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00:01 All right, good morning campers. you ever heard that before?
00:06 I mean, no, I actually heard someone do that at
00:10 No. Ok. They actually did well, all right. Uh,
00:14 just gonna go briefly over a couple them. Now this is the week
00:16 everybody's having meetings. So there's like of them. Um, actually not
00:22 many, but there are a So you should be able to find
00:25 that you're interested in. This is , uh, or Docs. It's
00:28 Mega. It's a medical service They're meeting on the 31st, which
00:32 Wednesday tomorrow at 5 30 in that . So address Arnold two.
00:39 next on our list is a uh, society at do,
00:44 which is a pre, uh, Thursday from 8 30 S E C
00:52 . Notice everyone is saying free you can get yourself fed this
00:56 All right. A CS, they sent me something and they were offended
01:00 me all the way. So September , uh, they are meeting at
01:05 PM in S E C 100. the big room over in S E
01:10 uh you can go check them out you're interested. And yep,
01:13 lunch is provided uh Alpha A Um They are having their meeting next
01:21 on Tuesday. So a week from and uh social work one oh one
01:25 6 to 8 PM. Uh free and free food. So you can
01:29 both of those. Um Also, the way, if you miss any
01:34 these, just email me and I'll them online. I just don't ever
01:37 them because no one ever asks me . Uh, so they, I
01:41 just post this whole list. All . Um, as a,
01:43 is also a pre society, it's local one here and it's gonna meet
01:48 Wednesday from on September 7th 6 30 8 30 it's gonna be in S
01:54 C 100. So the big classroom in S E C once again,
01:58 , free food and then that leads to where we're going to be
02:02 So a lot of things going we say something what's going on?
02:12 the pain for the blood. So students, right. Wow.
02:24 yeah. Go check out volleyball You're not, you've already paid for
02:28 tickets. Go check them out, ? Are you guys gonna be number
02:33 in the country and easy? go check them out. All
02:38 Uh, as we begin here, want to kind of remind you where
02:41 left off on Thursday we were boring to death with chemical compounds. You
02:46 we were talking about Adam and most you were sitting there rolling your eyes
02:49 . I can't believe he's talking about still. And what we were talking
02:54 was really that last level, that of electrons important because it allows atoms
03:03 work together, come together to form are called compounds and what we're gonna
03:10 and we're going to shift gear before go into the actual molecules that are
03:16 in biology, specifically in physiology and our bodies work. And what we're
03:20 do is we're going to look at and you see that really water,
03:24 gonna talk about water in it like kindergarten stuff. And it's like what
03:27 of water is the medium in which body are able to do the chemical
03:34 . So we need to understand why is so important for the body.
03:38 then what we're gonna do after that we're gonna talk about mixtures and solutions
03:44 the world. But we need to that really that fluid in our body
03:48 different types of properties depending upon what of materials are found in it.
03:53 then we're going to finish up with just some terminology just to really kind
03:58 put you to sleep and make sure miss your next class. Does that
04:01 good? You're like, I don't . All right. So chemical compound
04:06 a compound is a substance consisting of or more different elements in a fixed
04:13 . People think chemistry is hard. is not hard. Chemistry is baking
04:19 scientists. Have you ever baked? bakes? Excellent. Do anyone here
04:25 how to make pancake? It tells exactly the name. What's in the
04:31 ? A pound of flour, a of butter and a pound of
04:37 which is a dozen eggs. That's pound kiss. Do you think you
04:41 all make a pound cake? One in the farmer is like, I
04:46 do that and you could, it's hard, is it? No,
04:51 all it is a fixed ratio. a 1 to 1 to one.
04:53 you look at chemistry, that's all is. It's 1 to 3 to
04:56 to 6 to 12 to 5 to . You know, it's all over
04:59 over again and once you figure out all ratios, it's like,
05:02 this is easy and baking is That's what chemicals are. They're just
05:07 ratios. And we have all sorts different types of chemicals. They fall
05:10 two basic categories. We refer to as being ionic in nature and we
05:14 to them as being as molecular in . Right now. I have a
05:19 of chemicals up here. Some of you recognize and some of which you
05:22 go. I have no idea what are but the top one is sodium
05:26 or table salt. Good. We water and then we have carbonic acid
05:34 are going up. It's an important of the body. So you kind
05:37 become aware of it. And then , the bottom one is basically,
05:41 me, glucose. All right. that's another one that's very, very
05:44 . And I throw them up here for you to memorize. All
05:47 there's another chemistry class, but these different types of molecules that have different
05:52 of ratios using very similar chemicals. mean, you can see with the
05:57 of sodium florida up there and they into these categories because of the way
06:01 these atoms come together. And so we're going to look at first is
06:05 gonna look at ions and simply put an, is an atom or a
06:10 of at. And the only way you can get a positive or negative
06:17 is if you gain or lose electrons that outer valence show. All
06:22 So what we have up there is have sodium, we have uh
06:27 All right. Now, sodium has electronic balance shell and chloro uh the
06:33 has uh seven. All right. , we said that, that valence
06:39 becomes happy if it's completely filled when completely filled, it has eight
06:45 And it, what we refer to as is the all or nothing
06:47 Either you have eight electrons and you're or you don't, in which
06:53 you either want to gain or lose . Now, if you're a
06:57 what would you want to do with extra electron? Would you like to
07:00 to gain seven or would you like try to lose one, lose
07:04 All right. And so that's what willing to do. It's saying I'm
07:07 to give up this one electron because makes me a stable atom. And
07:12 you can see in that, in shell there's, there's eight electrons.
07:14 so it's very, very happy. , once you do that, what
07:18 done is you've lost a negative charge you've now because you've lost that negative
07:24 , which formally was balanced. Remember we said electrons and protons are equal
07:29 an atom. So if you lose negative charge means you now have an
07:33 positive charge. And so we say this ion is now positively charged.
07:39 refer to it as a cat ion now. It's really easy to remember
07:44 ions because it has the plus sign the middle of the word. See
07:49 t even though they put that little , it's a plus sign. So
07:54 never forget it. All right. that's a cad iron. A cad
07:57 is simply an ion with a positive . Now, chlorine is has seven
08:05 in its valence shell. If it to get to eight, it's easier
08:09 gain one than it is to lose . And so if there's an electron
08:13 it can, can control up, means it becomes happy at which point
08:18 gained an electron at which point we say that it is an anion and
08:24 negatively charged. Now, sodium and by themselves are not attracted to each
08:33 . But once that sodium gives up electron and once that chlorine gas,
08:39 electron, we now have a positive ion and we have a negatively charged
08:44 . And what do we have something is attracted to something else? Would
08:49 agree that opposites track? Yes. , maybe kind of, yes,
08:55 do. At least in science they elsewhere. Who knows? All
09:00 So that's, that's really what an is. It's simply an atom or
09:05 that's given up electrons or gained I'm putting the s in because it
09:10 be one or more. And now you have is you have a charge
09:14 with that atom or molecule and the names are cat ion and anion.
09:19 so here is an example that all , prior to them giving up and
09:30 their electrons, they weren't attracted to other. It's kind of like those
09:34 coms, right? The girl who's the glasses and it looks like the
09:39 and then you get that makeover and of a sudden she's like the star
09:44 everybody is attracted to. That's kind what's going on here, right?
09:49 not attracted to each other in that , when they, uh when sodium
09:54 that electron and chlorine doesn't. But you pass them off, now you've
09:59 the chargers and off, they Right. So that's really what an
10:03 bond is. It's the attraction between cat and an ant. Now,
10:08 salts are, that's why it's a simple one. But many salts are
10:15 by basically having either one or two that they need to gain in their
10:21 shells or they have 1 to 2 that they can lose. So if
10:26 looking at the periodic table, you pretty much find, figure out what
10:29 salts are going to be made of right there in those first two
10:33 in the last two columns before the gasses. Now, if you take
10:39 molecule that there's no water available, bond is incredibly strong. All
10:48 it takes a lot of effort to out the two ions from each
10:52 But if you take that same compound put it in water, it dissociates
10:58 , very quickly. And the reason that is because of the nature of
11:02 . All right, we're going to about that a little bit more.
11:04 no longer the same degree of attraction water is a polar molecule and it
11:09 creates a uh a kind of protective between the ions. There's an attraction
11:17 the water and the ions themselves. So that's why those molecules just kind
11:21 fall apart and then they're like, yeah, I'm kind of happy because
11:24 surrounded by water. So in water when it's a solid, it's a
11:31 bond. Now, when you think , of molecules, you typically think
11:37 electron share, you don't really think these ions. You think of the
11:41 sharing here. What you do is forming a molecule from two or more
11:46 where, what they're going to do they're going to share an electron.
11:48 like when you and your friend go , oh, I don't know.
11:52 say you forgot your wallet and you're , hey, can we share that
11:58 ? And your friend is nice enough say, well, sure, I'll
12:00 my lunch with you. So you get something out of the deal and
12:04 , your company, you get food so if the atoms or excuse
12:15 the elements are of the same type they come together, then what we're
12:20 called the molecular element. Now, familiar familiar with oxygen, oxygen.
12:25 can see up there that's a second . Let me see if I it's
12:31 this one really, really weird. , that's how we anyway. All
12:43 here. I don't think it All right. So you can see
12:47 up there, basically two oxygen atoms together form a stable molecule. That
12:52 now has eight electric each of those now have, has shared between them
12:57 electrons in each of their outer valence . Right. Now, if you
13:02 two different types of elements, two more different types of elements, and
13:05 you're doing is you're just creating a compound and these are what we're kind
13:08 familiar with. And so when you at a molecule, it has a
13:13 formula, right? And it basically tell what the components inside a molecule
13:18 their ratio. So for example, have carbon dioxide up there, it
13:22 one carbon and two oxygens. All . And you see there is the
13:27 acid, it basically has a ratio one carbon to two hydrogens, three
13:32 . But just in knowing the molecular , you don't only know a lot
13:37 the molecule. So humans have also that there is a chemical formula,
13:41 is a shape to the molecule. so we can represent the molecular formula
13:46 its actual arrangement. So carbon you can see here is a range
13:51 you have two oxygens bound to the , which is centrally located. And
13:55 we have here is a double bond is represented by two lines look like
13:59 signs. You can see uh by or sorry, carbonic acid. Now
14:04 you the shape of the molecule. doesn't look anything like the molecular
14:08 You have a hydroxyl group attached to central or two hydroxyl groups attached to
14:13 central carbon. And you have a bond in oxygen to that carbon as
14:18 . Now, you're sitting on double , single bonds. What are you
14:22 about here? We'll get to that just a moment. But what this
14:25 , it allows us to see the of the atoms to one another.
14:31 it gives rise to our understanding of molecular formula is not only important,
14:37 actually the shape of the molecule we what are called isomers and isomers simply
14:42 molecules with the same molecular formula, with different shapes up here. What
14:49 looking at is we're looking at three sugar oil. All right, on
14:53 left, we have glucose in the , we have black and on the
14:57 , we have frutos, each of molecules has the same molecules or
15:05 All right, nice simple molecule You can see looks a lot like
15:11 . The difference is around four It's the arrangement of the hydroxyl group
15:16 the hydrogen they're flipped and that little is enough to make those molecules vastly
15:24 . And then we have fructose, is what makes sugar taste good.
15:29 what we actually crave, you high fructose corn syrup. The reason
15:33 like it is because it has lots that and less of that, even
15:38 glucose is what our body actually And you can see just by looking
15:42 it, it's like, wait a that looks really, really different.
15:45 you agree. Does it look different that? Yeah. OK. So
15:49 binds molecules, other molecules, other in a very different way because of
15:54 shape, right? But we can convert between the two, all
16:00 So isomers are molecules that have the molecular formula but very, very different
16:08 arrangements. And because of those different arrangements, they behave differently not only
16:14 the body but in general chemical So coming back to the and so
16:23 , if you think chemistry, nothing far is, would you agree chemistry
16:30 going, oh my goodness, this like a foreign language. What we're
16:36 at is we're looking at the types covalent bonds that can be formed.
16:40 , up at the top, we what is referred to as a single
16:43 bond. You'll notice that we're using of the exceptions to the, the
16:49 says that you need to have eight in the outer shell, the one
16:53 that doesn't satisfy this is hydrogen, other molecule which has a complete outer
17:00 shell, but it's not an octet helium. Those are the two molecules
17:04 the top of the periodic table. right, they don't have enough electrons
17:09 fulfill the octet rule. So they're exceptions to it. But what
17:14 what we can see in this is can see fulfilling the rule about fulfilling
17:20 outer shell. And so in this , what we have is we have
17:23 electrons that need to have that we to share between these hydrogen hydrogen.
17:28 has one electron. It wants to two if I take one hydrogen and
17:32 hydrogen and bring it together and allow to have each share that electron,
17:36 means each of them has that electron that nucleus. And so both of
17:42 are satisfied and happy. All So the electrons spin equal times around
17:48 nuclei. And that's what holds this together. So what we're doing when
17:53 doing the covalent bond is we're sharing between two atoms. All right.
17:58 that, that electron circles about nuclear regard to the second picture, what
18:03 have here is a double covalent Now, what we're looking at is
18:07 looking at oxygen and we said oxygen to fulfill eight electrons, it needs
18:13 have eight in its outer shell. right. And if you look what
18:16 doing is we're sharing two electrons from oxygen atom. All right. The
18:22 on the left says here, I'm lend you two so that you can
18:25 eight. And then the one of right I'm gonna lend you to so
18:28 you can have a. So these are, are spending these eight electrons
18:33 each of them are sharing, are an equal amount of time between both
18:37 are circulating both nuclei in their outer . And so that allows for
18:43 them to have that stability. And down here on the bottom, that
18:46 be an example of the triple bond . What we're doing is we're sharing
18:49 electrons, right? So the one the left is sharing three electrons,
18:53 on the right is sharing three electrons them, they have six that they're
18:56 together. And that means that you two that they're not sharing. And
19:01 that would be a nitrogen atom. right. Now, what I want
19:07 do here is I want to turn . I said about electrons on
19:12 What do I say when you think electrons, what do you need to
19:15 of them as do you remember? they supposed to be particles? Do
19:20 care if they're particles? No, said there was something else about
19:29 Remember you won't want to guess, a look back and say or that
19:45 does it have to do? Don't , don't be shy. I'll have
19:48 walk in the office somebody energy. you. That would be loud.
19:56 go all right. Energy. Think electrons as energy. Remember energy to
20:00 the electronic place and then when you the electronic, it has so much
20:03 that it wants to go someplace right? It's like a dog on
20:06 leash, right? And so you think about it is order the heat
20:11 , of these two atoms together. you're doing is you're sharing electricity or
20:16 energy. So when you bring in bond between these two, you're adding
20:21 to the system that it basically holds two things together. And if you
20:24 to break the bond, you have tank energy and add more energy.
20:27 the electron becomes so excited that it away and that's just going to break
20:31 bond, right? How do you have cards? You know what you
20:37 in your car to make it run ? All right, if I take
20:42 match and I take it to what's going to happen to it?
20:46 gonna explode. So, if I'm gasoline in my car, what's the
20:50 doing to the gasoline? Making it ? It's exploiting the energy in the
20:57 bonds between the carbons in that gasoline that octane and the hexane and the
21:02 and all the other aims that are gasoline. All right. It's basically
21:07 controlled explosion. And all you're doing you're adding a little bit of energy
21:11 the form of a spark that releases energy when you put food in your
21:18 . It's the same thing. A is basically a bunch of molecules that
21:23 held for a bunch of atoms that held together by electrons. All I
21:28 do is put a little bit of in it and I can release more
21:32 . Kind of neat. Right. really what it is. And so
21:37 can think about this, every bond I form a single bond is some
21:42 , a double bond is greater energy bonds. That's a lot of
21:47 So you're going to need to put more and more energy depending upon the
21:50 of bonds you have between the individual . That makes sense, kind of
21:56 of. All right. So looking a little bit further, you can
22:00 here a little bit more complex You can see methane over there,
22:05 , you can see it has it is sharing an electron with four
22:09 hydrogens. So each hydrogen now has electrons circulating circling it. The carbon
22:14 has eight, there's carbon dioxide. can see there's a double bond between
22:19 carbon and the oxygen. Each carbon has eight electrons circulating in valence
22:24 Each oxygen has eight based on the of electrons that have been shared.
22:29 then over there, there's ethanol called friend. Oh Yeah, I forgot
22:36 guys a freshman. You you'll learn basically, you can see how we
22:45 every atom in a molecule is going fulfill that octet rule with the except
22:50 the hydrogen that are going to have electrons in its outer shell.
22:56 what we can do oops is if look at molecules, we notice that
23:02 molecules don't possess a bond that is shared between the atoms in that
23:10 What happens is is that some atoms electrons that spend a little bit more
23:16 circling one nucleus, then circling All right. And there's many reasons
23:23 all this, which we're not going go into. And what that,
23:25 happens when that, when that what we end up with are what
23:29 called polar molecules. We refer to a bit as the degree of electron
23:35 . It's that attractive force that pulls electron towards one nucleus and away from
23:41 . What we're looking at here is looking at a non and we're looking
23:46 a triglyceride, which is a fancy for fat, right? You can
23:52 here what we have is this long chain and this long carbon chain looks
23:57 awful lot of like with itself, it? I mean, you have
23:59 and two hydrogens, carbon two carbon two and just kind of keeps
24:02 on and on and on and Not a lot of difference along the
24:05 . And so this would be a that lacks polarity. It looks
24:09 very similar. So there is nothing it that causes electrons to be pulled
24:14 particular particular direction or another. But you look at a molecule like
24:20 all right, water has an right? That wants to have eight
24:26 circulating around it. And then it these little tiny hydrogen atoms that have
24:32 one electron and it's trying to just one electron. And so what ends
24:35 happening is that the oxygen tends to onto the electrons a little bit more
24:40 the hydrogens do. And if the holds onto the electron a little bit
24:45 and electron is negatively, that means oxygen tends to be a little bit
24:50 negative than the hydrogens do. And now what we have is we have
24:54 molecule that is more negative on one than on the other. And now
25:00 can say that's pole because if you're little bit more negative, what are
25:04 gonna be attracted to something that's Right? And so that's what's going
25:09 happen is they're going to arrange themselves such a way that they orient towards
25:14 that's positive on that negative side. conversely, the positive side of that
25:19 is going to arrange itself but its or facing something that's negatively charged.
25:25 so polarity and these polar bonds lends to how molecules arrange themselves and ultimately
25:33 with their environment. So what all stuff says up there is just where
25:40 electrons are spinning. If you're a covalent bond, electrons spin equal time
25:46 the molecule. So there is no . And when you are a polar
25:50 bond, you basically have a bond the electrons tend to spend more time
25:55 one side or the other, we another type of molecule, we need
26:01 be aware of empathic. Now, said on Tuesday last week that in
26:09 biology, right? And when you at this word, you see a
26:14 big word that doesn't mean a lot you, but to a person who's
26:18 in biology it tells certain things, know, you have that first half
26:24 . Have you seen that first half a word? Anywhere else?
26:28 What do you know about amphibians? . Sort of in water and sort
26:33 out. Right. I mean, of an amphibian. What is an
26:36 name? One? You should be to go one off the top of
26:39 head frogs, right? And you the life cycle of a frog way
26:42 in life sciences, back in sixth , you got the tadpole or you
26:46 the eggs and then the tadpole swim the water and then eventually it starts
26:49 legs and then it hops out of water and loses its tail. And
26:51 you've got your frog. All That sound familiar, kind of.
26:56 right. Well, ay means half, up, half in,
27:01 out, an antipathy molecule is half and half non pole. What,
27:09 that possible? Well, what that is part of the molecule doesn't have
27:15 sort of polarity. In other it behaves like a nonpolar molecule,
27:19 then the other half of the molecule this imbalance of electrons. And so
27:23 becomes polar. And so if that's case, that means the polar side
27:27 going to try to associate its cell other charged or polarized atoms. And
27:33 the non polar side is going to excluded from the group molecules excluding other
27:41 . How rude. All right. what we're looking at here is a
27:46 example. All right, this is molecule you'll need to know this is
27:49 phospho lipid. You've taken biology ever your eyes. When you know this
27:57 , fossil lipids have a polar head these long tails, fatty acid tails
28:03 are nonpolar. What that means is if you stick by water, those
28:09 are going to be excluded from the . And so if you have a
28:11 of fossil lipids, they're going to themselves in such a, such a
28:15 that those fossil lipid tails are hidden the water and those heads are going
28:19 be associated towards the water. And it arranges itself into a unique pattern
28:27 we're going to see that it's these that are responsible for making up the
28:32 membranes of your cells and it creates compartments of your body which are responsible
28:38 how your whole body works. So this, your body cannot be why
28:43 an important molecule. All right. they exhibit both the polar and the
28:49 polar character are simply weak attractions between . That's like when you watch
29:01 when I guys, I'm gonna give all our secrets in this class.
29:04 just my nature. It's like watching watching girls, you know, they
29:10 kind of do this. It's a attraction. It's like, yeah,
29:12 attractive. She's attractive. Ok. , my attention is back to video
29:16 . Oh, yeah. There's another , you know, it's a weak
29:20 . Hydrogen bond is simply weak attractions a hydrogen and an atom. All
29:25 . And they associate themselves in such . Part of it is because of
29:29 polarity that we're gonna see. um, you know, as we
29:33 forward with, there's a small bridge takes place. It's kind of like
29:37 gaze of the guy. It's ok, I've got that bridge.
29:40 . Now I'm broke. It's a , very short, small, weak
29:45 , not very strong bond. So doesn't have a lot of energy that
29:50 into it. But if you have lot of bonds, they can form
29:55 strong bonds together. Right? It's of like, um, uh,
30:02 , well, you're too. You remember ant or not ants, but
30:05 life. Do you remember Bug's Ok. So I'm hitting that sweet
30:09 of where you guys were like seven olds. Ok. Do you remember
30:12 happened at the end of Bug's How did they beat the grasshoppers?
30:17 ant can't stand up to a How many ants do you need?
30:21 of them? All right. That's what it is. Uh, anyone
30:25 have a sticky note tape, any those things, ever wonder why they're
30:32 to stick and then you're able to them hydrogen bombs. Yeah. There
30:37 go. All right. There you . Anyone ever seen a gecko?
30:42 is Houston. You should have at seen one gecko in your life.
30:45 have them in your bedroom at Chirping. Ok. All right.
30:50 can run up and down glass Have you noticed that they can run
30:54 the ceiling? And you're like, do you do that? Well,
30:56 reason they're able to do that is of the next type of attraction it's
30:59 the vander walls force. All this is a very, very weak
31:04 in terms of its strength, about . But you get a lot of
31:07 vanderwal interactions taking place and that's gonna for a lot of stickiness. And
31:12 what geckos do on their feet, the soles of their feet. They
31:15 these little tiny pads and they're not suction cups. So they're not going
31:19 stick, stick, stick, stick. What they do is they're
31:22 small and there's so many interactions that them to literally stick to the surfaces
31:28 they're crawling up and down because of forces. All right, there are
31:33 what are called hybrid hydro excuse hydrophobic interactions or exclusion. This is
31:40 molecules to exclude other molecules typically. it is is that a polar material
31:45 a nonpolar material in it. Um you've ever seen vinegar and oil,
31:50 you ever seen that all Right. ladies are all shaking their head and
31:53 . Yeah, I know. Vinegar oil. Guys go. Well,
31:55 the stuff that you put on guys, salad is the green stuff
31:59 women eat. Right. If you vinegar and oil and put them in
32:06 container, do they mix ladens? , you have to do something special
32:11 get them to mix. And the for that is because the water or
32:14 vinegar portion says fat oil, you nonpolar. I am polar. You're
32:23 allowed to come and join me. so it excludes it. That's what
32:28 hydrophobic interaction or exclusion is so Are you guys with me? Is
32:34 easy? Not easy. Are you to wonder why you picked science and
32:41 Law Mueller? You don't know that too young. All right. But
32:51 promise you what we're gonna do is gonna move from these very basic types
32:54 interactions. We're gonna move into So we can understand the environments in
32:57 molecule, water is, the substance which our molecules are bathed in our
33:04 . All right, water has some structures and special properties. It's tetrahedral
33:10 shape. You can see if I that oxygen molecule and have my two
33:13 off to the side. That's a . But if you consider the three
33:17 , the ones that are not being between the hydrogens and the oxygen,
33:20 put them in two other corners And you can see there's a tetrahedron,
33:24 you take organic chemistry, you'll get model this almost every day and then
33:28 going to bang your head against the again, wondering why you didn't go
33:30 law school. All right. So is its natural shape. And so
33:36 it's a polar molecule, because the spend more time near that oxygen than
33:41 does have here in the hydrogen. now have this electro negative or the
33:45 negativity that is towards the inside. so what's going to happen is if
33:50 got a whole bunch of water, going to arrange themselves so that the
33:54 oxygen is going to be pointed towards positive hydrogen of another molecule. And
33:59 arrange themselves in a tetrahedral pattern forming bonds between them. It's a unique
34:06 of water. All right. And what we have now is we create
34:10 massive lattice uh uh when you're looking a fluid of pure water,
34:20 in the body or in general water in three states, right? You
34:26 aware of what we call them, solid form of ice. This is
34:30 a good thing in the body, breaks cells and destroys things. So
34:34 typically don't have solid water in our , but it does exist in this
34:39 . All right, most common is liquid form, right? That water
34:46 a liquid form, it's forming these bonds, it keeps the water close
34:51 and holds the water uh uh in . And then we have vapor.
34:57 see this uh again, uh winter , we become very, very aware
35:02 it. When you're breathing in and . You can see the vapor.
35:06 right. But water exists in a in our body, in our
35:09 We're moving water in and out in vapor form. So these three state
35:20 in the body, we can think water as having multiple functions that plays
35:23 role in transport that demonstrates some very transport. Looking at cerebral spinal fluid
35:28 here, we're looking at the cardio here. When you think of your
35:32 , you've got to remember that 50% that blood is water, right?
35:38 water plus other stuff. The cerebral fluid is water plus other stuff.
35:42 other stuff is your body is moving for use by the different cells all
35:48 your body plays a role in And that mean me join up
35:55 All right, if you didn't have fluid in there, those two bones
36:00 be pressed up against each other with the way to your body on it
36:03 then you run against each other, each other down like a mortar and
36:07 by creating synovial fluid, your body a lubricant that allows these two services
36:14 out of each other. All So water serves that the cushions and
36:19 , we're going back through the spinal , it serves kind of as a
36:22 a barrier and a a protective water is not particularly compressible because of
36:30 between those molecules. All right. so when you try to, so
36:37 allows us to have something in for example, our brain can actually
36:43 in and on top of and then surrounds the brain so that the brain
36:47 move around so much inside the it's very, very protective. And
36:54 lastly, it's a way to transport out of the body. In other
36:57 , it allows us to create Uh By the way, this is
37:01 you don't have friends with phones because take pictures of you and put you
37:03 the internet and end up in my . So, you know, you
37:10 to get things out of your well, dissolve it in water and
37:13 . It goes very, very All right. So water is used
37:18 many, many different things, has characteristics, you're also aware of
37:23 right? And I'm gonna try to these with these pictures. So we
37:26 cohesion and cohesion is simply the attraction of those between when water is put
37:34 something, it doesn't break those they tend to a cluster together.
37:39 if I were to say, for , take a drop of water and
37:41 it on a table, that water just spread out a molecule molecule
37:45 it bows up because all of those bonds they are uh they're holding together
37:53 that's the cohesion. So the drop water in the skin up there is
37:56 result of cohesion, surface tension is inward pull of those water molecules
38:04 So basically, when you have these molecules again, it's the hydrogen bonds
38:09 it doesn't want, they don't want break, they wanna hold together.
38:12 think this is one of the coolest ever. This woman breaking the surface
38:15 the water, you can see that water is being held in place.
38:18 though she's broken past the surface, water is stretching as her body breaks
38:25 . And it's only once she creates distance that the hydrogen bonds are gonna
38:29 broken. So she passes through it now. Have you ever seen water
38:36 ? You've seen? Why can these stay on the surface of the water
38:40 of the surface tension of the They don't create enough force to break
38:44 that you and I, well, a little bit bigger and that's why
38:48 we step on water, we go through and here's the adhesion, adhesion
38:56 the stickiness. All right. And , once again, it's hydrogen
38:58 but this time, it's not between polar molecules of water, it's between
39:02 and another polar molecule. And so is why the water stays held on
39:08 nose because it's adhered to the surface once the weight of that water gets
39:14 enough. Will it actually break and ? So, water behaves in a
39:20 unique way because of these hydrogen bombs also because of these hydrogen bonds,
39:27 behave in a very unique way to what temperature is. And isn't,
39:34 will make a lot of sense? temperature simply is the measure of the
39:38 energy. Do you notice how everything coming back to? All right,
39:42 you get to physics and they're starting try to confuse the heck out of
39:45 just remember everything always move back. right, simply put the temperature is
39:51 random movement of particles. The energy a particular substance right now, what
39:57 said about those water molecules is that interacting by hydrogen bombs. A bond
40:03 simply the energy shared between molecules. now, we talk about covalent
40:09 but it's true about a hydrogen So water because of those hydrogen bonds
40:14 able to absorb and release energy in very unique way. Heat or temperature
40:20 a unique way has a very high heat. In fact, they use
40:24 as the standard. Basically, uh specific heat is the amount of heat
40:29 to raise the temperature of one g water by one degree. All
40:34 So that's how we know what the temperatures are. Is because of the
40:39 heat. Water also has a that means that there's a lot of
40:46 that needs to go in to convert form of water from one to the
40:50 . To put another way. It's what is the temperature at which water
40:57 ? 100 degrees? C, what's temperature at which water freezes? Zero
41:01 ? C? So if I take and bring it up to 100
41:05 does it immediately turn a steam? , you have to add in more
41:10 more and more energy before that molecule away and becomes a vapor. In
41:17 words, you have to add energy break those bonds before the water
41:22 And this is good news for us this is how our body cools
41:26 It means that while we're producing energy our movements, which is really how
41:31 produce heat. What happens is, as we, as our body temperature
41:35 , we move that warm water through body, that's our blood and we
41:40 it to the surface which then warms on the surface of our skin,
41:45 is sweat or Houston humidity, And then that sweat, when that
41:51 absorbs enough energy, then the sweat and off goes the energy. This
41:58 how we cool ourselves, right? take advantage of that property. So
42:05 able to absorb lots of energy because the heat capacity and we're able to
42:10 it away because of the heat of . Have you ever taken rubbing alcohol
42:16 put it on your skin? What it feel like when you do that
42:20 really, really cool, doesn't Why say it evaporates? Why does
42:27 , it evaporates at a lower temperature water? Does? Its heat vaporization
42:32 much, much lower. So it goes away. But notice it
42:36 it causes the same effect. It's cooling effect. Just like sweating cools
42:40 down. All right. That's what heat vaporization does. Now, water
42:45 say is dissolved in what basically all substances in your body are gonna be
42:50 in water. When we say it doesn't mean break the molecule
42:57 dissolve, disperse and spread evenly. you take a thing of pure water
43:03 pour in cool cool, goes straight the bottom and it hits the ground
43:07 it sits there. But if you it infinite time and put it into
43:11 enclosed environment, eventually, all those aid molecules, all that guy who
43:19 , right? And then we get impatient, what would we do
43:23 Shake it up or something like But given that, that's what it's
43:27 to do. Water is going or molecules to solute the stuff that's dissolved
43:32 our water, which is the sol is going to move so that everything
43:37 equally dispersed. When you came into classroom for the first time, you
43:42 around and you looked for the most area, didn't you? People in
43:47 front are nodding, their heads Yeah. Right. You're like,
43:51 right. I'm the first person I to pick my spot and then you
43:54 in and you sat down and you're , please, no one sit by
43:58 , right? You're like a molecule dispersed as well as you can and
44:02 more people came in, you kind dispersed equally around the room and then
44:06 of a sudden more people started showing and now you have to start sitting
44:10 to people and you're like, please sit next to me. Please don't
44:13 up. Hi, how are All right, molecules disperse just like
44:20 guys like to disperse you like that around you. And that's what happens
44:27 , substances that are attracted to and water referred to being hydrophilic literally means
44:34 alive. All right, hydrophilic If they're water, loving must have
44:40 same characteristic of water. What it's of water. It is not the
44:44 is an herb polar, right? substances that are found in water must
44:51 the same characteristics. They must be in nature, right? They either
44:56 a charge positive or negative or they have the same sort of degree of
45:03 activity, right? They're polar right . Some substances i substances or compounds
45:10 are referred to as electrolytes will dissociate distribute in water. So if I
45:17 salt and put it into water, sodium and the corn are going to
45:22 from each other. Remember, they're attracted to each other, but because
45:26 charged, they're going to dissociate and going to be surrounded by the
45:30 And that's what you see down here the bottom. So you can create
45:33 hydration cells where you have these polar arrangement cells around this charged particle and
45:39 cool, we're attracted to you and molecules or the atom is going
45:43 and I'm attracted to you too. I don't need to be attracted to
45:46 other ion over there. You guys doing enough to satisfy the attractive need
45:53 both molecules do because remember your you have an electron negative side and
45:57 positives side. And so you can yourself depending on what type of uh
46:02 is around you. All right. reason they're called electrolytes is because they
46:08 electricity. Uh I'm sure you can home and take a thing of pickle
46:12 , put in two electrodes and probably up a light bulb or something like
46:17 . All right. There's all sorts fun physics experiments you can do
46:21 I don't even remember. They're also , not, these are things that
46:27 dissolve readily. All right, they'll but they won't dissolve and won't break
46:32 because they're not what we're looking at there is another molecule that is not
46:39 electrolyte, it's glucose, right? a small molecule because it has these
46:43 groups sitting on the side, these these alcohol groups. All right.
46:48 what it does is that the water arranges itself in such a way so
46:51 those groups and those hydrogens are are appropriately satisfied. All right.
46:59 they arrange themselves, but it doesn't electricity, it doesn't do anything.
47:03 just allows for that molecule to become distributed. Right now. There are
47:11 molecules that are hydrophilic. All this is water clearing. These are
47:14 fats, these are molecules that are pod. And what they'll do is
47:19 the water says I'm not attracted to . So you need to go
47:22 And that molecule says that's financial. so it basically arranged itself in such
47:27 way that it's as far away from as the pop gets. All
47:30 So again, you can think of , right? You think of any
47:37 uh aqueous solution that fat basically creates bubble that's as far away as water
47:42 it possibly can get. All it tries to move away. And
47:48 mentioned the amp paic molecules, the molecule like a phospho lipid is going
47:52 range itself in such a way that uh non polar region is going to
47:57 excluded from the water. And then polar region is going to be included
48:01 the water. All right. And they'll arrange themselves and stuff.
48:04 you can see here uh in the picture in the here, what we've
48:13 is what's called a lipid bilayer. have two leaflets and in these
48:19 you can see, you have the heads and they're both facing in opposite
48:22 . One's facing water in this one's facing water in that direction.
48:26 the tails are hidden away from the . Now, here, that's where
48:33 have very few of them. And they're kind of like buffalo protecting the
48:37 . They all point their tails inward just have the heads outward. The
48:41 are happy because they're in the the tails are being excluded from the
48:45 . And so they're happy so Are we with me any questions about
48:52 of this stuff? So it's all at this point, right?
48:59 one of the things that water can because of its polar nature because of
49:03 hydrogen bonds that they form between them that they can actually dissociate themselves as
49:11 . What that means is that when is sharing this hydrogen bomb, that
49:17 will sometimes get torn away and be to another molecule so that the hydrogen
49:25 with it. So what you end is two ions. All right.
49:28 it doesn't exist for a very long of time. It will go back
49:31 the original form the two water But what this means is is that
49:36 you look at pure water, it's all water molecules, you have these
49:40 that can appear every now and then hydroxide, which is a water missing
49:45 hydrogen So it's missing an electron and proton, it has been called
49:51 All right. And then here what have is you gain that proton or
49:55 , I shouldn't say an electron, it holds on the electron and it
49:58 off the, the hydrogen. So ends up losing that proton and the
50:02 one gains that proton. And so looks as the hydro and then of
50:08 , wait a second. This is right. And so then it'll release
50:11 back again. All right now, , very reversible reaction. And if
50:16 look at this, you can probably and see that for every 554 million
50:22 , this occurs once. So what say, why should I care about
50:27 ? Well, if you actually calculated it basically, this occurs one uh
50:33 occurs one in every 10 million that's really what it says. So
50:40 I count up the number of molecules consider the number of moles, that's
50:44 ratio right there. So it's 10 the minus seven moles that you're gonna
50:49 one of those molecules. So it's , very rare. But this is
50:54 gives rise to our understanding of what H is. All right, these
51:01 because they are ions, they're positively negatively charged are highly reactive that ion
51:06 ? There doesn't necessarily have to react another uh hydro ion. And the
51:12 ion necessarily has to with that, you have another ion around it can
51:18 with that. Would you agree if another positive charge? Is there any
51:23 why that ion has to be attracted to that? Or is it as
51:27 as it's a positive charge, I'm to it. It kind of like
51:30 think as long as it's a I'm attracted to it, the guys
51:34 gonna sit there and go, I'm gonna admit to that. I know
51:37 generation he knows. That's true. all a acid interface off is simply
51:45 molecules that have released a proton molecules have released a hydroxide. So when
51:53 think of acids and bases name an , hyd hydrochloric acid is an easy
51:59 . Hydrochloric acid is even up right? Hydrochloric acid is a hydrogen
52:04 . When that molecule dissociates in it's releasing a hydrogen. That's what
52:10 that an acid. It's that free that's floating around. All right,
52:14 get to things that are not chemicals , you know, they have another
52:18 that, you know. Huh? , Hydrophor. It's too easy.
52:27 on. So it must be So it's a small state hydrogen.
52:41 when you go to heart dissociated that what you have you guys ever
52:48 of Citric acid? Yeah, that's you find in your grape juice,
52:53 ? And your lemon juice. And also one of the best cleansers on
52:56 planet, right? All right. acid. You ever heard of acetic
53:03 . Do you guys like your atomic ? Um Sour patch kids.
53:11 That's acetic acid. It's pickle vinegar. That's what makes it,
53:17 sugar and vinegar. That's what makes all it is. Is that whatever
53:21 substance is, when it dissolves it a proton or a hydrogen ion and
53:29 , anion is simply a molecule with negative. So there are little
53:34 we have a dissociates to a proton chlorine or what you say is a
53:40 ion and chloride and H plus is a proton, right? It's a
53:46 uh element that you have lost So what you left with is there
53:51 proton? So you'll hear me say very often it's a proton,
53:55 The second one out there that's carbonic , carbonic acid dissociates, it gives
53:59 the hydrogen and now available proton right? So simply put an acid
54:08 a substance that releases that pro when goes in the water, a
54:15 On the other hand, releases the group, right? O H.
54:19 basically that negatively charged ion, So we've got some examples here.
54:26 , if you take sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide put in water, sodium
54:32 this way, the hydroxyl is over . That is its dissociation very,
54:36 simple. But there's another type of , a base is a molecule that
54:42 also accept a free proton. And what we're showing here substance with free
54:49 , it gives you that structure. that a substance B is the
54:53 So here we have the bicarbonate, bicarbonate plus the proton gives you carbonic
55:00 . All right. So a base be one of those two things.
55:02 either uh except or sorry, releases hydroxyl group or it can accept a
55:09 . All right, windows in the . So when you think of an
55:16 solution, all you're saying is that I look at all the molecules inside
55:21 , and I'm focusing specifically on the and the hydroxyl groups because remember
55:26 sorry, going in the wrong water dissociates to form those two
55:30 All I got to do is count the availability of those protons and the
55:34 of the hydroxyl groups, right? when I do that, if the
55:38 of protons is greater than the number hydroxides, then what do I
55:42 I've got an acid. But if opposite is true, the number of
55:47 is greater than the number of I've got a basic solution and that's
55:52 we get ph from. All we're counting up the number of
55:56 the free protons that are in Now, generally speaking, if you
56:02 a strong acid or a strong a they dissociate, they are irreversibly dis
56:09 . In other words, you can't Humpty dumpty back together again right
56:14 Is that entirely true for our Yes, you can actually glue those
56:20 back together but it takes a lot energy and a lot of work and
56:23 not worth the effort. All So we just say that it's
56:28 right? So, hydrochloric acid, you go to the lab and you
56:32 that big jug of 10 normal hydro acid that is basically H C L
56:39 no water in it. But when pour that into water, what happens
56:44 the hydrochloric acid dissociates. And so have a whole bunch of protons that
56:48 free. And they're saying, what I interact with? That's your acidic
56:56 , weak acids and weak bases. the other hand, are reversible.
57:00 right, they go back and forth the two states they can accept or
57:05 can uh release protons easily. That that we're looking down there at the
57:11 , the hydro uh the, the acid and the bicarbonate. All
57:15 becomes a very, very important chemical in biology. Specifically in physiology.
57:21 gonna see this molecule and this reaction and over and over again, it
57:26 serve you well to start looking at and saying, I've got to know
57:29 now today it's not so important, as I point him out, as
57:33 go forward saying, aha, he this is going to keep showing
57:36 maybe it's something I should probably And what we're looking at the carbonic
57:41 naturally dissociates into the proton and the or in the b carbonate But
57:48 if the environment is right, I change the reaction so that it moves
57:52 opposite direction to form carbon and All I need is some b carbonate
57:58 protons to do that. This is wall of text slide. And you
58:05 see in the wall, I already you what is P H. It's
58:10 the amount of hydrogen ions, the of protons that are available in solution
58:16 to our expected amount. All there's a way to calculate it
58:20 You're not gonna have to do math this class. So you don't need
58:22 worry about basically P equal to the log of the concentration of the
58:28 All right. And so when you're at these P value, we know
58:32 water is 10 in the minus seventh , right? That's the concentration that
58:36 expect to find one of these So the negative log of 10 to
58:41 seven is plus seven, right log 10 of 10 to minus seven would
58:51 negative seven, then negative of negative positive. So that's where that number
58:56 from. And so we say that's happens in a natural pure water
59:01 So if I add in more that means that negative seven becomes uh
59:07 , right, negative seven becomes negative and negative five, the negative
59:10 the negative three, negative negative negative one, negative zero.
59:15 no, not 00, right? of the zero is how much come
59:22 . Think about, think about 10 0 is not 0, 10 to
59:26 is one. What is that telling ? It's telling you that for every
59:31 molecule there's one proton, that's an ratio. That's why it would be
59:36 very, very, very horribly right? And so what we're saying
59:42 is that the more protons you have saying one for every 10 to the
59:48 seven, I remember that's that And if I say I have one
59:52 10 to 10 to the minus that means I've increased the number of
59:56 . So my, my concentration gets and bigger and bigger, right?
60:01 long as my numerator is getting the denominator is staying the same and
60:05 you could just do the math and , OK, it just equals this
60:08 . I know I'm confusing many of going, you're doing math and I
60:11 see it. And that's, that's . Just think as I increase the
60:15 of protons, my ph is getting and smaller and smaller. My ratio
60:20 protons to water is getting smaller and in the other direction as I decrease
60:30 number of protons per molecule of my P H is getting larger and
60:35 and larger. And that's where we the value. Age zero, age
60:39 14. All right. What you're is that for every 10 to the
60:45 14 molecules of water, there's one and that's a lot less than what
60:52 . Normally. That's what P H . It's just counting up the number
60:56 protons and I know there's a whole of texts up there, but that's
61:01 all P H is and you should be freaked out by it.
61:05 Are you guys freaked out about log ? My man in chemistry, they're
61:10 beat you with a stick with All right, before I move on
61:22 question about you, I understand When I was in school at your
61:32 , I took a chemistry class. was my doctor bod except it was
61:36 as good as Doctor Bock. And this professor did was he came in
61:42 two clear solutions. Actually, it too clear solution. It was a
61:45 of what he said was hydrochloric acid then a bunch of those little tiny
61:51 pill looking things which is basically sodium . And what he wanted to demonstrate
61:55 us was a simple neutralization reaction. he took the sodium hydroxide, dropped
62:01 in the hydrochloro Chloric acid stirred it until it all dissolved away. And
62:06 he showed us and then he drank . We are right. But what
62:12 he do? He made salt Now still that would have made me
62:18 , you know, and I'm I'm he was trusting in his abilities to
62:23 sure they measured it and got the ratios. But simply what a
62:26 a neutralization reaction is, is a displacement. If I take sodium um
62:31 hydroxide and I put it in the , it's gonna dissociate into the sodium
62:35 the hydroxide right into the hydroxy If I take hydrochloric acid and put
62:39 into water, that hydrogen and that are gonna dissociate. The and the
62:45 are going to be attracted to each . It's gonna form water,
62:49 OK. And the sodium and they're both ions. And so they
62:53 form those hydration shells around each other the water or they can associate towards
62:57 another. I mean, they won't quite associated um like they would if
63:00 were in the salt, but they're there. And once you're left with
63:03 sodium chloride in water, that's an of a neutralization reaction. It's taking
63:08 acid in a base and neutralizing both them forming water and a series of
63:14 . This is uh not uncommon and trying to show how that kind of
63:18 there. A buffer. It's something helps to make a, a cost
63:24 P H whenever you put in an acid or an excessive base to a
63:31 , your bodies use buffers all the . And it's important to work at
63:40 specific temperatures and at very specific PHS going to talk about too. So
63:46 know it's a long way away. if you think about the digestive
63:49 the digestive system is a series of from your mouth to your stomach,
63:53 , to your small intestine that have PHS. And there are different enzymes
63:58 work in these specific compartments. So you were to consume a cheeseburger for
64:03 compartment of your mouth is going to specifically with the enzymes that are produced
64:08 the mouth to do very specific And then whatever you chewed up,
64:12 sits in the stomach or it has different P H much, much lower
64:15 and new enzymes are gonna come in do different things. And then that
64:19 that's uh that you've uh broken down your stomach. It's moving on a
64:25 with a different different environments, do thing. And if they were all
64:29 same ph, then those different compartments never work because the enzymes that are
64:34 in these reactions work at very, specific. So your body has to
64:41 these P S and it does so these buffer systems, right? Simply
64:46 a buffer uh allow for a chemical to shift in the direction and maintain
64:52 P H, right? So it act like a buffer, can act
64:56 a, like a base and accept proton when there are excessive protons
65:01 That's what I'm trying to show The P H is drop. So
65:04 get excessive protons. So a weak will take those protons form a
65:09 weak acid. The reaction shift to right. And or if there's a
65:15 of base around it where the what's going to happen is I can
65:18 that weak acid and it can start protons to neutralize the hydroxyl groups that
65:24 available and what you end up with weak base. And so when I
65:30 you that reaction earlier that carbonic this is it right here, we
65:34 water, we take carbon dioxide, have an enzyme that combine them to
65:38 carbonic acid. This is a reversible . And we use this not only
65:43 the respiratory system, but we use in the, in the kidneys,
65:46 use it in the brain, we it all over the body. Almost
65:49 cell can do this with chemical And what it does is it produces
65:54 carbonic acid. The carbonic acid now going to be your weak acid.
65:58 this so to release that proton and you have the bicarbonate or if the
66:05 of acid in or the amount of increase, then what you can do
66:08 you take that bicarbonate, absorb up that acid and then you make the
66:12 acid and you can maintain the environment's and this is what buffers do.
66:18 so just showing you a couple of here, if I take hydrochloric acid
66:23 dissociate and it's going to produce a bunch of protons, those protons can
66:26 picked up by the carbon. So can produce carbonic acid. The reaction
66:30 to make carbonic acid shift the other . It will still go the other
66:35 . But a usually a really, strong base on sodium hydroxide that's going
66:43 any of the hydroxyl group. You're to release protons that absorb up the
66:48 to make water. And now the between the sodium and the B carbonate
66:52 they're, they're charged by ions, can basically hang out together. And
66:58 how you neutralize and still maintain the because all you're doing is you're getting
67:02 of or adding to the system, appropriate amount of protons to keep the
67:07 where it's supposed to be. So become very, very important. They
67:13 what is a simple, simple, mass action, right? And simply
67:20 the law of mass action says. addition of reactions on one side or
67:24 reactions on one side of a reversible will give rise so that the reaction
67:29 to bring balance back to the right? The way I like to
67:36 about it as I use this a lot, you guys like
67:42 people in the back like Oreos, steps. OK. So our example
67:47 is double stuffed Oreos. Hm. . Imagine you have in front of
67:51 a plate with four double stuffed All right, the rule is you
67:58 have as many Oreos as you but there always has to be at
68:02 end of the at, at the of consumption there has to be four
68:06 on the plate. All right, here you have a closet or
68:11 a pantry with infinite Oreos. It's a dream come true. So every
68:18 I eat one Oreo off the I now have three. What do
68:21 have to do? I've got to and grab an Oreo and put it
68:24 the plate. If I eat two off the plate, I have to
68:27 to the pantry, grab two Oreos put them on the plate. I
68:30 four Oreos off the plate. I to put four Oreos off the
68:33 If after eating too many Oreos, vomit Oreos on the plate. I
68:36 to take whatever I've done. As as there are four warriors on the
68:44 , I can balance them equal. that's what the role of the buffer
68:48 to do is to make sure that stays constant. That's a lot of
68:52 action. And I'm balancing between the that are moving on and moving
68:59 OK? Getting down to the home . So in the different type of
69:10 and different types of compounds. And is just a language thing. A
69:15 is something that is chemically pure. you're looking at a compound, every
69:19 in that compound is exactly the same when you go into a laboratory and
69:25 see a container on the shelf and says it's glucose, you can know
69:30 for certain that everything inside that presumably someone hasn't contaminated it. Is
69:35 every molecule in there is glucose, is nothing else in that container,
69:39 ? That would be a compound. chemically pure, right? A
69:44 On the other hand, is a AAA taking a series of different substances
69:50 and putting them together so that they're intermixed. Most of the stuff that
69:55 deal with is a mixture I am today. Lipton instant iced tea.
70:01 instant iced tea is water plus iced mix. That means I can go
70:08 there and dehydrate this and I can out water and I can pull out
70:12 Lipton makes that fake iced tea mix be right. There's different things in
70:17 . This would be a mixture. not a compact. All right,
70:22 are three basic types of mixtures. have suspensions, colloids and solutions.
70:28 here that a substance that is a , they're not chemically uh changed.
70:34 right. When I took the I put it in there. That
70:40 now, hold on, right. can separate those things out by physical
70:47 . And that's why I say when dehydrate it, I can take the
70:50 out and I'm left with the the dry mix that's left there.
70:54 let's take a look at these basic and a suspension is heterogenous. All
71:02 . What does heterogenous mean containing one two things, two or more
71:09 right? If it's homogenous, that everything is equally mixed together. If
71:16 heterogenous, that means there's an uneven , right? So homo and hetero
71:21 that same terminology. Same versus All right. So a heterogenous mixture
71:27 many things in it and it's not distributed in a suspension. You have
71:31 large particles, nano molar. If not familiar with what a nano molar
71:36 , don't worry about it. It's big things. All right. And
71:40 order to keep your big things from out, you have to constantly mix
71:45 solution. You have to constantly agitate example that we're using here is
71:50 If I take blood out of your and put it into a tube that
71:55 allow it to coagulate, you will eventually that all the blood cells are
71:59 to float out of solution and kind sit down at the bottom of the
72:03 , right? You need to constantly the blood in order to ensure that
72:07 material is constant in constant motion. , uh suspensions are cloudy or opaque
72:14 nature. In other words, what do is if you take a light
72:19 shine through the particles are so big the light on the light photons either
72:25 absorbed or scattered some on the other , you can't see the lights.
72:31 right. In this example right you can see this with milk,
72:34 is a different. This is a type of mixture. All right,
72:37 , you can see the guy is the light and on the other
72:40 the light's not coming through right This is a colloid. All
72:45 This is different, right? A bit different than your suspension. A
72:53 . So there's lots of different things it. They're not equally mixed
72:58 but the particles are much more right? And so when you have
73:02 milk or a colloid, for I said milk, if you set
73:06 out, the material doesn't just float , they're too small, there's
73:10 there's not enough mass in them to have gravity to draw them towards.
73:14 they just kind of sit in they're kind of sustained. Some has
73:21 ability to go through a special time its called a gel transformation. And
73:31 , you take your, your you add your hot water. All
73:37 , you have your water, you it and you let it sit for
73:39 while. What we do is we to speed up the process. So
73:42 put in the refrigerator and what comes on the other side? Yummy,
73:46 lime goodness. Right? It It has a solid nature to
73:51 What started off as liquid turned into ? And if you leave the jello
73:55 too long on the counter, what's gonna do? It goes back the
74:00 direction becomes liquid. All right. that's that kind of transformation. These
74:04 colloids that do that. All then we have solutions. You can
74:09 up here the example that this book solutions. This is typically what we're
74:17 with when we think of these they're homogeneous. In other words,
74:20 everything in that solution is equally spread . So there's not like if I
74:25 a sample from the top of from the bottom of the. So
74:29 look absolutely, I and the other cases that I took samples, it
74:33 not be absolutely right. So these things that are dissolved in some sort
74:40 material which is referred to as So that's what's forming the solution solvent
74:46 our bodies as water. Typically, we're dealing with solutions, it's watered
74:49 well. All right. So the , the solute are gonna be
74:53 very small, less than that you see them. So solutions are
75:00 So you have no idea that there's something in there, you know,
75:03 may be, they don't scatter So if you shine a light through
75:06 , it's just gonna pass straight on . And again, because of the
75:10 of the molecules and the atoms and materials, they're not going to settle
75:14 . So typically, very transparent, mentioned the emotions already motion non polar
75:25 . And so what we're actually looking here is we're actually looking at true
75:28 and you can see you've heard of , that cream always rises because
75:34 they are part of the same uh , but there are actually two
75:38 one's primarily fat, the other is aqueous. And so when you put
75:42 in a container, they separate out each other. And that's what you're
75:45 at in that particular picture. Right there, I believe that was human
75:49 milk. I took a picture of , I took a picture but I
75:53 . All right. And then over on the right, that would be
75:56 vinegar and oil. All right. what we have here, this is
76:01 of a a list of like the between you can use that to kind
76:04 help you out. Now, the little thing I want to do,
76:08 two little slides here. It's just language thing. So very little time
76:13 we look at solutions and measure it a different way depending upon what kind
76:16 field you're in. Many of you are planning on going in the field
76:19 medicine. So typically, what you're see is you'll see something that's gonna
76:24 like mass volumes. All right. so this is gonna be the mass
76:27 the solute that you have in the of solution. So it's usually M
76:31 mil. So milligrams per mil, , sometimes you'll see a mass
76:36 So this is gonna be like a solution. So if you've ever been
76:39 the medical field, for example, . What we're referring to here is
76:44 number of grams of material that are in 100 mil of solution. But
76:49 you're planning on being an a molar here, what we're doing, we're
76:58 about, I'm not done guys. got plenty of time to get your
77:03 class per liter of solution and you determine the gram based upon the number
77:15 moles, right? So one mole equal to the molecular weight, which
77:18 can calculate out. And if you've done that before, you'll get to
77:22 how to do that in chemistry, not gonna be doing it just to
77:24 aware that it's a type of of . Whereas molity is dealing with the
77:29 of moles per kilogram rather than moles liter. If you're not familiar with
77:34 mole is right. It's not the furry animal, it's not that horrible
77:40 on its face. It's simply a like a dozen or like a gross
77:44 like a score. But it's a large number referred to as a
77:48 It's 6.2 times 10 to the 23rd of whatever it is that you're looking
77:54 . So a mole of students would one point or sorry, six point
77:57 two times 10, 23rd, And so it basically describes the number
78:02 particles found in the grams, the mass of a substance one more.
78:07 this is the hard one osmos right , tell us how many particles of
78:20 are going to be found in the . So, what we're concerned with
78:24 is how a particular molecule dissociates. for example, if I have a
78:28 of glucose, glucose, when I it in the water does not
78:32 right, it doesn't dissociate, it goes into a solution. So one
78:36 of glucose becomes 10 something like sodium , sodium chloride will dissociate right?
78:45 every sodium chloride molecule that I have dissociates into one sodium ion and one
78:50 ion. And so that becomes two , that means I have one mole
78:56 sodium ion, one mole of chlorine together, that's two. And that's
79:00 your osmon come from. And this important because this is what your body
79:05 actually measuring. How many solutes do have in solution? It is trying
79:09 maintain a constant value around 300 mils your body. That's what I want
79:15 talk about today when we come back I know you're not gonna ask me
79:18 . You never do. You could mean I'm here to answer your
79:22 But when we come back, what gonna do is we're gonna start dealing
79:25 the molecules you need to know. , you can ask questions. It's
79:32 . Yes,
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