VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture16
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
02:02 there. That's probably little more isn't it? Okay, Now,
02:05 you hear me? So I guess can't use all my jokes, but
02:09 the gist of it. You have test on November 3rd. You need
02:12 get your peer reviews done. last day to drop the class is
02:16 3rd. If you're thinking about talk to me. That summarize it
02:20 . Does that everything I just said a nutshell. Great. Okay,
02:25 with that being said, um, sorry I didn't record. That's That's
02:30 2.5 minutes of silence before we get here on Tuesday. I don't think
02:35 mentioned anything about anemia. Do you know what anemia is? Have
02:39 I mean, I think you read it in the textbook. Do you
02:41 what anemia is? Alright. Anemia definition, in very simple terms.
02:47 right is a drop in the red cell count. In other words,
02:54 hematocrit is lower than normal. So was the hematocrit supposed to be?
02:58 you remember you want Remember those man, It is hard. It's
03:06 45%. So if you're dramatic drops the normal range. You are said
03:11 be anemic and really, what anemia is the, uh in or a
03:19 in the oxygen carrying capacity of the ? All right. And there's lots
03:23 different ways to get anemia. You one you're most familiar with, the
03:27 cell, which is a disease of red blood cell, which we're not
03:31 go into. I don't ask any , but I was working on your
03:35 , getting it already and stuff, I think there was an anemia
03:38 I don't know if it asked if question was anemia, but I saw
03:41 anemia was in there. I saw word anemia. I'm like,
03:44 maybe, just maybe they should probably what that ISS so anemia is a
03:51 in the auction carrying capacity of the . Another word you may see.
03:55 I don't know if this is on test. All this what I teach
03:57 MP students so likely is that you're gonna see it. But the other
04:01 , this policy theme. Mia, used it in class on Tuesday,
04:06 I didn't talk about it. policies, theme. Mia is an
04:12 in the auction carrying capacity of the . So we described, for
04:16 when, uh, the Olympic athletes to Colorado, right? And they
04:20 through a process of natural blood It's basically increasing number of red blood
04:25 so that they can carry more oxygen volume of blood. All right,
04:30 would be Polly Sistine Mia. It's increase in red blood cell count,
04:34 I don't know if that's gonna be the test, but just in case
04:36 two words come up and you're I don't know what these are now
04:39 know what they are and what that's do that allows us to kind of
04:43 away from blood and enter into our talk about the cardiovascular system. Aren't
04:49 guys getting tired of the part and blood and all that, or is
04:53 cool? I got one shrug. shrug is not encouraged. All
05:00 What we're gonna talk about today is gonna talk about the vascular tree.
05:05 right? We've got a question, course. Yes. Places,
05:11 it can. So there is what would call natural or normal policy.
05:17 A. So, for example, you went from Houston, Colorado spent
05:20 weeks there. You would have policy as a result of the lower oxygen
05:26 that higher altitude. Alright. But your body is over, producing policies
05:31 over. Producing red blood cells secondary some other condition. So, for
05:36 , if you have a tumor that's you to make Maurin red blood
05:40 that is a bad thing. It's overwork your heart, because now what's
05:44 to the viscosity of the blood? is something we did learn what happened
05:46 the viscosity of blood. If I increases and if so, my viscosity
05:51 . Is my heart going toe work to push that thicker blood?
05:56 All right. So it can can those issues. Yes, All
06:04 Vascular tree. Today, what we're do is we're gonna just kind of
06:08 through the vast country. And then gonna look at how is material moved
06:13 the capital Aries? Because remember the areas or the Onley vessel of exchange
06:18 the interstitial fluid and back again. right, we're gonna basically be covering
06:23 just dynamics of how the vasculature All right? And so this is
06:27 big picture of the vascular tree that looking at up here. We've mentioned
06:30 already. Arteries carry blood away from heart veins carrying blood towards the heart
06:35 . Areas of the vessels exchange. very, very small. But there's
06:38 little bit of detail in there. you can see what this little cartoon
06:41 there's different levels of arteries and there's levels of veins and capillaries. We're
06:46 to see there's different types of Aries. Alright, But really,
06:51 ? I want to understand those first major, um, ideas. All
06:56 , so when we're looking at an were always carrying blood away from the
07:00 . Now there are three levels of . We're gonna go through it.
07:04 have the elastic arteries. These are ones that have a lot of elastic
07:08 in them. They're the ones nearest heart, all right. And so
07:11 happens is when blood push is pushed the heart into the elastic arteries like
07:15 aorta, the elastic artery expands. so what we've done now is we've
07:21 the energy of the heart to cause artery to expand. And now that
07:26 is stored in the walls of that . And so the while the heart
07:30 at rest, going through diastolic, elastic of that artery is now using
07:37 is now pushing the blood forward through rest of the body. Right?
07:41 , in essence, what we're doing we're transferring energy from the organ that
07:46 the pumping to another structure. That's like a rubber band, right?
07:51 in essence, what the elastic arteries . Muscular arteries on the other hand
07:56 the distributing arteries use the ones when think of an artery, like if
07:59 going Oh, the renal artery or hepatic artery. You know, the
08:03 arteries of the bodies typically are the arteries. All right, they're distributing
08:08 or distributing blood to those specific organs to those specific places. All
08:14 when we think of as a constriction Oh, dilation. This is the
08:19 place where this is taking place. right, So the elastic arteries stretching
08:24 and, uh, getting smaller in to the amount of pressure to the
08:28 was reservoir. The muscular arteries were are gonna be under control of the
08:34 system to go through visa constriction Oh, dilation. And this is
08:39 true for the arteries are Excuse The arterials, which is the lowest
08:43 three arterials are really small. but they regulate blood flow into the
08:50 Aries. Alright, so they're also be under control. The sympathetic nervous
08:54 in terms of whether or not they constricted vezo dilated. But what they're
08:58 is they're deciding where the blood is going. Whereas the muscular arteries are
09:04 creating resistance or losing resistance in response sympathetic activity. Cap Hillary's vessels of
09:13 . When we're talking about vessels of , we're talking between the blood in
09:17 air and blood in the cells. , if you did your biology
09:21 you learned very early on about simple like sponges, right? And
09:28 uh, I'm not gonna remember all names, but basically those very,
09:32 simple organelles or organisms that don't have really complex, um, organ
09:39 right? And so what they're doing they're exchanging, for example, directly
09:44 their environment because they don't have a system. They don't have a digestive
09:49 , right? They may be multi in nature like hydro's. Remember learning
09:53 Hydra s right there, multicellular. they don't have an organ system.
09:58 so what they do is they directly with their environment. All right,
10:02 we're really, really complex organisms, ? We've been going through these systems
10:06 by one, and one of the that we need to remember is that
10:10 of the individual cells that we have our bodies need oxygen and they need
10:14 and they produce waste. The difference , is we've organized our bodies,
10:19 individually, but over millions and millions years of evolution. We become the
10:25 of creatures we are. And still simple cells have to do those simple
10:30 . But it does so through these systems. So when you're thinking
10:34 how does my big toe the cells my big toe get oxygen?
10:38 there's a middleman, right? Auction into my lungs, right. And
10:45 that air is passed into the blood then transferred down to the cells.
10:51 the only way that can happen is you have a passage to do
10:54 And that's where the capital Aries come . So they serve as that exchange
10:59 arteries do not do any sort of or a fuel exchange or waste exchange
11:05 do not those air larger conduits. whenever you think of exchange, it's
11:09 at the level of the capital, itsy bitsy, teeny, tiny
11:13 We're gonna get into more detail. , last one of the veins.
11:17 we're doing is the blood that has through the categories are now going to
11:21 , capitalize. They're converging and they small veins and they become larger
11:25 So we really don't have any sort distinctions between the different sizes of
11:31 Now, granted, we call the nearest the capital. His venue
11:35 They're kind of the counterpart of the , but then after that you have
11:39 . You have veins, and they're small veins versus large veins. All
11:43 , now what? I wanna point with the vein. So we talk
11:47 there about the elastic artery being the reservoir. The veins are blood
11:54 Alright. So instead of when when blood enters into that elastic artery,
12:01 stretches and then that elasticity or that inside that artery wall basically causes the
12:08 to be pushed out because it wants get back to its original shape in
12:12 vain. When blood injures into the wall of the vein relaxes.
12:19 kind of like bad pantyhose or bad with guys who wear socks, not
12:25 , right. They just stretch and stay stretched out. They always just
12:28 of relax. And so, in , most of your blood in your
12:32 . How much blood do we have our body? You have five
12:36 right? About 60% of your blood found on the Venus side of the
12:42 system. And what that means is holding it in reserve because right now
12:46 guys doing anything active right now. than thinking now, many of you
12:50 barely holding your eyes open, And so what's happening is your body
12:55 saying, You know, I don't my blood racing through my body.
13:00 need to just kind of set it . It's always in motion, but
13:04 moving slowly. I'm providing all the I need, all the oxygen I
13:09 . I'm moving all the waste I to do for the time being.
13:14 when emergency or excitation or something else , I have a reserve of blood
13:21 I could start circulating faster to get those systems that need the more oxygen
13:26 the more nutrients that kind of makes , right? In other words,
13:31 now you have in your wallets right? That's reserve, right,
13:37 you're not spending second. That's kind that's the idea is you know,
13:42 have it here just in case something . Maybe it's the emergency credit card
13:46 you have in your wallet that you in every case instead of just
13:50 I'm just kidding. All right, those that's kind of where we're going
13:56 . Eso, uh, in terms things that you should know about the
13:59 vessels. All right there. When talk about the blood vessels, the
14:03 cells that line the inside of the vessels called Indo feel Liam. All
14:08 vessels have a certain degree of smooth , right? And what this is
14:14 trying to show you is the relative of the smooth muscle, um,
14:19 each other. So you can see . So where the white is,
14:22 trying to show you the relative amount smooth muscles. So obviously those vessels
14:26 the same size you can see up . There's the internal radius of the
14:30 . Is 12 millimeters versus the internal of the pre capitalist sphincter over there
14:35 the right. That's 15 microns. obviously these air not to scale,
14:40 they're trying to show you if they the same size. Look how thick
14:43 muscle is. Right now we see . Alright. This allows the vessel
14:49 stretch. But what's interesting is we have on the outside we have a
14:55 layer to prevent overstretching. All And the relative concentrations of each of
15:00 different things is gonna be different for each different types of vessels we just
15:04 . So you can see right here the middle. Look a cap,
15:07 . Right? What is the capital have? The only thing you can
15:10 there is it has enough helium. doesn't have smooth muscle. So is
15:14 cap Ilary regulated to Veysel constrictor. dilate muscle being the thing that causes
15:20 to constrict into and to dilate. cap players do that? If all
15:25 has in a helium? No. it's solely a vessel of exchange.
15:30 look at everything else. Does everything have smooth muscle? You can see
15:35 . Smooth muscles, smooth muscles Muscle up. Well, the manuals
15:37 , but that's okay. Smooth smooth muscle. All right. Do
15:42 all have fibers? Connective tissue, the most part, except for the
15:45 in the capital areas. Do they have elastic fibers? Yes. Where
15:49 you see the most elastic fibers, ? On the order right, which
15:55 an elastic artery. So this is artery that plays the biggest role in
16:00 . And then you see here, terms of relative side, look at
16:03 smooth muscle is highest right over here the arterials in the pre capitalist
16:08 And they're talking about the arteries, muscular arteries themselves. It's just showing
16:13 , you know, there's they're stronger relative for the relative size.
16:21 as I mentioned, this is just be kind of be a repeat.
16:24 arteries serve as a transit between the and the tissues. Alright, it's
16:30 pressure reservoir when we're talking about the arteries and then it becomes a resistance
16:36 . When you're talking about, the the muscular arteries is ultimately when
16:42 get down to the arterials. All , so this is where the level
16:46 as a construction vaso dilation is gonna taking place. Now, we're looking
16:52 the arterials here as the major resistance . All right, so if you
16:56 back and look at those graphs that you pressure, right, we remember
17:00 lectures ago we had pressure. And in the aorta, the pressure was
17:04 , really high. And then down the Vienna Kaveh, the pressure was
17:07 low. And it had this kind slope that went with it like
17:10 When you see that slope go you're looking at the muscular arteries and
17:15 arterials. In other words, what basically doing is saying here I've got
17:19 big, giant conduit, this big vessel that then gets split up into
17:24 vessels and those smaller vessels are basically I'm itsy bitsy, teeny tiny.
17:29 hard to get through me, So creating resistance, which basically,
17:34 uh, serves to drop the pressure these vessels. All right, so
17:43 pressure drop gets rid of the A tile pressure, right?
17:48 the heart was going up and up and down the order. What's
17:51 and down? Up and down. a little bit smaller, right was
17:54 . 22 80 versus 122 0. then as you go through them,
17:58 don't get put post to tell Instead, Now you get smooth flow
18:03 them. All right, so that get a space smooth flowing because you
18:08 this massive drop. Remember, things from an area of high pressure to
18:12 area of low pressure then that's gonna blood to move down stream. In
18:19 , that pressure Grady int helps the move. The radius can change so
18:25 can change the amount of pressure that producing that's going to depend upon the
18:29 system. Um, and then the thing is, you can decide where
18:33 want the blood to go, depending your needs, which we'll talk about
18:35 little bit later. Meta arterials are little bit unique. They're part of
18:42 cap Ilary bed. All right. not quite arteries. They're not quite
18:46 is. They sit someplace in All right, so there's actually two
18:51 to this vessel that you're looking So this right here represents the meta
18:57 . This right here is referred to a thoroughfare channel. I'll never mention
19:00 word again in the class. All , so we're focusing on this part
19:05 there. The meta arterial. It's like an arty but not
19:09 It has very little smooth muscle instead it has has pre capital Aries
19:16 All right, so you can see in the little cartoon if you'll excuse
19:23 , you see right there there's one there. There's one right there and
19:27 essence, they're trying to show you right there. The artist did a
19:30 poor job in this picture. What what you want to think of is
19:34 the blood would travel through out into capital Aries. But that pre capitalist
19:40 stirs as a regulator as to decide blood is gonna actually go. So
19:46 it's sphincters, close blood can't travel this sphincter. So blood is just
19:50 through the meta arterial down through the channel. But when the sphincters
19:55 blood travels out from the metal arterial into the capillary bed. So the
20:00 arterial serves as a regulator to to blood goes to where it's needed in
20:07 to metabolic change. Okay, terms you views already. But just in
20:14 you don't know vessel constriction simply means of the vessel vase. Odil dilation
20:20 to enlargement of the vessel. All , so the dilation of that vessel
20:26 . All right. Now, your , your veins, your arterials,
20:32 capital areas they all have to them certain degree of vascular tone on what
20:38 tone simply means is there's a certain of construction already. Your body already
20:43 toned to it. All right, you exist and you move. All
20:48 . Now, if you exercise a , do you have better tone or
20:51 or less tone? Better tone, ? We're all attracted to people who
20:57 , ah, high degree of muscular to them, whether they be male
21:00 female. We look at the they're in good shape. That's tone
21:07 . Your blood vessels have that They're already in a state of semi
21:13 . And what this means then, that they're able to move to
21:16 or contracted state or to a more state. If you're in a semi
21:21 state. And that's what vessel constriction Asia dilation is basic constructionism or contracted
21:26 . The smooth muscle contracts makes the smaller. So now you have less
21:32 contractual through, and so you're creating resistance. Basil dilation, on the
21:37 hand, means the vessels relaxed. created more space, more volume.
21:42 blood has less resistance to travel through . All right, now, how
21:47 happens is because of two different What we call Maya genic activity.
21:51 I were to come up to you push on your shoulder, would you
21:54 over? No. Why? You back into me, right? That's
22:00 right. You push back in, not gonna let me push you
22:03 are you? You better all nod head and say no. You have
22:08 business pushing me around. I'm gonna back. I'm gonna lean in when
22:12 push against me. That's what muscle . Alright. Smooth muscle does the
22:17 thing. The vessel says this is degree of stretch I'm supposed tohave.
22:21 mawr blood starts pushing through creating greater , it's gonna start stretching in the
22:27 . Says no. That's not I'm going to resist against that.
22:32 inherent biogenic activity that's going on or induced biogenic activity. It's responding to
22:38 pressure in that vessel. It does need the, uh, nervous system
22:44 tell it what to do, so natural. That's inherent in the in
22:48 in the cells themselves. The second in response to the nervous system and
22:53 through circulating hormones. What we just to as Nora Ephron reference to these
22:57 adrenal hormones. All right, so you have a sympathetic response notice there's
23:04 parasympathetic here. When there's a sympathetic that's going to increase the amount of
23:10 , right, so sympathetic activity causes constriction. Loss of sympathetic activity causes
23:16 dilation. All right, so those the two basic ways we can change
23:25 shape of the vessel Now. I a question earlier today during office hours
23:31 , Well, is there any parasympathetic ? The only thing theano sir,
23:35 no, but in very specific which you don't need to worry
23:40 all right, the parasympathetic system is for reproductive vascular congestion. That's a
23:51 way for saying in male erection and arousal and erection. All right,
23:57 that's really the only place where you're see parasympathetic, but outside of that
24:03 out the wazoo. All right, just think, Sympathetic. Now we're
24:09 come, and we're going to deal the question That's a little bit confusing
24:12 it has to do with the amount Recep Tor which receptors are available.
24:16 if I'm if I'm creating vezo congestion an artery, I'm increasing what
24:26 So if I am exercising, why I want to increase resistance?
24:33 What? That's right. That's actually good. The answer to that is
24:37 want to increase the speed at which fluid flows through the body. And
24:42 happens is because of the type of that are available in the tissue where
24:45 blood needs to be. We have different type of receptor that causes Bezos
24:50 . And so what happens is when blood races through your arteries to get
24:55 the tissue. Then it's in the where there's visa dilation and then it
24:59 down so that you could get the in the oxygen you need got a
25:04 same hormone, different receptor. norepinephrine, both cases. We're gonna
25:12 to that in just second now I mentioned this a little bit. Your
25:18 is found in your, um, on the vascular side of the circulatory
25:25 . Alright, What I tend to is I tend to point to
25:28 this side of the Arctic artery This is the this is the Venus
25:31 of your body. That's not the . Notice. I didn't say left
25:34 right, because I don't want people hear that right. The truth
25:38 is for every artery there's a the side by side. So it's
25:42 trying to, you know, you of circulation as a circle. All
25:46 , now, when you exercise, gonna happen is your heart starts beating
25:51 and faster. We're all familiar with . Alright, Maybe not in the
25:55 couple months. But, you generally speaking, we know that when
25:59 exercise my heart work harder, And so what's gonna happen is is
26:04 as your heart rate goes up, moving blood more quickly. And
26:08 like I said, you have five of blood. If it's already going
26:13 fast as they can and you now this increase in heart activity, then
26:19 basically out of luck. There's nothing could do. So the body already
26:22 that blood in reserve in the specifically on the Venus side, the
26:29 place. The other thing that it is it moves the blood into what
26:33 called recon or keeps blood in what called reconditioning organs. Simply put,
26:39 organs are our organs that get more than they actually need during rest.
26:46 right, so you have a lot blood going to your kidneys. A
26:49 of blood going to your digestive Ah, lot of blood going through
26:53 organs of your body because who right? It's just well, you
26:59 , we'll just keep sending stuff You know, it's it's not a
27:02 deal. You'll take out what you or you'll put back in what you
27:05 , and that's that's fine. Then move the blood over to the vasculature
27:09 the Venus side of the vasculature, it'll take its sweet time getting back
27:12 the heart. Alright, it's still to the art, but it's just
27:16 wandering right when you exercise. All a sudden Now your muscles are
27:22 Wait, wait, wait. I a greater need than I used
27:26 I need more blood because there's more , more glucose. I need it
27:29 because the tigers chasing me, Or that cougar on the on the
27:34 for that person in Utah, You think you think you that person
27:38 needed that blood? Yeah, And if so, what happens is
27:43 the brain says, All right, going to shunt, or I'm gonna
27:47 sending all that excessive blood from the the reconditioning organs. I'm gonna send
27:52 to where it needs to go. to the skeletal muscle, right?
27:57 , and by the way, all blood that's sitting over there in the
28:00 , What I'm gonna do is I'm Veysel constrict the veins. I'm gonna
28:03 the veins and get them smaller. now what is blood do? It
28:07 faster through the vein. It arrives the heart because of remember which
28:14 Mm. Well, we're getting Do you remember what ISS Frank
28:21 Do you remember Frank Starling? Two like the heart came up with the
28:26 . What does the rule do? the heart pumps what it's given,
28:33 ? And so now all that blood kind of hanging out in the
28:36 The Venus side is now getting to heart. The heart beats harder,
28:40 harder and gets that blood moving That's what this picture is trying to
28:44 you up here in the top. showing you where the blood is kind
28:46 going when you're at rest. And what happens when you start moving right
28:51 here is the stuff where you're Wow, I really need it.
28:54 at skeletal muscles. They went from mils per minute to almost 13,000 mils
29:00 minute. Right. As you're muscles are burning through the fuel.
29:07 my kidneys need a lot of blood ? Just keep sending an extra
29:11 Wyatt rest. Oh, now we're . Okay, Now you'll get what
29:15 actually need. We're just gonna take from you, All right? That's
29:20 idea behind, uh, managing blood . And the reason this all works
29:26 because of something that you've learned in to Now, how many of the
29:30 people here? I took physics Great. You all know your
29:36 right in Syria's versus in parallel. ? All that stuff. You have
29:40 learn that you have to do all horrible equations and do these circuits.
29:43 you're like, Well, I don't why I have to learn this
29:45 This is so stupid. You remember ? I know you were sitting there
29:49 night before the exam going. This so stupid. Well, here's why
29:53 had to learn it, right? is basically showing you how blood
29:58 Like if four leaders go into a vessel in that blood vessel spits in
30:02 four vessels, that flow has to equal to the flow into those four
30:08 . Now, in this particular those four vessels are of equal
30:11 and they're equally because they're of equal . That means each one of them
30:15 gonna carry a quarter of whatever the flow wasn't because this is a simple
30:19 . Four leaders into four vessels as leader per mil per minute into the
30:23 simple vessels. All right. very simple. Thes air vessels moving
30:29 parallel. Right we went from It's serious, but it became four vessels
30:33 parallel. Now, if one of vessels happens to constrict, right,
30:40 That's what you're seeing down here at E. Alright, It's constricted to
30:45 quarter basically a quarter of its It can now Onley carry a quarter
30:50 a leader per mil. You're still four liters of blood into those four
30:56 . That means the other three have take over. And that's what they
31:01 is they dilate and they take in greater amount. Or if they're incapable
31:05 dilating than the blood moves faster through , right, so that we can
31:11 that flow remains constant. In other , your body is trying to do
31:16 trying to maintain constant flow. All , Does this kind of make
31:25 Yeah. Put another way. You're a lab with three of your best
31:31 . One of your lab mates gets . You still have to get the
31:34 done. Are you guys gonna pick the mantle and work a little bit
31:38 while the other one gets better? , There. See? You already
31:43 how this works. I mean, like it, but that's in
31:49 what's going on? Correct. So blood vessels work. It can work
31:55 of each other to accomplish the broader of ensuring that flow remains constant.
32:03 into the capital Aries, the most type of capital, is called a
32:08 capital ary. All right, these the pictures that you can see.
32:12 you look at this, you can there's an end of feeling and it's
32:14 of wrapped around by this layer of , uh, well, it's a
32:21 membrane is really what it is. here it is, right there.
32:24 a base membrane they cut away. can see if you look very closely
32:27 you hear your yourselves. There's one right there. I'm not sure where
32:32 ends. Can't see. Maybe it's there. I can't tell.
32:38 probably shouldn't have drawn over it. anyway, so what we have
32:45 What? This what we have here basically in death ilium with cells that
32:52 loosely connected to each other. They you ready for the biggest oxymoron
32:59 Leaky tight junctions. Or that's an . Right? Tight junctions. You'd
33:07 to be tight. So let me you out here. Have you ever
33:13 to scoop up water with your Right? You pulled your hands
33:16 scoop up water. And even though can hold water, is it Is
33:21 leaky? Right? So basically, water can sneak between the little tiny
33:26 in your fingers. That's what we here. When we're talking about a
33:30 capital area, there's also you can here, some little tiny pores that
33:34 trying to demonstrate their not actual They're basically Calvi Oli. The cab
33:38 basically forms. Take something from the from the capital. Larry moves across
33:44 a process of trans psychosis and empties out on the other side, or
33:47 versa. Alright, most common type simple things to pass through. Bigger
33:56 can pass in between the cells if if, depending on the size of
34:00 of the of the substance. Small are really large. Things have to
34:05 moved through via trans site ASUs, so you're regulating. And then,
34:09 course, you have the basement membrane prevent even. I mean certain things
34:13 passing through the next type. It's little bit mawr. Permissible is the
34:19 rated here. Now it's called finished because it's more like Swiss Swiss
34:25 Or there's there's holes or pores that found in the surface of the
34:29 All right, so up there, can kind of see It's like,
34:32 , there's an opening. It's called finesse tra. Alright, so it's
34:36 saying, Look, I can pass directly through the sell through these
34:41 and there you can see they're just to show you kinda look like a
34:44 of freckles here. Still have a membrane. Typically, you're gonna find
34:49 wherever you're gonna have lots of infiltration taking place. All right,
34:54 what you're doing is you're allowing mawr to move more easily, right?
34:59 continuous capital is most common. They're everywhere throughout the body, leaky tight
35:04 in the brain. We had continuous areas that were modified to be non
35:11 , right? We had that that blood brain barrier. Then we
35:14 the Sinus oId, and these are basically, uh their mess is really
35:21 they look like. They're very You can see there's no basement membrane
35:24 the cartoon. Uh, the gaps between or the leaky junctions. Leaky
35:31 junctions are even leakier. In other , you leave big, gaping holes
35:35 places. For example, you can here, there's a big gaping
35:39 The finesse tra are not quite even . You might actually have an actual
35:45 in the cell. Big, giant . And so this allows things to
35:49 back and forth. Very easy even cells to escape back and
35:54 And you're gonna find these primarily in that do major filtering of the
36:00 So the liver and the spleen have in the spleen, for example.
36:05 you're doing is you're looking for large like pathogens or dead cells that you
36:11 then pick up and destroy. So what a sign you're. So it
36:15 . It's just just a even your type of capital area. So
36:21 said capillaries are the major side of . Uh, they have very,
36:26 short distances, and it allows, um, when I say short
36:31 what I'm saying is allows material to from the capital very into the cell
36:36 of where they're located. In other , all you have is that in
36:39 feely, um, and so if can pass back and forth across that
36:43 feeling it's very quickly, it's very to move both nutrients and or waste
36:49 and forth across so very, very , walled, very narrow. We
36:54 about that. When we talk about red blood cells, they're they're small
36:57 that you really only allow red blood to kind of pass through. White
37:01 cells are a little bit smaller, they moved just fine. But basically
37:05 not big. They're just large I'm so glad I don't have the
37:10 to show you. A couple of ago, I took the family on
37:13 trip out west to all of national when the kids were in fourth
37:17 because back then it was free for . If you have fourth graders,
37:22 we're just like we're gonna hit every national park from Colorado from New
37:27 Basically Thio Arizona and New Mexico, , Colorado, Utah. So we
37:31 to Mesa Verde. You guys don't severity is it's basically a bunch of
37:37 ruins, and so you get to up these cliff faces. You climb
37:41 these old rickety ladders, you go the ruins, you kind of see
37:43 is where they live and then you toe move through their their doorways
37:49 the Indians at the built These were very big people. They're only
37:54 you know, 5 ft tall And you had to get through these
37:58 once you got up there and you see my body, right? I
38:03 to crawl through that door. It it was I have a picture where
38:08 look like poo stuck in the hole Rabbit House. Alright, that wasn't
38:13 . I had toe drag myself through because that's how small it waas.
38:18 what a capital areas like you can through them, but you're gonna have
38:21 work. And that's basically they're built to allow red blood cells to just
38:26 their way through lots of branching. mentioned this or I have mentioned this
38:31 times. Your there's not a cell your body that's more than Mike runs
38:35 from a from a cap. All right, so the idea is
38:38 every cell is given the nutrients it . Now what happens is because of
38:42 branching. What you end up with this massive network of cap players in
38:46 body. All right? I don't know how many miles of blood vessels
38:50 have in your body. But as result of its basically primarily the result
38:56 all the capital Aries, it increases of the number it increases the surface
39:03 all right, And so by increasing surface area and increasing them or
39:07 what you do is you're also slowing the rate at which blood flows through
39:12 body. All right, so it's the flow rate in liters per
39:15 It's actually the spa. All so I want you to think about
39:19 right. We've all been in Houston it's rained right? You watch the
39:24 bios, the the water is going , very quickly, right? But
39:29 it hits those retaining, uh, , right at the you know,
39:34 places in the volume where it kind widens out. And what happens to
39:38 flow, the speed at which the is moving. It slows down,
39:42 ? It comes in fascinating. It down. Now it's the same volume
39:50 fluid that's moving, but because it a wider spans, it slows
39:56 and this allows for at least with to blood in the capital areas,
40:00 basically you're racing to get the blood the tissue. And when it arrives
40:04 the capital area, that's when it gonna slow down so that exchange can
40:09 place, and I'm gonna enter back the venue ALS. And then what
40:12 I doing? I'm speeding up back the heart. That's what these graphs
40:16 basically trying to show you. This this is showing you the cross
40:21 um, area of the blood Right. So you can think
40:27 I've got my aorta, right. order is about this big about the
40:31 of half dollar for the view who online. Think of a capital areas
40:35 bitsy, teeny tiny. But you thousands upon thousands of them. And
40:38 if you put all that area it would basically equal what your graph
40:43 showing you right there. And so is the speed here? You can
40:47 in the bottom graph. The speed fast. When you get into the
40:50 areas, it basically slows down to nothing. Allows exchange to take
40:55 get back into the venue. ALS goes right back up. Obviously,
41:00 is going through both systems that referring the systemic circulation and the pulmonary
41:05 So you can see fast, fast, slow, fast again,
41:10 p how I lost anybody so Are we all good? Yes,
41:17 following. That's one place where you're to see finished rations. But it's
41:23 necessarily the only place. So uh, finished rated capital areas have
41:28 specific areas where re absorption and filtration going to occur, So you might
41:32 see him in the digestive track. any place where you're gonna have to
41:36 a lot of things coming from the and going back into the blood.
41:42 right, we'll see this. We'll about not so much identifying where they
41:49 , but we'll see how in the where we see these ministrations and why
41:52 important won't talk about them in any place that I can think of off
41:56 top of my head. But I that's not the only place that they
42:00 . Okay, so I've already kind mentioned this in terms of blood flow
42:07 the Met arterial. You can see . There's the Met arterial in the
42:10 Channel. Oops. I said it . I told you I wasn't going
42:12 say the word again. Right? that there's that vessel that travels between
42:16 arterial in the venue. All that's that Meta art here on the
42:19 channel. That's the third time I it. I'm so sorry. And
42:23 you could see the capital area Blood flowed through. Capital is dependent
42:27 the needs of the tissue in that , Alright or needs of the cells
42:32 that tissue. So I want you picture my hand. Put your hand
42:35 front of you if you're online. right. And I want you to
42:38 of your fingers. Is being individual areas within a capital R E
42:42 Alright, what's gonna happen is is normal circumstances, like right now when
42:46 sitting there listening to me, blood flowing to just to one area within
42:52 cap Hillary bed. So let's use thumb, for example. So their
42:56 surrounding this thumb that this capital is , it's obviously going to go back
43:00 join up to a venue. But I'm doing is I'm sending blood specifically
43:04 the cells that that thumb is feeding and then once those cells were
43:11 In other words, they've gotten their nutrients. They basically say I'm good
43:14 that's gonna signal to the Capitol reef to basically close and allow other capital
43:22 say for my, uh, index to open up. So then the
43:28 goes up through the capital that's represented my index finger and feeds that group
43:33 cells around that, and then onto dirty bird finger onto the ring finger
43:38 then onto the pinky, and it kind of circulates basically between each of
43:42 different things. So, in what I'm doing is I'm regulating where
43:46 is flowing based upon metabolic need. my the cells around my thumb or
43:50 Wait, I'm starved of oxygen, gonna open up that pre capillary
43:54 right? And if you're at you close the other ones because they're
43:57 all getting what they need. That's this is kind of showing you just
44:00 basically saying, Look, I'm closing off because this the cells in this
44:07 right here got what they need, ? Oh, they're missing oxygen and
44:14 . Okay, well, let's go and and do it So we basically
44:18 between these two states. All At any given time on Lee,
44:24 10% of your cap players air All right. Why? Well,
44:30 don't need them. You're sitting around nothing. Where's your blood? For
44:34 most part in the Venus side. , you start exercising. What's gonna
44:40 yourselves are gonna go increase your metabolic . So you're gonna start open up
44:45 . What is one of the characteristics you see in people who are exercising
44:51 , their muscles and criticized. But ? You know, you've been doing
44:55 Zumba. What do you look like the end of your Zuma exercises?
45:01 and sweaty. Those two. Those two good things, right? Your
45:05 , because you basically yourselves air burning fuel and you're producing tons and tons
45:10 heat. All right. As a of that metabolic activity, because you're
45:15 fuel and you're increasing the metabolic Your body is producing tons of
45:19 Well, the best way to get of heat is too take up,
45:22 the water to absorb the heat and moved to the surface. Right.
45:28 that heat is transferred. Sweat on surface of your skin, which is
45:31 dissipated out into the environment. So readiness is a function of capillaries dilating
45:39 allowing all the blood to move towards surface. It's not the only place
45:44 it's going, but it's showing you example of this. Is that as
45:48 result of this increase metabolic activity. opening up capital areas to ensure that
45:53 needs of the cells are being at right. So that's basically during the
45:59 . That sort of saying now, is local factors as well as sympathetic
46:04 . So local factors would be the talking to the capital areas and saying
46:09 is or really to the to the arterials in the pre capillary sphincters.
46:12 is what I need. I need to give me oxygen and nutrients or
46:16 gonna die. If you felt like at lunch, feed me now Chick
46:22 a. I'm gonna die. I you have Just think about Chick fil
46:29 right now. Your body is starting have a little shakes, aren't they
46:36 thing with sympathetic activity? Increase your rate increase your act sympathetic are a
46:41 result of exercise. What Not That's increase in sympathetic activity. Venus and
46:48 are very basic. Alright, They the blood to return back to the
46:53 . So once the heart, the travels through the capital Aries. The
46:56 are converging under the venue ALS, are basically the equivalent of the
47:01 And they're they're collecting the blood. right. Now the arterials, the
47:07 ALS are talking to each other. , you're connected by that vessel,
47:10 is the main arterial. Plus the thing. I'm not gonna say again
47:12 I don't want you know that Thoroughfare Channel, part time,
47:17 So if I'm dilating my arterial, means there's more blood troubling through the
47:22 arterial. So the venue all needs be dilated as well, so it
47:26 receive if I constrict the arterial. means left blood flowing through the metal
47:31 means the visual doesn't need to be , can return back to a more
47:36 state. All right, so that's or more of a constricted state.
47:41 basically it's not being stimulated to The venue is converge on veins and
47:47 keep getting bigger and bigger and bigger you move towards the heart and
47:50 as I said, this is your reservoir. Alright, there. Dispense
47:55 . In other words, they The more fluid you put into
47:58 the more they relaxed. Whereas with arteries arteries, they push into
48:03 They fight when the pressure gets Veins relax, all right. As
48:13 result of that, relax ation, never stopping blood flow. Blood flow
48:17 always the blood is always moving. just spending more time. They're moving
48:22 than it was previously. Now all have within them one way valves.
48:28 I mentioned this, uh, while when we mentioned valves there about 2
48:32 4 centimeters apart. And their purpose to counter act the effect of
48:36 In other words, as blood moves towards the heart, gravity is pulling
48:41 on it. So the best thing do is to break up that
48:44 because now what you're doing is that volume of blood has a mass to
48:49 , and the greater that column the more master you gotta move.
48:53 if I break up that column, little tiny units, then all I've
48:56 to do is move one unit up that unit is gonna cause the next
49:01 to move up and so on and forth. And so it's in the
49:03 way to, uh, ensure blood back towards the heart. The second
49:09 is that it counters the backward All right, so once stuff moves
49:16 , one step, it can't go because the valve is a one way
49:20 . Online question. It's true. ? Yes. So? So The
49:29 is, there's no Veysel construction or dilation of Very in? No,
49:36 the house. Oh, that happens the veins. Eso The answer
49:41 is there is the construction of a . Dilation is just not as
49:45 um, the word I'm looking for as dramatic. In other words,
49:52 an arterial or an artery. What doing is we already have high pressure
49:57 is driving the blood flow forward. vessel constriction of visa dilation has a
50:03 result on the speed of that. , they both have a direct
50:07 but it's more dramatic. You can it, right? So you can
50:10 about this If I'm going from 1 to say about 40 millimeters of
50:15 which is the drop in pressure over artery side of the vasculature. Any
50:21 of changes you. You're gonna be to see that because that's about 80
50:25 of mercury. Drop in that moving from the cap Ilary to back
50:30 the vena cava, the entire that pressure difference in pressure is about 20
50:37 of mercury, so it's already a slope. Now, if it's a
50:42 slope, you could increase it or it. But if you're not gonna
50:45 that all that much so it has different role in the veins. Pressure
50:53 the veins helps determine the speed at the blood is gonna return back to
50:57 heart. It's just not gonna be dramatic as you see in the artery
51:01 that kind of makes sense? I'm just confuse the hell out of everybody
51:05 . Go ahead from fooling nothing. not actual pulling right. It's It's
51:15 the vessel, when you start filling up, relaxes as a result of
51:19 blood arriving in the vessel. All , so, in other words,
51:24 doesn't have a smooth muscle that resists the same degree that you'd see an
51:32 artery or a muscular artery. All , so it's This is why I
51:38 the pantyhose. I mean, it's a great analogy, but pantyhose has
51:42 natural shape. When you put something the pantyhose, what does it
51:46 It naturally stretches, but it doesn't . That's more like spandex. Spandex
51:52 spandex. Makes things look good, it, Right? I mean,
51:58 were honest here, right? I , way all have certain things that
52:02 like to hide. Imagine if I a spandex shirt. I mean,
52:08 the shape I could I would be Batman, your soy Batman. You
52:13 that, right? Have you ever that out? You guys have Don't
52:17 anyone I'm Batman. This starting to it out, like Dr Wayne.
52:26 , yeah. All right. But idea here is that what I'm trying
52:30 get at is that as fluid flows the veins, it relaxes as fluid
52:36 into the arteries, it resists. so what happens is that fluid through
52:42 artery side move fast. Fluid through Venus side. Moves slow because of
52:48 . Relax, ation. Okay, more. Wow. Really confused.
52:54 hell out of people. What? , spider veins. Spider veins are
53:01 same thing that we're kind of looking here in terms of varicose veins,
53:04 they're they're small blood vessels near the . And so what you're basically doing
53:10 they're staying in a dilated state, that's visible on. No one likes
53:14 , and that's why we don't like . So are you guys digging the
53:18 veins online? You guys digging Because now you're not Okay. Go
53:25 . Third question. Second question. blood flow is correlated it iss that
53:32 . But if you're not, if don't have skeletal muscle movement, what's
53:35 happen? Is blood still gonna move to the heart? Yes, it
53:42 , right? I mean, if me. All right again, think
53:47 the graph. All right. I you guys haven't thought about the graph
53:50 , but here is the blood pressure the, um uh, sorry.
53:55 ventricle. Here's the blood pressure in , uh, the atria,
54:02 Remember what we did? It goes of like this, right?
54:07 if this is your venue away, this is the the, um whatever
54:12 atria. Excuse me or whatever That's really helpful answer, isn't it?
54:17 , what you're doing is you still a slope. I know.
54:21 my drawing sucks, but just still a slope there. It's just not
54:25 very steep slope, But look at slope, right? The slope from
54:30 to there is much, much And so this is what's happening in
54:34 arteries. This is what's happening in veins. If the slope goes
54:39 does the fluid still flow downhill? , it's just slower. And so
54:46 really what we're trying to get at that the blood naturally returns back to
54:50 heart because there is a difference in from here to there. All
54:55 it naturally returns to the heart because a difference in pressure from from here
55:00 here, the difference is has to with speed. All right, so
55:05 do the skeletal muscles do? What the respiratory pump do? What does
55:09 retrograde pumping of the heart do? speeds up that rate. Alright.
55:15 is a normal rate? It actually how quickly the blood back returns back
55:20 the heart. So if I flex calf, for example, I just
55:23 blood faster to my heart. All , does that kind of makes up
55:32 them as well? So America's as I mentioned, I didn't
55:40 But varicose vein is when the valve of these valves fails. And so
55:44 I fail here, that means the of this blood there is going to
55:50 be pressed upon the next valve. means it's working harder to hold that
55:55 and push that blood forward, which cause that wouldn't fail and cause all
55:59 on, so forth. And so in essence, what America is saying
56:02 again these air surface level veins. aren't veins that air deep to the
56:06 . And so we see them just the spider veins and they're unsightly.
56:11 make us go do it and way to get rid of them?
56:16 it's a heavier load in the vein . Alright, so women who are
56:23 are basically pumping blood for two. know you guys think about I eat
56:27 two, but you also p for you poop for to you breathe for
56:31 and you pump blood for two. you have twins, it's for three
56:35 if it's quads 45 and so on so on, so on. Just
56:38 adding in right. But your heart's the work for as many organisms as
56:44 are carrying, plus yourself. And that heavier load results in higher blood
56:51 and so that higher blood pressure can whether or not those valves will
57:00 So you typically see varicose veins first women when they get pregnant. But
57:06 in all people, both males and , when they have high blood pressure
57:11 they're carrying greater pressure in their in vessels. I'm gonna move on because
57:19 got to deal with this topic. is the part that everyone gets confused
57:23 . All right deals with the question exchange. So we've got our three
57:29 way basically understand our vessels, capillaries, veins. Okay, so
57:35 capital areas where exchange takes place. right, how to exchange trans psychosis
57:43 basically moving back and forth across have have a vessel that's moving things back
57:48 forth across membranes. So these typically the large proteins that can't pass
57:52 between the vessels. Alright, if lipid, nothing can hold you back
57:57 , because plasma membrane. So basically trans cellular as well. If you're
58:02 gas, well, you can pass the junctions or you can pass through
58:06 cells. That would be transfer your your lipid, you can pass in
58:08 the cells to, but typically you a carrier to move you around.
58:12 have these pores, all right, so you can actually see. They're
58:16 to show you how poor is actually . Basically, you get two
58:20 They converge because these things they're small . You can get two vessels convergent
58:25 a poor through the cell. And is one way that things can pass
58:30 . But also you have the Not really the gap. So I'm
58:32 gonna call the leaky tight junctions as . And so if your water
58:36 you can pass right through either poor through these, uh, spaces in
58:41 themselves themselves. Now the rules are always gonna follow fixed laws of
58:46 So remember, way back when we fixed law, right rules apply.
58:50 just basically, things are gonna move their concentration ingredients. Besides, the
58:54 themselves are obviously gonna be different from to tissue, and they can be
59:00 as well. So, histamine we about history causing visa dilation. It
59:05 cause these pores to become larger, allows more fluid and all the salutes
59:10 them to travel outward of the Aries. So that's kind of one
59:14 the effects of histamine does way back we talked about there being different types
59:23 exchange. All right, so when talking about cells getting nutrients from the
59:29 , remember those nutrients whether the auction something else is traveling from the blood
59:34 the interstitial fluid from the plasma to interstitial fluid before it ever gets to
59:38 cell. There's always a middleman. never direct, all right? And
59:43 gonna be passive. One way and the other. There's always gonna be
59:47 upstream in a downstream. All let's see here. What have I
59:53 up here? I went to this out. Um, yeah. So
59:59 about properties. Apply the membrane. , moving between the blood and interstitial
60:04 . Primarily passive because you're just moving the flow of the fluid. You
60:08 look at individual salutes, so we do that. We want to know
60:13 way is carbon dioxide moving? It's , obviously, from the cells out
60:17 the plasma via the interstitial fluid. talking about oxygen auctions moving from the
60:22 into the interstitial fluid to the So that's real easy to see,
60:25 ? I mean, if you know the concentrations are, you can figure
60:29 which direction things are moving pretty pretty , all right. But that's not
60:36 fluid exchange actually occurs. This is bulk flow comes into into play.
60:40 , we talked about bulk flow way in Unit one. We said,
60:43 , bulk flow is when we look what everything is doing together.
60:47 for example, remember, we have blood traveling towards the cells. But
60:53 the blood 100% oxygen, or are other gasses in that? The answer
60:58 there's other gasses. There's a little of carbon dioxide. Do the cells
61:02 carbon dioxide? No, but they have a choice. Carbon dioxide is
61:07 because there is always gonna be a bit of carbon dioxide. All
61:13 um, the Venus side, our is de oxygenated, right? Is
61:18 gonna be some oxygen in that Yeah, because we don't use up
61:22 our oxygen. If we did, would be, like, right on
61:25 edge of death all the time. ? So the idea is that we're
61:30 at the movement or the flow in . What's the general flow when the
61:36 is arriving at the tissues or leaving the tissues arriving at the lungs are
61:40 at the lungs. And what is carrying with it? And this includes
61:43 just the oxygen and carbon dioxide, all the other nutrients. And so
61:48 we're looking at bulk flow, there four things that we're gonna be looking
61:52 . All right. Now, this important because we're gonna be using these
61:56 of formulas again when we look in kidneys, all right, and it
62:00 us to kind of see what is movement. All right, so there's
62:05 basic pressures that we have to deal , All right? And they're paired
62:10 . We have pressure inside the Capitol . All right, this is the
62:13 pressure. It's the pressure of the inside the Capitol, and it's pushing
62:17 . It's driving the fluid from Wait. Yeah, very all right
62:23 , depending upon where you are in capital, or it's gonna be different
62:25 the arterial side of a capital, about 35 millimeters of mercury. Do
62:29 memorize the numbers just for our sake do a little bit of math.
62:32 right, on the Venus side, pressure's lower. Why is it
62:37 Because blood is leaving out of the areas, and every time a molecule
62:41 fluid leaves that's going to drop the right. And also blood is leaving
62:46 of the vent or the capital removing the venue so blood is moving or
62:50 is moving in two directions out of capital, in and out of the
62:53 ary, either through the capillary wall out through the exit towards the
62:59 All all right. Now, the hydrostatic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure found
63:05 interstitial fluid. This is the pressure into the Capitol area. So the
63:11 between these two would be that trans pressure were describing right? And so
63:15 can imagine. I got fluid in interstitial fluid right, and it's trying
63:19 get in. So there's a hydrostatic there. That pressure is,
63:24 equal to or very close to, pressure. How do I know
63:29 Well, if I take a pin stick it into your body and don't
63:32 a blood vessel does fluid flowing out your body like a cartoon?
63:40 it stays there because the pressure in environment is the same as the pressure
63:44 here. So it's close to zero of mercury. One atmosphere would be
63:49 60 millimeters of mercury. But we're at relative to that, right?
63:55 the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluids equal to zero. It doesn't matter
63:59 you are in the body, it's roughly the same. Okay, and
64:03 we have within the plasma. We plasma proteins. We call this Kalle
64:09 as collectively with all the other All right in the interstitial fluid.
64:14 you have plasma proteins? Let's think that. What's the name of the
64:20 protein plasma protein? Do you have in the interstitial fluids? No,
64:27 , you don't. Alright, so got stuff that's unique to the plasma
64:33 not found in the interstitial fluid. means I'm or solitude in the
64:37 And so I have a pressure that water into the blood vessel.
64:44 so we refer to this as the Caucasoid osmotic pressure. It's a long
64:49 in the interstitial fluid. We also a colloids osmotic pressure. The difference
64:54 we have no plasma proteins. So plasma approach or the interstitial fluid colloids
65:01 pressures roughly equal to zero millimeters of . And what we can do is
65:06 can do some math, weaken, basically figure out what's Thean versus what's
65:10 out. And that's really the kind the big picture here is. If
65:14 try to figure out how does what the relationship? What is the net
65:18 pressure? In other words, what does fluid flow as a result of
65:21 pressure? All we gotta do is the math to figure out which one
65:25 greater, and it's gonna tell us direction. All right, so the
65:28 exchange pressure okay, there's different ways could do this. I think this
65:32 the easiest is you just take which is the pressure out of the
65:36 minus the pressure into the best. we just got to figure out which
65:40 in and out. Right? And really if the pressure is positive using
65:45 equation, it basically saying, the pressure is greater on inside the
65:50 area, so it's gonna drive fluid . But if the pressure is
65:53 that means it's gonna drive the fluid . And so what I wanna do
65:57 I wanted I didn't give you this . But I figured if I'm gonna
66:01 this, I might as well draw out. Okay? So I'm just
66:05 do this. Which the plasma column ? Sorry. The hydrostatic capillary pressure
66:10 the PC. Which direction is Is it in or out? It's
66:14 . Okay. The, uh, Lloyd, up the plaza NCAA,
66:19 . Osmotic pressures and interact. You look. It's on the other.
66:26 the draw water in or does it water out? I couldn't hear
66:33 It doesn't push out. It pulls . It draws fluid back in.
66:41 , What about the hydrostatic? Pressure the interstitial fluid. In or
66:47 It pushes inward. Right? And the car, Lloyd, osmotic pressure
66:53 the interstitial fluid in around. it's gonna pull water out. So
66:58 gotta do then if you want to this stuff out is just add the
67:02 . Remember what we said. I'm use this if this is 35 here
67:06 down here, that's 15 for right? All I got to do
67:11 say, Okay, here's my, oh, and this pressure right here
67:14 roughly equal. 25. This is equal to zero. That's roughly equal
67:17 zero. So I got to do in versus out. Right. So
67:21 my out. Right. So I 35. Plus, Here's my out
67:29 . I'm gonna take away from 25. Right. Um, and
67:39 . So, on this side, the arterial side, it's roughly equal
67:43 10. Do you guys see how did that math? So which way
67:47 the fluid gonna go on? The side is gonna go this way.
67:50 we can come over here and look here where that pressure is a little
67:53 lower. Just do the same Sorry again. My math. What
67:59 have is negative. 10. Which is the fluid gonna go? Going
68:04 go back in So you can see what's fluid doing that's flowing out?
68:10 with the interstitial fluid and it's flowing in. So what am I
68:14 I'm delivering oxygen and nutrients. And what am I doing is I'm picking
68:19 carbon dioxide and waste and that allows to move materials. That's what the
68:25 because of these rules allows that to . Now there's this mixing again.
68:30 gonna take away oxygen. I'm gonna in carbon dioxide, but that's a
68:36 flow issue. I'm walking away with auction, and I'm walking away with
68:40 carbon dioxide. I'm walking away with nutrients, and I'm walking away with
68:43 waste if I'm blood. This slide exactly the same as the previous
68:50 just showing you how that pressure drops eventually what ended up happening is as
68:56 or fluid is moving out. But gets less and less, and ultimately
69:01 starts moving in, and it gets and greater just because of the the
69:06 mathematical, the mathematical values and again mathematical values represent. What's happening was
69:12 blood leaving on the blood leaving. what's going on now. We've got
69:19 10 minutes here, and I know not gonna get through everything, so
69:22 try to find a nice stopping right? What I wanna point out
69:26 is that when you're dealing with the cellular fluid, there are three different
69:31 of convicted loops. We've already seen . This is the cardiac output.
69:36 pumps. You move about five liters minute or roughly 7200 liters of fluid
69:40 day. That is one heck of pump you have in the middle of
69:43 chest. Pretty impressive. Alright, second loop is the trans vascular,
69:49 is what we just looked at, ? This is across the capital,
69:52 it's the floor that goes out of capitals and comes back in. We're
69:55 about 12 20 leaders filtered per per . Alright, so about 20 leaders
70:02 out and then filters back in is little bit less. Uh huh.
70:10 if I'm putting more fluid in to space and getting less fluid out,
70:14 blood is becoming a thicker and thicker thicker over the course of the
70:19 But it doesn't because if that would over time, eventually my my blood
70:24 would be filled with sludge. And my heart wouldn't be ableto work and
70:28 I would die. So this is that third loop comes in. We
70:32 this extra fluid about 2 to 4 , and this is where the lymphatic
70:38 in. You've heard about lymphatic your lymph nodes. There's lymph vessels
70:42 go with those. The lymphatic allows to pick up this extra cellular fluid
70:48 gets stuck in the interstitial fluid right extra fluid and move it back into
70:54 circulatory system so that we have or that. All right, So in
71:04 words, you deliver 20 leaders, only get 18 leaders back. So
71:10 have to find that those two leaders you left behind you have to return
71:14 through a different mechanism. That's what is doing. So the lymphatic
71:18 it's the same sort of organization. have small vessels. You have larger
71:22 than you have. Large lymphatic sits like the veins. Right? The
71:27 emphatic There, the small ones. like the capital Aries. Alright.
71:31 collecting them fax or like small Large lymphatic. They're like large
71:36 and they drain into the left and . Subclavian is you don't need to
71:40 which veins air draining into. But essence, what I do is I
71:43 collected all this fluid through this and I'm returning it right back to
71:49 it started. Family. Now they're in place. And what's unique about
71:58 ? You know, I'm coming down the end. Here is how the
72:01 areas look. Now, everyone, want you to put your hands together
72:03 . I want you do this to if you put your hands together like
72:07 trying to cut water. This is the Indo, Theo Liam, in
72:11 capital areas work. Now I want take your right hand and I want
72:14 to put it over the middle of left hand halfway right. And so
72:19 can see here. There's an It's kind of like a shingle,
72:22 ? You see how that works By over this way? It's like a
72:25 , right? If I have fluid the inside, what that's going to
72:31 is it's gonna create pressure and push the inside shingle so it doesn't open
72:36 two hands, right? If I here, it seals. Right.
72:41 the in death e liam, serves kind of as a valve,
72:46 it's actually it's a one way just like we saw the other
72:49 Because if I push on this hand , I'll let you push on my
72:52 . Don't worry, I don't have push on my hand. See,
72:55 doesn't open that way to push on other one. Look at that.
72:59 if there becomes greater pressure inside the fluid she couldn't see over there,
73:04 can't push there right now. Push the other one. Right. So
73:09 flows in when the pressure increases. as you have great and greater pressure
73:15 the interstitial fluid, that fluid opens the of the initial lymphatic. The
73:21 flows inward, carrying with it any of pathogen, any sort of
73:25 um, protein. Anything that's in fluid is going to go back into
73:29 lymphatic, all right. And then the pressure as a fluid flows
73:33 builds up, it actually seals the , the other direction and what
73:39 Fluid is now stuck in the and it now has to flow back
73:43 the lymphatic system back to get to vein. And this is where you'll
73:47 across lymph nodes and so on, forth. So you confined pathogens and
73:51 sorts of other fun stuff. All , these air, one way structures
73:58 the cardiovascular system. You have a system, right? Artery capital to
74:04 . Here you start at the every level. That's the initial
74:08 You go to a larger, larger and return to the vein.
74:10 it's basically the one way system starting the Capitol. Aries. So that's
74:15 I was trying to put here Is drives function alright? It doesn't have
74:20 sort of pump systems. Instead, basically the blood itself in the surrounding
74:26 helps kind of push it forward to valves, just like you have in
74:28 veins so you don't get retrograde Uh, there's my genic activity of
74:33 muscle that surrounds it does a little of squeezing to kinda help things
74:36 And, of course, you still the skeleton respiratory prompt that helps drive
74:40 fluid forward. Now, the big here is this. This is the
74:47 functional lymphatic system. In a We could spend three days talking about
74:51 , but I'm just gonna boil it to these four points. First,
74:55 deals with that issue of the escape . All right, that escaped fluid
75:00 has to go through. All it basically comes back and we return
75:04 back to the cardiovascular system because of lymph nodes and because of the flow
75:09 the fluid through the lymph nodes, that is pathogenic is gonna get picked
75:14 , and it's gonna be delivered to , uh, immune structures that help
75:17 with dealing with those pathogens. Our also uses this the digestive system to
75:24 fats. Fats aren't transported by They don't like being a water.
75:28 they're package into these larger structures called microns. Kyle omicron is basically all
75:33 of different types of fat molecules. a bunch of proteins and get very
75:37 . And so you cannot move them of the of the digestive tract and
75:42 the cells of the the the epithelium the digestive tract. There, too
75:48 . So what you have to do you use vesicles and you transport them
75:52 , and they get picked up or into the interstitial fluid and they get
75:56 up in the lymphatic. Six. lymphatic sehr called lacked eels because the
76:00 in them is milky from all the that's in it. That's why they
76:04 their not actual milk. But it white and clear. That's why they
76:07 to it. And lastly, this how we get protein escaped from the
76:13 plasma protein stuff. We can return back. I think that's where I'm
76:19 stop. I have a lot of fun stuff that will deal with when
76:23 get back. I went a little long talking about arteries and veins and
76:27 really excited about them. When we back, what I'll do is I'll
76:31 about how we regulate them, all , what is the role of sympathetic
76:36 and and how we cause contraction and to really deal with regulating this
76:43 That's about five or six slides, think, and then we'll jump in
76:46 respiration and respiration is easy. Like said, we're landing the plane.
76:51 hardest thing from here on out is the next unit, which is renal
76:54 . And like I said, it's one little thing that kind of gets
76:58 . Everything else is just easy What do we have do today?
77:05 , You keep forgetting in what's gonna . You're gonna lose all your points
77:09 your papers. Get the peer reviews . They'll take you 30 minutes of
77:12 life to do all five of That's not hard. All right,
77:16 32 minutes. All right, So guys have a great day and a
77:25 weekend finish. Europe, I'll have for you on
-
+