| 00:06 | mm hmm. Okay. Right, hmm. Okay folks. Welcome. |
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| 00:46 | remember um remember remember no class next we've got some everybody. So um |
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| 00:59 | at that point, so then after break and when we have the exam |
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| 01:04 | that week. Okay. So um there the schedule opens so that opens |
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| 01:15 | thursday. Okay, so make sure up for a slot. Um Let's |
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| 01:24 | . Okay, so the unit normal due date for that would have |
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| 01:27 | sunday. But I thought, well no spring break, you can take |
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| 01:32 | whole week until you have like another to go until the deadline. The |
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| 01:37 | 2013th 20th for the for the Remember the unit quizzes are longer rather |
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| 01:44 | comprehensive? Um so something like 20 questions, 25% questions. So |
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| 01:51 | so that they do they will not not change for the smart work. |
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| 01:56 | That will still be the 13th and on those two things. But again |
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| 02:02 | quiz Until the 20th jack. Uh see. So today we're gonna finish |
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| 02:10 | most of unit two by Wednesday. will be some left to do when |
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| 02:16 | come back. I think probably that section on photo trophy will be left |
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| 02:21 | which we'll do when we come Um but it's not that long. |
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| 02:26 | so uh I think that's everything oh unit three material. So then you |
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| 02:34 | want to think about now but it's it will be uh it will be |
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| 02:39 | like Wednesday or thursday this week so can access that if you wish um |
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| 02:45 | don't start on that until we get spring break. So um I think |
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| 02:51 | was everything. Any questions about anything general. Mhm Okay, so we're |
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| 02:57 | start before we finished last time. there was that question we had at |
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| 03:00 | end and we're not gonna do I'm not gonna do any clicker style |
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| 03:04 | , but just to kind of go um go over uh what's going on |
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| 03:13 | . Okay, so here are the . Right? That's what's the kind |
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| 03:16 | all over the board here. so um the so the correct answer |
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| 03:26 | g correct? Okay, so probably more popular answer choices were see and |
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| 03:38 | Okay. And um so just to right, the source of electrons. |
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| 03:45 | ? So if you look at just this and they're so remember we learned |
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| 03:50 | process, We will learn this process stages okay, we'll go over |
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| 03:54 | Today is one of the main things um we're going we're gonna be going |
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| 03:59 | the redox potential, sometimes stuff like . But just remember the stage, |
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| 04:02 | ? We learned this process in And so it all begins of course |
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| 04:07 | a source. So this is the in this example. Okay. Source |
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| 04:14 | electrons. Okay. But the way the electrons as we oxidize glucose |
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| 04:21 | To pira bait a into t c cycle that we're accumulating the electrons in |
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| 04:30 | form of these. Right? That's we're committed any D H. Is |
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| 04:35 | the source. Right. The beginning . Right. We're only we're only |
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| 04:41 | in 88 because we have glucose that oxidizing glucose is the source. And |
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| 04:46 | forming these electronic characters who produced electronic as we go. So um so |
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| 04:53 | keep that in mind. So the source can be this can be |
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| 04:57 | number of things for us. Can lots of different things, right? |
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| 05:01 | be fats, carbohydrates, proteins, . Okay so lots of different things |
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| 05:06 | serve that source of electrons. And of course for a source of |
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| 05:11 | as well as carbon and electrons. um the other the the this point |
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| 05:19 | . Okay that is because of Right, fermentation is not respiration when |
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| 05:28 | when you see the word respiration What should follow right in line his |
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| 05:34 | , oxidative fermentation? Electronic transport Krebs cycle blah blah blah. All |
|
| 05:40 | . That's respiration. That's not in . Okay so fermentation is not anaerobic |
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| 05:46 | . You may think so because it's anaerobic process. Okay, but that's |
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| 05:52 | the similarity ends. Okay so um again, for that reason g none |
|
| 05:59 | of these statements are written correctly. so don't also people tend to some |
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| 06:04 | tend to equate you need through the oxidation. Right? That that it |
|
| 06:09 | involve oxygen. Not at all. . Doesn't have to at all. |
|
| 06:14 | so um any questions about any of response to. Okay. All right |
|
| 06:23 | let's let's do a question. This be a real quick question on |
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| 06:28 | Just to kind of do you have questions about that? Um you can |
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| 06:34 | it up now but just go through one. So what it requires, |
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| 06:40 | it doesn't require. Okay. mm hmm, mm hmm. |
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| 07:42 | let us go. 210. So yeah. So the The two |
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| 07:53 | 2 that are correct? Our what ? A for sure. And both |
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| 08:02 | . Right, So here's fermentation. , um we do have to remember |
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| 08:09 | we have a sugar. So hair here are our reactant if you |
|
| 08:14 | Right? We have this this and . Okay, so keep those three |
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| 08:21 | supplied then we complete dramatic nice producing energy. Okay, so in |
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| 08:29 | to keep regenerating N. A. . Right reform in A. |
|
| 08:33 | H. As a result of black . But then we have that's what |
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| 08:36 | , you know, fermentation reactions. ? These additional reactions after we've gone |
|
| 08:41 | the fire brigade. Either from lactate we saw with ethanol and many other |
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| 08:46 | of fermentation reactions purpose is really to reform this so they can then can |
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| 08:54 | can replenish like costs and keep that . Because it's the only this is |
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| 08:58 | only energy maker for from enters this here. So you have to sustain |
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| 09:03 | to keep that going. Okay. All right. So just to summarize |
|
| 09:11 | quick. Um so fermentation so read it already. He doesn't know |
|
| 09:19 | the 50 plus reactions and the enzymes remember in stages what goes in, |
|
| 09:25 | comes out. Okay. Um and today we're gonna focus on The part |
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| 09:33 | the process here which is involved in transport chain. Uh we may or |
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| 09:39 | not get to 80p synthesis but we're to kind of focus on this part |
|
| 09:44 | transport chain and the components in And how you kind of put them |
|
| 09:48 | and why we put them together in orders. Right. So uh the |
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| 09:54 | I guess thing to remember is the or difference and energy. Right? |
|
| 10:00 | phosphor relation versus substrate level of phosphor to versus 34 or four vs |
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| 10:07 | Um and so it's the fermenter that solely on this substrate level of phosphor |
|
| 10:14 | in a respirator like us has has of course both processes. But of |
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| 10:20 | we generate the bulk of our https uh the occident phosphor relation process. |
|
| 10:27 | , um now let's look at before get to um 14, which is |
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| 10:38 | beginning of Looking closer respiration. Let's up 13 and look at aromatic metabolism |
|
| 10:46 | aromatic compounds. So the point here this is uh aromatic compounds are can |
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| 10:54 | very toxic in small concentrations. They found in many industrial products. Certainly |
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| 11:03 | dies. Um lots of different chemicals they represent of course toxic agents if |
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| 11:11 | spilled knowingly or unknowingly um they can be harmful. And so in the |
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| 11:19 | of breaking them down, it's bacteria are the only ones that can do |
|
| 11:24 | . Precarious to my knowledge are the ones capable of this. Maybe some |
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| 11:29 | I think. But but certainly overwhelmingly types of bacteria can deal with |
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| 11:35 | And um there and so we often it in the context of bioremediation. |
|
| 11:41 | ? Using bacteria that can break down neutralize their bad effects. Um things |
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| 11:50 | um where you may have old gas , old gas stations, they have |
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| 11:56 | tanks under underground. They've been there a long time in the league that |
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| 12:01 | material aromatic compounds into the environment. are just kept industrial companies that just |
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| 12:07 | into the into water. And so not necessarily um sometimes an accident sometimes |
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| 12:14 | . But um these are these are where you want to clean this material |
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| 12:19 | . So they're often often caressed So um so there are certain types |
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| 12:25 | bacteria that are very good at using as a energy and carbon source. |
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| 12:31 | . And so of course a permanent are by nature has that aromatic |
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| 12:36 | Right? And so uh and typically compounds have multiple rings. And so |
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| 12:44 | ring itself is very stable. so it's so the process of breaking |
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| 12:48 | down involves breaking that ring. That's major part of the process. Is |
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| 12:55 | Okay. And once the remedy is and it's now um kind of in |
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| 13:00 | change that's easily metabolized. Okay. what we're focusing here really is on |
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| 13:06 | that. And so there's a couple intermediates that we see in the |
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| 13:11 | Okay. And so here are some um a aromatic compounds. Uh |
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| 13:19 | I think we're probably all familiar with one. Um Angeline is found in |
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| 13:23 | different types of dyes and paints. the but again the aromatic really characterizes |
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| 13:31 | of them. And so they all down eventually um to one single |
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| 13:37 | Okay. And that is the we see you right here in the |
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| 13:43 | tywin, a little bit different. to go this route. Ok, |
|
| 13:48 | benzoate is a it's kind of a intermediate. But again, all |
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| 13:53 | They all eventually fall under the And so the means to break the |
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| 13:59 | is the addition of oxygen. And so we have what are called |
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| 14:04 | oxygen these enzymes to put two oxygen's the ring. Okay, so um |
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| 14:12 | makes it bring them amenable to being greatest. Okay. And so mutilate |
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| 14:18 | . Is then that in product that represents the breakage of the ring. |
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| 14:26 | , so um and then that can followed into Catholics, you're already familiar |
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| 14:31 | the Krebs cycle etcetera. Okay, it's the dioxins next in times that |
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| 14:36 | unique to these kinds of bacteria that do this. Okay um there are |
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| 14:42 | is an anaerobic way to do it well but it does it's not a |
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| 14:47 | process. Okay you don't ferment these they have a way to kind of |
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| 14:52 | a similar fashion break the ring. this is the more common, more |
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| 14:57 | metabolism here. So pseudomonas and These are the two types that are |
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| 15:02 | the only types but a lot of lot of them are able to carry |
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| 15:07 | out. And um this the pathways not a lot of teens. So |
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| 15:14 | do this maybe two or three genes these are often found on plasma. |
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| 15:18 | okay so pathways are these smaller extra or pieces of D. N. |
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| 15:24 | . That sit in a cell outside chromosome. We'll talk about those in |
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| 15:27 | three. But um they will contain few genes, a couple of uh |
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| 15:33 | pathway. And um it's very common these types of aromatic degradation pathways to |
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| 15:40 | on the plasma. And we have uh we've engineered particularly pseudomonas, we |
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| 15:45 | for bioremediation purposes and cleaning up these in the environment. And we've engineered |
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| 15:52 | to have multiple pathways. So um will be able to degrade a number |
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| 15:57 | different aromatic compounds and we can put those different panthers on a class and |
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| 16:03 | it inside uh the bacteria to be to do this. So um the |
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| 16:11 | so we look at the continuation of pathway. Okay so here's catapult and |
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| 16:17 | is the mucus in it. Right they're gonna there's two ways to get |
|
| 16:22 | depending on the type of guy Nice. So this route that |
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| 16:27 | but in either case we're going to up at the TC. A |
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| 16:31 | Okay. So you don't need to the chemical structures here and just sort |
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| 16:37 | pathways, but do no di oxygen oxygen to the ring is going to |
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| 16:42 | break the ring. Um Those are main things. But then again they |
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| 16:46 | funnel eventually into the T. A. Cycle. And then of |
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| 16:50 | that's for the energy. Okay. Alright. Any questions about that? |
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| 16:58 | I didn't want to say much more anybody, just kind of bring that |
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| 17:02 | . Um So summary. So now can get into uh so again, |
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| 17:08 | to reemphasize right, you just need know the stages of the process. |
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| 17:12 | , Because animal comes out terms like phosphor relation, respiration, what fermentation |
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| 17:19 | ? These kind of things. Um Alright, so let's look at |
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| 17:25 | little closer the components of electron transport . So again, this is going |
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| 17:30 | be part of respiration, aerobic Okay, and this is we've seen |
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| 17:36 | slide now is uh metabolism that's You know, for maybe about |
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| 17:45 | 20 years now. Okay, so what's called interspecies electron transfer. So |
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| 17:52 | we have and the particular bacterium is geo factor. Okay, that you |
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| 17:58 | in both examples here. Ok, guy. And so it is very |
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| 18:05 | . The process of processes we've been about are occurring of course within a |
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| 18:10 | . Right observation of the electron right, glucose comes into the cell |
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| 18:16 | broken down all those pathways are occurring the cell. Okay. Here we're |
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| 18:22 | part of these processes occurring outside the . Right. So we have a |
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| 18:27 | of electrons here acetate in both Okay. That becomes oxidized and it's |
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| 18:34 | external to the cell and then it those electrons and transfer them To another |
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| 18:42 | of that. three. Okay. so we often have what's conducting material |
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| 18:49 | the cells. Okay, that will electrons. So typically something iron |
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| 18:56 | Okay. And and then uh that that conduit that they get transferred to |
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| 19:04 | species. Okay. Some many of also have their own kind of |
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| 19:09 | You see up here, they're basically like wires right, transferring electrons through |
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| 19:14 | um appendages. Um and so in process here, you know, and |
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| 19:20 | is finding a lot of use in being developed for use in different perhaps |
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| 19:25 | bio technical applications when being wastewater throne wastewater. And so different organic materials |
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| 19:32 | wastewater could serve this role here. then get broken down of course. |
|
| 19:37 | , the C. 02 and water uh and and maybe be a way |
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| 19:43 | to augment, you know, currently treatment systems and others there's other applications |
|
| 19:49 | electrical as fuel cells and things like . So it's a proving to be |
|
| 19:54 | um very interesting. Okay, but , it's all about, you |
|
| 20:01 | oxidation reduction transfer of electrons. And so maintaining, hey flo |
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| 20:08 | So we have a flow of electrons this way. Okay. Going this |
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| 20:12 | . Okay. And arranging your components that we maintain that throat. |
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| 20:19 | So it's kind of what we're looking here in terms of evaluating redox proteins |
|
| 20:25 | redox reactions and and how, how bacterium in nature that inspires. You |
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| 20:32 | , it's at the mercy of what's to it. And so how can |
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| 20:35 | arrange the components in this chain too favor electronic flow. Okay. And |
|
| 20:44 | , and this is just a summary of the processes we've looked at and |
|
| 20:49 | at a little closer today. So look at fermentation, right? So |
|
| 20:52 | is, this is a metabolism And so here's one classes fermentation we're |
|
| 20:58 | of. Right? And so you look at fermentation is having an electronic |
|
| 21:04 | , right. And a fermentation that be this right power bait in |
|
| 21:10 | right. Because we take that And reduced it right to lactic acid or |
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| 21:17 | at the law. Right. Or else. So it does serve that |
|
| 21:21 | . And fermentation, it's just that no terminal except er right. There's |
|
| 21:25 | like this or this in fermentation. was an electronic transport chain in that |
|
| 21:30 | . Right. But certainly there is um in respiration as we'll see. |
|
| 21:37 | , um, now just put this up here again because what we're going |
|
| 21:44 | focus on is really mostly what's going in here. Right, in |
|
| 21:50 | Okay. So it's very important. remember, All right. We have |
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| 21:55 | electron transport chain, the electrons being those transfers a couple of bringing about |
|
| 22:03 | release of energy. Okay. And energy is used to pump protons. |
|
| 22:08 | to maintain this structure right, maintain gradient requires continual supply of electrons um |
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| 22:17 | continual flow. Right. And so of course requires having the right components |
|
| 22:23 | the right order to keep that Okay, So having a supply of |
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| 22:30 | source, right. Is step one to our specific carriers that will become |
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| 22:38 | and interact with that component in the . And then we're giving up of |
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| 22:45 | and and then the flow Right? then to eternal. Except Right. |
|
| 22:50 | those components are all going to have particular reduction potential. We called. |
|
| 22:57 | . And it's that potential determines how flow will go. Okay. And |
|
| 23:03 | ultimately remember the endgame here is the of the energy potential. Energy we've |
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| 23:11 | through that gradient, performing and coupling energy beliefs as they go down to |
|
| 23:17 | formation of a tps. Remember https energy and when they get that energy |
|
| 23:24 | protons going down their gradient and release energy. Okay. And so the |
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| 23:30 | potential. Right? So, I that this table confuses everybody rightfully. |
|
| 23:39 | . Okay, But think of it a ranking, it's a ranking of |
|
| 23:46 | or ranking of molecules and their ability accept electrons. Okay. Or reduction |
|
| 23:54 | . The ability of the molecule to reduced right there, reduction potential. |
|
| 24:01 | so like anything rank, there's gonna an order obviously. But there's going |
|
| 24:06 | be those that are good at it those that are bad at it. |
|
| 24:10 | some that are kind of in the . Okay. Make anything So in |
|
| 24:15 | table though, the best reduction The one that's the best of that |
|
| 24:21 | at the end of the list. right. So it's not like the |
|
| 24:24 | is best in terms of that Okay. Because oxygen is right there |
|
| 24:33 | reduction potential. Alright. The most in terms of reduction potential. And |
|
| 24:38 | what E is. Okay, that's potential. And so um there's there's |
|
| 24:45 | ways to understand this. You kind you want to pick up pick away |
|
| 24:49 | you easily grasp this. Okay. so something that's a very good. |
|
| 24:56 | electronic sector is a very positive reduction . So one basic way to think |
|
| 25:01 | it is well, electrons are negatively . Right? But its negative charge |
|
| 25:07 | , negative charge likes a positive charge to. Right. So basically you |
|
| 25:11 | of allergies which molecule in that in list is going to have the most |
|
| 25:18 | to electrons because it has the highest charge attracted to those negative electrons, |
|
| 25:24 | . So, you see it goes , more positive as we're going talked |
|
| 25:29 | more and more better, stronger and electronic sectors. Okay. The worst |
|
| 25:38 | sector in this group is what the horrific electronic sector in this group. |
|
| 25:51 | two. Very top. Right. horrible. Yeah. And so most |
|
| 26:00 | production potential. Okay. Um so if it's bad at that, what |
|
| 26:10 | be good at or what might part its reaction reaction components? Part of |
|
| 26:19 | So, if you look at line , Mhm. Okay. Right |
|
| 26:25 | So you have so so too is horrible except for But what in that |
|
| 26:34 | ? And that line would be good it. What's good in that |
|
| 26:38 | So bad. Except it's probably a donor. Alright. Go hand in |
|
| 26:43 | . It's bad at that. But it's good at this other thing. |
|
| 26:45 | it is all right. So this be a good donor. But not |
|
| 26:50 | not talking about CO2 now. This is as accepted form. That |
|
| 26:56 | call. Those molecules are the for reaction which is acceptable. Right? |
|
| 27:02 | a single molecule can't be both. . It can't be any d you |
|
| 27:08 | be both. Good except for any . Don't It doesn't have those has |
|
| 27:13 | role. Doesn't have both. So it's CO2. You have. |
|
| 27:19 | too is the accepted form. Didn't glucose. Right? Glucose isn't except |
|
| 27:24 | it can be a donor. We oxidize it. Right, we |
|
| 27:27 | we don't know that. So there's way you can you do something with |
|
| 27:32 | and we'll get to it. so let's just look at um |
|
| 27:37 | Right? So if it's a great er, okay, this is a |
|
| 27:44 | from bad except er, two great auction, the best. Okay, |
|
| 27:50 | , you can say uh they are week except ear's okay, but it |
|
| 27:59 | be a strong go, right, those those to apply it. So |
|
| 28:03 | strong um except there's gonna be a donut. Okay, and so and |
|
| 28:10 | strong and weak, we mean in of context of energy. Okay, |
|
| 28:14 | you can see how E and Delta . Okay, relate to each |
|
| 28:21 | Okay, so a negative reduction Bad except er if you're gonna make |
|
| 28:28 | guy be a bad except er and you have to put energy. |
|
| 28:32 | put energy into it, then you be you may be able to get |
|
| 28:35 | to to accept electrons but it requires to do it. Right, and |
|
| 28:39 | delta G is telling us that. , and so I'm actually on the |
|
| 28:47 | side of that. Right, Okay, very positive, very positive |
|
| 28:53 | potential. That equates to a good of energy being released. Okay, |
|
| 28:59 | in accepting electrons, energy is Okay, so week donors. Strong |
|
| 29:06 | . Right, you're gonna so we there's dry except okay, for a |
|
| 29:12 | except er you're likely a strong If you're a strong except er you're |
|
| 29:16 | a week donor. Okay, so um the uh proton hydrogen couple. |
|
| 29:26 | , So uh 420 -4. 20 . Similar Bolt is the unit for |
|
| 29:30 | potential. Okay. Um and so the product being hired and so protons |
|
| 29:38 | very bad except Ear's requires energy input make them do that. Um Looking |
|
| 29:45 | oxygen. Right. Very good electronic , very positive production potential um in |
|
| 29:52 | process reduced to water. Okay, , again, relationship between delta G |
|
| 29:59 | E. Okay, so I'm not to do any calculations, but um |
|
| 30:05 | this is in stands for the number electrons. Okay. And the number |
|
| 30:12 | electrons constant. Fairly confident. And you put these values in. |
|
| 30:20 | And depending on the reduction potential, know, that delta G. It |
|
| 30:25 | be somewhere between negative positive in the . Okay. And so that's how |
|
| 30:30 | can evaluate the how well accepted maybe now the goal here we're gonna combine |
|
| 30:38 | components. Right? So what you and information, electron flow, |
|
| 30:44 | is strong donors up front. We accept our strong donors that they |
|
| 30:50 | give me up electrons uh and progressively and stronger except Ear's. Right. |
|
| 30:56 | the strongest. Except is at the end. Right? That's what maintains |
|
| 31:00 | . Okay. As long as you something feeding it, Right? And |
|
| 31:05 | capturing him at the end. That's that's how this works. |
|
| 31:10 | And because of course there's energy changes , right? As a result then |
|
| 31:17 | where the energy that's where the energy from to pump these protons out. |
|
| 31:22 | . That's what that's electronic energy of transfer. That's how we figure |
|
| 31:27 | That that's the delta G. That used to sustain that proton gradient. |
|
| 31:32 | . Yeah. A couple of Um First one for what hasn't negative |
|
| 31:39 | potential reduction. Um I don't necessarily so because I I only use it |
|
| 31:52 | an example as a waiter. As way to think about how positive how |
|
| 31:58 | get positive positive potential negative as a to Yes. Right. I'm not |
|
| 32:05 | I'm not saying that repulsion directly. . Also how was it our energy |
|
| 32:18 | . Okay, that's helpful. Uh how was hired to inform, naturally |
|
| 32:26 | come from the sun. Right? his son. I think it's the |
|
| 32:30 | of hydrogen gas. One thing. that's a lot of energy there. |
|
| 32:34 | that's probably how that can happen. you. So, but but the |
|
| 32:45 | the reverse reaction is um one that's good and has found a lot of |
|
| 32:52 | systems as we'll see. Um so let's look at. Okay, |
|
| 33:00 | again trying to here's another way to of think about it. Okay, |
|
| 33:07 | is from your book, a more reduction potential means that reducing the electronic |
|
| 33:16 | . So here reducing that. it was more energy. Right? |
|
| 33:24 | that's true. It's gonna be a that delta G value is 1 |
|
| 33:29 | Right? So that's gonna be a of energy import for sure. So |
|
| 33:39 | more negative value such as over here oxidizing the donor. Right? So |
|
| 33:47 | have to oxidize that. Alright don't this protons accepting electrons. That's |
|
| 33:54 | Okay. But if we oxidize the so now not don't look as except |
|
| 33:59 | at look at it as a Right? But how are we going |
|
| 34:02 | do that? Well what we want do is look at it in terms |
|
| 34:05 | this Okay. In this fashion. . In that way so we're gonna |
|
| 34:14 | it in this context. Okay. that's very good. Right? Because |
|
| 34:19 | happens is this sign actually now Okay. And that what used to |
|
| 34:27 | a positive delta G. Cannot become negative delta G. So when we |
|
| 34:33 | the kind of oh let's look at donor form. That's how you would |
|
| 34:38 | at. Right? And when you at the reverse reaction now who slipped |
|
| 34:43 | on delta G. And reduction Okay. It turns out that this |
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| 34:47 | a very among bacteria. That's it a lot of energy. So you |
|
| 34:54 | lots of different bacteria that actually exploit as a way to get energy um |
|
| 34:58 | coli can use hydrogen gas this way well. Okay. Because H. |
|
| 35:05 | is also you know in the environment bacteria live? Okay. H. |
|
| 35:10 | can be is a very common you christian monk fermenters. A gas that's |
|
| 35:15 | off. And so in their environment can be something that can be very |
|
| 35:20 | . And if they have that pathway a good way to get energy. |
|
| 35:25 | so let's just look at um Royal questions? Okay. Alright so let's |
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| 35:32 | at how we deal with these So redox couples, that's what we're |
|
| 35:36 | about. We're talking about the two of no particular reaction we're looking at |
|
| 35:42 | whether it's H. Two H plus . Two H +20. Okay and |
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| 35:48 | here is as mentioned, if you at the reverse reaction, alright then |
|
| 35:54 | change the sign and as a donor a strong donor week except er H |
|
| 35:59 | plus week etcetera. But H two donor. Okay and then um the |
|
| 36:05 | of orient ourselves and put it in context here, I've always do these |
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| 36:10 | diagrams where the electron transport chain right is the membrane electron transport chain. |
|
| 36:15 | what's donating, right, oxygen Um And so again these things are |
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| 36:22 | additive, like we're going to add things together, right? So energy |
|
| 36:27 | from H. two as a donor as a turmoil except er it's |
|
| 36:34 | Right? And so together you get good amount of energy. Okay, |
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| 36:40 | is why H2 oxidation of hydrogen is of more common pathways. See many |
|
| 36:48 | of bacteria. Okay um especially when use auction as a terminal except er |
|
| 36:56 | so the same thing. Uh we course don't do this but we do |
|
| 37:02 | one. Right So any DNA Dhs accumulate a lot of these in a |
|
| 37:07 | during classes and cell respiration. And they served the N. A. |
|
| 37:12 | . H. Form is the donor is this is a strong reform. |
|
| 37:17 | ? It gives off energy. And the accepting electrons actually requires energy. |
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| 37:23 | and so um now the thing you might say okay any D requires energy |
|
| 37:29 | pick up electrons and it's so prevalent you know the panther has been looking |
|
| 37:34 | we have to remember N. D. Works in conjunction with enzymes |
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| 37:38 | an enzyme. Okay. And so that will help overcome this this this |
|
| 37:45 | delta G. This positive delta Uh But the nth form uh that |
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| 37:52 | is a very good donor. Okay so again just got the reverse |
|
| 37:58 | Right? And then the sign So were once used to be a |
|
| 38:03 | the reduction potential positive delta G. at the reverse reaction and it |
|
| 38:09 | Okay so again combine it with aerobic . Right? And very good energy |
|
| 38:19 | . Okay and so of course that's aerobic risk buyers like us are |
|
| 38:25 | Okay so combined that's what that's that's it's all about. Strong donors |
|
| 38:30 | Strong sectors at the at the back . Right keep slow going. A |
|
| 38:34 | of energy release. And that energy used to to pump these protons |
|
| 38:39 | Okay. Um Alright, so let's you try one here. Um Just |
|
| 38:46 | or no question. But you go to the logic of How you |
|
| 38:51 | figure this out. So could a obtain energy from section eight as electron |
|
| 38:58 | and nitrate and an electron accepted? it's going to be anaerobic restoration using |
|
| 39:05 | eight as the source of electrons. . Or as the dope. Um |
|
| 39:12 | so it's just taken right out of table and see what you get. |
|
| 39:31 | hmm mm hmm. This will be net. Yeah. Always you have |
|
| 39:43 | evaluate get your value with both. . Uh just D for this |
|
| 39:59 | Mm hmm. Got some choices, you? Yeah. Okay. I |
|
| 40:26 | everybody's pretty much answered. I'm just stragglers 7654. Okay. Alright. |
|
| 40:43 | let's look at the process here. uh the way I do these |
|
| 40:52 | I set it up like this, here's my electron transport chain. |
|
| 40:57 | we're gonna see section eight as the . Right, substantive, commemorate those |
|
| 41:02 | going to the chain. The nitrate in that train. Okay, so |
|
| 41:08 | terms of our above ah Reactions. so we have to look at section |
|
| 41:14 | as a donor then we're gonna reverse . And of course that changes the |
|
| 41:20 | . Right? So Okay, well not good. We're going the wrong |
|
| 41:25 | there right now we're not positive delta . Okay remember it's always additive. |
|
| 41:30 | so even if you might have a so great except er a great donor |
|
| 41:35 | make up for that. Okay and is pretty good. And so looking |
|
| 41:42 | nitrate so you're just gonna look at as as it's written here we don't |
|
| 41:47 | to obviously flip it or anything. that gives you plus 420 miserable reduction |
|
| 41:54 | which is a negative delta G. then collectively they will um it will |
|
| 42:01 | a net negative delta G. Right will be yes. Okay so again |
|
| 42:06 | know I was in the environment bacteria at the mercy of what's available to |
|
| 42:11 | if they can inspire men aerobically. It just could certainly theoretically work for |
|
| 42:19 | even though it's on a great except a great donor coming up for |
|
| 42:23 | Okay so the bottom line is if you have a negative delta G. |
|
| 42:29 | and that's what you have. So and of course depending on the bacterial |
|
| 42:34 | many things can be the be the . You know it all depends the |
|
| 42:39 | can use several different types of donors support its because it can inspire and |
|
| 42:44 | as well. So we can use and have different types of donors up |
|
| 42:49 | checked. Um Let's look at I another one is kind of different question |
|
| 42:57 | different way to ask it. Okay look at this one. Okay so |
|
| 43:02 | statement is false regarding the redox reactions ? Okay. Yeah. Mhm. |
|
| 44:36 | . Okay, let's see here. . Okay, so um alright, |
|
| 44:48 | looking at the first one that requires to reduce N A D plus |
|
| 44:52 | We can just look at this Ah look at this reaction straight up |
|
| 44:59 | evaluated and go, okay, it's a positive delta G. |
|
| 45:03 | it does. Alright, so let's true. Okay, let's look at |
|
| 45:10 | look at sea nitrate is a better except er than N. A. |
|
| 45:14 | . Plus that too. We can look straight up right, Native delta |
|
| 45:19 | here, so that's true. so the middle statement, any |
|
| 45:25 | H. Is a stronger donor than . So now we have to look |
|
| 45:30 | it in terms of reverse reaction. , so in a D H |
|
| 45:38 | mm hmm, N A D plus H plus two electrons. Well, |
|
| 45:47 | gonna change to bit plus 3 20 -62. Okay, well, that's |
|
| 45:54 | good. So, down here, drawing everything out. Alright, nitrate |
|
| 46:01 | treat nitrite and nitrate uh plus two . Right? So that's gonna of |
|
| 46:10 | change here minus 4, 20 Plus . Right? So that's this |
|
| 46:16 | Right? Um stronger donor means energy . Might it's gonna be a stronger |
|
| 46:25 | uh compared to nitrite because of the of values. Okay, um so |
|
| 46:35 | Royal tree statements. Okay. All . Um any questions about that? |
|
| 46:44 | ? Just two ways to look at at these types of problems, you |
|
| 46:48 | , just remembering what stronger this or versus weaker this or that means |
|
| 46:53 | Um But it's not again all equates um energy release or doesn't require energy |
|
| 47:00 | . Yeah. The questions were not to memorize new. No, |
|
| 47:08 | If there's any really any any problems see with this are gonna look just |
|
| 47:13 | this. They're going to be part the table that be whatever relevant information |
|
| 47:17 | need. You'll have to memorize. . Any other. Okay. |
|
| 47:26 | So constructing these electron transport chain type components we see in there. Uh |
|
| 47:33 | the the large large components are cytochrome czar multi can be multi protein units |
|
| 47:42 | what are called him groups like you in C. And so a central |
|
| 47:48 | atom is typical iron, nickel, . Ah There's some enzymes that have |
|
| 47:58 | in there. Um But certainly iron sulfur. Very comic. Copper is |
|
| 48:04 | common. Um But of course being that these things are stuffed in the |
|
| 48:10 | , right? They're gonna have properties and part of some part of the |
|
| 48:15 | . It's not a large part of market was going to have hydrophobic forbidden |
|
| 48:19 | to it. Right, So stick the membrane. Okay. Um And |
|
| 48:25 | you also have smaller molecules the that kind of shuttles between these larger |
|
| 48:32 | Okay. Um and again, the , the arrangement you see you're reducing |
|
| 48:40 | is becoming more positive as we go direction. Alright, negative. More |
|
| 48:47 | . And that relates to right, donor strong acceptance. Oh um except |
|
| 49:01 | at this end. Okay. So again that's what helps maintain electron |
|
| 49:12 | Uh and then of course that relates pumping out protons. Okay, mm |
|
| 49:21 | . So again, donor upfront except the end. Okay. Strong, |
|
| 49:32 | . Except her keep slow going. And then um of course the arab |
|
| 49:37 | respiration. You can insert nitrate or else for interactive respiration. Um but |
|
| 49:44 | that's how it works. Okay. so the so it's looking at e |
|
| 49:51 | we see these components. Okay, again, alright, feeding the process |
|
| 49:59 | or other molecule feeds into black colossus T C. A cycle production of |
|
| 50:06 | reduced electron carriers that then go to site and interacting first with what's called |
|
| 50:14 | . D H. D. It's okay. Large protein complex Serves |
|
| 50:19 | purposes. It can of course except electrons transfer them. But it also |
|
| 50:24 | as a proton pump. So it the dual capability. Right? So |
|
| 50:28 | see the pumping of protons, the commitment transferred electrons. Okay. Um |
|
| 50:39 | shuttles, so to speak. It's organic molecules, quinones, um accepting |
|
| 50:47 | and handing them off to a terminal okay. Or what's called cytochrome oxidase |
|
| 50:54 | that interacts with oxygen. Okay. you see down here, so and |
|
| 51:00 | , this also is a proton Okay. And so the starting point |
|
| 51:06 | be a large complex as well. , this is what's called the |
|
| 51:11 | O. In any cold line. These can change, these components can |
|
| 51:17 | . So it depends it was anaerobic . There will be a different terminal |
|
| 51:22 | that interacts with that particular terminal accepted or what have you. Okay, |
|
| 51:28 | equal, that can change these components on what's around it. Where they |
|
| 51:33 | use is their oxygen. President is non oxygen present. So it can |
|
| 51:38 | any of these components to to fit suit that. Um And so |
|
| 51:45 | of course we are uh in the pumping protons out, generating that ingredient |
|
| 51:52 | then somewhere down here will be that teepee sent things Alright or 80 |
|
| 51:59 | Ace for short. Okay. Um um let's see. Okay, so |
|
| 52:07 | look at at the proton motive So this is what we're generating as |
|
| 52:16 | result of these electron transfer. You think that energy to pump protons |
|
| 52:21 | ? Okay, so uh so the forces. Right, So here's our |
|
| 52:27 | , Delta P. Is a proton force about the size charge. |
|
| 52:33 | charge difference if you will. Okay so inside the most cells, it's |
|
| 52:43 | . Okay, ourselves included. that comes from proteins, primarily proteins |
|
| 52:51 | that physiological ph um their overall negative . Okay um proteins aren't regularly transported |
|
| 53:04 | itself. They're made in the They work in the cell for the |
|
| 53:07 | part. Right? That's where they . So that negative charge tends to |
|
| 53:11 | a constant. Okay. It can here and there. Yes, of |
|
| 53:16 | there. And ions and cattle and animals and captains of course. |
|
| 53:21 | calcium and potassium and chloride ions, . Right. But proteins are |
|
| 53:28 | And then the next thing that's going contribute to the bulk of the negative |
|
| 53:31 | . Right? So certainly it will a little bit right, based on |
|
| 53:34 | other ions going in and out of cell. Okay. But the point |
|
| 53:39 | is that most self are negatively charged the interior? For that reason the |
|
| 53:44 | that they have. Okay. So that does of course, is create |
|
| 53:48 | charge difference. Right. So you're protons out, right. Obviously a |
|
| 53:53 | charge. Okay. Um now those of course cannot are drawn in are |
|
| 54:02 | obviously to negative charge but they cannot through the membrane right there. They're |
|
| 54:10 | . They can't they're repelled by the . That would buy their Okay, |
|
| 54:14 | they must have a conduit to go . Right? And we know that |
|
| 54:17 | the A. T. P. . That they that allows them to |
|
| 54:20 | in. So, again, I've in by a charge um attraction, |
|
| 54:27 | also by concentration difference. So, to force that's the two forces concentration |
|
| 54:34 | . And that's represented here by this because ph of course relates to the |
|
| 54:44 | ion concentration. Okay, so we a ph difference. Delta P. |
|
| 54:49 | . Right here in this example is delta ph of one. Right? |
|
| 54:54 | versus 7.5 mm hmm. So that , That's that concentration difference. |
|
| 55:02 | And so both those forces are what bring protons in again, assuming there |
|
| 55:08 | a way for them to get And of course the tps is that |
|
| 55:12 | . Okay. And so in doing , going down the gradient charge, |
|
| 55:19 | energy is released. And so that of course the deformation of ATP's |
|
| 55:27 | Um And so when we look at you're gonna have to do any calculations |
|
| 55:32 | this. But just to show you of the range of values for for |
|
| 55:36 | the for the typical e coli seller cell. Um So these are all |
|
| 55:42 | in milli volts measured with electrodes And typical range is something like that of |
|
| 55:51 | , billion volts. And that just correlates and the delta ph of |
|
| 55:56 | Okay, so how you saw this basically what the delta P. |
|
| 56:00 | Here, which is one. And uh do the math. And you |
|
| 56:06 | a range of 1 10 minus 10 to minus to 10 variables. |
|
| 56:11 | can be upset by various factors. changes. Maybe the ph internal external |
|
| 56:18 | much closer together. And that's gonna that proton motor force. There are |
|
| 56:26 | that can uncouple the process, That can that can reduce the charge |
|
| 56:32 | example. And so reducing charge and reducing ph will difference will obviously have |
|
| 56:38 | impact on. So, um of , itself itself tries to counteract these |
|
| 56:44 | by by altering internal ph to create optimal difference. By bringing in or |
|
| 56:53 | out ions perhaps to to optimize the charge different. So, uh so |
|
| 57:01 | that is a dynamic thing and it's always gonna be constant. And the |
|
| 57:04 | a little bit up and down, they'll be more so than another |
|
| 57:08 | depending on what's going on in the . Okay. But of course it |
|
| 57:13 | to maintain that, right? Because that's the way it's going to make |
|
| 57:16 | of energy. Okay. And of course, having the things we've |
|
| 57:20 | about continually write electron source and it's oxidized and supplying electrons and the terminal |
|
| 57:27 | er and all that. Right. assuming that that's all happening. |
|
| 57:31 | Well, this is well, this occurring um now, uh any |
|
| 57:39 | Yeah, 16. That is. that is I believe that's the that's |
|
| 57:49 | measurable difference, I think per ph . So, the ph difference, |
|
| 57:52 | see that kind of value in terms measurable difference. Because it just charged |
|
| 57:59 | . Right? So, if you a difference and then that will create |
|
| 58:01 | to a charge difference too. Okay, so, Alright, so |
|
| 58:09 | A. T. P. Okay, so this of course is |
|
| 58:13 | example of a nano motor, I you'd call it a molecular motor. |
|
| 58:20 | . Machine. You will it does move it spins. Okay. And |
|
| 58:27 | so uh as long as protons are through. Okay. So obviously then |
|
| 58:35 | you can see that it's a multi protein complex. Okay? Um But |
|
| 58:43 | universal molecule. Right? All you we have it of course plants have |
|
| 58:51 | , bacteria habit all everything's happy. so but it's the way in which |
|
| 58:58 | lots of a TPS are produced. so the structure itself uh there was |
|
| 59:04 | part embedded in the membrane. Okay the F. The F. |
|
| 59:10 | So it's called F. Zero One. If zero is the portion |
|
| 59:14 | the protons are um funneled into. you see right here this portion here |
|
| 59:22 | where protons funneled through. And so bottom portion, Okay. The |
|
| 59:31 | If one year or the knob sometimes . Okay. That will facilitate. |
|
| 59:37 | . And you see that in the here, is this what's called a |
|
| 59:44 | part right here. Okay. That spin. And when it spins, |
|
| 59:50 | see that in the middle is kind a teardrop shape to it. |
|
| 59:56 | It's not round, right? It kind of a teardrop shape. And |
|
| 60:01 | it moves, okay, when that it opens up these, I'm gonna |
|
| 60:08 | an animation of this. Makes it easier to see but as that moves |
|
| 60:12 | separates out those protein units and exposed a binding site to it. Okay |
|
| 60:19 | you see how HTTP is leaving and an ADP and phosphate can come in |
|
| 60:24 | that when it rotates it alternately opens active site and then closes it |
|
| 60:30 | And so it keeps doing that closed, open, closed and 80 |
|
| 60:33 | . s. come in and And then a Tps are formed and |
|
| 60:39 | . Okay. And so that continues do that. So let's just look |
|
| 60:43 | hey, animation of that here. . Mm hmm. All right. |
|
| 60:53 | , expanded. Right. So it's all predicated on the fact that |
|
| 61:00 | have a proton gradient obviously. lots of protons out here less inside |
|
| 61:07 | here. The proton motive force. we have our two Subjects F zero |
|
| 61:12 | 1 here. You have zero. . And it's gonna be a little |
|
| 61:20 | here. Very slow. So let's speed it up a little bit. |
|
| 61:29 | ? So here are civilians. And so here in between is where |
|
| 61:39 | will be active sites. Alternately Are closed and closed. Okay. |
|
| 61:46 | so there comes protons passing through that this rotation. Okay, now we're |
|
| 61:55 | see a cross section here in a of how this works. Okay? |
|
| 61:59 | again, protons going through Https coming but fast forward 80 PCS actually. |
|
| 62:07 | . And so if we look we go to the cross section, |
|
| 62:12 | can see a little tip there. as you rotate, they call the |
|
| 62:17 | . There's an open site ADP and come in a bind. Here's what |
|
| 62:23 | opens now then then a teepee forms then this will rotate right leaves and |
|
| 62:34 | HTTP forms behind it. So it opens and closes, closes. Then |
|
| 62:38 | p forms it opens again it So we have the alternative pattern |
|
| 62:44 | Okay? Um so when we look the um the numbers here. |
|
| 62:55 | erase this. Mhm. Mhm. . So protons, these are average |
|
| 63:04 | I think paying with E. Coli for each for eight protons that are |
|
| 63:11 | out. Okay, so each and D. H. That comes in |
|
| 63:15 | gets oxidized then gives up electrons. for each time that happens per mole |
|
| 63:22 | N A. T H. Eight are pumped out. Okay, in |
|
| 63:26 | , approximately. Okay. And so 80 p approximately generated from three |
|
| 63:35 | Then that moved down through here. the ups one http from each three |
|
| 63:44 | . Okay, so we did the . Right. So we're gonna multiply |
|
| 63:49 | factors here. The protons will cancel . Right? So we'll have about |
|
| 63:56 | three ADP for any th that are . Okay, 1.5 for each F |
|
| 64:02 | D H. Q. Because there's one, only one proton pump associated |
|
| 64:08 | FA. D to two associated with oxidation of any th that's what is |
|
| 64:13 | difference. Okay, so um so know that we have um 10 10 |
|
| 64:24 | A. T H. Right Armed like causes I see the Kuwait Formation |
|
| 64:33 | cycle, I think we form a of 10 of those. Right? |
|
| 64:36 | for me too of these. Okay so this of course is about |
|
| 64:47 | Great plus three. Okay That's So that's where you're a tps are |
|
| 64:55 | from. And so that's never talking promote promote glucose being on. So |
|
| 65:05 | any questions about it, yeah that affront, is it like a full |
|
| 65:11 | or every time it happens they smooth rotation. Um Probably not just because |
|
| 65:22 | nature of the shape of that I wouldn't think it would be necessarily |
|
| 65:27 | . It probably is like a kind a stop and go kind of a |
|
| 65:31 | . Yeah. Any other questions. . Is there sex or is it |
|
| 65:47 | , I think there is a pattern what I understand. So it's kind |
|
| 65:54 | like Yeah something like that. But you know it can also I'm |
|
| 66:01 | depending on that program with a force can kind of manipulate it to a |
|
| 66:06 | . Okay, especially for that force lower. So but I would think |
|
| 66:12 | under optimal conditions it's it's kind of set set rate. So the |
|
| 66:24 | Yeah. Um we're gonna we'll go the we'll tally up everything next |
|
| 66:31 | So it's more like the end in . You know what that was? |
|
| 66:39 | . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. . Yeah. Yeah exactly. Um |
|
| 66:44 | think that's just oh wait, let just mention this then we'll go |
|
| 66:48 | So for pathogens, right? And halo files were Hella files love love |
|
| 66:56 | salt conditions. Right? So it sense that they would have maybe evolved |
|
| 67:00 | system that relies more so on sodium protons as their pump to fuel this |
|
| 67:08 | . But pathogens as well. So tend to have our bodies where pathogens |
|
| 67:13 | and cause infection in our bodies. know, we tend to have uh |
|
| 67:17 | level sodium. And so some many these packages have evolved to exploit sodium |
|
| 67:25 | the concentration of these as a way fuel their pumps more so than |
|
| 67:31 | Okay, so the same mechanism is creating a sodium gradient there. They're |
|
| 67:36 | a sodium gradient gradient and sonia minus through the same same principle, same |
|
| 67:43 | just using sodium minds. And so you know, you you evolve is |
|
| 67:48 | most prevalent around you to use in in the scenarios. Okay. Um |
|
| 67:56 | , that's that's as far as I to get today. So is there |
|
| 68:00 | questions? Stop by no more. |
|
