport chain or anything or it's just based on photons of lightning |
|
| 11:07 | and that resultant change when it absorbs causes the proton to be pumped |
|
| 11:14 | right? So that's why it doesn't fluy pigments. It doesn't require electron |
|
| 11:21 | . OK. And it absorbs green . OK. And so they don't |
|
| 11:28 | green, they absorb green light and look like purplish color. OK. |
|
| 11:36 | like in this diagram here that's full those types of bacteria. OK. |
|
| 11:44 | color. OK. Absorbed green, purple light. OK. So uh |
|
| 11:50 | questions about that? Mhm Those are the main things to remember about |
|
| 11:56 | about this type of photography. Um Oh I forgot I had this |
|
| 12:03 | written here. There you go. . Um All right. And so |
|
| 12:09 | arch are the types that do this there are bacterial types that can do |
|
| 12:13 | as well. OK. So uh move on to chlorophyll based systems. |
|
| 12:21 | . So I'm assuming that your familiarity with how plants photosynthesize algae, |
|
| 12:29 | the old oxygen involvement type of photosynthesis based. And of course, the |
|
| 12:36 | just absorption spectrum of chlorophyll. And the peak absorption of light in the |
|
| 12:42 | blue and red areas. And so course, you can expand that by |
|
| 12:49 | other light absorbing molecules to the system chlorophyll like carro noid pigments and xy |
|
| 12:55 | and blah, blah. OK. could kind of expand the range and |
|
| 12:59 | beyond blue to maybe orangey colors. . So uh so bacterial chlorophyll. |
|
| 13:08 | the chlorophyll A and B is what see in plants, algae and santa |
|
| 13:13 | . OK. Slightly different version, dramatically different, but a little bit |
|
| 13:18 | different is bacterial chlorophyll. And that's you see in these other photos systems |
|
| 13:23 | that are only in bacteria. Um And we'll get into that. |
|
| 13:28 | but, but there is a difference these two and so you can see |
|
| 13:32 | in the absorption spectrum, right? mature chlorophyll shown here, OK. |
|
| 13:41 | these peaks out here. So remember know physics, physics of wavelengths, |
|
| 13:46 | of light, long wavelengths, low right, short wavelengths super high |
|
| 13:53 | right? Think of x-rays gamma rays short wavelengths super high energy, |
|
| 13:59 | Radio waves very long, right? not, they're very low energy. |
|
| 14:05 | . So as you go out it uh it's absorbing lower energy wavelengths |
|
| 14:11 | light. OK? And when you these types, OK? And |
|
| 14:18 | and they coexist with each other. you look at a for example, |
|
| 14:23 | water column, right? You'll have your algae throughout the marine environment, |
|
| 14:29 | have algae on top that are absorbing , typically orangey colors and um and |
|
| 14:39 | the light will come down, So that light, the light that |
|
| 14:42 | down then below them that's not absorbed gonna be lower energy light. And |
|
| 14:48 | it's gonna be this over here. so then below, you'll see these |
|
| 14:55 | photo tropes that use these low energy of light. OK. And um |
|
| 15:03 | the oxygen photosynthesis. So again, is what you like they are most |
|
| 15:08 | with. I probably seen this a times. But um this type of |
|
| 15:20 | trophy and what we just talked, bacterial chlorophyll base is those bacterial |
|
| 15:27 | photo tropes have their photos systems one two and that's really different. So |
|
| 15:33 | either have both systems, they have one or the other. OK. |
|
| 15:37 | that's your three types. OK. we're just focused on what we call |
|
| 15:42 | photosynthesis because um using water as our donor, right? So remember these |
|
| 15:49 | based systems are gonna have electron you're gonna have electron flow. So |
|
| 15:54 | gonna have those things we're used to that we saw in respiration. |
|
| 15:59 | So water um lights absorbed. That energy translates into electrons being knocked |
|
| 16:09 | of the photos systems. OK. so that means when that happens, |
|
| 16:17 | two has become what has become or low X id oxidized, right? |
|
| 16:33 | electrons. So it's now oxidized when happens. OK. And that makes |
|
| 16:40 | a powerful reducing agent. A reducing wants to grab electron uh wants to |
|
| 16:47 | electrons and become reduced, right? oxide form. Now it wants to |
|
| 16:52 | where is it? Grab it grabbed it from water. OK. |
|
| 16:57 | so hence that we evolve oxygen. right. So that's the photos |
|
| 17:09 | OK. So the electrons then pass the photos system one. OK. |
|
| 17:16 | here we go, here's our electron chain proton pumping, right? We've |
|
| 17:23 | this stuff before. OK. It's light is the driving force here. |
|
| 17:28 | . And so photo phosphorylation produces a obviously. OK. So then when |
|
| 17:34 | get down to PS one right, energy now kind of pump it up |
|
| 17:40 | , it comes light, knocks it again. OK. So PS one |
|
| 17:44 | the system, one is fed by coming from PS two. OK. |
|
| 17:49 | the path here is like that like , like that, like that like |
|
| 17:58 | . OK. And so um so you look at it sideways, it's |
|
| 18:03 | a Z, that's why they call A Z scheme. OK. So |
|
| 18:08 | so the final acceptor is this Nedpnedp . So again, we have electron |
|
| 18:15 | chain but, but, but the two, I'm sorry, one system |
|
| 18:22 | not associated with a TP formation. associated with NDP H formation. |
|
| 18:27 | So let me uh kind of clean up a little bit. Yeah. |
|
| 18:32 | PS one right is associated with that . PS two with a TP |
|
| 18:40 | OK. And so um and we're about auto tropes here, right? |
|
| 18:46 | auto tropes. So that's why I this in here, right? Because |
|
| 18:49 | energy produced is gonna be needed for . I remember co2 fixation very energy |
|
| 18:57 | . OK. And that's where it from in a photo troph, at |
|
| 19:01 | photo autotroph. OK. So um the electron flow like that, |
|
| 19:11 | Water PS two PS one A P reduced to and ad ph um All |
|
| 19:20 | , now this just shows you kind the, you don't need to memorize |
|
| 19:25 | components here. OK. For these , don't worry about that. |
|
| 19:31 | Uh But like with respiration, the occurring in the membrane, right? |
|
| 19:36 | is full of these pigment molecules, of electron transport chain. So you |
|
| 19:40 | have Cytochrome, that's what cyt is for. Um you do have. |
|
| 19:45 | here's water, right? PS two PS one over here. OK. |
|
| 19:57 | N A DH oh Sorry over here two to N AD P. |
|
| 20:05 | Electron flow. And so we again proton gradient protons being pumped out, |
|
| 20:13 | ? So that's associated with PS right? So that's where the A |
|
| 20:18 | formation comes in right protons going down . OK. So again, the |
|
| 20:26 | kind of mechanism, just different components here but same principle, right? |
|
| 20:31 | protons out getting the energy back to A TPAS. OK. Um All |
|
| 20:38 | . So photos uh and then for oxygen form, you don't need to |
|
| 20:44 | their reaction, but it's just showing the oxidation of water to form 02 |
|
| 20:52 | uh reduction of N AD P AD OK. So energy formation, |
|
| 20:58 | This is gonna be lots of these gonna be needed to fix CO2 and |
|
| 21:02 | where most of this is going OK. Um That's oxygen photosynthesis. |
|
| 21:11 | forming oxygen. OK. Any questions that? OK. All right. |
|
| 21:17 | let's look at these other two right? So the first one involves |
|
| 21:23 | types that only have photos systems OK. So remember that's associated with |
|
| 21:28 | ad ph formation. OK. So green sulfur bacterium are a type that |
|
| 21:34 | in this group. OK. There others, but it's typically one that |
|
| 21:39 | used to represent it. And donors. So it's not gonna be |
|
| 21:45 | , right? The fact that it's water means you're not gonna produce oxygen |
|
| 21:51 | it's oxidized because it doesn't use right? That's why we call it |
|
| 21:56 | oxygen photosynthesis or anaerobic. OK. it uses things like H two sh |
|
| 22:03 | iron, OK? You oxidize those don't form. OK. So, |
|
| 22:10 | so they absorb light at the lower . OK. So 8 40 is |
|
| 22:16 | that refers to well, to be energy near far red. Um And |
|
| 22:23 | , uh so, but again, being a PS one system is gonna |
|
| 22:28 | any DPH. OK. Now, see here down here, the structure |
|
| 22:37 | not an organelle um doesn't have a lipid bilayer does have some fossil aids |
|
| 22:43 | there, but it's a, a that um enables it to, it's |
|
| 22:48 | of chlorophyll pigments, these bacterial chlorophyll , OK? It's called the |
|
| 22:52 | OK. When we get in the three in a bit, we're gonna |
|
| 22:58 | through all kind of the structure you in a pro Caro and this is |
|
| 23:02 | type you see in a photo, . So basically just is stuffed full |
|
| 23:08 | these photosynthetic pigments. OK? And again, just because it has PS |
|
| 23:17 | which is a, which is uh linked to an ad ph formation. |
|
| 23:23 | still can make a TP it still a proton gradient. It's just not |
|
| 23:26 | to a PS two system, So you can see protons forming here |
|
| 23:33 | a result of the H two S , being oxidized right to form elemental |
|
| 23:41 | and two HS right. And then electrons go to feed the system. |
|
| 23:48 | you're forming protons as a byproduct of oxidation. OK. You um then |
|
| 23:55 | course, these can accumulate, And they'll go through an A TP |
|
| 24:02 | OK. It's just not part of PS two system. OK. |
|
| 24:09 | so just remember that, right? doesn't that PS two doesn't mean it |
|
| 24:14 | make a TV S it can't Just not associated with that particular |
|
| 24:21 | OK. Um And so these are tropes right? Now, we make |
|
| 24:25 | distinction because the next group, the that have PS two, those are |
|
| 24:32 | photo heter tropes. OK. So this means it's gotta fix CO2. |
|
| 24:39 | the way he gets his carbon fixing . Yeah. So then the last |
|
| 24:46 | is this type, right? So , I thought he OK. And |
|
| 24:53 | the light energy they line is just lower energy than what we just |
|
| 24:58 | OK. So 8 70. Now like it's like infrared light which is |
|
| 25:05 | low energy. OK. Um So amount of light absorbed or the wavelength |
|
| 25:12 | light absorbed correlates to of course right? Lower wave length, less |
|
| 25:20 | , higher more energy. OK. so that has an effect on the |
|
| 25:26 | the photos systems in terms of its to grab electrons from another molecule. |
|
| 25:33 | . So to split water, it a lot of energy, right? |
|
| 25:36 | those but sano bacteria and algae and absorb higher energy light. So it |
|
| 25:41 | them to do that. OK. thing is so low energy, it |
|
| 25:46 | really ramble electrons from a molecule from donor. OK. So what it |
|
| 25:52 | is it, it basically just cycles electrons. Uh it has OK. |
|
| 25:59 | you see here, here's electrons that just basically being cycled back and forth |
|
| 26:05 | the system. OK? And that's feeds it kind of kind of a |
|
| 26:10 | feeding mechanism if you will, but call it um cycling photo phosphor. |
|
| 26:17 | ? It all a little bit of energy of light it absorbs OK. |
|
| 26:21 | so, but it is it does a photo system too. OK? |
|
| 26:28 | so that enables it in there that's to a TP formation, right? |
|
| 26:35 | it it's a way for it to a source of a TPS using |
|
| 26:39 | And so these kind of bacteria use as kind of a as a as |
|
| 26:46 | extra, right? It it kind facilitates their metabolism, right? They |
|
| 26:51 | have to be given complex organic materials eat and break down. Ok. |
|
| 26:57 | when you see this term, The overriding uh part of it is |
|
| 27:04 | is that in terms of carbon, ? It's a header. What's the |
|
| 27:12 | , beep thing going on? Like me insane. Oh, here is |
|
| 27:19 | beep beep. Ok. Um All . So go to Hetro, so |
|
| 27:26 | remember that heter is the operative word and, and but it has this |
|
| 27:32 | to be able to use light length PS two to form a TP. |
|
| 27:36 | um good for it, right? All right. So just to kind |
|
| 27:44 | in one shot kind of just go the three times real quick, |
|
| 27:48 | Everything you see on there, that's oxygen photosynthesis, most photos, |
|
| 27:52 | plants, algae, santa bacteria. . And they're autotrophs. OK. |
|
| 27:59 | other system we just saw right? the system one that's in your green |
|
| 28:04 | sulfur bacteria. OK? They are as well. OK? But use |
|
| 28:11 | other than water, right? So don't form oxygen as a byproduct. |
|
| 28:15 | and oxygen. OK. Then the one, we just saw this |
|
| 28:21 | OK. The purple non sulfur This this goes away the CO2 because |
|
| 28:28 | a hero. OK? But, it has the PS two which is |
|
| 28:34 | with A TP. OK. So , that's your three groups. |
|
| 28:39 | Um Many questions about that. So didn't go into super details of pathways |
|
| 28:46 | things, right? So if you of this is the level of knowledge |
|
| 28:49 | take away here. Ok. all right. So let's just wrap |
|
| 28:55 | up with, with this question Ok, so we just talk about |
|
| 29:00 | this. Ok, let's see what got. Ok, like the, |
|
| 29:33 | . Ok, hold on. Ok, let's count down from 30 |
|
| 30:26 | pan. That was, uh, give you a hint. It's not |
|
| 30:47 | , f ok. Oops. hold on, I was trying to |
|
| 30:55 | that. I heard the S word couple of times when I said |
|
| 30:59 | So OK, everybody change your OK. Here we go. |
|
| 31:17 | Is he? Yeah, speak Yeah, it's D OK. So |
|
| 31:32 | are to pick E or F. welcome. OK. All right. |
|
| 31:37 | questions. OK. No. Let's go to uh chapter five or |
|
| 31:50 | middle section there. OK. I instead of diving in arrow tolerance right |
|
| 31:55 | , I just one concept I kind just wanted to uh up nothing |
|
| 32:01 | The entirety of this chapter is about factors that uh I'm sorry, environmental |
|
| 32:08 | that influence growth. OK. Um salinity, right? Soil concentrations, |
|
| 32:18 | temperature obviously affect growth. Um I wanna say a couple of things before |
|
| 32:24 | get into a tolerance and that has do with talk about extremophiles before in |
|
| 32:30 | context of Archaea. OK. They're the only ones bacteria can live in |
|
| 32:38 | conditions as well. Um Maybe they, they can't tolerate the upper |
|
| 32:46 | of these parameters like Akea can but , they're typically there with Archaea and |
|
| 32:54 | their own kind of niche of high or load temp or high salt, |
|
| 32:59 | salt IP H low ph what have ? But these parameters here, |
|
| 33:04 | Temperature ph, polarity pressure as Ok. Um I hear the |
|
| 33:14 | Um dang off the hand of I'm gonna ding you, you |
|
| 33:23 | All right. So temperature ph also pressure um there are organisms that live |
|
| 33:30 | the depth depths of the oceans pressures they, and they require certain term |
|
| 33:36 | for this, their growth. Um for each of these parameters, you've |
|
| 33:43 | uh ranges of course and most things us are gonna be in the |
|
| 33:48 | right? Uh a meso file temperature , right? A a um neutral |
|
| 33:56 | that's the ph not a neutral ph um uh around the normal is a |
|
| 34:04 | salt concentration is like maybe 1% in environment. OK. Marine environment is |
|
| 34:09 | little bit higher. It's like Uh And the point is most of |
|
| 34:12 | , most life is in if it's bubble, not a bubble, but |
|
| 34:17 | this, most life is in whether it's ph temperature, what have |
|
| 34:22 | ? OK. But the extremes, . So obviously, organisms that live |
|
| 34:30 | the fringes of these parameters have adaptations enable them to live in these |
|
| 34:37 | Whether it's a membrane structure or molecules there that help them counteract high temperatures |
|
| 34:45 | low temperatures. Um, living in a halo file. Imagine that. |
|
| 34:51 | . You're constantly in a hypertonic right. Constantly losing water. |
|
| 34:58 | So you better have some way of that and they do otherwise they wouldn't |
|
| 35:03 | a halo. Right. So all have a different adaptations to, to |
|
| 35:08 | in these conditions. And so, number one, really, the, |
|
| 35:12 | effect of all these parameters, certainly , ph salinity and pressure is the |
|
| 35:19 | on the proteins. That that's why either can live or not live or |
|
| 35:24 | or not tolerate these conditions is because effect it has on the proteins, |
|
| 35:29 | nature is them breaks down their structure or charge interactions and they can't |
|
| 35:36 | right? So you use protein you're not gonna live, right? |
|
| 35:40 | these organisms that live in these extremes adaptations that enable their proteins to function |
|
| 35:48 | these, in these um extreme OK. So, and, and |
|
| 35:53 | other thing I wanted to mention here um uh this concept of an organism |
|
| 36:03 | a condition versus is it it, needs that condition for its optimal |
|
| 36:11 | OK. There's two different things. , e coli it's actually pretty um |
|
| 36:23 | units difference in ph right? Between to 8, it can remain |
|
| 36:30 | right? Um For several hours, not days. OK. Um That's |
|
| 36:37 | remarkable because remember that's a long scale 44 units difference is 10 times 10 |
|
| 36:44 | 100 times 10, 10,000 like Difference. OK. That's big, |
|
| 36:50 | ? To be able to tolerate, pretty good. OK? Um And |
|
| 36:56 | this diagram here is meant to show this is just a showing temperature. |
|
| 36:59 | if you, you could easiest, in ph or um salinity, |
|
| 37:06 | but nonetheless, the uh three different can have different responses. OK. |
|
| 37:12 | so if we look at X, these are three different bacterial strains |
|
| 37:17 | So, of course, if you're meso file, you're gonna be in |
|
| 37:20 | range. OK? And book you don't need to know the exact |
|
| 37:25 | . But because books kind of define range a little bit differently, but |
|
| 37:28 | usually say between 15 and 40 OK? But nonetheless, X and |
|
| 37:35 | and music are files, but each its own kind of sensitivity, |
|
| 37:41 | So this can't tolerate high temp. again, optimal growth growth rate, |
|
| 37:48 | ? It has its highest growth rate there. This one right here, |
|
| 37:52 | one right here, OK. So X, that's probably somewhere around, |
|
| 37:59 | don't know 35 or something. This guy a little bit higher, |
|
| 38:04 | that's 37 just hypothetical numbers here. so this guy, of course, |
|
| 38:10 | 55 let's say, OK, so the thermoph file, the thermoph file |
|
| 38:16 | is Z OK. This guy it that high temperature that's optimal for its |
|
| 38:24 | , right? So it's dr thriving 55 degrees. It wouldn't do so |
|
| 38:29 | at anything over here or up this , right? It needs that |
|
| 38:37 | that high temp 55 plus or That's where it grows. Best, |
|
| 38:41 | growth rate, right? The same X and Y just lower temps, |
|
| 38:47 | ? But then you look at, , what about the pattern here? |
|
| 38:50 | . Well, this y is going this way, it's still viable, |
|
| 38:56 | ? It's viable there. It's not growing, but it's still alive. |
|
| 39:03 | ? If it weren't gonna be going , right? So it's viable, |
|
| 39:06 | can tolerate, right? So for if you wanted to take species Y |
|
| 39:12 | go, I wanna grow, I'm get as many cells as I can |
|
| 39:16 | my growth medium. But would I it at, I grow it at |
|
| 39:22 | temperature or pretty close to it? that's it optimal temperature for growth, |
|
| 39:27 | growth rate, right? Most cells , right? But I know that |
|
| 39:31 | temperature is increased to in upper OK, then it will, it |
|
| 39:38 | remain viable. It's is not gonna growing very well. OK. |
|
| 39:43 | but it has a wider tolerance for , high temp than does X |
|
| 39:50 | And that's every, every microbe is be different in terms of that, |
|
| 39:54 | sensitive, very narrow, right? are more tolerant, maybe more at |
|
| 40:05 | quote normal temps. I'm gonna, I'm out here or down here. |
|
| 40:11 | file. OK. So um so know, just because you see something |
|
| 40:19 | at a certain condition, extreme It may be OK. Maybe it's |
|
| 40:26 | , it's not, it may not its optimal optimal parameter for growth, |
|
| 40:30 | it can, it can handle it can, it can remain viable |
|
| 40:33 | quite a long time there. And , you know, that can have |
|
| 40:37 | things can have implications. You if you, we're talking about pathogens |
|
| 40:41 | , and um you're trying to get of them, for example, is |
|
| 40:46 | , listeria. Um Anybody heard of ? What does Listeria do? What's |
|
| 40:55 | about Listeria? I remember, And so Bluebell is ice cream |
|
| 41:03 | And so they're sacro files, not files, but they can, they |
|
| 41:07 | , they are, they can grow cold temperatures, they can grow at |
|
| 41:09 | degrees and significantly. And so the outbreak was due to Listeria and the |
|
| 41:18 | that not realizing that these things could remain viable at temperatures at which |
|
| 41:24 | make ice cream. All right, temperatures. So, um uh |
|
| 41:29 | you know, it can have, have an effect uh depending on what's |
|
| 41:32 | on. So, anyway, that's I want to say about that. |
|
| 41:36 | Any questions about that? Ok. right. So uh I guess think |
|
| 41:43 | us, us in the summertime, ? Could you, were you thriving |
|
| 41:48 | uh 100 and 10 degree? Feels temperature in Houston. He wanted to |
|
| 41:54 | me. You were gonna get me the ac, right? So, |
|
| 41:58 | . Um yeah, humans aren't really to for extended periods of time to |
|
| 42:04 | 100 and 10 degrees, at least outside of an ac unit, you |
|
| 42:06 | . So um ok, let's look aero tolerance. OK. So oxygen |
|
| 42:14 | kind of its own unique thing if will um microbes are gonna have different |
|
| 42:22 | to it. Ok. Some will use oxygen, right? Aerobic |
|
| 42:29 | Ok. Others uh cannot use Ok. Others um can or |
|
| 42:37 | they can be in between. So the thing about oxygen is |
|
| 42:44 | you know, knowing it has that high reduction potential and that actually means |
|
| 42:50 | very reactive. Ok. And so can interfere with um reactions, especially |
|
| 42:58 | the cellular respiration, those those reactions can um um and again, it |
|
| 43:04 | form byproducts here, toxic byproducts as result. Um And so the we |
|
| 43:12 | to have protection. So if a is going to live in an area |
|
| 43:17 | there is oxygen present, whether it oxygen or not, right? It's |
|
| 43:24 | have protection against it, right? even if it doesn't use it, |
|
| 43:28 | can still interfere with its certain of enzymes, creating these toxic byproducts that |
|
| 43:33 | its proteins and nucleic acid and So if you're gonna live in an |
|
| 43:38 | world, you gotta to have protection it. Ok? That's in a |
|
| 43:42 | . What this is about here. . And so we call these |
|
| 43:46 | reactive oxygen species and these are the ones. It's the same thing you |
|
| 43:51 | sure are aware of, of what call foods that are, have high |
|
| 43:58 | activity. I think I said that . Um And it's really to protect |
|
| 44:02 | you, you form the same things your cells, you form the same |
|
| 44:07 | and uh it's thought to be one the factors that contributes the aging |
|
| 44:12 | And um so, you know, foods that are high in antioxidants, |
|
| 44:18 | like blueberries and stuff are thought to , afford some protection against this. |
|
| 44:23 | , uh but anyway, the point your cells have this protection as |
|
| 44:26 | OK. So what are these things are formed? So, the protective |
|
| 44:32 | uh sod uh which is short for , disme cat and perox. So |
|
| 44:38 | your cells have all three of OK. And so uh oxygen reacts |
|
| 44:45 | um F ad which remember is one those molecules that's in the uh in |
|
| 44:50 | respiration and forming the super oxide Uh And again, this is very |
|
| 44:57 | . OK. And um it'll interact your proteins and it take acids and |
|
| 45:03 | damage. OK. The first step to, this is the nod |
|
| 45:09 | OK? Is to neutralize that into peroxide. OK. Still, still |
|
| 45:15 | but not as much as superoxide. . The net gets neutralized through catalase |
|
| 45:21 | or peroxidase into water, right? is obviously harmless. OK. So |
|
| 45:29 | now, OK. So um so to microbes and living in a world |
|
| 45:37 | there's oxygen. OK. So you have protection against that. And |
|
| 45:42 | really, so how you, how um, determine a microbes response to |
|
| 45:53 | if it's present is through the test gonna see here. OK. So |
|
| 45:59 | medium called fluidly is um, kind a gel like consistency, not, |
|
| 46:07 | solid, like an Avary medium. it has a chemical in there |
|
| 46:14 | I don't know if I even mentioned , but it has a chemical in |
|
| 46:17 | that binds oxygen. OK? And um when you make it, |
|
| 46:23 | of course, auto play with the it and that, that takes all |
|
| 46:27 | air out of the oxygen out of medium. But then as it cools |
|
| 46:32 | , it kind of slowly comes back . But you've got a gel like |
|
| 46:38 | that kind of makes it hard for to diffuse all the way through the |
|
| 46:43 | . And then you also have that that binds up the oxygen. So |
|
| 46:49 | a nutshell, what you're creating is gradient of oxygen high to none to |
|
| 46:56 | , right? That's the net effect this. OK. And so then |
|
| 47:00 | you're gonna do is take that and inoculate this using a wire loop that |
|
| 47:08 | um pass through the whole length of tube, the medium in the |
|
| 47:14 | OK. And what you're basically doing seeing laying cells down the whole length |
|
| 47:22 | the tube. OK. And so you have the cells. Now, |
|
| 47:29 | you're asking OK. Where does growth in this? Ok. Does it |
|
| 47:34 | from cells only that are at the ? Is that only where you see |
|
| 47:38 | ? Does it only occur in the ? Does it only occur at the |
|
| 47:43 | or does it occur throughout? And those patterns, the pattern tells |
|
| 47:49 | kind of what it is in terms its behavior to object. OK. |
|
| 47:54 | so, and it really, and again, it doesn't have to |
|
| 47:58 | the 02 to be able to, be able to survive in it. |
|
| 48:03 | ? You can have an organism that grow here and it's not one that |
|
| 48:09 | oxygen. OK? All has to with the protection with the protective enzymes |
|
| 48:14 | . OK. So um so knowing I think, yeah, here's a |
|
| 48:24 | . OK. So knowing that let's at this, right? So |
|
| 48:30 | interact with 02 is about the does they have protection? OK. |
|
| 48:33 | or no. And remember, you , life is very, we all |
|
| 48:40 | genetically, right? Um It may that, you know, we know |
|
| 48:47 | protective enzymes for air tolerance, but it doesn't have the full, the |
|
| 48:52 | concentration of them, maybe it's missing or two that can produce an |
|
| 48:57 | maybe it's lacking them all together and can produce an effect. So keep |
|
| 49:01 | in mind as you look at OK. So again, this is |
|
| 49:08 | , that Stuart flag black light medium it's gonna when you inoculate, it's |
|
| 49:13 | give you a pattern growth pattern. so here we're looking at uh what |
|
| 49:20 | ABC de likely, likely best guess lower concentration levels of these 02 protective |
|
| 49:31 | or maybe missing one or two, ? So you got, you got |
|
| 49:37 | yeah, radiant in terms of archaea, they have the full, |
|
| 49:46 | blown compliment. They have it They have none. Something in |
|
| 49:51 | So think of that. Oh, yeah, so pick ABC D or |
|
| 50:00 | ? OK. That's your choices. , cool. Let me pause that |
|
| 50:26 | remember your aerobic metabolism, right? you got, if you see growth |
|
| 50:31 | the top, it probably means we see only growth at the |
|
| 50:38 | It probably means this, right? in the middle, it likely means |
|
| 50:44 | and of course, I'm not giving the answer but you know, we'll |
|
| 50:49 | what you do with that information. . Ok. Let's count down |
|
| 51:01 | Uh 43. Ok. Ok. Yeah. Ok. So who, |
|
| 51:21 | picked um who picked e why did pick? E? Uh so. |
|
| 51:33 | . Mhm. You know. Mhm. Right. All the way |
|
| 51:41 | the road, correct. Yeah. it would, it would lack them |
|
| 51:47 | . That's why it's growing down So yeah, it's your e is |
|
| 51:52 | . So um so you got growth here and here. I mean, |
|
| 52:04 | is throughout as well, but if growing up here, that's the highest |
|
| 52:11 | concentration of 02. So you probably have the full protection there. |
|
| 52:18 | Um This guy oxygen is actually toxic it. It will kill those |
|
| 52:25 | Ok? Um This guy is this is ee in the microbial world |
|
| 52:32 | be among the most common types of . Um That's what we call micro |
|
| 52:37 | files. OK. Um They require , their aerobic respire. OK? |
|
| 52:48 | it has to be a concentration of than atmospheric levels. OK? Um |
|
| 52:53 | we'll go through each of these types right now, but let me just |
|
| 52:58 | out one more at you. How can aerobic bacteria live in your |
|
| 53:02 | ? And they do because many of are types that provide, give you |
|
| 53:07 | cavities. OK. So, and , and you're, you're, if |
|
| 53:11 | breathe, you know, through your , obviously, there's oo two in |
|
| 53:16 | . OK. So how are animals in there and causing issues for |
|
| 53:22 | Maybe, maybe they're not. But maybe they are right? Where |
|
| 53:26 | they living at? So you gotta small. OK. So remember in |
|
| 53:32 | mouth, there's all kinds of nooks crannies that they can go into and |
|
| 53:39 | , and remember it's a mixed culture your mouth. So you can have |
|
| 53:43 | types, right? That um can oxygen levels. OK? Um I'm |
|
| 53:50 | , aerobic types uh will use So the environment is like between your |
|
| 53:55 | in your gums, right? Uh provide areas where it can get anaerobic |
|
| 54:01 | um and, and those kind of can begin to produce acidic products, |
|
| 54:07 | and break down your enamel stuff like . Um cause issues like periodontal |
|
| 54:13 | right? So, um anyway, let's look at these five types. |
|
| 54:20 | ? And so we'll get to that in a second. So, um |
|
| 54:26 | . So I break it down kind this way, aerobe anaerobe faculty. |
|
| 54:32 | . So aerobe, of course, a requirement that they use oxygen for |
|
| 54:36 | metabolism. OK? And so those gonna be your obligate Aeros, which |
|
| 54:40 | where you are. OK? And micro aero files. OK. So |
|
| 54:45 | , that's kind of the key point . They're aerobically respiring organisms, they |
|
| 54:50 | have different levels of 02 that they tolerate. OK? And so micro |
|
| 54:58 | something other than, you know, like five or 10% 02 uh is |
|
| 55:03 | of their levels. Um the ana but what's common among those is they |
|
| 55:12 | use oxygen. OK? But you two types, two very different |
|
| 55:17 | OK. So uh the atomic anaerobes tolerate oxygen at all. OK. |
|
| 55:27 | tolerant types. Well, the name of tells you what it is, |
|
| 55:31 | ? Aero tolerant, OK? You tolerate 02. OK? Um And |
|
| 55:37 | can do so because OK. So terms of protection, right? Uh |
|
| 55:43 | Aros, they all have protection to degree or another except the al ana |
|
| 55:50 | , OK? They have no protection those two right. So everything else |
|
| 55:54 | just at different levels. OK? the micro a flow, for |
|
| 55:57 | OK. So, so the aero aro can be a fermenter or an |
|
| 56:04 | aerobic respire. OK? And so um but the key is it doesn't |
|
| 56:11 | oxygen but it has the protection, can just protect it against bad |
|
| 56:15 | OK? And so in facultative basically go either way. OK? And |
|
| 56:23 | um now there is a difference between aro and facultative ape and and that's |
|
| 56:31 | difference here. So this one, one. So they both have growth |
|
| 56:38 | . OK. But there's more growth here compared to the aero tolerant anna |
|
| 56:48 | . So you look at the top sorry at the top, it's more |
|
| 56:52 | gross with the facultative an rope because why can the aero tolerant aerobe respire |
|
| 57:05 | ? No, the recitative aerobe can aerobically, right? It's it does |
|
| 57:14 | right? Can use or not use . So we learned previously, although |
|
| 57:21 | , not necessarily dramatically different, but terms of energy output, but produces |
|
| 57:25 | energy 02 metabolism or anaerobic restoration, respiration or anaerobic respiration, more energy |
|
| 57:35 | , er so that more energy production into more cells, right? More |
|
| 57:42 | growth. Ok. So remember the with a little first with a little |
|
| 57:48 | looking bacterium and it made zillions growth requires energy and so more and more |
|
| 57:55 | , providing more energy, potentially more , right? So that's why you |
|
| 57:59 | the difference up here because the Faculty Manor Road can, can do I |
|
| 58:04 | one hand, so you don't see same level of growth between the |
|
| 58:09 | OK. Um Makes sense or am insane? OK. Right. You |
|
| 58:16 | be, they're not used to exclusive . So um OK. So |
|
| 58:22 | that's your aero tolerance. OK. Any questions about it? All |
|
| 58:28 | So we're gonna do a little bit the 22. OK. So, |
|
| 58:36 | , and really, and if you at the bacterial world and archaea, |
|
| 58:41 | things are this, this and really , there's more of those than there |
|
| 58:50 | aerobic, strict Aeros. Most bacteria are in these other groups. |
|
| 58:57 | Um Think of your, think your what's going on there anaerobically? |
|
| 59:03 | Um All right. So just to remember like with five, just |
|
| 59:09 | section 21 22 just actually it's only . Sorry. Um and I, |
|
| 59:19 | , that reminds me because it's not minor change, but I'm not gonna |
|
| 59:25 | into all the details of this. just put a line through that. |
|
| 59:33 | ? Because some of that is what's 21 and we're not doing 21. |
|
| 59:38 | . So forget that, forget that just 22. OK. Sorry about |
|
| 59:43 | . I cleared this up. So just two. It does talk about |
|
| 59:49 | fixation in 22 but not to the that's covered in 21 and I'm gonna |
|
| 59:54 | of just not worry about it. right. So, uh anyway, |
|
| 59:59 | so let's start here with um hydrologic . So I, we all know |
|
| 60:05 | , I'm sure. Right. Uh results from water that evaporates from |
|
| 60:11 | you know, oceans and lakes and , right. So our concern more |
|
| 60:16 | as the water comes down, precipitation right through, through, |
|
| 60:25 | around and on top of soil, ? The soil of course, is |
|
| 60:32 | matter, right? And water passing it is gonna pick up that organic |
|
| 60:37 | , OK? And so that can a number of implications, obviously, |
|
| 60:45 | by gravity, everything eventually goes into oceans and other bodies of water, |
|
| 60:51 | ? And that that can present some as we'll see, particularly in terms |
|
| 60:58 | of you know, around around rivers and streams and whatnot are gonna be |
|
| 61:06 | facilities, great farms, both you , family type farms and also big |
|
| 61:12 | agriculture, right? And a part that is um fertilizer, right? |
|
| 61:18 | fertilizer. So water runoff can lead , you know, this excess fertilizer |
|
| 61:24 | thrown into waterways, right? And has has an impact as we'll |
|
| 61:29 | it also comes back to metabolism, the the bad effects we see from |
|
| 61:33 | , ok. Um Also through human things, things that humans do, |
|
| 61:41 | ? Um because not just uh excess fertilizer, but pollutants and other |
|
| 61:48 | that companies discharge and whatnot. Uh provide organic materials, the bodies of |
|
| 61:54 | that aren't used to seeing these kinds toxic materials. So it has a |
|
| 61:59 | . OK. So um but of , there's natural processes, right? |
|
| 62:04 | water treatment is a natural process. . Um you're using bacteria basically to |
|
| 62:10 | down your I was gonna say something sounds kind of bad to break down |
|
| 62:16 | stuff. OK. Break down your material. OK. That's in that |
|
| 62:20 | flush down, right? Or otherwise into the uh um water runoff. |
|
| 62:27 | anyway, so this idea of carbon off accelerates microbial respiration, right? |
|
| 62:35 | that's providing, right? The electron donors, right? The organic |
|
| 62:39 | . OK. And so when being aerobic Respi is right? You use |
|
| 62:45 | material, you, you um uh can provide then um nutrients for others |
|
| 62:54 | then um um what I say, , respiration, right? Using |
|
| 63:06 | So one of the things that's so one of the, one of |
|
| 63:11 | sort of hats I wore back in the life was working for a |
|
| 63:16 | that did um we sold products for treatment plants, OK? And one |
|
| 63:23 | the things the waste water treatment plant is to measure the organic content of |
|
| 63:31 | , right? It's an indication of the amount of breakdown that has |
|
| 63:37 | occur to get rid of it. . So bod we call biochemical oxygen |
|
| 63:42 | is basically um seeing how fast oxygen removed from the sample because it directly |
|
| 63:51 | to aerobic respiration. OK. And what you do is so that what |
|
| 64:00 | see over here is a series of in these glass bottles with different water |
|
| 64:08 | , OK? Or other environmental And the black thing here is an |
|
| 64:14 | probe, OK? And so you a measurement uh milligrams per meter typically |
|
| 64:21 | PP MS or what have you and tells you the level of uh a |
|
| 64:27 | measurement is done over time. It's what's called a five day bod |
|
| 64:32 | . And so you measure once a for five days and you see, |
|
| 64:36 | you're seeing a decline in the levels dissolved oxygen in the system. |
|
| 64:43 | And so in terms of bod what does it mean? What's something |
|
| 64:48 | high? Well, sewage, Raw sewage, there's a bod in |
|
| 64:54 | of 600 mg that means raw sewage you add bacteria to it. It'll |
|
| 65:03 | , it has a such an excess nutrients to eat. They'll, they'll |
|
| 65:08 | get rid of oxygen so fast because so saturated with the food source, |
|
| 65:13 | ? And so that very fast rate to a um high bod. All |
|
| 65:22 | . So a for example, here down rapidly because there's so much organic |
|
| 65:29 | present in the water respiration, you oxygen, right? Um reduce it |
|
| 65:40 | water, right? The back right? So remember the diagram you're |
|
| 65:46 | of by now. All right, you see donor, right? 02 |
|
| 65:53 | aerobic metabolism running for water. So is what's being consumed in the |
|
| 65:59 | That's what we're measuring. How fast it going away. Ok. And |
|
| 66:03 | , so there's so much of this and excess, then it rapidly goes |
|
| 66:08 | . Right. Very high activity. that equates to a high bod, |
|
| 66:12 | of, of organic material present. ? Has sewage, raw sewage would |
|
| 66:17 | . Ok. So, of then the, the lowest bod sample |
|
| 66:22 | altogether D as in dog, So uh really no, nothing |
|
| 66:30 | there's nothing there. So there's nothing to consume oxygen for, right? |
|
| 66:33 | no respiration going on, right? And so the, so in terms |
|
| 66:41 | numbers, what, what's a, a quote bad number? Well, |
|
| 66:45 | you get to like a water sample has like 5 4 3 mg of |
|
| 66:52 | , um that's endangering life in in that aquatic sample. OK? |
|
| 66:59 | in that, in that body of , OK. Um Saturation, |
|
| 67:03 | So air saturated water. So 8 5, it's not as much as |
|
| 67:09 | might think, ok. But you , it's enough to where, you |
|
| 67:13 | , fish and other wildlife are threatened that point. OK. And so |
|
| 67:19 | so there's areas over the globe, ? Where you have these areas, |
|
| 67:24 | bodies of water that are low, low bod, I'm sorry, have |
|
| 67:29 | low oxygen levels, ok? And areas are, you know, not |
|
| 67:33 | full of lots of aquatic life, ? Kind of devoid of them. |
|
| 67:39 | ? And that comes from, you , really it can be an oil |
|
| 67:44 | . No, that's lots of organic , right? And generate these um |
|
| 67:48 | discharge of pollutants, right? Uh forth. OK. And that's what |
|
| 67:53 | see here. OK. So these zones, zones of hypoxia. |
|
| 68:00 | So again, you have an influx organic material, you have a high |
|
| 68:06 | coming in into the water body of that triggers then lots of heterotrophic aerobic |
|
| 68:14 | . And we know this right. know that activity and that's what breaks |
|
| 68:19 | the material, but also then sucks . Uh Oxygen sucks oxygen out of |
|
| 68:23 | water. Auction levels go down, , go by by, OK? |
|
| 68:29 | low numbers, OK? And other , so in these zones can persist |
|
| 68:35 | quite a while. So you see all along the Gulf coast, |
|
| 68:39 | I'm not sure what depth this is , but it's um but it |
|
| 68:44 | Um I'm not sure today. Um I think today there's still some effects |
|
| 68:48 | this. Uh but also there's other being discharged, right? You go |
|
| 68:53 | the Mississippi River, right? There's kinds of companies that have their business |
|
| 68:57 | the Mississippi River and the Mississippi River a long river, ok? And |
|
| 69:02 | the Missouri River is above it and forth. But lots of, you |
|
| 69:06 | , and knowingly or unknowingly discharging pollutants are high organic material and can create |
|
| 69:14 | dead zones in different parts of the of water. OK. So, |
|
| 69:22 | uh let's just, let's just see we can do with this question. |
|
| 69:25 | , we haven't talked about it but let me just throw it at |
|
| 69:28 | and let's see what we do So UTR application is kind of AAA |
|
| 69:35 | of the processes that I've been alluding here, but it's a stepwise thing |
|
| 69:41 | occurs that does result in a, depletion of oxygen from the water in |
|
| 69:51 | . The um say um let's take look and we'll, we will make |
|
| 70:02 | of this in time. Oh, what I was gonna say. |
|
| 70:08 | while you're reading this um wastewater treatment . So if you're familiar, if |
|
| 70:15 | familiar with your subdivision, wherever you , where you, where you, |
|
| 70:20 | you're on campus and your folks um You'll see you behind a big |
|
| 70:25 | , right? The municipal wastewater right? Um You may have heard |
|
| 70:32 | parents talk about mud taxes, Municipal utility district. That's what funds |
|
| 70:37 | things. Ok. And, but same type of systems exist all over |
|
| 70:44 | country, not just for residential but commercial. Lots of your manufacturing |
|
| 70:51 | have the same things. Ok? , to take their waste, they |
|
| 70:57 | into reduce it. And so when pump out water into rivers and |
|
| 71:03 | it's low bod. All right. um and it's all microbe drive, |
|
| 71:11 | microbial metabolism, right? Ok. if you're not sure about this, |
|
| 71:17 | ok. We're gonna explain it, ? 10. Hm. And so |
|
| 71:39 | reification is really a, begins with thing and then different microbial activities lead |
|
| 71:46 | other things basically. Right? OK. Let's see. Um It |
|
| 72:09 | , it is D it is D in dog and we're gonna see how |
|
| 72:14 | works. OK. So here's a example here. OK. So we've |
|
| 72:23 | a um very common is to have river associated with not getting out of |
|
| 72:32 | yet. Yeah, just so we a pond stream body river, you |
|
| 72:40 | , and adjoining, of course, areas, farms, whatnot and very |
|
| 72:46 | excess fertilizer which is nitrogen and phosphorus is dumped into the stream river. |
|
| 72:56 | because it's not all used. Sitting top quiet. Please just sit tight |
|
| 73:04 | two minutes. Ok. All A runoff occurs, precipitation, |
|
| 73:11 | irrigation. Uh excess is washed off the streams. Uh So now you |
|
| 73:16 | nitrogen phosphorus present. So in the , microbes, these are, these |
|
| 73:21 | nutrients that are when an excess presents , it's jumped on, right? |
|
| 73:27 | these are limited nutrients in, in because if they're available, they're |
|
| 73:31 | But if you have an excess, those that are algae, santa |
|
| 73:37 | these explode in numbers because great as are just give them some co2 and |
|
| 73:43 | , they can't make their own So when there is a, when |
|
| 73:47 | , they rely on microbial activity for , but when you get an influx |
|
| 73:51 | them kind of artificially. Right. they're being dumped on by humans and |
|
| 73:56 | run out, then they explode in . Right. So, sunlight co2 |
|
| 74:02 | , uh, uh, water and nutrients and excess nutrients, they blow |
|
| 74:07 | in numbers. Right. So there's mat, they called a bloom. |
|
| 74:10 | it's like a mat covering the top the water. And, uh, |
|
| 74:15 | of course, you can't sustain all growth. And so once this is |
|
| 74:20 | up, right, then they collectively , right? And they fall to |
|
| 74:25 | bottom. OK? But now this a heavily organic source, right? |
|
| 74:32 | who's gonna jump on it? heroic bacteria that are in the |
|
| 74:37 | right? Or down below, jump it, right? And eat that |
|
| 74:41 | materials. Heterotrophic aerobic metabolism, sucking oxygen out of the water, |
|
| 74:47 | And then your fish go like for fish with XS, right? Like |
|
| 74:53 | , they come up to the right? And so uh they don't |
|
| 74:58 | that, right? They, they oxygen. OK. So not just |
|
| 75:02 | , other aquatic life. And so so it's an issue and then of |
|
| 75:06 | , it happens for sure. But it's a step wise thing, |
|
| 75:10 | metabolisms, right? First photosynthesizes then respiration, right? And so um |
|
| 75:18 | e neutral. OK. Questions. you can run for the doors. |
|
| 5999:59 | |
|
