| 00:07 | Right. What? Ok. Ok. Yeah. Right. All |
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| 00:48 | . Could have been that. testing. Testing. That's the |
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| 01:10 | Mhm. Mhm. Testing. Testing. Here we go. |
|
| 01:18 | folks, welcome. Hope you had somewhat relaxing holiday, Thanksgiving holiday. |
|
| 01:28 | So uh today we've got um a bit too much to squeeze in one |
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| 01:37 | unless I talked a mile a Um So um not enough to fill |
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| 01:43 | two complete classes. So we're gonna the difference and I got endpoint mine |
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| 01:48 | in about 50 minutes or so. uh to, so we're going through |
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| 01:55 | . We'll finish up uh If you your notes, I'm gonna go finish |
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| 01:59 | diphtheria, right. We'll start respiratory diseases toward the end. I'll end |
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| 02:05 | diphtheria and then we'll leave the rest Thursday. So um ok. Uh |
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| 02:12 | only thing left uh there, there's , I think there's a smart work |
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| 02:17 | on next Monday. Um maybe take 22 chapters, I forget. |
|
| 02:24 | uh then we have a unit quiz starting Friday through Monday. Um That's |
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| 02:30 | be one of those more comprehensive So cover 15 stuff from 1518, |
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| 02:37 | 21. Through 26. Remember that's a selected diseases in those |
|
| 02:42 | So um so example for so I an email uh yesterday. So if |
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| 02:48 | didn't read it, um so not bore you with all the details. |
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| 02:56 | , Casa, uh I was, were gonna schedule through CASA. Um |
|
| 03:03 | but apparently so during finals period, gets super busy, right? Because |
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| 03:10 | there is more than this class taking there. So, um, it's |
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| 03:15 | more so when it's compressed into those or seven final days. So what |
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| 03:21 | was we got kind of bumped, . And so the guy says, |
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| 03:25 | , we can, um, you can have your exam on |
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| 03:29 | I thought that will go over great everybody to have it on Sunday. |
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| 03:34 | I said, I don't think that's work. So I was trying to |
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| 03:36 | out what to do. So I , all right, let's do it |
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| 03:40 | . Ok. So, uh very , right? It, it makes |
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| 03:44 | easier for you. All right, you don't have to sign up for |
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| 03:46 | exam. You don't have to come campus if you don't want to. |
|
| 03:50 | , uh, so what you're gonna just think of it as taking |
|
| 03:53 | I'm sure many of you are familiar the responders and all that stuff. |
|
| 03:58 | you're not, uh, just follow instructions that are in that email, |
|
| 04:02 | on the link and it'll take you to the page and say you likely |
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| 04:06 | have to download the respond this browser . OK? Uh And monitor is |
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| 04:13 | part of that. So again, follow the instructions that are there. |
|
| 04:17 | We'll, I'll open a uh basically an an ungraded practice quiz which will |
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| 04:23 | just like silly questions like is the blue or stuff like that? The |
|
| 04:26 | purpose of it is to make sure um you run the process correctly, |
|
| 04:33 | ? That you can take a, a quiz on responders, everything |
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| 04:37 | the camera works, et cetera. all good and, and that quiz |
|
| 04:40 | be up for a week and you have unlimited, you can do it |
|
| 04:45 | many times as you want. But the whole, the sole purpose |
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| 04:49 | to a ease your mind and knowing hey, this, it works on |
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| 04:54 | computer when the, when the test is coming up, then, you |
|
| 04:59 | , you're good to go, So what I don't know is in |
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| 05:04 | as you're doing this practice and making everything is right. You know, |
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| 05:08 | you do have technical issues, I'm the one to fix those. |
|
| 05:12 | and I it wasn't clear to me those when I was looking at the |
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| 05:15 | uh the pages on how you do , uh who to go to |
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| 05:19 | who do you seek if you if you have issues. So I |
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| 05:21 | find that out and then relay that you ok. But hopefully you won't |
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| 05:26 | any issues, but that's likely. the time to find those issues is |
|
| 05:32 | , right? So it'll open on that, that quiz will open. |
|
| 05:37 | , um, and you'll have, guess, said the, the rest |
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| 05:39 | the week to, to, um, make sure your system is |
|
| 05:44 | , right? And if you have to be able to fix. |
|
| 05:47 | So, um, so all you , uh, so assuming you got |
|
| 05:53 | OK. So the basics are you need a computer, you need |
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| 05:57 | stable internet connection and you need a webcam and that's it. You can |
|
| 06:05 | anywhere on planet earth and take the doesn't matter. OK. How am |
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| 06:09 | gonna know? Right. Unless you your webcam out to the beach on |
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| 06:14 | you're in Hawaii or something, So, um uh so those are |
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| 06:18 | three things you need, right? so uh it's a webcam proctor |
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| 06:23 | OK? It's a lockdown browser. uh just don't do any kind |
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| 06:30 | even if you're being completely innocent, that may be perceived as being not |
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| 06:35 | in front of the camera, don't it, right? Just take the |
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| 06:39 | and you know, eyes, eyes the screen, that kind of thing |
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| 06:44 | raise any kind of red flags, ? Because obviously the videos everything is |
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| 06:48 | on the on the screen and um , and they can be reviewed and |
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| 06:55 | just, you know, take the that he would have cost her and |
|
| 06:58 | issues. Ok. So, uh, like I said, I'll |
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| 07:02 | communicating these things to you about this the next two weeks. Anyway. |
|
| 07:07 | , um, if you didn't catch today, go back and read the |
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| 07:10 | and I'll be emailing you reminding you this stuff. Um, and, |
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| 07:15 | so on. Ok. So I'm everybody's ok with taking this exam |
|
| 07:20 | Yeah. Ok. Uh, I usually tell if something, if I |
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| 07:25 | something and it's not going very Of course, you'll get lots of |
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| 07:29 | , right? I got zero emails this. So I figured good to |
|
| 07:33 | . Ok. So, um, , so, uh, oh, |
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| 07:40 | there's, I don't really have any office hours during the next couple of |
|
| 07:44 | , but all you gotta do is send me an email like the day |
|
| 07:47 | or something. Hey, can we blah, blah, blah? |
|
| 07:50 | it shouldn't be an issue. Um, it's more, uh, |
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| 07:55 | through Thursday, Friday is gonna be little less availability, but certainly Monday |
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| 07:59 | Thursday. Ok. All right. , ok, so we are, |
|
| 08:05 | see where we're at here. So have, uh, so number |
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| 08:09 | remember, you know, the, 1518 and 20 those three chapters are |
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| 08:14 | part of this last exam. Uh, the, the 21 through |
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| 08:19 | right? The diseases. So that's be selected, right? That's why |
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| 08:23 | put the pages up here. Because obviously aren't covering each chapter in its |
|
| 08:28 | , right? So, um so keep that in mind, right? |
|
| 08:33 | , you know, have, have document, have the exam review, |
|
| 08:37 | , just to kind of keep you track if you, if the book |
|
| 08:40 | a part of your process. So to keep you on not going into |
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| 08:45 | that we don't even talk about. . So uh we will today get |
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| 08:50 | um uh let's see. Rabies. . And I think through here and |
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| 09:00 | guy, OK, today then we'll this for Thursday and these two. |
|
| 09:11 | . Anyway, uh so we got the um so again, again, |
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| 09:17 | like the, here's, here's the to know stuff, right? The |
|
| 09:21 | um set up in a table. like this is, is a |
|
| 09:26 | Again, these are just suggestions, ? So it kind of helps make |
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| 09:30 | make this more manageable if you organize in, in some, in some |
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| 09:34 | of fashion, whether it's this or other way you like. Uh but |
|
| 09:37 | know what to know for each of things. OK. So again, |
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| 09:41 | remember to kind of keep track of and you know, honestly, a |
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| 09:45 | of the 21 through 26 stuff is kind of, if you have it |
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| 09:48 | up like this, it's kind of memorizing the stuff. So, um |
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| 09:55 | , I mean, that's my suggestion . OK, so let's look at |
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| 10:01 | question. OK. This is actually somewhat famous piece of art. |
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| 10:08 | Um but he's obviously in some kind distress here. Mm. Ok. |
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| 10:39 | . Ok. Um OK. Counting . Uh let's see. Yes, |
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| 11:08 | actually is suffering. He looks like has a bad back for sure. |
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| 11:11 | it is, it is Tetanus. . Uh I think this was a |
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| 11:16 | he's a soldier, he was a in Napoleon's army. Now the movie |
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| 11:20 | out now the Poleon, right? he was a soldier in the army |
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| 11:25 | um battle wounds are a common way , to acquire tetanus. Um And |
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| 11:34 | what it is characterized by is uh tetanus and bis are both affect muscles |
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| 11:39 | different ways. And so the the , it's about these spasmodic contractions |
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| 11:45 | And so it can actually lock up back as you see here. Uh |
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| 11:49 | contractions can be so forceful that can break uh your back. Uh And |
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| 11:56 | obviously, you can see his toes curled, fist and so uh jaw |
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| 12:01 | , so characteristic symptoms of, of tetanus. Ok. Um So these |
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| 12:09 | so tetanus and bo do botulism So both of these are due to |
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| 12:15 | of the same group. It's right? We talked about these earlier |
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| 12:19 | the context of endospore forms, Clostridium and bacillus are your endospore performers |
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| 12:25 | very resistant uh uh dormant form they produce. Uh here you see the |
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| 12:33 | they kind of have this club you see up on the top of |
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| 12:37 | with the swollen, uh these types a um the swollen part here is |
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| 12:46 | the um spore is at in those forming. So um so with |
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| 12:52 | uh more a more common, more this occurred more so in the twe |
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| 12:59 | part of the 20th century than, now, so much because it was |
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| 13:03 | common to, especially in rural areas , to can and, and bottle |
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| 13:08 | own foods. And so that came when uh that was done improperly. |
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| 13:13 | . You can get autism can There was accounts of uh entire families |
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| 13:17 | died because they consumed food from these canning. Um Nowadays, I think |
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| 13:24 | the, I don't know, in there's probably maybe five cases of people |
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| 13:28 | from botulism uh in the United So it's not a very common thing |
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| 13:33 | days. But um but what it uh so both these organisms, |
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| 13:37 | the, the tetanus and clostridium uh botulism, the clostridium, they're both |
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| 13:43 | inhabitants, soil organisms. OK? so um with botulism, it can |
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| 13:49 | typically from improper canning. So you a pressure cooker you typically use, |
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| 13:54 | . Uh which is basically like an claim, right? So you put |
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| 13:57 | um the material in the bottle and you or jar and you put in |
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| 14:02 | pressure cooker. And so if it come up to temperature properly, um |
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| 14:07 | will, it can cause the the , right? Because typically if it's |
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| 14:13 | uh vegetables or fruits or things that canning or um it comes from the |
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| 14:17 | , right? So that's where your sources are, right? And so |
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| 14:21 | you don't properly um uh sterilize these bottles or cans, then those |
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| 14:29 | in those spores can germinate inside there it will be an anaerobic environment. |
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| 14:35 | ? And um that will cause them grow. So remember that this group |
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| 14:39 | clostridium, are anaerobic. Ok. they'll grow, ok. And then |
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| 14:44 | toxin. And so you can ingest and get the effects of botulism. |
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| 14:50 | ? The uh you know, you may occasionally see um you |
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| 14:56 | manufacturers that, you know, canned , you know, that's their, |
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| 15:00 | their business. Uh They may see the can is bulging, ok? |
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| 15:05 | that can be from growth of clostridium they produce gasses when they're growing and |
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| 15:10 | can cause the bulging of a can something. It could be an |
|
| 15:15 | Hm. This isn't good. Let's this out of here. So, |
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| 15:18 | so certainly if you see something like on a grocery store shelf and you |
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| 15:22 | , don't, don't take, don't it home and eat it. Um |
|
| 15:26 | so the kind of paralysis this thing . Ok. So it has to |
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| 15:30 | with your nerve muscle connections, So your, your muscles respond to |
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| 15:38 | impulses right to the nerves that are with them right, uh motor |
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| 15:43 | right? So the communication between the is through um neurotransmitters. OK. |
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| 15:52 | the uh so here's a motor neuron is communicating with this muscle and uh |
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| 15:59 | natural potential right, travels down the and at the end, the terminus |
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| 16:07 | , the uh these little sacks contain . OK. So the one that's |
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| 16:13 | be affected here by the toxin is . OK? And so when these |
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| 16:21 | uh vesicles containing the acetylcholine are merged the cell surface and are released, |
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| 16:28 | the nerve impulse that triggers that. . So nerve impulse triggers that release |
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| 16:33 | chemical. And now the oyl choline to the muscle and then stimulates the |
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| 16:39 | . And so then a contraction Ok. So with uh this particular |
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| 16:46 | , OK. Uh the toxin you here will bind to the neuron, |
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| 16:53 | axon, excuse me, the axon neuron and then enter the cell. |
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| 16:59 | ? And then what it does, actually prevents the, these vesic vesicles |
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| 17:05 | neuro, the, the um the PSEO it prevents it from being |
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| 17:11 | . Ok. So this never gets here to communicate with the muscle, |
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| 17:15 | ? So it's getting the actual but the muscle can't respond because the |
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| 17:21 | that talks to it is not being . Ok? And that kind of |
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| 17:26 | is what we call the flaccid Ok. The muscle would like to |
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| 17:31 | but it can't because the signal that it do that isn't getting there. |
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| 17:37 | . And so um it both with and with tetanus, that kind of |
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| 17:45 | from the same thing. Uh but just in different ways. |
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| 17:49 | um respiratory failure followed by heart Ok. So remember that the, |
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| 17:56 | um muscle is the diaphragm, Sitting underneath your, your uh |
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| 18:03 | right? Uh That diaphragm is attached them, it contracts and it expands |
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| 18:09 | lungs, right? And that's how gets in negative pressure. Ok? |
|
| 18:14 | so um if that diaphragm, if wants to contract but can't, |
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| 18:20 | then you don't have your re your is obviously impaired. Ok. So |
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| 18:26 | on how much toxin you had, know, that can obviously lead to |
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| 18:31 | uh distress, distress, breathing, to distress with your heart because you |
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| 18:36 | your cardiovascular system, your respiratory system closely linked. Ok? So stressing |
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| 18:42 | stresses the other. Ok. So typically die from respiratory failure and heart |
|
| 18:48 | , heart failure uh because those muscles in that wanna contract, but they |
|
| 18:55 | . Ok. And so with in kind of the same thing |
|
| 19:01 | we just for in a different OK? I I, and you |
|
| 19:05 | need to memorize this. I just threw it up here just to kind |
|
| 19:08 | refresh your memory on, on uh the uh mechanism of how you make |
|
| 19:15 | uh movements with your limbs, When your muscles, your muscles work |
|
| 19:20 | opposition to each other, right? here So it's your hamstring, |
|
| 19:26 | versus your quads, right? Top your leg versus back of your |
|
| 19:31 | Ok. So if you wanna bend , uh, bend at the |
|
| 19:35 | right, your, um, uh, has to relax and your |
|
| 19:42 | has to contract right? To be to pull that. Uh, like |
|
| 19:46 | one, we're going this way, . We're going that way. We |
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| 19:49 | to, um, a contract, quad and relax the hamstring. |
|
| 19:53 | So in any case, it could bicep, tricep, right? You |
|
| 19:57 | this, you have to, you're your bicep, you need to relax |
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| 20:00 | tricep to make that limb move OK. So, um antagonistic action |
|
| 20:09 | muscles. OK. So how do do that? Well, how does |
|
| 20:11 | body do that? Well, we saw, you know, a, |
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| 20:14 | motor neuron um uh gets stimulated and that stimulates the muscle and the muscle |
|
| 20:21 | . OK. So that's fine for one muscle group. But you |
|
| 20:25 | at the same time, you need relax the other muscle group. You |
|
| 20:29 | want it to contract. OK. that's where inhibitory neurons come in. |
|
| 20:36 | ? And so uh we see So uh in an interneuron, for |
|
| 20:41 | , here, OK, we can uh one group muscle group and the |
|
| 20:46 | one contract. And so you're gonna two different um neurotransmitters, right? |
|
| 20:54 | for the contraction and the other one have uh what's called Gaba is very |
|
| 20:59 | . Again, I need to memorize stuff. But the gab A is |
|
| 21:03 | type that you often see in inhibitory uh actions. And so one inhibits |
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| 21:10 | doesn't contract, the other one does and you get a smooth motion, |
|
| 21:16 | ? And so tetanus toxin interferes with inhibitory connections. OK? And so |
|
| 21:24 | and again, so with tetanus uh it's a soil organism, |
|
| 21:29 | You will contract tetanus. All her on a rusty nail. Gotta get |
|
| 21:33 | tetanus shot, right? Because you , te presumably the nails on the |
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| 21:36 | and the dirt it got contaminated. endo spores on it. You puncture |
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| 21:42 | skin. Now they get in there begin to grow um and produce |
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| 21:47 | OK? The toxin. Um So the site of damage, so if |
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| 21:52 | damage, uh where the um puncture has occurred, uh that tissue immediately |
|
| 21:58 | be maybe is, is dead uh is dying. And then that sets |
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| 22:03 | an anaerobic micro environment that then the or organism can begin to grow and |
|
| 22:08 | toxin. OK. The toxin travels these inhibitory uh uh travel of neurons |
|
| 22:16 | then it affects the inhibitory neurons. the gab a the inhibitory uh neurotransmitters |
|
| 22:24 | that works in opposition to acetylcholine in , right? So again, it's |
|
| 22:29 | let's let this muscle contract and this relax. OK. And so uh |
|
| 22:34 | by by interfering with the inhibitory you get these spasmodic, not smooth |
|
| 22:42 | . OK? And so that's where can get. So with diaphragm, |
|
| 22:47 | , that uh helps with your, brings about your breathing, expands your |
|
| 22:52 | . Now, you have that spasmodic , it's not a smooth contraction. |
|
| 22:56 | again, stresses such as the uh you can't breathe, right. |
|
| 23:01 | your heart, death and soups. . So again, both bauta bots |
|
| 23:07 | kind of similar end result is kind a slightly different way to get |
|
| 23:11 | OK? Of course, the outcomes both are are not good, |
|
| 23:14 | OK. And so um not since these toxins are both. So |
|
| 23:21 | these are neurotoxins, right? They're um messaging between neurons and muscles, |
|
| 23:27 | ? So they're neurotoxins uh in that . And um they uh then so |
|
| 23:35 | both toxins are coming from the same , right? Clostridium, it's not |
|
| 23:40 | they're both neurotoxins. It's not surprising there is a pretty high degree of |
|
| 23:46 | between these two toxin types. And so uh both are the types |
|
| 23:51 | they have A, the A right? So the one, the |
|
| 23:55 | portion binds to the target cell and A portion has the active function. |
|
| 24:01 | . Um So uh let's see what think of. So to characterize these |
|
| 24:09 | tennis and bots um the reservoir right be soil, OK? Both those |
|
| 24:17 | the um transmission I would say um would be um food born, |
|
| 24:24 | Because it's through eating any of the that you would get that. |
|
| 24:28 | Um uh te tetanus is more or , I would say just that the |
|
| 24:34 | is through uh uh soil really Um Transmission through a to contaminated, |
|
| 24:42 | know, get a puncture wound. kind of thing is how it gets |
|
| 24:45 | . So, um I think any about tetanus, autism, OK. |
|
| 24:52 | or autism. Number of cases in year in the US are pretty |
|
| 24:55 | Tetanus is not that high either, we also have, we get vaccinated |
|
| 25:01 | it as well. So that contributes why there's not a lot of cases |
|
| 25:04 | it. Ok. Um, all , listeriosis. So this is, |
|
| 25:13 | , there's probably about, oh, a couple 1000 cases a year. |
|
| 25:21 | , the, the ones most like many of these diseases we talk |
|
| 25:25 | are elderly, those are compromised immune but also to be aware are, |
|
| 25:31 | pregnant mothers. Ok. So pregnant , the, um, not so |
|
| 25:39 | the mother being affected but the, newborn, right? The fetus. |
|
| 25:44 | . Um, so it is recommended pregnant, uh, females restrict their |
|
| 25:52 | of certain foods. Ok. uh, you know, um, |
|
| 25:57 | know, the pregnant female because she's a child, her physiology is different |
|
| 26:02 | then, from then somebody when she's pregnant and it affects your immune system |
|
| 26:07 | . Ok. And so the baby certainly not gonna be protected, |
|
| 26:11 | And so, uh, eating foods , uh, like you see |
|
| 26:15 | uh, processed foods like, salamis or deli meats, salamis, |
|
| 26:21 | , uh, smoked foods as Uh, hot dogs, uh, |
|
| 26:26 | , um, raw vegetables. These the kind of things that, that |
|
| 26:30 | can acquire Listeria from, uh, most of us that have healthy immune |
|
| 26:35 | , the worst effects we may may be a slight stomach upset, |
|
| 26:41 | a little bit of diarrhea. That's . Ok. As one who regularly |
|
| 26:46 | pay attention to expiration dates, I'm I've had listeria a few times. |
|
| 26:51 | ? But never mounted to anything, ? Very, very mild. |
|
| 26:55 | So, um the uh but you need to be aware if you |
|
| 27:00 | in that category of uh immunocompromised or pregnant. Ok. And so uh |
|
| 27:10 | , it can take kind of two , right? So it can be |
|
| 27:14 | a AG I tract mild G I condition that you deal with, but |
|
| 27:20 | could progress to getting into your blood then into your blood brain barrier and |
|
| 27:27 | . I think it's like the 4th or so. Um meaning cause |
|
| 27:33 | , you know, well, behind uh uh ST ST streptococcus, uh |
|
| 27:40 | it's like third or fourth on the . But um but again, pregnant |
|
| 27:45 | is, is another danger for the . Ok. And so this thing |
|
| 27:50 | a uh small uh small rods ram , um pretty widely distributed in both |
|
| 27:58 | sources in certain animals in soil. it's pretty widespread. In fact, |
|
| 28:06 | now the it has the ability to do that movement with those active |
|
| 28:16 | So uh outside the body is actually . It has a flagellum but inside |
|
| 28:22 | body when it affects you, it loses that for some reason, |
|
| 28:25 | it still is able to maintain And it's also a type that goes |
|
| 28:30 | of the cell. So that's they're , right? They um it's a |
|
| 28:36 | um intracellular pathogens, right? It gets inside the cell to hide from |
|
| 28:42 | immune system. OK. Um And can use that acting rocket right to |
|
| 28:50 | within the cell and into other Ok. Um It has various um |
|
| 28:58 | various factors, uh various enzymes to will, this will disrupt uh |
|
| 29:06 | phospho lipase, uh protease, those be a disruptive antibodies and things like |
|
| 29:11 | . So they have a pretty, wide array of uh virulence factors. |
|
| 29:17 | , uh so remember, you we've talked about a few pathogens uh |
|
| 29:21 | have this ability to be uh get cells, right? Invasions. Uh |
|
| 29:28 | because, not because they, it's a virus that they need to |
|
| 29:32 | Not, not for that reason, just to hide from the immune system |
|
| 29:37 | potentially penetrate deeper into the body. . So um the uh the main |
|
| 29:47 | one of the features. So I to pick diseases that have like a |
|
| 29:51 | feature, not everyone, but there's of the problem. This is one |
|
| 29:55 | them low camp growth growth at low is one of the main things with |
|
| 30:01 | . Uh it's why, you they can, um, they can |
|
| 30:05 | uh survive in the fridge on these type foods like your salamis and hot |
|
| 30:10 | and whatnot. We just mentioned is they can live and, and grow |
|
| 30:15 | four degrees. Ok. They can remain viable, not growing but alive |
|
| 30:22 | minus 20. Ok. So, we can see that. Um, |
|
| 30:29 | I just, yeah, and so is at minus 20 but uh the |
|
| 30:34 | line, ok, right there and four degrees here. And you |
|
| 30:41 | see uh that's where we start. so we're going here, that's almost |
|
| 30:48 | 1234 logs. Granted, it's not in 24 hours. It's over a |
|
| 30:58 | frame of 3 to 4 weeks. ? But still that's, that is |
|
| 31:03 | growth. Ok? So imagine that on your salami there. Ok. |
|
| 31:09 | , and you know, I suspect you know, the kind of meats |
|
| 31:13 | see in your fridge, if they've in a while, they have kind |
|
| 31:15 | the sliminess to it. That's probably . Right? Thee may be in |
|
| 31:21 | among them. Ok. So uh that minus 20. So no wonder |
|
| 31:26 | was maybe 78 years ago. And think it happened again recently, Blue |
|
| 31:32 | Ice Cream up in Brenham had uh sty outbreak, right? And so |
|
| 31:38 | if you're a ice cream manufacturer, do yourself a Cold Temple and here |
|
| 31:42 | something you gotta be aware of. . And the outbreak several years |
|
| 31:47 | I think it was traced to this that held the ice cream that was |
|
| 31:51 | into the buckets. Uh, but , the nozzle where they dispensed was |
|
| 31:55 | was contaminated with the area. So right into the bucket of ice |
|
| 32:00 | So, and, and as you see it can survive and grow at |
|
| 32:04 | temperatures. So, um, and course, the the the fatalities that |
|
| 32:09 | were what you'd expect. It was . I think it was a couple |
|
| 32:13 | older uh folks that compromised immune but nonetheless, this was the, |
|
| 32:18 | source. OK. Um So with , the ster infection, like I |
|
| 32:25 | , for most of us, uh it is, it is a um |
|
| 32:29 | a food born illness, right? get it from eating contaminated food, |
|
| 32:34 | ? And so it will uh typically for right here. OK. That's |
|
| 32:42 | , you know, you'll take care it at that point. You may |
|
| 32:44 | mild upset, maybe a little bit and you're done. OK? But |
|
| 32:49 | can uh progress beyond this, go your lymph nodes. OK. Um |
|
| 32:57 | so remember this is an invasive type it could be in your cells, |
|
| 33:00 | kind of hit your ride. Uh could so remember that your gut, |
|
| 33:05 | ? Your intestines, there's lots of vessels there, right? Lots of |
|
| 33:09 | all across your intestines because that's how get food to your tissues, |
|
| 33:14 | Absorb it from your intestines, carry in the blood for your tissues, |
|
| 33:19 | ? So, um so it could its way into. Uh and so |
|
| 33:24 | vessels are also all over the place there as well. So it can |
|
| 33:27 | your ride into these different uh ways and get into the blood. |
|
| 33:33 | And then if you're pregnant, uh you're pregnant, uh it could, |
|
| 33:39 | can cross the placenta. So the is not the one that's been in |
|
| 33:43 | , it's the baby, the baby no protection. Ok? And so |
|
| 33:47 | , you know, it can lead still stillborn. Um And also |
|
| 33:51 | the effects aren't noticeable right away. could be several, several days before |
|
| 33:57 | , you, you notice that maybe is not right. So, uh |
|
| 34:01 | that's why particularly if you're pregnant, something to be aware of, |
|
| 34:04 | Because you, you may be your baby may be infected, you |
|
| 34:07 | know it right away. Ok? you don't show any signs or |
|
| 34:10 | Ok. So um uh I I have to look on if |
|
| 34:14 | you know, if anybody, if are uh pregnant, you go to |
|
| 34:20 | that, that would give you go cdc.org and give you kind of information |
|
| 34:25 | . There's like I see a chart there what foods to like not uh |
|
| 34:28 | avoid while you're pregnant. Um and give you some other guidelines. |
|
| 34:34 | um uh so it could also gets the blood, uh it could progress |
|
| 34:40 | meningitis, right, get into the brain across that blood brain barrier. |
|
| 34:46 | . So really the the thing about is this ability to grow and live |
|
| 34:50 | cold temps, ok. Very characteristic this type. Um And so the |
|
| 34:58 | versus invasive. So the noninvasive type be one where basically the the disease |
|
| 35:04 | right here, you take care of , no problem. But if it |
|
| 35:07 | an invasive type, it can progress one of these more serious outcomes. |
|
| 35:13 | . Um Any questions on this Ok. That uh, ok. |
|
| 35:21 | let's look at this question. Don't deceived by this picture, right? |
|
| 35:25 | humans most frequently contract rabies from the of a. Let's let me qualify |
|
| 35:33 | saying most humans in the US United . Ok. Hm. You open |
|
| 35:41 | pool. There you go. Ok. I couldn't think of 1/4 |
|
| 36:06 | that had a T I've been good , bat cat. I can't think |
|
| 36:10 | another one. Nat that would be nat for books. Yeah. |
|
| 36:37 | Ok. Go. Ok. So got bat and dog. It's actually |
|
| 36:47 | . I think it is dogs. , but here in the US, |
|
| 36:51 | bats actually, um because most, know, we in the US, |
|
| 37:00 | vaccinate our dogs, right? um you have the occasional case obviously |
|
| 37:06 | um, but worldwide I it it dogs, but when you just consider |
|
| 37:11 | US, it's actually bats oddly Ok. So if you go down |
|
| 37:16 | , uh, what is it, WW Bridge on Allen Parkway? |
|
| 37:21 | Do this bad, start flying? , ok. So rabies. |
|
| 37:30 | So this is one of the, , few, actually, I can't |
|
| 37:36 | of another one infectious diseases. where, uh, you can, |
|
| 37:43 | don't guess shingles may fall in that , but it's, um, it's |
|
| 37:46 | very slow progressing. Once you you get, once you get bit |
|
| 37:52 | from that point, it's a very progressing disease. So slow, you |
|
| 37:57 | actually get a vaccine uh after you've bit and the vaccine can be effective |
|
| 38:03 | , in curing you. OK. The uh so with rabies, it's |
|
| 38:12 | obviously it's a virus, right? a virus actually on the smaller size |
|
| 38:17 | . Um bullet shaped like you see a RN A virus. And um |
|
| 38:23 | this is showing a dog obviously. a a at the initial point of |
|
| 38:27 | bite where it gets into you, typically it gets into a muscle, |
|
| 38:34 | ? It kind of just sits there a while. Usually there's not a |
|
| 38:37 | of virus um dose, not, not a big dose of virus that |
|
| 38:42 | into you initially. OK. And because of that, and because it |
|
| 38:48 | really travel into your blood or lymph , right? You don't produce a |
|
| 38:52 | immune response to it. So your doesn't really see a AAA lot of |
|
| 38:57 | . And it's not in the places you, you can get a, |
|
| 39:00 | large immune response. Ok. So virus kind just sits there, |
|
| 39:05 | then slowly begins to move. And gets into your peripheral nerves. |
|
| 39:13 | . And, um, so, that process until it gets into your |
|
| 39:19 | can be a month, um, weeks, right? And so almost |
|
| 39:24 | months maybe. Ok. And that's you can get treatment. Obviously, |
|
| 39:29 | when it's completely curable. OK? The treatment is a combination of getting |
|
| 39:35 | vaccine right. Once you've been you get the shots of the |
|
| 39:38 | uh you can be given AAA dose actual antibodies to the virus. So |
|
| 39:46 | that's the uh uh artificially acquired passive , right? You're being given already |
|
| 39:55 | antibodies to the to the virus so you, you'd also get a shot |
|
| 39:58 | that too. And again, within 3060 day time frame, you're |
|
| 40:05 | You get, you get the treatment good. OK? But if you |
|
| 40:10 | , if you wait, OK. now it goes into those peripheral nerves |
|
| 40:14 | the CNS, you're pretty much OK? The chances I, I |
|
| 40:20 | where there was one case of a actually survived that uh when they got |
|
| 40:25 | be that bad. OK? But few and far between, right? |
|
| 40:30 | it gets, if it progresses, don't get treatment, your fatality rate |
|
| 40:35 | basically 100%. OK. So, but again, you got this really |
|
| 40:40 | window once you get a bit to get treatment. So, um |
|
| 40:45 | so as, as it, you , if you don't get treatment, |
|
| 40:49 | it, it moves up to the nervous system in the spinal cord and |
|
| 40:52 | produces, it produces um not, meningitis, but what they call |
|
| 40:58 | which is slightly different. It's more , it's not an inflammation of the |
|
| 41:04 | covering the brain. That's what meningitis . This is more the actual brain |
|
| 41:10 | itself becomes infected and inflamed. You can actually look at neurons of |
|
| 41:16 | infected animal, for example, and see the virus in those neurons. |
|
| 41:21 | ? That's not what meningitis does, ? Um You can get this weird |
|
| 41:27 | person that's, that's been bit and , and the symptoms that show up |
|
| 41:32 | this weird thing here called hydrophobia, ? It's like the fear of |
|
| 41:38 | Ok. So it's like a, affecting you, you know, |
|
| 41:43 | obviously. Uh and so muscle spasms mouth. So you all heard of |
|
| 41:46 | foaming of the mouth in a rabid , right? That's kind of where |
|
| 41:49 | is coming from. Um But that is how the virus um and the |
|
| 41:57 | uh helps perpetuate itself. So you , if, if it's, if |
|
| 42:01 | relies on an infected animal biting, ? Relies on biting, then that |
|
| 42:08 | needs to be in the mouth. so that's kind of the way to |
|
| 42:13 | for the virus to do that, ? So that that improves. So |
|
| 42:17 | , this is what the virus wants animal to do. Ok. And |
|
| 42:21 | if it's gonna do that, then better be, have, have your |
|
| 42:25 | in that saliva in the mouth where biting occurs. Ok. And that's |
|
| 42:29 | of what this behavior, uh, in on, on the part of |
|
| 42:33 | virus. Ok. It's kind of , really strange. So, |
|
| 42:38 | so two kinds of rabies when you at animals that are affected with |
|
| 42:43 | um you know, think of a versus a cat. So a dog |
|
| 42:47 | get the furious rabies, so very , very aggressive, right? A |
|
| 42:53 | dog in a cage will be very and very uh angry, aggressive. |
|
| 42:59 | cat in a cage with rabies complete . It kind of just like zombie |
|
| 43:04 | almost. Ok. Obviously, if get, if you get, if |
|
| 43:07 | mess with it and put your hands front of it, then yeah, |
|
| 43:09 | wanna bite at you. But you , if you look at the two |
|
| 43:13 | contrast, very different, right? that's what they call um paralytic rabies |
|
| 43:17 | of this like uh almost zombie like . Um not, not being really |
|
| 43:23 | , ok? Unless provoked. Um So this is, and so |
|
| 43:29 | shows, you know, in a animal you can um yeah, you |
|
| 43:33 | test through a to be through a engine kind of test you have antibodies |
|
| 43:39 | the to the rabies virus and you the uh sample from the animal. |
|
| 43:44 | if you see a clumping reaction, can also look at the tissues. |
|
| 43:48 | so negri bodies. Um so talking about features that relate to these |
|
| 43:55 | , negri bodies rabies, right? goes together. OK. And so |
|
| 44:00 | , being a virus, you have cycle, right? You infect copy |
|
| 44:06 | mcdonald proteins assemble et cetera, And so in the course of |
|
| 44:10 | you can see parts of the virus that's what the negri bodies represent or |
|
| 44:16 | of the virus as it's kind of its thing, replicating, assembling that |
|
| 44:20 | of thing. And so you see of course, in the neurons in |
|
| 44:23 | affected neurons. Um Now, as mentioned, if it progresses to, |
|
| 44:29 | know, you, there's really not chance of survival once you get, |
|
| 44:32 | it gets to this, to this , um uh obviously severe neurological symptoms |
|
| 44:39 | whatnot. Uh So, uh the post exposure treatment, that's what's |
|
| 44:44 | here is that because of the slow of this disease and has to migrate |
|
| 44:51 | your nerves, that initial 3060 day , completely treatable. And this is |
|
| 44:58 | of the things you do. Um The vaccine plus this shot of |
|
| 45:05 | rabies antibodies. Um Now, some so of course, uh humans aren't |
|
| 45:13 | getting a rabies vaccine is not part what you do. OK? But |
|
| 45:18 | people that do get this would be like animal control. Uh people would |
|
| 45:23 | this, um, uh, a veterinarian might like to get, get |
|
| 45:28 | , get this, get this Uh, but most of the rest |
|
| 45:31 | us don't. Ok. Um, , so that's kind of a profession |
|
| 45:37 | kind of thing in terms of you the vaccine or not. Ok. |
|
| 45:40 | you're, uh, your chances of a rabbit dog, of course, |
|
| 45:44 | much greater if you're an animal control or event. Ok. Um |
|
| 45:51 | any questions about rabies, anybody ever bit by a rabbit dog? |
|
| 45:57 | no, I wasn't fun. I'm , you know, um or other |
|
| 46:02 | animal. Um OK. Play We don't have a lot here other |
|
| 46:10 | , and I think that's it. OK. So uh plague and obviously |
|
| 46:21 | uh population worldwide back in the 13 , 14 hundreds, 15 hundreds, |
|
| 46:28 | of artwork related to that sort of little uh big bumps, you |
|
| 46:34 | OK. Male, female. These uh they called boo boo bos |
|
| 46:42 | OK. So representing um a large nodes, OK. Characteristic of bubonic |
|
| 46:49 | . There's like three different versions of . OK. And so it is |
|
| 46:53 | um oh, here's a uh 14th Hazmat suit. OK. So this |
|
| 47:00 | a guy that uh would tend to off uh the, the, |
|
| 47:05 | the organism or the disease rather wearing scary costume, I assume. |
|
| 47:10 | Um OK. So with uh so , OK, is a condition, |
|
| 47:18 | types of infectious agents can produce if get into the blood. Ok? |
|
| 47:22 | course, when it gets in the , then you get lots of your |
|
| 47:24 | system cells can be affected, causing as we've seen before. So plague |
|
| 47:30 | your CIA pestis. It's kind of the same family tree with like your |
|
| 47:35 | coli and your salmonella and those Ok. Um gram negative and it |
|
| 47:42 | this uh it has the plague is course through a, a flea uh |
|
| 47:50 | . Ok. So flea is typically a rodent of rat, some type |
|
| 47:54 | other squirrels. Um uh prairie So certainly out west um prairie dog |
|
| 48:03 | , uh plague is endemic out Ok. Um The uh um the |
|
| 48:12 | so uh flea jumps from animal. of course, a flea uh needs |
|
| 48:18 | , eats blood, right? Blood . So, uh flea jumps and |
|
| 48:24 | uh lands on a human, human become susceptible. Ok? Um Now |
|
| 48:30 | , so when it gets, uh bite gets into the blood, it'll |
|
| 48:35 | to proliferate. Ok, then get your lymph lymphatic system. Ok. |
|
| 48:41 | it's there. Where will you get enlargement of your uh lymphatic uh lymph |
|
| 48:47 | ? And that's what produces those boo . Ok. Uh As we see |
|
| 48:52 | . Ok. And so that's a one, but they can be all |
|
| 48:57 | the body as it, as it , as the disease spreads in your |
|
| 49:02 | like we saw in the piece of earlier. Um But then it can |
|
| 49:09 | enter the bloodstream because this, this c is also one of these like |
|
| 49:13 | uh listeria gets inside cells. It's of those facultative intracellular types, the |
|
| 49:21 | from the immune system. So it does it for that purpose and |
|
| 49:24 | also does it to travel through the . Ok. So if it gets |
|
| 49:28 | the bloodstream, that's what we call plague. Ok. So then it |
|
| 49:32 | spread and in the lungs is probably most dangerous form. So, bubonic |
|
| 49:42 | , mortality rate is somewhere in the of 25% or so, which means |
|
| 49:49 | chance of, of dying. When it gets to septicemic, fiftyish |
|
| 49:57 | to mnemonic, almost 100% chance you're . OK? And so it's also |
|
| 50:03 | most uh contagious form, right? what, which is typical respiratory respiratory |
|
| 50:09 | are gonna be much more spread, , easily, more contagious. And |
|
| 50:13 | it gets to pneumonic plague, then , then it can quickly disseminate, |
|
| 50:19 | an epidemic. Ok. So um uh it's one of the things about |
|
| 50:27 | Sinia, OK. Lots of different factors. Uh One of the things |
|
| 50:32 | it relies on is so of for your sun to keep proliferating, |
|
| 50:40 | it wants, it would want the , it's in to continually bite |
|
| 50:48 | right? Or keep biting the host on, right? And it does |
|
| 50:54 | actually by uh forming a, so in the gut of the Lee and |
|
| 50:59 | can form a biofilm. And so BioFoam actually kind of interferes with the |
|
| 51:04 | digestive system. So it never really full. Ok. And so that's |
|
| 51:10 | keeps the flea biting and keeps the to keep infecting. Ok. So |
|
| 51:16 | kind of very, very sneaky that . Um, and so the, |
|
| 51:22 | , so in the, in the , so areas like, um, |
|
| 51:26 | , uh, West Texas, California out in kind of the deserty |
|
| 51:32 | and whatnot. Uh where, where lots of prairie dogs and squirrels. |
|
| 51:37 | It's endemic out there. So apparently dogs are very susceptible to um to |
|
| 51:42 | plague organism. And occasionally you'll see , of course, if humans put |
|
| 51:49 | in these areas, uh whether, know, could be uh hiking or |
|
| 51:55 | , what have you uh or agricultural , right, in these areas. |
|
| 52:00 | then you, now you get the of these animals that are infected and |
|
| 52:04 | jump on you. Ok. So do see cases of plague um each |
|
| 52:10 | , uh particularly, you know, in these uh endemic areas. And |
|
| 52:15 | you should just, uh you don't to memorize this chart, but just |
|
| 52:18 | you kind of an an urban This is obviously where, you |
|
| 52:22 | the middle ages is the kind of we're talking about uh rodents. Um |
|
| 52:28 | , you know, bad hygienic practices then, right? Um Led to |
|
| 52:32 | of rats, you know, trash in the streets and didn't have, |
|
| 52:37 | know, indoor plumbing back then. . So, it also attracted vermin |
|
| 52:42 | of course, then the fleas on jump. So humans get into contact |
|
| 52:46 | that. Uh, you know, progression to the plague, uh, |
|
| 52:51 | , to, um, uh, , pneumonic plague, of course, |
|
| 52:54 | , pneumonic plague uh, will spread humans very quickly in that, in |
|
| 52:59 | stage. Uh And so I, you see something that's called a sylvatic |
|
| 53:05 | , that basically means with, with humans are a part of it, |
|
| 53:09 | ? It's kind of cycling between different . Could be squirrel and prairie |
|
| 53:13 | What have you? But these are there's uh the cycle that doesn't involve |
|
| 53:18 | human, just the animals, different . OK. This is what you |
|
| 53:22 | where it's endemic, you know, in the western parts of the |
|
| 53:25 | West Texas, etcetera. OK. OK. So let's look at this |
|
| 53:31 | here. So we're gonna transition to so we here transition to respiratory |
|
| 53:48 | OK. So we'll do a couple end calls a day here. So |
|
| 53:56 | , we'll end on diphtheria. So talked about all these, some of |
|
| 54:04 | from last time, most of them today. OK. So you |
|
| 54:45 | these, you will see this on unit quiz coming up. These are |
|
| 54:48 | kind of questions, you know, what to know about these things, |
|
| 54:51 | ? These different organisms that we're talking , you know, the gram |
|
| 54:57 | right? Morphology. Um different Niche disease has right, effective toxins |
|
| 55:06 | certain ones. Um That's why I that table is kind of the way |
|
| 55:12 | go in terms of organizing this All right. Let's count down |
|
| 55:19 | Yeah. Ok. It is not matched. So, if you |
|
| 55:41 | um, c you're correct. So, um, so it doesn't |
|
| 55:50 | the ability to, to uh um because it does contract, it |
|
| 55:56 | contract spasmodically. It's the botulism toxin creates that effect. Not the tetanus |
|
| 56:01 | . OK. Everything else here is . Um Let's look here, |
|
| 56:16 | All right. So most respiratory infections gastrointestinal infections are blank in nature. |
|
| 56:33 | OK. Bye. OK. Calm . All right. It's, let's |
|
| 57:01 | what we got here. Yeah, mostly viral in nature. So, |
|
| 57:08 | the the viral form is typically the the lesser serious form when it gets |
|
| 57:17 | the bacterial versions of G I tract , respiratory tract infections, those tend |
|
| 57:22 | be the worst. Ok. so we'll transition to um respiratory tract |
|
| 57:32 | and we do it in 22 the lower and the upper respiratory, |
|
| 57:36 | sorry, upper and lower respiratory tract . Ok. So, um so |
|
| 57:42 | looked at streptococcus in the context of uh infections. Uh Here is of |
|
| 57:49 | , strep throat. It is you know, upper respiratory tract. |
|
| 57:53 | that the fancy name for this is PHN Pharyngitis. It's kind of the |
|
| 57:58 | name for this con this condition um pyogenes. So obviously, it would |
|
| 58:03 | probably all I've had this at one or another very bright red inflamed throat |
|
| 58:09 | of that scarlet fever is actually looks scary than what it actually is. |
|
| 58:14 | terms of it doesn't, it rarely any fatalities. Uh personally contracts it |
|
| 58:20 | Children get over it in a week 10 days. Um, at |
|
| 58:26 | they may have a slight fever but have a very bright red. They |
|
| 58:31 | like a strawberry, basically, very red color. This toxin is |
|
| 58:37 | it acts on capillaries uh under the and then those, those vessels |
|
| 58:43 | And so then of course, that about this very bright red color uh |
|
| 58:48 | the person, but again, not that's gonna be uh very serious, |
|
| 58:53 | it looks kind of, it looks um uh alarming. Uh but certainly |
|
| 58:59 | though is serious. Ok? Not much as long as you get |
|
| 59:04 | OK. That's that. Um so D tap, right? We actually |
|
| 59:11 | about the three diseases that is in vaccine, right? So diphtheria, |
|
| 59:17 | D tap the D is diphtheria, P is the pertussis. That's the |
|
| 59:22 | cough. We'll talk about that next and then the, the T is |
|
| 59:26 | tetanus, which we already talked Ok. So diphtheria, that's one |
|
| 59:31 | those types that has that non uniform , right? So streptococcus, you |
|
| 59:39 | , they're all gonna be circles and , right? Staff circles in |
|
| 59:43 | right? Uh E coli short right? This guy, this group |
|
| 59:49 | andum are not uniform, they'll have shapes, branching forms, et |
|
| 59:55 | That's what we, that's, that's we call pleomorphic. OK. |
|
| 59:59 | um they do stay gram positive and still call them a rod. Although |
|
| 60:05 | know that there's with the name por , it's kind of variations on |
|
| 60:10 | OK. And so um so diphtheria the thirties was a massive killer of |
|
| 60:18 | . Um alarmingly. So and so , the, it, it's one |
|
| 60:24 | the diseases that's used as an example the success of vaccination because introducing the |
|
| 60:32 | um in the late thirties, dramatically the number of cases uh of Children |
|
| 60:39 | this. And so, and still this day, um the we do |
|
| 60:45 | pockets here and there around the us vaccination has not been kept up and |
|
| 60:51 | see upticks in cases of diphtheria. you know, if you keep on |
|
| 60:56 | schedule, like you should, then won't see that. OK, because |
|
| 61:01 | still quite effective against the Durian. And so here it just shows you |
|
| 61:06 | of the weird morphologies that this group with these kind of club shapes, |
|
| 61:12 | these kinds of called palisade arrangements of cells, uh swollen ends like |
|
| 61:19 | So very characteristic, the um the OK. So characteristic features, |
|
| 61:25 | So this is one of them is pseudo memory. OK. So you |
|
| 61:32 | that you think diphtheria, like you bodies, you go rabies pseudo |
|
| 61:40 | um diphtheria grows at four degrees, , refrigeration temperature, this steria, |
|
| 61:46 | . So we make those are the . Ok. Um So with |
|
| 61:50 | so toxin producer, OK. And toxin. Um so again, it |
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| 61:57 | kind of in the throat, it as like a mild throat infection. |
|
| 62:01 | but then the the toxin begins to up, ok. And it's killing |
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| 62:06 | cells and what your body's response is . Um But then the combination of |
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| 62:16 | and killing the cells, um you this formation, uh you get this |
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| 62:22 | that forms and builds up. That's what they call the pseudo |
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| 62:27 | It's, it's a product of diphtheria the action of the toxin, killing |
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| 62:33 | cells and then creating this layer of cells and fluid and whatnot. They |
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| 62:40 | a pseudo membrane and it can um big enough where it can block the |
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| 62:46 | block the airway, so it can your breathing. Um um And so |
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| 62:52 | , it then travel the toxin, travels basically from this lesion to into |
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| 62:57 | blood, into the rest of your . It can affect various vital |
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| 63:02 | Ok? And that's, that's where lethal part of this comes in is |
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| 63:07 | it can um it's a toxin that protein synthesis. So if that's gonna |
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| 63:13 | and the cell dies, ok. so if you're affecting vital organs in |
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| 63:17 | , in that case, that's when , it becomes fatal. And so |
|
| 63:21 | , in, uh, but this is really a disease of, |
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| 63:24 | was primarily in Children until vaccination came . Um, adults still get |
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| 63:30 | Uh, obviously in areas where you have vaccination at all. Uh, |
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| 63:35 | you can, it can be, , um, treated with antibiotics. |
|
| 63:41 | , um, it's a, it's I said, in this, |
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| 63:45 | you know, the member case we in the States very minimal except we |
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| 63:50 | seen areas of the country where vaccination not kept up. And, |
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| 63:54 | both diphtheria and whooping cough have increased those, in those areas. |
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| 64:00 | um, anyway, bottom line Ok. Um, any questions? |
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| 64:08 | . Ok, so that was my point today. So we'll finish |
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| 64:13 | uh, Thursday and we'll see you cut it off. |
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