| 00:07 | Got it. Testing, testing, , testing. Yeah. Ok, |
|
| 00:20 | , let's get started. Ok, , let's see. All right. |
|
| 00:29 | . Ok. Try that. Okey . Uh, let's see here. |
|
| 00:34 | got, uh, I need to this, of course. Hold |
|
| 00:39 | There we go. Yeah, and this come on. Ok. Three |
|
| 01:03 | . Ok. So those, especially aero tolerance is just uh relatively |
|
| 01:10 | . Um, so we'll get we'll finish up 14. We don't |
|
| 01:16 | that much to do Thursday on We'll finish that up. We'll finish |
|
| 01:20 | tolerance in 15, 20 minutes and I get into 22-2 and dash |
|
| 01:28 | Ok. There'll probably be a little left over on Tuesday, but it |
|
| 01:35 | won't be a full length class on next Tuesday. So we'll just finish |
|
| 01:40 | , but we got to finish up then we're out. Ok. |
|
| 01:45 | uh, but we do start unit , sorry. Uh, next |
|
| 01:49 | Ok, Thursday. So that's coming . Of course, that's unit two |
|
| 01:54 | is obviously not on exam one. , uh, anyway, that's on |
|
| 01:59 | horizon, right? So end of week, exam one. Ok. |
|
| 02:05 | , uh, if you haven't schedules . Uh So remember it's like a |
|
| 02:09 | different interface from what you're used to blackboard. So um I emailed you |
|
| 02:14 | the information on that. So refer to that. Um OK. Uh |
|
| 02:21 | see. Anything else, any questions ? OK. No. OK. |
|
| 02:27 | right. Uh Let's do a little like we usually do. OK. |
|
| 02:33 | I understand the this. Uh So always put this in the context. |
|
| 02:41 | ? Context. So um so looking reduction potentials, so we did last |
|
| 02:48 | we went through that. And so context there is um it's the reduction |
|
| 02:57 | . Uh a molecule has uh kind of determines where it sits in the |
|
| 03:04 | of, hey, am I a donor or a better acceptor? |
|
| 03:08 | So where does that have relevance? , that's relevant when we then focus |
|
| 03:13 | , you know, in terms of , right? For example, and |
|
| 03:17 | transport chain, OK. Remember that thing is kind of like a, |
|
| 03:21 | think it as a spinning wheel, , going clockwise, you wanna keep |
|
| 03:25 | going, keep it spinning, keep spinning, right? So how do |
|
| 03:29 | keep it spinning where you keep feeding to it? Right? Then you |
|
| 03:34 | at the other end, accept something the electrons right? To keep that |
|
| 03:38 | spinning, right? And the spinning represents um pumping of protons, |
|
| 03:44 | And then cap so remember this, basic concept energy releasing with energy requiring |
|
| 03:52 | those things together right. So redox , right. So that's kind of |
|
| 03:58 | how we can maintain that flow, . We're going from molecules that are |
|
| 04:03 | good donors of electrons give them up progressively more, more uh molecules with |
|
| 04:09 | higher reduction potentials, more positive likes grab electrons, right? And that's |
|
| 04:13 | keeps flow going, right? Or wheel spinning is my example, |
|
| 04:18 | And so and so that is what here is what is associated, of |
|
| 04:26 | with the proton pump thing, So the energy for that comes |
|
| 04:31 | you see right here, OK? that energy is used to pump protons |
|
| 04:36 | among other things. OK? So so real quick the the table, |
|
| 04:43 | right, I know this table can lots of confusion, right? But |
|
| 04:48 | think of that as a ranking, a ranking of, of um electronic |
|
| 04:55 | . Is it really bad at doing or is it really good at doing |
|
| 04:59 | ? Right. The best ones are the bottom, right? Auction, |
|
| 05:03 | reduction, right? Best electron right? You're gonna pick where to |
|
| 05:08 | it, you're gonna put it on end, not on that end, |
|
| 05:15 | ? Because this is the term except the one that's when you wanna have |
|
| 05:18 | strongest one there. If you get coming to it, right? It's |
|
| 05:21 | grab them things, right? You molecules on this end, they're really |
|
| 05:27 | at giving up electrons. OK? then both rows, ideally if there's |
|
| 05:33 | good donor and a good acceptor, release energy in the process, |
|
| 05:39 | And you couple that together, which what we do here, right? |
|
| 05:43 | as you can see, all this is really an example of using |
|
| 05:49 | as a donor oxidizing that reducing aerobically , right? And so both of |
|
| 05:54 | are gonna give us a really nice delta G by combining them and that |
|
| 06:00 | is used to pump protons out. . And then we of course capture |
|
| 06:06 | right down here, we capture that an A te. Well, that's |
|
| 06:14 | bad example of a drawing of an TP ace, but that's the energy |
|
| 06:18 | will then be used to make a . OK. So combining these things |
|
| 06:23 | energy releasing energy required, right? so um so we kind of end |
|
| 06:28 | . So just kind of the look kind of the components here, |
|
| 06:31 | So here's our um you know the like cytochrome, these big multi protein |
|
| 06:38 | molecules with little with metal ions in middle to kind of facilitate electron |
|
| 06:43 | right? Um you have smaller organic that shuttle electrons back and forth, |
|
| 06:51 | ? So again, all the effort keep flow going, right? More |
|
| 06:57 | reduction potential to more positive. And that keeps flu going, |
|
| 07:03 | So remember again, associated with proton . Yeah, and then uh this |
|
| 07:09 | so it's a kind of an example E coli, right? So what |
|
| 07:12 | the components here in a DH D is what interacts with in a DH |
|
| 07:18 | , oxidizing giving up electrons, And then uh that's associated with proton |
|
| 07:25 | . Excuse me. Uh do do proton pumping here. All right. |
|
| 07:31 | here. All right. So most transfer energy release pump protons. |
|
| 07:40 | And um and then of course, that energy back in the form of |
|
| 07:45 | TPS. OK. So we kind uh then ended here right? Pro |
|
| 07:52 | motor force. OK. So there the two components right? Difference in |
|
| 07:58 | of hydrogen ions and charge difference. . Positive negative, right. So |
|
| 08:06 | the power or the force rather the to bring them in is charge attraction |
|
| 08:12 | inside, positive outside and concentration right go down the gradient right? |
|
| 08:18 | so both of those pro provide provide photon motive force. OK. Um |
|
| 08:27 | uh so you can manipulate it You can increase the Ph difference inside |
|
| 08:32 | outside. OK. Have more protons the outside, you can uh have |
|
| 08:37 | on the inside, you can have know charge, increase the charge, |
|
| 08:42 | it more, more negative inside to them in, right. So um |
|
| 08:46 | of course, this will fluctuate uh different values, right, depending on |
|
| 08:52 | environment and its health. So et cetera. OK. So, |
|
| 08:57 | that this is of course what provides energy for among other things, you |
|
| 09:03 | the uh the pumping of protons. . So the the the electron |
|
| 09:10 | right? The energy from that the protons out. OK. And so |
|
| 09:14 | , it's all about doing that So having that a TP ace so |
|
| 09:20 | ions remember are charged, you can't slip through a membrane, you gotta |
|
| 09:24 | them a, a channel. And TP A is that channel. And |
|
| 09:29 | where you combine the energy release of down. Uh no ingredient to forming |
|
| 09:37 | TPS, right? Remember forming a requires energy, right? Hydroly A |
|
| 09:45 | loses energy. OK. So um see. OK. So we need |
|
| 09:52 | then talk about this briefly. Any , anything about redox or the positive |
|
| 09:59 | potential, negative reduction potential? So uh so let's uh so this |
|
| 10:08 | , as mentioned is where the protons gonna be flowing through. Let see |
|
| 10:14 | this is the A TP A or TP Syn Ase OK. A molecular |
|
| 10:19 | it moves OK. Um They, I don't know that much about nanotechnology |
|
| 10:27 | , and building molecular motors and right? But this is one of |
|
| 10:31 | components they use in that kind of because it does have a motion associated |
|
| 10:36 | the pumping of protons. OK. so um so of course, it's |
|
| 10:41 | , it's a big multi com protein . You can see multiple subunits here |
|
| 10:47 | what's called the F zero OK Um And then the F is embedded |
|
| 10:55 | the membrane. OK? The F part is underneath the membrane, |
|
| 11:01 | Interior interior of the cell. It's the A TP binding or a TP |
|
| 11:07 | occurs. A TP binding. A formation occurs in that F one |
|
| 11:11 | OK. And so there is a a rotational rotational piece and that's the |
|
| 11:23 | this part right here. So you see it extends through and it's not |
|
| 11:30 | cylindrical, right? So it just of has a teardrop shape here, |
|
| 11:36 | ? So it looks not like, , that's not even perfectly round, |
|
| 11:41 | . That's as close as I can . All right. So it looks |
|
| 11:44 | like this, there's like a little point on the end, right? |
|
| 11:49 | this is what rotates, OK. it's not round but kind of |
|
| 11:55 | right? And so as it it exposes the binding sites and so |
|
| 12:02 | TP can come in and then uh leave um uh ad P comes in |
|
| 12:10 | phosphate and then as that rotor moves TP forms and then exits. |
|
| 12:15 | I'm gonna show you a little video of how this happens. Let's look |
|
| 12:21 | this one. OK. So same, basically same picture. You |
|
| 12:25 | the, you see the proton right? Let me blow this up |
|
| 12:30 | little bit. Let's see here. . All right. So you see |
|
| 12:38 | proton gradient right? High outside, inside. OK. Here's our A |
|
| 12:44 | A and then we proceed check and now you're gonna see a cutaway section |
|
| 12:54 | what this looks like. Close Uh and here is where um kind |
|
| 13:02 | slow. OK. There we Now, as protons come in, |
|
| 13:08 | ? You see the spinning action right? And you see a AP |
|
| 13:13 | phosphate coming in and a TP And as that rotates, you have |
|
| 13:19 | alternating binding and releasing a TP and A TP. OK. But only |
|
| 13:25 | as, as long as protons are through. OK. So here's the |
|
| 13:37 | , right? So you see the entry of AD P and phosphate |
|
| 13:43 | Then the as it turns, it and then that energy helps to form |
|
| 13:48 | A TP, right? So you it forming there and it forms |
|
| 13:53 | there's three ad P phosphate binding OK. So um as long as |
|
| 14:00 | keep spinning, which relies on having proton gradient, which relies on having |
|
| 14:04 | electron transfer occurring right to, to it and then having a donor in |
|
| 14:09 | and accepted in back. So it ties together. All right, all |
|
| 14:13 | ties together. So let's look at back to here. OK. So |
|
| 14:21 | we look at measurements, there's uh numbers um show for each nabh |
|
| 14:36 | A that's oxide at the start electron chain, right? About eight protons |
|
| 14:43 | pumped out. OK. And average indicate that for every three protons that |
|
| 14:50 | back in right here, there's three ? We get one A TP. |
|
| 14:58 | . So when you do the math you get approximately not quite three A |
|
| 15:05 | for N A DH oxidized and 1.5 each fa DH two that form. |
|
| 15:11 | that's because there's, there's, there's uh proton pumping associated with N A |
|
| 15:17 | oxidation than with fa DH two. . So a little bit more energy |
|
| 15:22 | a DH oxidation. OK. um and so we're gonna use these |
|
| 15:29 | on the next slide to tally everything that we've done through mycosis crimp |
|
| 15:38 | et cetera. OK. But one thing to mention while we're here is |
|
| 15:43 | , you do see in some uh sodium sodium pumps are are the |
|
| 15:49 | rather than the proton pump. Same principle in terms of, you |
|
| 15:54 | , uh a, a proton mode force may be called a sodium uh |
|
| 16:01 | . Uh but the same kind of and how a TPS form, but |
|
| 16:05 | probably pretty, not unusual to see in the halo file because they live |
|
| 16:10 | high salt conditions, right? So not a stretch but pathogens that, |
|
| 16:15 | the the type disease causing types that you. Uh your body has a |
|
| 16:20 | degree of salt as well. And many of pathogens kind of have uh |
|
| 16:25 | alternate um uh alternate mechanism using sodium in addition to proton pops. |
|
| 16:33 | So you do see some of these . OK. Um OK. So |
|
| 16:38 | we look at the whole process in of energy output, right? So |
|
| 16:43 | we go. And so remember the level. So this is using a |
|
| 16:49 | that's got a phosphate group on it ad P comes in and just grabs |
|
| 16:54 | phosphate to form a TP, very kind of reaction, right. So |
|
| 16:58 | oxidative phosphorylation, it involves, you , the crib cycle and trying to |
|
| 17:04 | them much more complicated by compares, ? Um So oops sorry about that |
|
| 17:12 | back this way. OK. So the A TP output. And so |
|
| 17:18 | happened in glycolysis and crib cycle then , by oxidative phosphorylation, right, |
|
| 17:25 | gonna form these electron carriers, And so the we're gonna turn these |
|
| 17:33 | , of course, a TP through through the um proton pumping mechanism and |
|
| 17:40 | TP synth, right? And so our equation from previously, uh we |
|
| 17:48 | up with a total of on at least of this. All |
|
| 17:53 | about 30 oops, 30 plus uh from substrate level phosphorylation that's 34. |
|
| 18:08 | And it's higher new caros us with mitochondrial where it occurs in the |
|
| 18:14 | And there's it, it becomes a bit higher like 38 I think is |
|
| 18:17 | theoretical yield. Um so 34. even this, this it doesn't, |
|
| 18:23 | you typically get is not that you'll 18 to 22 was kind of the |
|
| 18:30 | value in terms of of max output . And that's because that proton gradient |
|
| 18:37 | used for things other than making a , right? Some bacteria, bacteria |
|
| 18:44 | , they use it to move right though, for those that are |
|
| 18:48 | , they use it to transport other in and out of the cell using |
|
| 18:52 | energy for that. So it has uses. So it's not exclusively all |
|
| 18:57 | to uh making a TP. So I said, the, the, |
|
| 19:03 | practical yield you get is more like teens, low twenties is about |
|
| 19:09 | OK. Um OK. So, remember, you know, the bulk |
|
| 19:14 | this is coming from, you those that can respire, right? |
|
| 19:18 | you're respiring, you're using that, you're anaerobic respiring. Um um aerobically |
|
| 19:27 | , you have oxidative phosphorylation, they you lots of energy. OK. |
|
| 19:31 | to fermentation like fermentation only has all right? By comparison, |
|
| 19:37 | Because it relies on glycolysis only for . OK. So the big |
|
| 19:42 | OK. Um OK. Any Yeah. Oh Yeah. Just I |
|
| 19:53 | you've seen this too many times and sick of it. But uh |
|
| 19:57 | So I remember basically what we've been about proton motive force, right? |
|
| 20:02 | that proton gradient um going through an TP ase producing a TPS, |
|
| 20:09 | It can occur aerobically or anaerobically, ? Can be aerobic respiration, aerobic |
|
| 20:16 | . Both are part of that. . Um What is like calls this |
|
| 20:21 | cycle occur? Well, that's gonna like over in here, right? |
|
| 20:26 | here, right? I know in there, right? Do you remember |
|
| 20:32 | source? Right? It could be , right? One glycolic assist and |
|
| 20:36 | you see the wave formation and creb . So it's kind of just mashed |
|
| 20:39 | the mashed into here, right? Well, the iron transport system is |
|
| 20:45 | , it's obvious, right? So kind of where crecy fits is in |
|
| 20:49 | , that side, right? Um . Well, fermentation, I would |
|
| 20:54 | say it's gonna be on the same , right? So fermentation would use |
|
| 21:00 | source, right? And um then have like right? Pyro bait |
|
| 21:07 | right? Pyro bait, right? then N A DH would go there |
|
| 21:14 | form N ad, right? As reduce that to say um lactic |
|
| 21:20 | right? So that's one example. the point is that's all this is |
|
| 21:27 | that's involved in fermentation, but that's . No, none of this |
|
| 21:33 | none of none of that, It's just this going on, |
|
| 21:40 | And of course, we do make A P by black causes, |
|
| 21:44 | But that's kind of just the difference . What's going on between these |
|
| 21:48 | OK. All right. So uh now I think we are ready to |
|
| 21:55 | uh flip the page to a aerobic . OK. So uh no difference |
|
| 22:02 | in terms of, you know, transport chain and uh A TV |
|
| 22:09 | um what will differ is in, the electron transport system, some of |
|
| 22:15 | components will change, right? But whole concept and the mechanism is the |
|
| 22:21 | . OK? Just some of the change. OK. So we're gonna |
|
| 22:25 | though with the question. OK. which here's a, this is really |
|
| 22:32 | sour metabolism we see in the um . So the question is focusing on |
|
| 22:43 | over here. OK. This stuff the right side is hopefully to help |
|
| 22:50 | . OK. So um so you a right, you process A which |
|
| 22:57 | this, that's a OK. This B hm. OK. This is |
|
| 23:08 | , OK. Let's see. A B and C which of those |
|
| 23:16 | anaerobic respiration, right? Uh mhm . So on the little diagram |
|
| 23:46 | the red, I'm sure you it means reduced, ox oxidized with |
|
| 24:13 | whole. OK. Let's count down 32. Yeah. Oh OK. |
|
| 24:47 | to you. Shit. All So like a split between A and |
|
| 24:59 | . OK. So who picked You're wrong? No, you're |
|
| 25:09 | OK. So why, why did pick a over C what? That's |
|
| 25:25 | ? It's not see the collection. . Right. So in C electrons |
|
| 25:35 | so basically in CH two S is oxidized, right? So to produce |
|
| 25:42 | elemental sulfur, OK. Um The um it's B so B elemental |
|
| 25:52 | the sulfate, that's also an OK. So the sulfate to H |
|
| 26:01 | S sulfates being reduced. OK. referring back to this little diagram over |
|
| 26:08 | . OK. So remember, you , the molecules are gonna have their |
|
| 26:12 | what they're good at, right? so um so fate would make a |
|
| 26:22 | acceptor here, OK. That becomes to um H two S OK. |
|
| 26:30 | so the, so it's about kind the oxidation state of the molecule. |
|
| 26:38 | . Um Let's just look at the this, this table here. So |
|
| 26:42 | come back to that. So here nitrogen and here is sulfur. |
|
| 26:48 | So this, you don't need to the table, but it's just to |
|
| 26:53 | you that um a nitrogen and sulfur , what we often see playing different |
|
| 27:01 | in like aerobic restoration uh in OK. And so different forms of |
|
| 27:11 | molecules are better suited to be a , right? Like a, like |
|
| 27:16 | litter would you use? Ok. forms are better suited to being a |
|
| 27:24 | that would occur in anaerobic restoration. . So it kind of depends |
|
| 27:29 | I don't know, this may sound of dumb, but it depends on |
|
| 27:32 | of the electron richness of the Let's say it's full of electrons, |
|
| 27:37 | ? It's that, that's a source can give them up, right? |
|
| 27:40 | oxidized. One that's maybe electron poor a way he has room for more |
|
| 27:47 | that's something that might be a good OK. So you know, one |
|
| 27:50 | to think about it, but you , it's really about the oxidation state |
|
| 27:54 | you see here. So, right? Most oxidized form, that's |
|
| 27:59 | we use. The nitrate respiration is common in the bacterial world. |
|
| 28:05 | Ee Coli can do that. And so that represents a molecule that |
|
| 28:11 | , is um not very reduced at , right. So we can accept |
|
| 28:17 | . Um in contrast ammonium, most reduced form. OK. And |
|
| 28:26 | that's probably not a good choice as acceptor. OK. That's something |
|
| 28:30 | a little truth could oxidize and those will then feed a electron transport |
|
| 28:37 | OK. Similarly, with sulfur, . So sulfide is basically H two |
|
| 28:43 | that's H two S there. And the most reduced one, right? |
|
| 28:49 | um so the sulfate to H two is a type of anaerobic restoration, |
|
| 28:57 | ? And so H two S could used, would be a good choice |
|
| 29:01 | as a donor, right? Use as a um uh a troph could |
|
| 29:08 | that could eat that right? And energy from it. OK. |
|
| 29:12 | so that I bring this up because don't wanna, I've seen people get |
|
| 29:18 | right? With what goes here versus goes there, right? Beginning |
|
| 29:25 | right? Because we're, we're surely talk about lit, right? And |
|
| 29:30 | lits are all about what's, what's , OK. Li Luther can respire |
|
| 29:37 | or anaerobically, right? So we have options on this end, |
|
| 29:43 | But here for li it's inorganic, an inorganic source, right? And |
|
| 29:49 | can respire with oxygen or with something . OK? But right now, |
|
| 29:55 | not focused on that. We're focused this, right? So we're talking |
|
| 29:59 | a respiration, right? What's It's something other than option, |
|
| 30:05 | Obviously, but it's the external OK. So, and, and |
|
| 30:11 | form of the molecule that fits their is one that is more oxidized because |
|
| 30:16 | can become reduced. OK. so sulfate um nitrate example. |
|
| 30:25 | So uh OK. Any questions So um and so you know these |
|
| 30:37 | of what, what goes where, ? Depends on the bacteria and |
|
| 30:43 | what, what its capabilities are, the environment isn't in. You can |
|
| 30:47 | a lot of options, right? depending on its metabolism. OK? |
|
| 30:52 | uh this is E coli, So remember E coli is pretty |
|
| 30:58 | It can, it can aspire aerobically, it can ferment, |
|
| 31:04 | Can do lots of things metabolism OK? And so this gives you |
|
| 31:09 | an example of and don't, don't memorize these things, but it |
|
| 31:12 | gives you an example of various oops various donors here. OK? |
|
| 31:20 | uh acceptor, right? So here's , of course, aerobic, |
|
| 31:24 | Anaerobic. Yeah. And so God I writing c wick aerobic respiration. |
|
| 31:37 | . And so um and different donor , right? And so um hydrogen |
|
| 31:43 | well, right? Very common among of bacteria that can use that. |
|
| 31:48 | . So it makes matching up donors acceptor. The choice is all depending |
|
| 31:53 | what's available. OK? And uh course, the donor type interacts with |
|
| 32:00 | proteins, right? And that's why have different proteins, uh enzymes that |
|
| 32:04 | with these specific donors. OK. , um all right about that. |
|
| 32:12 | , that, all right. So just looking at some nitrogen and sulfur |
|
| 32:17 | here. OK? Um The uh dissimulator and assimilated, that's, if |
|
| 32:26 | a dissimulator process, the end product leaving the biomass. Ok. Um |
|
| 32:36 | we get rid of CO2, Dissimilate it, right? CO2? |
|
| 32:40 | breathe out and it leaves, That's a dissimulator process, right? |
|
| 32:45 | don't hang on to the product that away. Opposite of course, is |
|
| 32:49 | toy, right? It hangs it becomes part of the cell. |
|
| 32:55 | ? And so uh in this the notification, basically what we're seeing |
|
| 33:02 | , right? Going this way, . And obviously nitrogen ends up in |
|
| 33:08 | atmosphere as does nitrous oxide, And nitric oxide to a degree these |
|
| 33:14 | end up in the atmosphere they're not on to, right? So, |
|
| 33:17 | the simulator, OK. Um And notification deification because we're getting rid of |
|
| 33:26 | from the environment in the process. . So uh and so we look |
|
| 33:32 | these couples, you know, a particular bacterium may have a couple of |
|
| 33:38 | like maybe a a couple of pairs these perhaps, right? Uh But |
|
| 33:43 | won't have the whole spectrum, but have maybe a couple pairs of these |
|
| 33:48 | use for anaerobic restoration. OK. , remember, you know, this |
|
| 33:54 | we're talking about anaerobic restoration here, the components that go at the |
|
| 34:02 | OK. Here uh etcetera. So is what we're looking at is these |
|
| 34:09 | , not, not what's feeding it's what's at the end, |
|
| 34:13 | And it can be, you different combinations of this. This perhaps |
|
| 34:18 | on the organism. OK? But what we're looking at. Um, |
|
| 34:23 | so I'm not gonna spend much time this now because we're gonna talk about |
|
| 34:27 | in 22 nitrogen cycle, OK? just for now to say that, |
|
| 34:32 | know, there are the cycle, it's usually represented a triangle because you |
|
| 34:36 | three metabolic sides if you will, ? So we're just looking at this |
|
| 34:41 | right now, which is deification, ? So that again, is anaerobic |
|
| 34:54 | . OK? This side uh we'll at that in a couple of |
|
| 35:00 | right? Is that's little trophy. . This I actually have it on |
|
| 35:08 | slide. Yeah, I do. ? It's trophy. OK? Using |
|
| 35:15 | modi as an energy source. Um And then the fixation part, |
|
| 35:22 | what, that's what balances the right? De notification gets rid of |
|
| 35:29 | . But into fixation brings it you know, form of pneumonia. |
|
| 35:35 | . So, very important. So , I'll talk about the importance of |
|
| 35:39 | next time and next week. But like I said, right, right |
|
| 35:45 | this moment, we're just focused on side of the triangle. OK. |
|
| 35:50 | uh and all sides here are strictly , bacteria that are driving us |
|
| 35:57 | Now, you carry oats, Bacteria uh of various species OK. |
|
| 36:05 | OK. So let's look at sulfur . OK. So terrestrial environments, |
|
| 36:15 | predominantly nitro compounds play the roles in respiration. Lioy. Um Typically in |
|
| 36:24 | environments, it's sulfur metabolism has a role. OK. Um Sulfur is |
|
| 36:31 | present higher quantities in, in marine than in terrestrial or freshwater environments. |
|
| 36:37 | . And so those metabolisms tend to more prevalent. OK. And so |
|
| 36:44 | um continuum here for that is, here, right? The sulfate, |
|
| 36:53 | most um oxidized form, right to most reduced, right? Hydrogen |
|
| 37:00 | OK. If we go this so again, an organism will have |
|
| 37:04 | a couple pairs of these and you do this or this or what have |
|
| 37:08 | generally, not all, not not all the pathways. OK. |
|
| 37:12 | But again, anaerobic restoration, what looking at here, OK. Um |
|
| 37:18 | so in marine environment, it's very or at least in certain parts of |
|
| 37:22 | world. Are these, what I underwater volcanoes, think of it as |
|
| 37:27 | underwater volcano many miles deep in the . OK. So streaming up um |
|
| 37:38 | . So very hot, right? the term thermal vent, OK, |
|
| 37:41 | this opening. And so you actually a uh you know, these are |
|
| 37:46 | gasses that were then elements that would spewed out hydrogen gas iron. Uh |
|
| 37:52 | typically have a, a black, smoke coming out of these things and |
|
| 37:56 | iron contributes to the, the color lots of CO2 uh H two S |
|
| 38:03 | in there often. So these these are nutrients for those that can |
|
| 38:08 | them. OK. So you set a kind of AAA gradation of, |
|
| 38:16 | thermo vials, OK? It's very here at the mouth. So, |
|
| 38:21 | can occupy closest to the mouth, thermoph files and meso um and then |
|
| 38:28 | metabolisms, right? So, for using these components, OK. |
|
| 38:36 | respiration, right. So for for example, uh oxidizing this H |
|
| 38:41 | S the sulfate hydrogen oxidation and then so it reducers, right? That's |
|
| 38:48 | respiration part. OK. Taking that respiring with it. So you have |
|
| 38:54 | these metabolisms going on together. And that's this term syn that's what |
|
| 38:58 | refers to, right? Sin means eating together, right? Products of |
|
| 39:06 | feed another type, right? So all kind of work together here. |
|
| 39:10 | . And so of course, you have um co2 fixation is what |
|
| 39:17 | that's the carbon source in these So auto proves right. Chemo waters |
|
| 39:22 | here. OK. Um And so one of the, one of the |
|
| 39:28 | you see around these events are these relationships and among them are these things |
|
| 39:34 | , right? So these are, is one, one giant what they |
|
| 39:40 | these are called tube tube worms. ? And they represent a association |
|
| 39:48 | of course uh a plant and these of metabolizing organisms. OK. So |
|
| 39:56 | these uh sulfur rich waters, you these vents and, um, |
|
| 40:02 | fixing CO2 right to produce organic That's what these, that's what the |
|
| 40:08 | get right that you get, they those organic nutrients. Of course, |
|
| 40:12 | bacteria get a place to live in house and, you know, |
|
| 40:15 | feeding it. All right. And near these vents, these beds, |
|
| 40:20 | beds of these tube worms will extend a football field, you know, |
|
| 40:25 | these events, it's huge and you nothing but these red plant hits, |
|
| 40:30 | in the water down there. So uh because it's very rich in |
|
| 40:33 | kinds of nutrients that these organisms OK. Um OK. So the |
|
| 40:43 | part of this again, so we're focused on anaerobic respiration. OK? |
|
| 40:48 | different terminal acceptor. And so this metal reduction. So remember this simulator |
|
| 40:55 | it's not gonna hang on to that . OK. And so this could |
|
| 41:02 | an example of something like maybe a wetland environment, uh even a landfill |
|
| 41:09 | , OK? Where you'll get a of uh respiration types. OK. |
|
| 41:17 | aerobic at the top, not surprisingly concentration of like a 02, |
|
| 41:24 | And so remember the auction is the positive reduction potential, right? So |
|
| 41:30 | we're progressively going down to more negative . OK. So nitrate, |
|
| 41:38 | which are pretty good but but then , right? Iron. So these |
|
| 41:43 | of metal components, OK. So kind of activity is actually really important |
|
| 41:51 | the ecosystem because it can provide forms these metals that so metals depending on |
|
| 42:00 | oxidation state can be very insoluble. . So by forming fe two |
|
| 42:07 | it tends to be more um soluble water and hence more easily used |
|
| 42:15 | OK. So that's why these are metabolisms are because you know, everything |
|
| 42:20 | iron, right? So it's a to provide sable forms that can be |
|
| 42:24 | better. So and also with So um but again, they're using |
|
| 42:31 | uh more oxidized forms as acceptor and them to manganese two plus or iron |
|
| 42:37 | plus. OK. Um And then down, of course, sulfate, |
|
| 42:43 | hydrogen sulfide co2 to methane. So that activity, so they're going |
|
| 42:49 | and further. So think of it , it's becoming more and more |
|
| 42:54 | right? Yeah, this, it's you know, from here down |
|
| 42:59 | right? Even more so. Uh uh methane production is easily poisoned |
|
| 43:07 | oxygen, right? Oxygen just comes and grabs electrons and the system can't |
|
| 43:12 | with it. And so it just of falls apart. So very, |
|
| 43:15 | oxygen sensitive, but uh is a activity here. OK. Um not |
|
| 43:23 | in these kind of environments but in cow's gut, right? There's lots |
|
| 43:26 | methane gas down there. OK. um the uh so again, the |
|
| 43:35 | things we're focused on these are all of different terminal acceptor, right? |
|
| 43:40 | forms of anaerobic respiration. OK. uh dissimulator, right? Not hanging |
|
| 43:48 | to it, right? Use the end product goes away but others |
|
| 43:52 | free to use it. OK. dissimulator processes. OK. Um All |
|
| 44:00 | . The um, so that's 14 , right? So any questions about |
|
| 44:08 | ? Right. Right. So uh, so we got a before |
|
| 44:14 | after question. All right. So gonna talk about troph. OK. |
|
| 44:22 | So remember we're gonna focus now on , um, what's eating, what's |
|
| 44:31 | Luther eat, right? That's what, what feeds into the electron |
|
| 44:36 | system. OK. And so in doing that, we're gonna also |
|
| 44:44 | looking at different nitrogen and sulfur But this time, it's like looking |
|
| 44:49 | the more reduced forms, right? those ones are the ones that serve |
|
| 44:52 | electron donors for troth. OK. crew. OK. So here we |
|
| 45:10 | a bacterial species that can grow and an energy source and carbon source of |
|
| 45:19 | two and CO2 and nitrate as a acceptor. Yeah. OK. Got |
|
| 45:36 | . Now, for 10, 9 ke is the consensus. I'm not |
|
| 45:52 | , we're not gonna go over the yet. We're gonna see at the |
|
| 45:54 | . Let's see. The E is 81. OK. See if that's |
|
| 46:04 | . Give me a second. All , onward. All right. So |
|
| 46:10 | part here we're gonna look at this . So inorganic electron donors energy sources |
|
| 46:18 | then photo trophy. Try using a looking at light as the energy |
|
| 46:22 | OK. So, um now with atrophy. So remember the same thing |
|
| 46:28 | autotroph, chema, autotroph. The donor, right. This right |
|
| 46:39 | . Yeah. So it can occur or anaerobically. OK. The constant |
|
| 46:48 | the front part is an inorganic OK. Uh Methano genesis, they |
|
| 46:54 | of separate uh it can be thought this little but they do separate it |
|
| 46:59 | . Uh Only a Kia do that AIS, OK. Um IKEA can |
|
| 47:11 | bacteria and Archaea are Luther controls but Archa are menos. OK. Uh |
|
| 47:18 | . So let's look at lit. again, um ma compounds, |
|
| 47:24 | So things like ammonia is gonna be a source for lit A N |
|
| 47:30 | OK. The more reduced forms. . So the environmentally importance, |
|
| 47:36 | you got nit activity. That's that wrong of the triangle if you remember |
|
| 47:42 | . OK. So take ammonia and . 02 oxidizing that to nitrite, |
|
| 47:52 | ? So uh this reaction is carried by specific species, ammonia to nitrite |
|
| 48:03 | then this one is carried out by types. OK. So you have |
|
| 48:08 | electrifying reactions, right? Ammonia, nitrite nitrite to nitrate. Um |
|
| 48:15 | where is this an issue? over, over fertilized land. |
|
| 48:23 | Um Not fertilizer contributes ammonia and phosphate high levels of ammonia, right? |
|
| 48:34 | the nitro flying bacteria in the soil use it but you can have too |
|
| 48:39 | of it. OK? And the um uh that's not assimilated. Can |
|
| 48:48 | know, in producing nit nitric acid , uh uh nitric acid, |
|
| 48:56 | That's going to decrease the ph And so that can have an effect |
|
| 49:01 | terms of what can grow there and gets extreme, you know, and |
|
| 49:07 | grow there. So that's one of of the many downfalls of big farms |
|
| 49:14 | , and, and these commercial mega mega um farms that, you |
|
| 49:21 | , over, over fertilize and irrigation water and whatnot um that it can |
|
| 49:27 | be detrimental in China. Um the uh sulfur oxidation, so sulfur |
|
| 49:36 | can be used uh oftentimes because the products, it's uh sulfur oxidizers are |
|
| 49:45 | um acidophiles, OK? Because they end products that are very acidic, |
|
| 49:52 | ? So not uncommon for them to acidophiles for that reason, right? |
|
| 49:57 | love being in IP H OK. ph excuse me, OK. Um |
|
| 50:04 | you know, sulfur and iron together often seen uh environmentally uh contributing to |
|
| 50:11 | corrosion of, of uh iron containing structures like a bridge, for |
|
| 50:17 | OK. Um And so the uh of uh iron sulfide, the |
|
| 50:27 | right, creates a high p a ph excuse me in a reduction of |
|
| 50:31 | , right? So that can in it can lead to corrosion of the |
|
| 50:36 | structure, right? So you often that in, you know, especially |
|
| 50:39 | bridges going through waters where you have lot of sulfur oxidizing activity and then |
|
| 50:44 | have iron being used. And so can corrode this thing and, and |
|
| 50:49 | down. So um now, so is just kind of to show you |
|
| 50:55 | whole continuum of these compounds and their in these processes. OK. So |
|
| 51:03 | nitrogen, OK, these more oxidized or would serve as donors, |
|
| 51:12 | For a little curve, right, these things. OK. Um Respiration |
|
| 51:19 | be at the other end, Except there's more, more oxidized forms |
|
| 51:22 | become reduced, right? Deification, ? But we can close the |
|
| 51:27 | so to speak here, right? , in two, you know, |
|
| 51:33 | , a nitrogen triangle. OK. so um and again, different, |
|
| 51:38 | bacterial types are carrying out these OK. So for the same |
|
| 51:44 | all right. So we have those to uh in a more reduced serve |
|
| 51:50 | serve as sources for litos and then oxidized forms become reduced. Their use |
|
| 51:58 | in respiration. OK? Um And we already have kind of the there's |
|
| 52:06 | two S and H two S So um OK. The uh hydrogen |
|
| 52:16 | . So this um they don't tend , it's, it's a property of |
|
| 52:27 | hetero tropes and liro. OK. all, not all heroes, but |
|
| 52:35 | e coli for example, can use . OK? It's a very popular |
|
| 52:42 | metabolic route if you will because it lots of energy, right? And |
|
| 52:48 | two is a fairly common material that's , right? And so again, |
|
| 52:55 | nature, you have bacterial metabolisms and , you know, working together. |
|
| 53:01 | H two is a common uh byproduct and that, that can become a |
|
| 53:06 | for those that can use it to energy from it. OK. And |
|
| 53:10 | , and so these are kind of anything that can use hydrogen, |
|
| 53:14 | Use that H two and oxidize we call a hydrogen troph. |
|
| 53:20 | So, um so it can be , you see your aerobic activation, |
|
| 53:26 | what E coli can do, Oxidizing H two and then respiring |
|
| 53:32 | OK. Lots of energy released that . Um Fate, the substance. |
|
| 53:37 | you have a combination, right? organic and inorganic together. OK? |
|
| 53:44 | then uh here mineral in organic. you can combine, you know, |
|
| 53:50 | why you don't often put it you know, it it can be |
|
| 53:54 | , you can put it in that . You have to remember that |
|
| 53:58 | heterotrophic can do this as well, ? So it's kind of uh is |
|
| 54:02 | both worlds, so to speak. ? And so um really because of |
|
| 54:07 | versatility and, and, and the the energy you get from oxidizing hydrogen |
|
| 54:14 | . OK. And so um right? So the using CO2, |
|
| 54:22 | , as an acceptor is not very at the table, it's pretty |
|
| 54:26 | OK? But you can combine it with something that's a really good donor |
|
| 54:32 | that releases a lot of energy, ? So that can kind of help |
|
| 54:36 | get you over the hump. Um Now, methane is a pretty |
|
| 54:43 | greenhouse gas, I think, worse CO2, right? And it's produced |
|
| 54:48 | a large amounts when you think of the cows on earth, right? |
|
| 54:53 | and others. Um but it, , it can be balanced somewhat by |
|
| 54:59 | that can actually utilize it. So Methano troves can actually eat |
|
| 55:05 | So you do have some counteraction against . Ok. Um All right, |
|
| 55:14 | any, any questions about this, look at after OK, see if |
|
| 55:22 | see any minds changed here. That uh OK. Course. |
|
| 56:24 | So did was anybody swayed by that ? 81 they saw earlier? |
|
| 56:33 | they were. OK. So it from 1 81 the 2 17. |
|
| 56:40 | . Because it is E OK. So it is, it is um |
|
| 56:51 | . So this tells you all when you co2 is the carbon |
|
| 56:54 | that's autotroph time, um a energy . So it can use nitrate as |
|
| 57:03 | thermal acceptor. That's anaerobic respiration, ? We got those. Um it's |
|
| 57:11 | H two, OK. That's Hydrogen . But everything it's using is in |
|
| 57:19 | . OK. So we can put as little trophy as well. |
|
| 57:24 | So um all of them fit. . Um OK. So the last |
|
| 57:35 | of this 14 is photo trophy. . So here, of course, |
|
| 57:41 | been looking at nothing but organic molecules energy sources in organic molecules, energy |
|
| 57:47 | . Now it's light, right? , you say light energy, |
|
| 57:52 | So um the your familiarity, I'm sure that you had this in grade |
|
| 58:00 | , probably starting in grade school is a plant photosynthesizes, which is the |
|
| 58:06 | way as an algae photosynthesizes, which the same as a cyanobacteria, |
|
| 58:11 | So all three of these share that mechanism, right? The photos |
|
| 58:19 | two photos systems, one, using water as an electron uh source |
|
| 58:25 | absorption, right? And ending up N AD PH M product and A |
|
| 58:33 | photo phos all that stuff you right? Um That's what you're gonna |
|
| 58:38 | best, obviously. OK. But know there's gonna be bacterial types aside |
|
| 58:46 | cyanobacteria that can do the different, . So the basic difference between these |
|
| 58:57 | and the the way plants algae and bacteria do it is really, they |
|
| 59:04 | have the whole both photos systems, either have one or they have |
|
| 59:08 | not both together. And that's really main difference here. So they either |
|
| 59:13 | photos systems one or two, not . OK. That's the main |
|
| 59:21 | right? The other thing is um , algae, santa bacteria form |
|
| 59:29 | OK? These types do not Because the source they're using right, |
|
| 59:40 | gets um uh oxidized to oxygen. . The source for these types is |
|
| 59:49 | something like hydrogen sulfide, right? no o in there, right? |
|
| 59:53 | gonna to form oxygen, right? we call it anoxic non yielding |
|
| 60:00 | OK? Now, a completely different from both of those is this |
|
| 60:08 | And thought to be probably the more first kind of photo light capturing metabolism |
|
| 60:16 | evolved on earth is thought to be one. OK? Doesn't even evolve |
|
| 60:21 | . OK. So we call bacterial that we'll start with that one |
|
| 60:25 | OK. So the other thing here you can have of course, these |
|
| 60:30 | we've been talking about in green, green box here is photo atrophy. |
|
| 60:34 | ? Fix CO2. That's a They're using a light energy capture to |
|
| 60:40 | CO2. OK? But there are hetero tropes as well and the operative |
|
| 60:49 | hetero OK? Because a photo hetro fix CO2. And that's why it's |
|
| 60:56 | hetro, right? You can use capture to kind of assist, help |
|
| 61:03 | facilitate its metabolism, can produce some TPS that is capturing light, but |
|
| 61:09 | doesn't fix CO2, right? it's it is a hero. |
|
| 61:14 | So um now the pictures you see are these are all cyanobacteria, |
|
| 61:23 | And so um very of course common marine ecosystems uh uh as well as |
|
| 61:31 | water. But um if you think the amount of water on earth, |
|
| 61:36 | , seas or whatnot, you the amount of photosynthetic activity you |
|
| 61:40 | in oceans is is tremendous. Uh it can be more concentrated like in |
|
| 61:45 | of earth like jungles and things which , you know, near the |
|
| 61:49 | more dense, you know, you get uh per, per unit area |
|
| 61:53 | these systems, it's higher than but because of the masses of |
|
| 61:59 | total numbers, there's more associated with . OK. Um Now let's get |
|
| 62:06 | couple of questions here. Um Now question. All right. So we |
|
| 62:12 | at, we're in a photo ours, you know, because we |
|
| 62:17 | saw different types, right? A of a few different types. So |
|
| 62:23 | all of these, there's gonna be features that are common to all of |
|
| 62:28 | . OK? But not everything. ? Not everything. OK. So |
|
| 62:37 | so you're looking for the one that apply to all types of photo |
|
| 62:42 | OK. Right. OK. Let's down from 11. Yeah. Any |
|
| 63:35 | . Here we go. You. . Um So who picked B as |
|
| 63:47 | boy? Why did you pick B , you OK. Which one? |
|
| 63:56 | think, I think I heard photo tropes don't fit, right. |
|
| 64:00 | Obviously. So, yeah. So Hetro um can use light. They've |
|
| 64:08 | AC and D but they don't check . OK. This is not |
|
| 64:14 | Bye to all types, right? hetero tropes. OK. They don't |
|
| 64:26 | CO2. OK. Go to heteros . OK. So um let's look |
|
| 64:36 | uh some of the features. So gonna focus first on um this one |
|
| 64:42 | a photo Hetro doesn't use chlorophyll. we can have what we call chlorophyll |
|
| 64:48 | and non and the non, the chlorophyll based. Is that bacterial? |
|
| 64:57 | ? Um Yeah, that's the non based one. OK. So aside |
|
| 65:03 | that, that difference, right, gonna have a molecule that absorbs |
|
| 65:08 | right? Obviously, that's part of photo systems, right? The light |
|
| 65:12 | gonna be stuffed in a membrane right? Um It will then become |
|
| 65:18 | . Now with the light absorption that translated into some kind of a energy |
|
| 65:23 | to an A TP formation or right? So that's gonna be common |
|
| 65:26 | all these um what's not necessarily common this OK? To most but not |
|
| 65:36 | everyone, every system, right? this is basically the plants, of |
|
| 65:41 | , it's water serves a purpose, ? And becomes oxidized to oxygen, |
|
| 65:48 | ? And the electrons go to feed reactions of the photosynthesis. OK. |
|
| 65:56 | byproduct is 02. So this is source, right? That's the photos |
|
| 66:02 | . Oh Water splitting reaction, light water. OK. Um For other |
|
| 66:07 | , it can be something like H S uh could even be something like |
|
| 66:12 | . OK. Um And other OK. So, but for |
|
| 66:18 | for this type, it's actually for one right here, there is |
|
| 66:23 | there is no photos reaction, there's feeding electrons to it, right? |
|
| 66:27 | it's a totally different kind of OK. So uh and so, |
|
| 66:34 | know, with the photos reactions, that do have it, it's light |
|
| 66:39 | the energy to get the electrons from donor. OK. So that's, |
|
| 66:44 | what that's about. OK. But in this system, this bacteria adoption |
|
| 66:50 | . So that's what's shown here. . So this was thought only to |
|
| 66:56 | found in certain archaea, right? halo halo Pyles, OK? Has |
|
| 67:04 | been found in bacteria. And that's the name, the name of |
|
| 67:07 | , of the, of the light they have is prote adoption. |
|
| 67:12 | It's similar to if you've, if had a MP or human fis, |
|
| 67:18 | went through the structure of the right? Runs and cones and whatnot |
|
| 67:23 | for adoption is, is part of as well. So there is some |
|
| 67:27 | between these two molecules. OK. absorption obviously is 11 similarity but also |
|
| 67:33 | fact that you have these components, protein component, OK, which is |
|
| 67:39 | by the structure here, the red , OK? And then this part |
|
| 67:46 | retinal, right? So they're both bound to each other. OK. |
|
| 67:52 | is the light absorbing molecule. Now, the the thing about these |
|
| 67:58 | halo archaea and bacteria that do this that, that pigment, the bacteria |
|
| 68:06 | absorbs light in the green range, . And so they reflect a reddish |
|
| 68:16 | color. OK. So let me back real quick and you'll see here |
|
| 68:21 | this body of water. OK? kind of pinkish purple I it is |
|
| 68:27 | due to these bacteria. This is like the red sea or very one |
|
| 68:31 | these high super high salt uh bodies water. OK? But the red |
|
| 68:37 | comes from those bacteria that have these , right? So they absorb green |
|
| 68:42 | reflect purplish red colors. OK. so the the mechanism here. So |
|
| 68:48 | , no number one, there's no feeding this system, right? There's |
|
| 68:54 | photos, there's nothing, there's no feeding. It's all photons of light |
|
| 68:59 | is what is happening here. absorbing photons of light, OK. |
|
| 69:07 | OK. And then um that light is coupled to the movement of around |
|
| 69:17 | bond of retinal, right. So changes cyst the trans shape, |
|
| 69:22 | And because it's covalent bound to the part, OK. That shift induces |
|
| 69:28 | pumping of a proton. All So you see a proton here that |
|
| 69:33 | pumped out, right? And so creating that proton gradient out here as |
|
| 69:39 | result, right? It's basically a light driven proton pump. OK. |
|
| 69:45 | so associated with it will be an TP syn OK. In people's phosphate |
|
| 69:55 | TP. Mhm. So there'll be A TP A that's in the membrane |
|
| 70:01 | well. OK. And it's a pump that simply is new to the |
|
| 70:06 | absorption that pumping protons out that that's this comes from and you form a |
|
| 70:12 | that way. So it is these hetro right? Photo heteros. |
|
| 70:19 | So they get through this A P way but they have to, they |
|
| 70:22 | to take in break down organic molecules their sea source carbon source. |
|
| 70:28 | They, they can't, they can't CO2. OK. So Um So |
|
| 70:33 | , completely different from a chlorophyll right? It's not even chlorophyll, |
|
| 70:37 | ? This is uh red material material . OK? Um And it's actually |
|
| 70:44 | is the system that was used to out the whole chemi osmosis mechanism. |
|
| 70:49 | . And how that worked? Um uh questions? OK. So we're |
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| 70:57 | do the do the other two photos systems types next time and wrap |
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| 71:01 | up and then get into chapter OK. Hey folks, thanks. |
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| 71:16 | , you can establish your program. |
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