00:08 | Right. Hey, we, we we spend a little bit look time |
|
00:25 | at some of the details of seals how they impact uh um the charge |
|
00:33 | , and actually retention of, of and gas reserves uh that hopefully will |
|
00:40 | there millions of years later when we it. And uh so now we're |
|
00:45 | look at the sort of the reservoir in a little more detail. And |
|
00:49 | , I know I brought this up earlier, see if I can |
|
01:25 | I don't know why, but every I do this, it's, it's |
|
01:27 | new experience. Ok. So um one of the uh obvious critical |
|
01:38 | is uh porosity here and uh and , you know, we have to |
|
01:45 | flow, we have to have Uh from the minute I switched out |
|
01:51 | this, it drops this off. just have to keep doing the same |
|
01:54 | over again. Make sure one more lights out. So can see this |
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02:02 | little better on the screen since I to do it on the screen. |
|
02:24 | . Ok. I'm trying to get to work. See what I |
|
02:28 | It's always a new experience. I'm actually just trying to get my |
|
02:34 | to work. Right. Uh, some reason it doesn't want to let |
|
02:39 | get the pin up. It works way one time and another way, |
|
02:50 | next time. See if I can this over here. Hey, all |
|
03:01 | I couldn't do it on this screen . It's letting me do it on |
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03:05 | screen. I know. I haven't a single setting but it's the magic |
|
03:13 | uh computers. Yeah. Anyway, and you normally wouldn't notice such a |
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03:20 | if you're a can you see Yeah, you wouldn't notice such a |
|
03:25 | if you're not in front of a few brilliant studentss trying to explain |
|
03:29 | to you. So anyway, uh we have uh process, of |
|
03:34 | is, is a really big Move whether or not it'll move. |
|
03:38 | is obviously really a an important And uh and hydrocarbon saturation becomes uh |
|
03:46 | important. But all of this, of these things, those, those |
|
03:50 | things lead up to um the space the volume that has hydrocarbons. And |
|
04:00 | you know, the more of this in that space, the less oil |
|
04:03 | have, uh the lower the the more rock you have versus uh |
|
04:10 | or fluids. And of course, is whether or not they flow. |
|
04:14 | of course, we did talk about grain size, not having much of |
|
04:19 | impact on porosity in general, but has a huge impact on permeability because |
|
04:26 | throats are important and poor throat And we just looked at pore throats |
|
04:30 | pore throat sizes and how, you , uh things flow through this |
|
04:35 | But, and we were, we kind of talking about how to get |
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04:38 | radius smaller to create a good seal opposed to opening it up and, |
|
04:43 | making uh more fluid come up through . But uh so that poor diagram |
|
04:52 | to two things. One is the of a seal, but also in |
|
04:55 | inverse of that is the amount of that you have in that rock. |
|
05:00 | uh these are really important things, I know I mentioned this when we |
|
05:03 | through uh sort of an overview of net to gross again is a really |
|
05:08 | thing because uh and normally what this referring to is the net coarse grain |
|
05:15 | to fine grain stuff. Uh when get into uh carbonates, porosity is |
|
05:22 | a grain size thing, but it up being uh strictly a straightforward porosity |
|
05:28 | . But Netta gross really relates to , whether it's carbonates or plastics. |
|
05:33 | so we're, we're looking for net over gross ferocity in the rock |
|
05:40 | OK. And um normally when we this in plastics, negros means how |
|
05:46 | sand do we have relative to how shale we have? And uh |
|
05:52 | in, at a and we, we look at all these things at |
|
05:55 | scales. So uh at the bigger , the entire section, if we |
|
06:00 | a high net of gross, we there's the probability of a lot of |
|
06:04 | porosity possibly being preserved. So from a, from a uh exploration |
|
06:11 | , we want to be working where a high net to growth because there |
|
06:14 | know there's gonna be the more you know, one of the things |
|
06:17 | wanna make sure is there's coarse grain like a sandstone, there's things that |
|
06:22 | almost the perfect size for porosity and and uh and, and good sorting |
|
06:30 | anything else really. So, uh why we look at that and that |
|
06:34 | gross out sort of at the whole scale and uh where the net goes |
|
06:41 | , we know we're getting closer to source of sediments. And uh and |
|
06:45 | getting to the source of um these that we're looking for ferocity and permeability |
|
06:53 | for uh for getting hydrocarbons. And course, water saturation can be an |
|
06:59 | thing and water saturation uh tends to up a little bit uh smaller the |
|
07:04 | sizes, the more you're gonna have um immovable water that's attached to or |
|
07:12 | more or less to the uh to surfaces of the greens. So these |
|
07:18 | are really important uh when it comes exploration, trying to figure out where |
|
07:21 | have viable prospects and uh a lot times uh and uh we, we |
|
07:30 | cross sections to do correlations. But also look at cross sections to see |
|
07:34 | the highest negroes are in an And that helps us sort out where |
|
07:40 | depositional environment is. That's, that sand rich. Because the next thing |
|
07:44 | we're gonna talk about after this, the reservoirs are some of the depositional |
|
07:49 | that create reservoir bodies that are uh sorted sands uh and well in the |
|
07:58 | very large distributions either in uh lateral settings, more so than some of |
|
08:06 | other places where we might be looking uh more consistent uh buildups of sand |
|
08:12 | a vertical sense, in a lateral and uh and how it's associated with |
|
08:17 | , with different seal faces and that that sort of thing. So at |
|
08:23 | different scales, this is, is , very important. But in frontier |
|
08:29 | exploration, we're looking for depot centers those depot centers tend to have high |
|
08:35 | to gross ratios. And that's, uh we talk about depositional dip |
|
08:40 | dip, things are moving towards the . They hit the, the um |
|
08:46 | stream flow. Uh It's a, a water mass velocity drops off, |
|
08:52 | sand drops off, that's where it sand, but then it gets uh |
|
08:56 | it interacts with tides and waves and sort of thing and even storm uh |
|
09:01 | . So that's what becomes really OK. Did, did anybody know |
|
09:08 | a um said he wasn't gonna come a lot or? Oh, no |
|
09:16 | , huh? Usually comes in a bit. Ok, just like |
|
09:26 | But I was out there waiting for to come by and I, you |
|
09:29 | , I'm sitting in my car watching guys season. Ok. Here |
|
09:35 | uh, here we have, some things like this are really, |
|
09:38 | , kind of important, uh, statistics of things. Um, a |
|
09:46 | of times, uh, I didn't a lot of faith in this because |
|
09:49 | just would, whenever I worked in area, I would find out what |
|
09:53 | going on in that field and, focus just on that field. But |
|
09:57 | can see here that people collect a of this data on um for fields |
|
10:03 | look at net to gross, they at porosity permeability, all these things |
|
10:06 | are important to us uh with the petroleum saturations. Now, if you |
|
10:11 | to artificial intelligence, these charts will the rulers of the world and what |
|
10:16 | see in a well won't matter because artificial intelligence is gonna gather a lot |
|
10:22 | information and come up with something equivalent an average and even with reservoir characterization |
|
10:29 | with, with a lot of high math. Uh we do a lot |
|
10:33 | averaging and um when I talk to of the people who design this |
|
10:37 | they go don it's not just an and they go, I know |
|
10:41 | it's got a vector to it. . And they go, oh, |
|
10:45 | . And so, uh, you get lots of data and you |
|
10:50 | to, you try to imagine a where all of this data is absolute |
|
10:55 | it, it doesn't work that So, it's one thing you're probably |
|
10:58 | , um, in your careers, probably gonna have to fight with A |
|
11:01 | a lot. And, uh, , uh, and the, and |
|
11:05 | only reason I can tell you this because I've worked with, with data |
|
11:10 | that have like 30,000 wells in them dealt with the stuff at the kind |
|
11:15 | scale that you might put into uh a machine and do some machine |
|
11:20 | with. And at the end of day, you're gonna come up |
|
11:23 | with issues that people didn't think about they never worked with that much data |
|
11:27 | one time. And um the uh of the things that I found that |
|
11:33 | interesting was that shell spent a lot years trying to figure out how to |
|
11:37 | point counts and come up with a , a good algorithm for sorting. |
|
11:42 | they thought, you know, we just have to take more point |
|
11:45 | and what it turns out is the point counts you take, the better |
|
11:49 | sorting comes because all of a sudden have all, all these points. |
|
11:53 | example, if you have 1000 of grain size that's really well sorted and |
|
11:58 | you can't get around it, but also fills in all the poor |
|
12:03 | So it's really, um it's, know, you have to think about |
|
12:08 | of the mechanics inside of it and that data set. But anyway, |
|
12:12 | is still useful information to gross right . Uh You know, if you're |
|
12:17 | into this uh thing that looks really . Let's see if we got a |
|
12:22 | one. Yeah, I was talking sandstones. How do you like |
|
12:32 | Fractured uh dolemite 100%. It's Ok. Yeah, but the price |
|
12:41 | only 14%. And um so uh of these things, you know, |
|
12:48 | numbers like for example, this is outstanding number until you realize what the |
|
12:54 | result of it is. So there's lot of these different variables that become |
|
12:58 | important. But one of the things that I think is really good and |
|
13:02 | use a lot is the recovery factor this is given a certain amount of |
|
13:10 | in place. These are the numbers multiply that time these numbers and we |
|
13:15 | of get an idea how much we pull out of the ground. And |
|
13:18 | these recovery factors become really important and in your exercise and this just anybody |
|
13:26 | ever done this before gets really But uh we're only gonna be looking |
|
13:30 | oil, we won't have gas. we're not gonna be talking about a |
|
13:33 | that has a lot of dissolved gas it. But, uh, the |
|
13:39 | factor basically in your exercise includes um, the stock tank correction factor |
|
13:49 | it. In other words, we oil in the ground, we pull |
|
13:52 | up, it expands, we can , get more stuff. And of |
|
13:55 | , um, natural gas expands a . Uh, oil that has natural |
|
14:00 | and it expands a lot, but plain oil doesn't, doesn't usually expand |
|
14:05 | much. So, um so when do volumetrics, we're not gonna worry |
|
14:10 | the stock tank correction factor. But an equation, if you want to |
|
14:15 | that in, if I ask you it's done, you can put that |
|
14:17 | there or you can say with the factor that includes this, you |
|
14:22 | you don't need to do that whatever I ask you this question. So |
|
14:27 | , that's so much for that. here is just some of the uh |
|
14:31 | where people um have calculated uh different . This is just showing you a |
|
14:40 | here is the uh sand in the there. You can see the net |
|
14:46 | . Um I think it's just, I think pretty sure this is a |
|
14:54 | log. It doesn't really actually say , but this is uh showing you |
|
14:59 | what the permeability is. Yeah, a probability. Anyway, it's just |
|
15:05 | with the permeability, is it? uh what this is every time I |
|
15:11 | away from, look at this I lose track once. But this |
|
15:15 | trying to show us is that we have this to come up with |
|
15:18 | cut up uh cut off of 10 , everything over here is greater than |
|
15:23 | , everything over here is less than . And in this particular field, |
|
15:28 | seems to be, it would seem be to the people who work there |
|
15:32 | this is a good cut off for in terms of productive sand. And |
|
15:37 | can see uh all the stuff at bottom here is, is not Nero |
|
15:45 | is it not ne ne because it look. Thank you. And so |
|
15:53 | and uh that's, that's one of tools tools that we use uh or |
|
15:59 | that we use for coming up with . Uh Normally when we use um |
|
16:04 | gamma logs or sp logs, you see something that looks just like this |
|
16:09 | terms of uh the low game, really a uh a measure of these |
|
16:14 | . So lo lo gamma has been kind of uh show you where the |
|
16:18 | is and you'll have a handle. is a, so we began as |
|
16:26 | system that we looked at most and and, and that's what we use |
|
16:31 | , for doing that and the higher permeability, the, the more likely |
|
16:36 | gonna get more flow out of And here they're using 10 milli das |
|
16:40 | as a net cut off. if you're working in a unconventional as |
|
16:44 | may be down over here somewhere, trying to figure things out uh in |
|
16:49 | of productivity uh in the reservoir. of course, that's why we're trying |
|
16:53 | get that pressure differential in the horizontal close to the, to the rock |
|
16:58 | . And that's why we're drilling the and all that so that you're kind |
|
17:02 | circumventing the need to have uh more flows. Of course, lots of |
|
17:08 | fields that we, we look at in this diagram. Um Look at |
|
17:15 | permeability of these things. Now, , I love it. It's, |
|
17:22 | know, it's always these limestone, gotta watch out, you know, |
|
17:25 | happens to be a shot, which a very special one. This |
|
17:32 | yeah, that's the all this and makes a lot of sense. Um |
|
17:39 | That one's a little bit tighter than of the other ones like the to |
|
17:42 | pod and uh they don't even have . So this is based on, |
|
17:48 | know, Lewis experience. So uh is these permeability can be very dramatically |
|
17:56 | in some places. But you when you get something that's $30 billion |
|
18:00 | 4000 or four DC, essentially, you know, your net means more |
|
18:07 | , and usually let's just see what get over here. Here's a recovery |
|
18:12 | is there you go to this one has a high permeability of the recovery |
|
18:16 | . You're not leaving so much Now, and, and again, |
|
18:21 | to kind of give you a we do unconventional because chalks really are |
|
18:27 | resources. When we uh when when we do these horizontal wells in |
|
18:31 | chalk or um or a uh shale unit with a plastic setting, |
|
18:41 | we're trying to get the pipe close the rock so that it doesn't have |
|
18:44 | flow that far and we can drain lot of volume just from the pipe |
|
18:49 | . And uh and then when you it, you're also adding additional surface |
|
18:53 | , you frack it, you put in there and then there's more surface |
|
18:57 | to allow it to float not long to that resource, but but short |
|
19:02 | and into that pressure differential that exists you put the pipe in the ground |
|
19:07 | open it up. OK? And is just again that I've shown you |
|
19:12 | , but here's, here's the kind thing that we're looking for in sandstones |
|
19:21 | . Remember we were looking at uh the uh perfect ferocity earlier with the |
|
19:29 | glass beads. Uh But the for are huge 2.2 in the perm in |
|
19:37 | . So you're gonna get a lot flow out of that and that's kind |
|
19:39 | what we're looking for. And so at the exploration level, we're not |
|
19:44 | trying to look for porosity. We're geologists, we're trying to figure out |
|
19:49 | reservoir bodies based on what depositional faces these kinds of results in terms of |
|
19:56 | porosity. And uh and not to , we do have to worry about |
|
20:01 | like um uh this can be very , here's diogenes ferocity that's formed. |
|
20:10 | uh and uh you can see that a lot of these um grade sediments |
|
20:21 | here actually are things that have like that might have broken down and turned |
|
20:27 | place. But, but here we silica spine specs and all of a |
|
20:34 | uh they've dissolved. So, um let me ask you this, how |
|
20:40 | do you think this rock has to after yesterday's classes? Since I know |
|
20:45 | guys were paying attention after studying for test. A sponge pictures made out |
|
20:52 | biogenic silica, special kind of Well, if you told me it |
|
21:08 | to be, it had to be 2000 ft, I'd say, |
|
21:10 | you're, you're right. Is is it? Yeah. Um It |
|
21:16 | on the chart but uh there are rules of thumbs in most places at |
|
21:22 | 5000 ft. You know, this happened, you know, it's |
|
21:26 | Um The uh the biogenic step has into a solution. And what's happened |
|
21:35 | is, is it wasn't filled in cements. It could also be filled |
|
21:40 | with cements because the minute you, mobilize solute, you can also concentrate |
|
21:46 | . But the solute and were form flushed. And also you have some |
|
21:51 | these clays dios, I think uh are clogging up some of them to |
|
21:57 | primary. And so the, the here is, you know, how |
|
22:03 | you get all these things connected at , you know, this is in |
|
22:07 | . So there's things all around So it's possible that they may have |
|
22:11 | up into each other. There's no any boundary. So, uh this |
|
22:15 | showing you a boundary but that's probably of the precipitation of uh work in |
|
22:21 | some of these uh pathogenic plays. you, and you have to uh |
|
22:27 | there's places where there's where there's uh no seal and that water kept |
|
22:32 | But what would really keep it from sealing up? And I don't |
|
22:36 | uh uh much oil in this. uh um so maybe that's a drop |
|
22:45 | oil but it, it just gets after it dissolves it, you get |
|
22:50 | and it replaces the water with The oil removes the solute and the |
|
22:56 | that would concentrate and make the, the um uh make the process, |
|
23:03 | permeability go away. But uh barring if you charge it at that particular |
|
23:09 | when it's, when it's, when uh specs have dissolved, but they |
|
23:14 | started to cement. Uh Then that's you capture it. And uh here's |
|
23:19 | another one showing you how um uh cementation and, and uh various uh |
|
23:29 | breaking down into place uh and uh in a lot of these things. |
|
23:34 | this is, this is a uh really thing that uh an issue that |
|
23:39 | have to worry about. Because one the things we do is we uh |
|
23:43 | , at least with um classics, know that horse grain sediments, |
|
23:50 | especially sandstones that are often uh very process and ferme because they're often winnowed |
|
23:57 | uh the forces they run into in of tides and waves. Uh you |
|
24:02 | up uh looking for that kind of . But it, but those good |
|
24:06 | can be destroyed, the primary process be destroyed by cementation and, and |
|
24:12 | clay formation. And here's uh showing some uh other things. |
|
24:19 | and again, this is, this gonna be uh carbonates. Uh The |
|
24:24 | in here, you have all the taken the carbonate course in here. |
|
24:29 | you get it? You know, haven't gotten it. But uh |
|
24:33 | and I think I mentioned this We, we start talking about |
|
24:36 | One of the horrible things for me with carbonates are so unpredictable, you |
|
24:43 | , diogenes can be an angel from or the devil. You know, |
|
24:49 | a biogenesis can remove all your Uh And biogenesis can create all this |
|
24:56 | similar to these silica, these Uh It can also create buggy ferocity |
|
25:03 | you have uh large areas of And of course, in the trucks |
|
25:07 | mentioned as long as uh when those plates are like this, like an |
|
25:13 | framework fills in, gets charged with before cementation can happen. Then there's |
|
25:19 | good chance it'll preserve that ferocity and permeability and you'll have good. So |
|
25:25 | , when we're looking for reservoir we have to remember that we're in |
|
25:30 | classics, we're focused on primary um ferocity can and carbonates oftentimes, you |
|
25:40 | , probably 80% of the time, not more, we're looking for secondary |
|
25:46 | and some diogenes that opened up the by uh dissolving some of the rock |
|
25:52 | . And uh and charge happened before lot of that ferocity was uh destroyed |
|
25:58 | cementation and this and um and precipitation some of the uh cow site that's |
|
26:04 | mobilized. And what what can happen uh carbonates really quick in time like |
|
26:12 | the uh like along a beach. um did your carbonate professor talk about |
|
26:24 | cementation, short face cementation and stuff that at all? Yeah, the |
|
26:32 | the carbonates are really important in terms dissolution and solution. They also affect |
|
26:37 | water chemistry a lot and they're affected the temperature and the pressure and all |
|
26:41 | kind of thing quite a bit. so uh one of one of the |
|
26:45 | that can very easily be dissolved and easily be precipitated as calcium carbonate. |
|
26:51 | that's, that's why it's a real when you're trying to predict where the |
|
26:55 | is gonna be. And you remember we were looking at a carbonate |
|
26:59 | what was the one thing you we saw this? We saw what |
|
27:03 | like backs stepping carbon carbonate banks. which one seemed to have been |
|
27:11 | Remember I showed you the luau structure I was pointing these backs stepping carbonate |
|
27:16 | deposits. In other words, sea was rising. There was a bank |
|
27:20 | rose a little bit more, there a bank, there rose a little |
|
27:23 | more. There was a bank there it's rising through time. What's happening |
|
27:28 | top of the limestone that it's, leave leaving on those banks, it's |
|
27:34 | covered by marine shales. Ok? when you get to the top, |
|
27:38 | have something that's exposed and that was up to a certain point, it |
|
27:44 | got buggy porosity and these down the ones, the lower ones were |
|
27:49 | getting filled in with cements. This exposed, something dramatically changed in the |
|
27:55 | , you know, marine shells covered up. Some uh millions of years |
|
28:00 | , there was maturation and migration of oil to that conduit. And the |
|
28:05 | place where the porosity got preserved was very cap of, you know, |
|
28:10 | had that we had a series of bags. So this one, the |
|
28:25 | one that was there and that sort how to predict that is fun. |
|
28:32 | is that is that as a driving for the, that was the assumption |
|
28:39 | that last one might have the ferocity turned out, they did some drilling |
|
28:45 | there and the other ones uh weren't of oil either. You know, |
|
28:48 | process was going OK. This is just showing you a diagram of uh |
|
28:55 | , people will look at a whole of fields and they'll look at the |
|
28:58 | and they try to, you this, these, these are, |
|
29:02 | me, these are management diagrams, at the end of the day, |
|
29:05 | also help, uh, to help understand, uh, that things of |
|
29:10 | age can be really good. uh, here's some of the younger |
|
29:15 | as we get down here, we into older ones, but it kind |
|
29:17 | mixes a mixes around. Here's, a bunch of, uh, |
|
29:26 | let's see, there's a dolomite but two are chalks. Look at |
|
29:31 | uh, the permeability down here. are things that the, the hods |
|
29:35 | a pretty good one, but look the, the permeability and you can |
|
29:38 | that, uh, anything that's this is, this is well dolomite |
|
29:44 | to it. And, uh, here we have, uh, the |
|
29:49 | , the heather is actually, could actually be a source rock in |
|
29:53 | cases. And, uh, and you have some of these other, |
|
29:58 | , uh carbonates up here. You see and see that, that predictability |
|
30:06 | the can be a big problem. know, you have to be really |
|
30:11 | in the department and Uh And here have all these uh these plastic reservoirs |
|
30:17 | here some with, um, that a little bit older. And, |
|
30:23 | , and, but they, uh a lot older and they're, they're |
|
30:29 | been cemented up through the diogenes processes burial and they, they've opened up |
|
30:36 | porosity with the fractures like an OK. So, uh again, |
|
30:44 | we're looking for a, most of fields up here are, um, |
|
30:50 | gonna be sandstones that have significant uh process. OK. With that primary |
|
31:00 | it comes as grain sizes that are for having nice permeability as well. |
|
31:07 | . And here is uh looking at reservoirs uh through time and um what |
|
31:17 | the uh obvious things that you can here? Can you see any obvious |
|
31:26 | on this? Oh, by the , giant oil fields are usually the |
|
31:37 | that, um the definition at one was at least 100 million barrels of |
|
31:43 | . Uh Nowadays, it would probably a billion. And uh some of |
|
31:48 | and we, you know, you to get to these things called |
|
31:50 | They call them super put in Yeah, I know, you |
|
32:00 | to, to me, you you need to go find the oil |
|
32:02 | drill it and produce it. Um uh you have a giant how well |
|
32:22 | , you know, you have all big fields up here. You have |
|
32:26 | lot of big fields here here, have a lot of basically. But |
|
32:33 | you know, with burial, we compassion with bar we have more |
|
32:37 | we have more work. You we get deeper and deeper, we |
|
32:40 | uh solution. Of course, and we get from that. |
|
32:48 | uh I think it is easy to kind of that, that with |
|
32:53 | death, we're probably losing a lot permeability with age. We're getting deeper |
|
32:59 | longer term burial and, uh, things can be uplifted, of |
|
33:04 | turn that all around. Uh, , but, but age and de |
|
33:11 | uh depth of burial and age of , a lot of primary process is |
|
33:17 | be lost. So we, we have that many gigantic as soon as |
|
33:23 | get down down here. But this is certainly remarkable. This is West |
|
33:30 | and, uh, that's pretty But what do you notice about gas |
|
33:34 | oil? At least, relatively speaking , I mean, this isn't, |
|
33:45 | isn't how much there is, but showing you that up the big |
|
33:49 | for example. Um, you still there's a lot, but here |
|
33:53 | have, you know, significant amounts , uh, fields that have, |
|
34:00 | , have a lot of gas and that have a lot of oil. |
|
34:03 | also have a lot of gas. always gonna be almost always gonna be |
|
34:07 | associated with oil. But, when you start getting down here, |
|
34:12 | starting to become like this one is gas there's almost no oil left |
|
34:18 | uh, why would that be? in fact, um, look at |
|
34:27 | , uh, permian basin, you , you're getting into the, |
|
34:31 | you're getting into the gas window. a lot of the source rocks have |
|
34:35 | , been burned out. Now, I, when I haven't said |
|
34:39 | you know, if you, if , um, if you get the |
|
34:42 | generated at a shallow thing and then have some burial, uh you might |
|
34:46 | into the oil window, but then , then you're just dealing with uh |
|
34:51 | the, with the liquids. Um a little bit different than, than |
|
34:55 | cooking as a per. But let's see here. Uh You've been |
|
34:59 | the mass of we have um so guess in terms of a giant, |
|
35:23 | . So, um so another thing becomes really important is the distribution of |
|
35:30 | and flow, which is permeability. uh and this is what I've been |
|
35:34 | the whole time. But again, the origin systems, in terms of |
|
35:42 | predictive tool, we're looking for these , sandstone bodies that have good primary |
|
35:49 | and uh and good sorting that, lend themselves to a good permeability and |
|
35:55 | special grain size of sand, which tends to favor sorting of the |
|
36:03 | sizes, increases the permeability. And , uh from that, we lead |
|
36:11 | uh some of these things and this just a quick review of depositional |
|
36:16 | I think. Um most of you to build appraise to depositional systems. |
|
36:23 | uh did, did you feel that a lot to reservoirs and that kind |
|
36:28 | thing? And I don't know if mentioned that he, I know he |
|
36:31 | in the beginning, but he started more stuff to his lectures. But |
|
36:35 | just gonna look at a few of things and kind of uh talk |
|
36:41 | you know, streams which are the systems of sandstone and delta. Uh |
|
36:48 | is kind of the base level This is where you have to uh |
|
36:52 | is slow with smoothie. These are types of channelized flow and uh greatest |
|
37:01 | by definition. I believe that they're confined channels, but they are, |
|
37:06 | reap more or less of, of get great screens on, on which |
|
37:15 | no no um flow control, but lot of great experience once you get |
|
37:20 | the uh she had a lot of braid shoes, it's called uh unch |
|
37:26 | flow because the sands are going like , that confusion, some uh Geor |
|
37:32 | , it kind of creates an edge a side that uh that it doesn't |
|
37:36 | your mind. It's not like like an alluvial family's just like this |
|
37:40 | all the systems in the floods will like create systems that absolutely no can |
|
37:47 | . Uh Whereas as you get it down that position from the all way |
|
37:53 | of that, um you can get incisions. And that incision can create |
|
38:01 | boundaries to the, to the breadth those great extremes. For example, |
|
38:05 | Red River is a great extreme, it has been and it always bothers |
|
38:12 | when people say it's, it's unch . But you know, it's um |
|
38:18 | , it has boundaries. OK? then, uh and then of |
|
38:24 | the delta, you have this jet coming to uh you have sanding water |
|
38:30 | , you have the jet float come it, puts on the brakes and |
|
38:34 | falls out. And uh that's why delta sand often. And then uh |
|
38:42 | that turbo systems and uh things that related to it are many bases um |
|
38:51 | it was similar to a basis for band. But again, they are |
|
38:56 | little base coming off of everything, on, not on the shelf often |
|
39:02 | not down in the basin floor, they are, they are on the |
|
39:09 | . OK? And we, we're gonna look at all the different |
|
39:11 | But here you can see um a uh fluvial system here and it's, |
|
39:18 | is kind of what a stream It doesn't actually have all these uh |
|
39:22 | developed um oh levies and whatnot is you get an immunity stream. But |
|
39:29 | , there's Geor features that kind of that, well, there's some incision |
|
39:35 | in the topography and it's flowing down incision if there wasn't a, a |
|
39:40 | here for some reason, it wouldn't flowing there. It would be blowing |
|
39:43 | else you can see here, there's other features that are even higher. |
|
39:48 | It's gonna, it's gonna be moving inside, sort of that valley. |
|
39:53 | not really confined with Levis. And , and then of course, the |
|
40:01 | students are these things as I pointed before, uh, the geomorphology of |
|
40:09 | is all about uh curve. Um the highest velocities can, can erode |
|
40:19 | uh blood lane shells. And uh what happens here. And the road |
|
40:25 | so slows slows down the uh the and the sand bars fall out |
|
40:32 | You got lowest velocity here, highest over there. This is where the |
|
40:36 | are all about, you know, , uh by that flow regime and |
|
40:41 | change in speed. So here, again, here's this is like a |
|
40:49 | stream and so these can be really reservoirs. But uh but as I |
|
40:57 | , um these things just kind of around as the sand and the water |
|
41:02 | down and they don't have as essential , but they, they sort of |
|
41:07 | out and then splay out again and out again. Uh It, it's |
|
41:11 | based on this channelized concept that you back here for the meandering streams. |
|
41:23 | . And um what do you think uh really good about brad streams |
|
41:29 | Just looking at that cross section since what we just talked about, |
|
41:36 | why would this be a potentially good rock. Then we were just talking |
|
41:52 | some of the intrinsic properties of, uh reservoirs. And we, we |
|
42:01 | out with this slide right here. the thing at the top there. |
|
42:19 | . What does Annetta gross look like ? This looks like something we go |
|
42:26 | , right. So you're gonna you're gonna have interfaces and stuff and |
|
42:37 | you're gonna have this might be a here, but it's a back or |
|
42:41 | you have this, you see some these uh reactivation services where it's cut |
|
42:48 | into some of the other previous And uh one of the things that |
|
42:53 | happen is you can have heavy minerals out and kind of create cements along |
|
42:57 | of it's uh an hour. really small beds. You can have |
|
43:04 | lot of uh things like this are even the wave forms of these beds |
|
43:10 | can have in here. You can a lot of apples and barriers to |
|
43:16 | . But uh with by and this is a really, uh they |
|
43:20 | to be a really good uh reservoir . And uh have you heard of |
|
43:24 | whole lot of braided streams that um are being produced in places? You |
|
43:34 | , there's, there's a band deltas in the uh the bray sands in |
|
43:38 | North Sea and they would be sort an amalgamation of braided streams coming down |
|
43:45 | a fan and they just happen to dumped into because of the rifting, |
|
43:50 | happen to be dumped into uh into North Sea where there's uh where there's |
|
43:55 | shall, that could turn into source . But normally, uh look at |
|
44:00 | picture up here of where it Um It's a lot easier to see |
|
44:07 | when I see. See it's Can you, uh can you see |
|
44:14 | there's kind of like mountains and stuff then, you know, in |
|
44:23 | you know, this is kind of channelized flow but you know, there |
|
44:27 | boundaries to it that are topographic and it's contained within that, but look |
|
44:34 | where you're at. OK. And every one of these terms that |
|
44:40 | that we mentioned are useful. Where that in terms of depositional dip, |
|
44:53 | about overall depositional dip uh of the of a continent, sway up at |
|
45:06 | top. OK. Here there is that give you much closer then, |
|
45:26 | know, this is really kind of important thing in terms of, you |
|
45:28 | , how you look at anything that here uh cartoon through your hands, |
|
45:53 | some reason to get it because the in the streams and get down |
|
46:09 | it's really bad. Yeah, but this all everything is and this is |
|
46:16 | out of that position here and get here. It goes almost every week |
|
46:24 | ever driven, was driving under on Texas coast. You notice how it |
|
46:36 | part of it. But there's a so, um, you have to |
|
46:51 | a lot of stuff. So, , here we, here we |
|
46:54 | we're getting to really low stuff. now we're gonna get, now we're |
|
46:58 | get nether extremism. They're gonna they're gonna be entered more and |
|
47:05 | The closer you get to the post what's happening to the post. What's |
|
47:11 | with the coastal plain as we get to the shore a lot. |
|
47:21 | but it's, it gets so it harder and harder to find a spot |
|
47:29 | to. So it's, this this is getting into confined mode, |
|
47:35 | here we're getting into, can everybody that? And so in the end |
|
47:41 | the war, then you get you get to down here and this |
|
47:46 | coastline and all of a sudden it's this and it's almost just slow and |
|
47:53 | there's nothing there. There's no the , the second frame. And so |
|
47:58 | have this strange stranger chances to come like this and you have to shoot |
|
48:03 | out like and uh so you go this to the jet and the sandstone |
|
48:10 | , drop out by rain and then something happens and this gets disturbed because |
|
48:16 | here's the slope and then you get base down here at the base of |
|
48:20 | slope. And so uh this is , way up, ok. In |
|
48:28 | of cements, what's going on over , got lots of minerals that haven't |
|
48:36 | chemically weathered coming out of the So lots of all sorts of |
|
48:47 | all sorts of, uh, stuff like that. So, way |
|
48:55 | here, you gotta worry about losing for that down here. Uh You're |
|
49:02 | a scanner that still close to the . Um, what are one of |
|
49:09 | things that we're looking for for I get probably a system what I |
|
49:20 | at. So, ok, or some point there may be a massive |
|
49:31 | customer deposit and you have something similar that. So you could upgrade coming |
|
49:37 | this. Uh But also when you the drift, yeah, you got |
|
49:45 | rotated blocks, you get a mountain up on one side and pull down |
|
49:51 | , into the, in the central it's gonna be sort of five |
|
49:55 | So that's one way you get this type of deposit for that type |
|
50:00 | deposit. So it tends to be great. And the, the, |
|
50:06 | great thing about this is for the inability and stack things that probably |
|
50:12 | baffles and, and there's probably baffles it, but not many barriers. |
|
50:16 | you could have huge sand mix like bray sands and the bray sands were |
|
50:22 | that look like the, you the, you look at a |
|
50:25 | it looks like building out on top uh of each other. And as |
|
50:33 | go further down the way up that down that one, the ne the |
|
50:40 | thing about these sands is only special . You get them close enough like |
|
50:46 | big uplift uh to where they can . And that's what was in those |
|
50:50 | diagrams where they can dump it into basin and may have source runs this |
|
50:57 | . You're far away from the, is, this is the hydraulic train |
|
51:04 | every, every drop of water and very spilling. So I was trying |
|
51:08 | go down to and uh the the reason it starts a platinum is |
|
51:14 | it's, it's, it's right in face. It's the flat, that's |
|
51:20 | this happens. OK. So these really good reservoir rocks, but you |
|
51:28 | get them near source rocks. That's hard point about these. It's, |
|
51:35 | not magic, it's just the way is. And you know, when |
|
51:38 | , when we can get fan deltas forming into a marine basin or a |
|
51:43 | basin, you can get significant uh uh sandstones uh that are encased in |
|
51:51 | cases or uh covering up a marine rocks or the source rocks. |
|
52:12 | I wanna do that. Uh For some reason, my controls just |
|
52:20 | working but now they're working. Um And this, this is kind |
|
52:26 | showing you um sometimes when you have really, really thick uh net |
|
52:35 | sometimes there'll be places where the permeability really, really uh drops, I |
|
52:42 | , goes up way, way high uh then you can actually, |
|
52:48 | lose here, you're trying to inject and uh uh most of the water |
|
52:54 | being injected comes out here because it's down here and it goes into |
|
52:58 | this big. So, and you get it down here to the |
|
53:02 | to the lower sandstone. So, it's just, it, you |
|
53:07 | when you have something that stacks sands this, sometimes there can be pockets |
|
53:12 | significantly increased uh permeability and they can a significant production problems. And this |
|
53:18 | for in injection. Well, Uh That's another little problem that you |
|
53:24 | get with, with lots of stack . Some of them can be a |
|
53:28 | bit cemented up. Other ones can wide open. And if you're uh |
|
53:32 | to inject water, a lot of water is gonna flow into the highest |
|
53:36 | and uh and not penetrate in the parts of the center. Ok. |
|
53:41 | is, so this is channel I and again, what the brain and |
|
53:49 | , there's usually some topography that confines . So what is this whole thing |
|
53:54 | here? What is this whole, do we, what would we call |
|
54:02 | area? We, what is this here? OK. So this is |
|
54:20 | screen, right? This is like current screen, but the current stream |
|
54:26 | moving around all the time and you know, the over thousands of |
|
54:31 | , not millions of years, but of years. It's been over here |
|
54:35 | over here. So what is this about? It's called the meander belt |
|
54:44 | I like to use the word channel . OK. So this is, |
|
54:51 | is a channel about, in other , there's channels in here and what |
|
54:57 | you see in here? See lots sand and then you see these shay |
|
55:06 | , right? So what's happening is at any, at any given |
|
55:11 | ? We have deposition here, we deposition on the inside here. We're |
|
55:16 | erosion, we're cutting over here because the high velocity is cutting into the |
|
55:20 | and trails that can find it. uh but through time, what's happened |
|
55:27 | there's been a lot of sand uh cutting into, into uh yeah, |
|
55:37 | bars are being deposited here, but the point bars, we have the |
|
55:42 | velocity and we're actually cutting and increasing length of these things. So |
|
55:49 | this is a channel built and this one of OK. And then is |
|
55:58 | whole series of changes. And this kind of important because when uh when |
|
56:04 | started doing attribute modeling of the depositional , one of the things that uh |
|
56:11 | were able to see in seismic were these big things that look like |
|
56:23 | I know big things that looked like and they were calling these scams, |
|
56:29 | gonna go out here and they get here. They kind of confused, |
|
56:39 | know, hey, we, we this all here. Now they were |
|
56:44 | can be. Channel belt is made of the amalgamation of channels through time |
|
56:51 | are confined by the topography uh over a long period of time and sometimes |
|
56:59 | level rise as we get closer, they're confined by this. And |
|
57:05 | uh then within them, they're meandering they're looking for the lowest gradient to |
|
57:12 | , keep that flow going because it's the flow is driven by gravity. |
|
57:16 | so if we get a deposit, new deposit over here, this starts |
|
57:20 | become high. And uh that's why keeps moving in this direction because this |
|
57:24 | , this is getting high here where leaving a sand behind. Uh on |
|
57:28 | more frequent basis, you know, have annual floods that would cover this |
|
57:34 | area with shale tin, you had layers uh being deposited in the |
|
57:38 | In other words, the sand is sand is isolated to this area. |
|
57:43 | new sand deposition gets isolated to But when there's a flood, the |
|
57:48 | covers this whole channel. And that's the shells are more consistent. And |
|
57:53 | um and the channel itself is cutting the flood. If you, if |
|
57:58 | come to the top of this, have shells all through your ear, |
|
58:03 | it, and the sands are encased that shape. And that's why |
|
58:13 | this is the reason why when you're in these kinds of deposits, correlating |
|
58:18 | um the shale resistivity markers are is essential and the sand, the sand |
|
58:25 | not, does not. Um, sand belts are gonna be broken |
|
58:32 | It's not gonna be a complete but there's always shales going like |
|
58:36 | The floodplain shales are like this because channel is cutting into it. So |
|
58:40 | always gonna be shales that look similar each other on either side of |
|
58:45 | But in the middle, you've got little pockets of sand, discontinuous |
|
58:49 | OK? And here's kind of a of looking at, you take this |
|
58:54 | belt and you just look at the of what's happening with the current |
|
58:59 | And uh here we're getting uh these deposits are probating out here while the |
|
59:07 | velocity is cutting through the flood And when the flood happens, we |
|
59:12 | what's known as a Crevasse play. the Louisiana term, a crevasse |
|
59:18 | it cuts through, it plays out this looks like a little mini |
|
59:22 | You fly over the Mississippi delta in helicopter. It looks like all these |
|
59:26 | mini deltas. So sometimes these crevasse can actually create uh sand bodies that |
|
59:32 | be produced. And uh it's, sort of repetitive view of you go |
|
59:37 | the way down to the coast, see that jet boat. But here |
|
59:40 | when a levee, when the natural breaks, you get that jet boat |
|
59:45 | out here like this just like so you kind of, it's like |
|
59:49 | hit base level on that floodplain. you out on top here is one |
|
59:57 | you might have an inter bay or and uh it comes and it builds |
|
60:03 | in the, so this could be little bit thicker and it's, |
|
60:07 | it's in the delta is like um, the sand, build a |
|
60:13 | that's just uh as, as it and grows. It keeps leaving these |
|
60:19 | all the way around the end of day though, this whole channel could |
|
60:23 | over to here. This all starts uh build up and over here there's |
|
60:29 | no sediment mode. This starts to over here or it sinks over there |
|
60:34 | where gravity then drives the sink over that direction and that so the whole |
|
60:39 | shift and that's why you end up things that look like these channel over |
|
60:47 | . This whole stream is moving back forth between this Geor boundary. It |
|
60:53 | the chain really. And this is of showing you a typical point bar |
|
61:04 | and permeability profile. Here's the here's the permeability. Um This would |
|
61:12 | uh the course or grain sandstone at bottom. So you have high permeability |
|
61:16 | here. This could, could create thief, stone a zone in some |
|
61:21 | . Um Another thing is if you , perp something like this, you |
|
61:26 | the whole section. Uh If if there's any water nearby, like |
|
61:30 | you had an oil water contact um, you're gonna get high flow |
|
61:34 | here and you're gonna start to pull water uh really quickly. So you |
|
61:39 | to be really careful how you put of these things that are uh flying |
|
61:45 | . And also if you don't wanna , uh, gravity is on your |
|
61:49 | , if you uh the top in other words, if we flip |
|
61:52 | over and it's, of course, grained up here, the top sand |
|
61:55 | be better. Um uh Even though it has that high permeability and porosity |
|
62:03 | because of gravity, it's harder for water to uh to pull in uh |
|
62:09 | that uh flow that's being created by well production. OK? And this |
|
62:15 | just showing you some uh good examples from our crops and, and just |
|
62:22 | uh things that you can see. you saw this in the big picture |
|
62:27 | you have play plugs that end up covering up the stream. When the |
|
62:33 | uh jumps, you have a V the stream goes to a lower uh |
|
62:41 | grabbing, then you're gonna leave a plug behind us. So um and |
|
62:50 | uh this, this is also, remember talking about uh something that was |
|
62:55 | thief. So for injection, but is, this is showing you how |
|
63:01 | uh this would be one of these , uh point bar deposit binds upwards |
|
63:07 | really high. You got the oil contact coming in once, once it |
|
63:12 | pumping through perforation. Here, you to, uh, sweep it really |
|
63:17 | and it's gonna bypass this oil here you could leave some oil behind. |
|
63:25 | it's just kind of showing the complexities , uh, of delta system or |
|
63:30 | meandering stream systems. Uh, but there's, um, it's amazing how |
|
63:41 | it is on here. You can , uh how there could be some |
|
63:48 | and barriers to flow. Here. are bars, the shells boundaries here |
|
63:54 | bar was, these are probating point . In other words, um it's |
|
64:01 | of hard when you get one, kind of the same way like we |
|
64:04 | a point bar here and the end uh increases uh it moves in this |
|
64:11 | to keep adding uh additional point bars like that. But there will be |
|
64:16 | plugs behind them and uh you could something to curve out here and maybe |
|
64:22 | another one and you'll have another point . And um this whole area in |
|
64:26 | could be just like that because this originally straight and it's left a clay |
|
64:31 | behind and it fills out here, plug behind, it fills out |
|
64:38 | So these are some of the reservoir in terms of shapes and sizes uh |
|
64:44 | we can see. And there's, again um another diagram showing kind of |
|
64:48 | same thing and here's an outcrop that shows that as well. And um |
|
64:58 | is the thing about you know, , here is the channel though, |
|
65:04 | like this. Here's the current but, but uh each one will |
|
65:09 | something that looks like this, an like this. But this is just |
|
65:13 | point in time as the channel moves thousands of years, there'll be subsidence |
|
65:19 | and you'll get channels built up over of it so that you can have |
|
65:24 | pattern like this, maybe turned around other way on top of it and |
|
65:28 | pattern like that again, turned around way. In other words, it |
|
65:31 | be very but penetrate. Well, might go through a couple of bars |
|
65:36 | you might go into a bar and just so it gets uh this is |
|
65:44 | one stream system, but then the stream system within that channel that could |
|
65:49 | oriented a little bit different and you uh you might have a sandstone here |
|
65:53 | the, the next younger one in sandstone. And then you're, you're |
|
65:57 | this gap where uh you've got floodplain in between. So that's the complexity |
|
66:03 | uh rivers. Has anybody ever done work in uh fluvial systems? |
|
66:09 | They're really, people pull their pull out their hair all the time |
|
66:14 | to say uh again, if if you had a really good uh |
|
66:21 | seismic a few years to getting better , but I used to kind of |
|
66:26 | this was all because it's a it looks like a channel. And |
|
66:31 | talking about this feature, this looks a channel but it's not, it's |
|
66:37 | a complex uh through time stacking of successive river channels like this, it |
|
66:46 | this big channel and it gets it's complex, complex vertically. And also |
|
66:54 | where the front and sand bottles But all along, if you're correlating |
|
66:59 | along the shas the sands come and , the shall go all the way |
|
67:03 | go all the way across the. . That's why you do the correlation |
|
67:09 | channels, especially in this type of . OK. And then um um |
|
67:19 | thing um I don't know if I any diagrams that show it, I |
|
67:22 | don't, probably pulls it out. . Uh I have for every one |
|
67:29 | these uh presentations I give you, have almost as many slides that I |
|
67:33 | shown you that as compared to the that I do show like I might |
|
67:37 | 100 I might show you 50 but I might have 100 and 25 |
|
67:41 | related to this that uh that I'm showing you because we just don't have |
|
67:46 | . But one thing I wanna um you again is, is, you |
|
67:50 | , this is a point in And so we, we've got these |
|
67:55 | kind of sand bodies like in this , we have these disjunct sand bodies |
|
68:08 | are forming within the channel bell, topographic confinement, that channel belt, |
|
68:14 | getting this, you know, we a block here and then we get |
|
68:16 | shaped like that, but maybe a orientation. Uh and um you subsidence |
|
68:23 | space and you're creating lots of accommodation . A lot of times there are |
|
68:28 | over here the next so runs on computer. So if you look at |
|
68:33 | as a stab, if you have subsidence of these sediments, which happens |
|
68:43 | lot, just the sediment load. Now, if you, if you're |
|
68:48 | at, I haven't seen them over , I see this is sort of |
|
68:54 | at if I cut this is down dip. But if I cut through |
|
69:02 | , I cut through there, I see something good. So um but |
|
69:06 | just say I got to the front I did that one sandwich. Uh |
|
69:12 | citti is significant for sea level is , often what happens with it? |
|
69:19 | like you're gonna change up the Uh when, when the post close |
|
69:27 | close, you start getting more. um if you had high subsidence is |
|
69:35 | end, this is looking up that , we down that look like very |
|
69:47 | subsidence or like it's a chance for communication about some of these, some |
|
70:03 | the bodies. But you end up amalgamated rather than, you know, |
|
70:10 | fast, you end up with all sand bodies and all. So they |
|
70:15 | smaller flow flow units here. You have the amalgamated flows Bye. A |
|
70:24 | bit of finance and right on top the baby. Next one does the |
|
70:30 | thing over here and then one right the middle and then, you |
|
70:34 | the starting to way down. So see one over here over here |
|
70:40 | yeah, hello. There was a of mud. It was sinking |
|
70:49 | You know, you'll have a sand here. You'll have all the way |
|
70:52 | here and over here with lots in other words, the channel is |
|
70:59 | fast. So the next one comes because he got into it. So |
|
71:04 | are isolated bodies. The other you have amalgamated bodies are gonna be |
|
71:11 | like um um like a braided stream you have lots of stacks. So |
|
71:17 | really want to get something uh that's like this maybe closer to the coast |
|
71:22 | it might be near uh marine Uh It could be, it could |
|
71:28 | up in other words, just like that on top of stuff. |
|
71:41 | And that's kind of how and here the different uh the three major types |
|
71:46 | every delta system is completely different. the forces of nature uh suggest that |
|
71:54 | are ones that are wave dominated, are ones that are title dominated and |
|
72:00 | are ones that are, and this relates to um the, the hydro |
|
72:12 | with this area. For example, you have low tidal ranges, you're |
|
72:17 | gonna see wave dominant. Why do see wave dominated because the tides aren't |
|
72:23 | this because when the tides are uh The, um, the title |
|
72:31 | channels are very deep and they come up in, into this. So |
|
72:35 | lot of the sand bodies are grip bigger. Ridiculous to slow here. |
|
72:41 | all parallel to the shoreline and they create, create the shoreline. Here |
|
72:46 | a, a fluvial, uh, dominated delta. It's also like the |
|
72:53 | , you get this bird flu type . It's very, so it's building |
|
72:57 | levees as it grows out and it's to get something like this when the |
|
73:04 | are going up and down. What of time range do we have? |
|
73:14 | really low. So micro, back the wind blows from the south of |
|
73:20 | north, the wind tides which have to do with the lunar, with |
|
73:25 | tides, the wind tides are often and greater in print than the, |
|
73:30 | the lunar solar tides. It's uh but, but the this, |
|
73:37 | type of river is usually very mud and it has a little bit of |
|
73:40 | because it's mud rich. It builds own levee all the way out and |
|
73:44 | puts lots of mud out in to those mud ones that I was |
|
73:50 | Ok. And um now a purist course, will look at some of |
|
73:56 | sand bodies and they will notice that bodies are oriented, belongs to a |
|
74:03 | which is a, which is a another fact Ofra of wind. So |
|
74:09 | , wind, wind energy is actually an impact on these birds or |
|
74:15 | And um Johnny bought a chart and talk about it, what it is |
|
74:19 | play the game. He pointed out , uh, you know, the |
|
74:26 | really built my house where the, , you know, it's, I |
|
74:32 | he was doing it because people, engineers were starting to look for these |
|
74:38 | bodies that would be a specific And he was trying to point out |
|
74:42 | the shapes they offered by some of other forces. Once it gets |
|
74:47 | the lu dominated thing creates something that like this. But obviously, if |
|
74:52 | storms like a hurricane or anything wind and waves are going to have |
|
74:56 | impact on. So, uh that's , so it's not gonna look like |
|
75:03 | , but some of the sand bodies be, uh moved around as though |
|
75:08 | and may work. Ok. And so here we have things that pro |
|
75:17 | way out and uh that they're they're actually building substrate with all that |
|
75:24 | and is building out on the top that. It's like a living |
|
75:28 | It's, it's creating land moving it this direction. Here, the sediment |
|
75:33 | down in a wave just kind of it back and forth like this and |
|
75:38 | it out here. The tides are big so they're driving it way in |
|
75:42 | like this and then pulling it way out with the tidal deltas and stuff |
|
75:48 | that. But they're mostly linear and these are mostly line clear, perpendicular |
|
75:55 | the coastline. Those are always define coastline and you just kind of flop |
|
76:01 | and build their own, their own , they build their own foundation and |
|
76:05 | they grow over top of it. . And here is uh uh delta |
|
76:12 | um I used to spend a lot time on this because I have some |
|
76:18 | great pictures of, of, of for vast places that look exactly like |
|
76:24 | is uh this is one of the that got me excited about sediment to |
|
76:30 | uh one of these uh alluvial dominated . And here's the pro delta channels |
|
76:37 | here and I'm gonna try to go this really quick. Uh Here you |
|
76:42 | this jet float that's coming out here this. The brakes are put on |
|
76:46 | course or grain sands fall out in of the um oh even of |
|
76:53 | or, you know, you might some bobbles and pebbles that are, |
|
76:56 | are traction um motion coming along the and it did end up here. |
|
77:02 | the courses are green sands fall out for the distribution amount because when I |
|
77:08 | learned about it, they were it took me a long time to |
|
77:11 | out and some professors call them B , understand. And it's like what |
|
77:22 | gonna do, we have in We're gonna go to the, we're |
|
77:24 | go to the bar. Ok. is the distal bar. This is |
|
77:29 | be the silts and finer grain And then out here, all those |
|
77:34 | , those plays do that about 200 from the Gulf. And so this |
|
77:44 | building a foundation and this pro grades on top of that age and then |
|
77:52 | poor grain sands build up. So is a coarsening upward sequence. It |
|
77:57 | out over top of the shale. uh you get these, uh and |
|
78:02 | course, the shale is full of as it starts to dewater. It |
|
78:06 | is less dense as it's dewatering. it starts to push up through the |
|
78:10 | . And that's why you get those the mud volcanoes will actually come, |
|
78:16 | when, when this is flowing uh when there's a flood, um |
|
78:24 | this point in time when there's a , there's gonna be some shields that |
|
78:28 | to build out. And the first that happens, um Here's, |
|
78:33 | here's the, here's the levee that's formed and there's marsh beside it, |
|
78:39 | grass is gonna hold it. But here we go to work this |
|
78:44 | not the vertical bar. The horizontal when it comes to the jet |
|
78:50 | a lot of the um set that grade stuff's going like this. |
|
78:54 | but the clay splays over like this these sub a, in other |
|
79:00 | it's starting to make its own level that, that clay builds up and |
|
79:05 | up eventually it becomes available. And and it's like this. So, |
|
79:11 | know, three months later, you , this thing will be out here |
|
79:17 | uh depending on the uh the date settlement accumulation due to the settlement |
|
79:22 | But these things are always growing like , like it's almost like a |
|
79:27 | It's almost like a tree, but building its levee, it's building its |
|
79:32 | , it's covering the base with sand a really solid foundation. And then |
|
79:37 | also creating these sub Agnes levees that become sub aerial. And uh here's |
|
79:44 | sub aerial levee and a marsh forms on top of the place that was |
|
79:49 | out over here. So like you a flood and it comes up and |
|
79:52 | comes up, eventually it becomes emerging it becomes a flooding. And uh |
|
80:00 | have, I have from a I have pictures of some of the |
|
80:04 | plays that look exactly like this for delta front. And like I told |
|
80:08 | , it's almost like a mirror image a smaller delta. And you can |
|
80:11 | see, you can actually see the Acnes levees through the water and uh |
|
80:17 | how that and that just happens like one flood of it. And uh |
|
80:22 | it, and you actually see you actually see how it pro grades into |
|
80:26 | basin, all the little elements of pas and the big sand, the |
|
80:32 | sand body that we're looking for is one right here, the DMB, |
|
80:36 | statuary mouth. And, uh, is just showing you the, the |
|
80:42 | of, uh, oh, of same. There's a BMV. Over |
|
80:48 | , here's the channel, the channel be porc or grain. And of |
|
80:52 | , flow is almost like a jet . We've stopped doing the meandering because |
|
80:56 | coming to that last, that last of elevation that's just coming out. |
|
81:02 | , it hits, it hits that hits the base level and there's no |
|
81:07 | and it all starts to drop But the water on the top, |
|
81:11 | , the, the uh less sense , the clay particles in. So |
|
81:16 | out as far as 200 miles of dropping that all the way up the |
|
81:22 | time. And so, so that's kind of the sand, the |
|
81:29 | sand body that we're looking for in delta. And this is just showing |
|
81:35 | like cross sections of what it looks when you uh you get uh uh |
|
81:41 | of the channels and, and you to uh to get to the point |
|
81:44 | you're hitting part of the point And here are some of the log |
|
81:55 | , um they call them profiles, uh people started falling in their teeth |
|
82:02 | uh is there like shape patterns? um this is um sort of a |
|
82:12 | stack of stacking point bars. They're this is sort of the distal part |
|
82:18 | the disc mouth part. This is approximal or closer to the opening. |
|
82:23 | this is very approximal right at the . And uh sometimes you'll see something |
|
82:28 | this. This, this is reflecting , more uh subsidence. We get |
|
82:34 | and then there's a little shell break then we get another one program out |
|
82:37 | it. This one is showing uh scenario where there's no gap here. |
|
82:44 | just pro grades right on top of one even cuts into it. And |
|
82:47 | one would cut into it and you up with something like this, but |
|
82:50 | going from, from uh shallow but water here, too shallower and |
|
82:57 | shallow. And uh, and uh if subsidence is rapid or the |
|
83:06 | mouth bar is moving around quite a , you might get one deposit and |
|
83:11 | it's moved over here and then another here and then it's moved over to |
|
83:16 | and then another one here, of , it could have moved over |
|
83:19 | That's right. And then this is you tell the difference here. The |
|
83:24 | channel, uh if you have a screen looks like this. And uh |
|
83:31 | thing that you can tell if you the main channel, one of the |
|
83:34 | that's characteristic of the channel distributor channel you have this really big sandstone |
|
83:40 | um, it's not a point it's just, it's spilling in as |
|
83:44 | , as it sinks the, the deposit. Have you start building it |
|
83:51 | as a, like this? And , um, quite often distributor mouth |
|
83:58 | looks just like that you don't you don't see this phase of because |
|
84:06 | looks to me, this looks more on the entering screen. This looks |
|
84:10 | be either way and this one probably absolutely would have to be a |
|
84:19 | OK. And, and so here's I was talking about the whole |
|
84:23 | mud's coming out of here. It's up the basal part of the foundation |
|
84:27 | the, the pro delta sediments are out on top of that in the |
|
84:33 | here. And so this is one of time here, another period of |
|
84:43 | , this year, another period of , it's a year, sort of |
|
84:50 | they're almost uh teeny contemporaneous, but was first deposited, it's growing in |
|
84:56 | direction, it's pro in this direction these look like timelines. Uh This |
|
85:01 | what you see with seismic reflection because is, this is more compacted than |
|
85:09 | , which is more compacted again. you get the, you'll see uh |
|
85:14 | climate forms. And that's one of , one of the neat things I |
|
85:17 | about seismic is seeing that Strat graphic , it really relates to uh |
|
85:24 | Uh Here you're gonna see um uh of this, this part kind of |
|
85:32 | . It's sort of a down lapping here, this would be down lapping |
|
85:35 | this would be dead. And uh gonna see that in uh in a |
|
85:40 | of seismic stuff when you're doing the or seismic you're doing with Jonathan. |
|
85:46 | this is uh showing you um through what can happen. Um First you |
|
85:55 | uh the deltaic sands and then on of that, you'll have fluvial. |
|
86:02 | as long as this thing keeps here's the dolphin. But as this |
|
86:08 | it gets over here, it's all be subsiding and the river channel is |
|
86:13 | come over the top. So it out on top. OK. And |
|
86:26 | another thing that we'll look at are plastics. Um You know, there's |
|
86:31 | lot of depositional systems and uh and kind of make it brief in here |
|
86:37 | you the prey had a whole course it. But uh in terms of |
|
86:43 | oil system, oil system, the thing that we started looking at was |
|
86:50 | how do you get sediments offshore? of course, it's these turbo |
|
86:55 | And uh if I draw on this over here where we're going with |
|
87:07 | you know, in this picture, mentioned the created screens up here, |
|
87:11 | entering screens here and then the deposition have coming down. Now what we |
|
87:23 | here is the score line. Oh see. Now to land here. |
|
87:43 | , we got the deltas here. got the streets here and the streets |
|
87:51 | . Yeah, fans here. And course, if there's some kind of |
|
87:57 | and we have a ba or a a Lugo fan becomes a fan dolphin |
|
88:02 | he actually dump it straight into or into a big, but now we're |
|
88:08 | look at this part come in on it on the shelf and we get |
|
88:15 | , we get a bad, you , and then we get down |
|
88:20 | So, you know, we've already about it. There are things that |
|
88:24 | happen up the file, excuse way up here in terms of deposits |
|
88:39 | here, it's usually bypass. So usually seven bypass. In other |
|
88:47 | something happens here. It disrupts a bit of the grave here and disrupts |
|
88:55 | the uh very wet seven here when kind of starts to slow down if |
|
89:00 | like the, I don't know. then we get the how much much |
|
89:10 | coming with it. And uh and very, uh you can see that |
|
89:14 | There's lots of lamination. They're inter with shales and sand. So you |
|
89:19 | sand, shale, sand, sand shall, but they can be |
|
89:23 | thick and it's also very broad, , so they can be very |
|
89:27 | One of the main things about turtle is that they're very, so this |
|
89:35 | the base of the four, a of. And uh and so this |
|
89:44 | kind of what the model is. of course, at one time you |
|
89:47 | had one model for this. Uh I called it the Walker Model. |
|
89:52 | Walker uh published a book, a systems about, did you use that |
|
89:59 | build the first place? Oh, didn't, did you, did you |
|
90:04 | Walkers uh that was in the OK. Um It was a, |
|
90:10 | usually a white book. Uh Salt . Yeah. Yes. Yeah. |
|
90:22 | . But anyway, he had, had one model in space for and |
|
90:26 | they first started doing size, this the the of the camp. Now |
|
90:34 | the of Mexico, you get these called. So the instead of having |
|
91:02 | like this, but you, they , they fill in like like |
|
91:31 | And I think I've already shared the and uh Turin, I might have |
|
91:35 | start, I have a series of . This one builds up, put |
|
91:42 | air so well in here. in here, same definition setting, |
|
91:49 | things going on. All the uh sequences can look identical but people will |
|
91:55 | it. All of these hands are and uh and that's where uh paleontology |
|
92:05 | really helpful. But so, so worked on a big thing there. |
|
92:09 | uh one thing that I often test on is I like this because this |
|
92:17 | , this is uh one thing let's . Did I forget one thing? |
|
92:21 | . Well, this is, this showing you uh the typical basins board |
|
92:27 | has um as one source channel. then looking around the world, people |
|
92:33 | up with the idea, you know ? There's lots of, lots |
|
92:38 | there's places where there's multiple channels, places that have 234, some that |
|
92:45 | one. So when, uh I we were getting a little bit brighter |
|
92:51 | we did deltas, we came up three types of delta that could be |
|
92:54 | by three different things. A little more or less. 11 was |
|
92:59 | one was predominantly and one was So when they started doing these, |
|
93:06 | realized that uh when they started to the uh maybe the late, they |
|
93:15 | nothing about it except for the oil , went out and did a lot |
|
93:22 | stuff and we ended up with, think there's um probably 1000 models of |
|
93:29 | types of sorry. And, but showing you here. It is |
|
93:35 | This, this is an actually that used to sequence and that is what |
|
93:49 | would call the Walker. So one that's very different in the Gulf of |
|
93:57 | is you have this salt and the creates, you know, it moves |
|
94:06 | you've got diapers that stick up and got evacuated faces underneath it. In |
|
94:11 | words, we have relief, positive in between uh one of the capstone |
|
94:20 | that, that we have here actually work on um Are you guys getting |
|
94:27 | ? Let me just get rid, done with this one. One |
|
94:30 | one of the capstone uh things that had was um in Brazil is the |
|
94:36 | of Brazil. And one of the they got out of this. But |
|
94:41 | they had a lot of size to the guy to say it basically uh |
|
94:48 | geo tech that was doing the Geophysical that you, but he had their |
|
94:54 | running in full tilt 24 hours a when nobody else was used to, |
|
94:59 | come up with these images. But , they said, you know, |
|
95:03 | take it down in the convey and . But all this stuff which has |
|
95:08 | many bases, bases uh offshore Brazil they have sold deposits for sure. |
|
95:15 | any, any uh time slices and time slices show that through time, |
|
95:21 | know, this 1 may have kept up and uh that one stopped and |
|
95:26 | created a basin over here. So can actually see the channels moving around |
|
95:31 | salt, then the salt, this ends up not being as |
|
95:36 | So over here, there was another over in the channel across that over |
|
95:42 | . But you could see the many moving like this to because he went |
|
95:47 | a time. So it was really resolution, you know, but he |
|
95:51 | get in trouble because all of all of the geologists and just wanted |
|
95:56 | know why he wasn't doing that high for now. And uh it turns |
|
96:03 | , I mean, it costs a of money to do the, if |
|
96:05 | did it, uh he was able , uh you know, nobody else |
|
96:12 | doing any of the work at Sometimes they have work scheduled, but |
|
96:15 | was doing it, not work And he did this really high resolution |
|
96:19 | . And you could see, see pods not only uh at any one |
|
96:24 | slice were separated, but you could how they were shifting as the movement |
|
96:29 | through time. It was absolutely And uh I wish I had that |
|
96:35 | at this time. They wouldn't let have it. And uh and I've |
|
96:42 | been to a meeting and seen anything looked as good as this ever. |
|
96:47 | The, the terrible thing about working students that don't have to publish their |
|
96:52 | is that you see stuff that you wish you could publish and I hope |
|
96:57 | guys come up with something but you or may not. But anyway, |
|
97:00 | to me, this model is very . And uh so I often made |
|
97:07 | test question about it and um it be something like, you know, |
|
97:13 | is this, what is the unique of uh Turin build up deep water |
|
97:21 | in the Gulf of Mexico. It's from most other parts of the world |
|
97:24 | most other parts of the world you this slope stars that's all sediment |
|
97:33 | You may get an in size valley that's a channel. But then when |
|
97:37 | get to the base, you have base and poor fan, you have |
|
97:40 | thing that's called the lower fan in in the Gulf of Mexico because there's |
|
97:45 | that slope. It's not just it's not just a uh so just |
|
97:50 | a stuff. It's anybody imagine anywhere in the world that might have pockets |
|
97:59 | this for not, didn't point it when we were looking at them, |
|
98:12 | we were talking about basic margins You get a created, we sometimes |
|
98:20 | create like 11 55 oh like So I just kind of you |
|
98:43 | you get these little like little they , they go after the and around |
|
98:53 | world that appear that's been silence, silence like that. You know, |
|
98:59 | amazing. A lot of them they out over the next in uh in |
|
99:03 | east. It's got a bunch of like that. Yeah, or excuse |
|
99:18 | , no, they're not really just Mexico but this, this, this |
|
99:23 | combination of a uh slow that's interacting this. So it's fairly unique |
|
99:33 | Um There are other places where you see this happen. Obviously, Brazil |
|
99:38 | Brazil. Well, one of, of the, you know, um |
|
99:44 | from the historical perspective, Exxonmobil is us or Exxon with their, with |
|
99:51 | uh sequence, the we got all deposits up here and then we have |
|
99:55 | deposits up here. Nothing's going on for years and years and years, |
|
99:59 | talking about them and then all of sudden, but many, that's one |
|
100:04 | the reasons why we get them. created a completely different part of |
|
100:11 | But, uh, but they're they disrupt that until it slow their |
|
100:20 | out of their. And, and it had, this happens in |
|
100:25 | parts as well. But I I think in the Gulf of |
|
100:28 | it's a, it's, it's, kind of stands out because, you |
|
100:33 | , we were always thinking we had up here. We had some uh |
|
100:38 | con con out of here, get deposits out of here than everything else |
|
100:44 | . But then we found out where go. So I think it's really |
|
100:50 | if you're working in the Gulf of , it's not the only place that |
|
100:54 | , but it's a very unique thing the Gulf of Mexico. Relative to |
|
100:58 | places. The east coast, most the east coast doesn't have anything like |
|
101:04 | back. The east coast had 11 uh pro grading delta and uh and |
|
101:10 | we killed it with dams, we up all the sediment on. |
|
101:16 | And then the last one of these is gonna be um um submarine |
|
101:24 | And uh one of the things that sometimes when these turbo I uh come |
|
101:30 | , they don't just all stop They keep flowing, they create uh |
|
101:35 | uh and they're pretty significant. And there's some in chile that you can |
|
101:39 | in outcrop. And uh so you these deposits that uh that extend across |
|
101:46 | , but the uh basin floor. and they go for miles and here |
|
101:52 | a diagram, this was a dendritic that was based on the Demery that |
|
102:00 | have. And they kind of showed some of these things can actually go |
|
102:03 | the way across the. And there's that I shared with you in this |
|
102:07 | , the Mexican probably uh were uh similar to this, you know, |
|
102:14 | , they're out on the bases for the total base, the base, |
|
102:22 | they are way out of the. uh so the effect is, I |
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102:32 | it's probably, I don't think that's , but it's, it's a little |
|
102:36 | that's read about it here. so it could be some of these |
|
102:40 | that I would show you that seismic , yesterday. And here's how complicated |
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102:48 | can be. And they actually do uh levees have their own levees |
|
102:53 | Oh, they, um, they meander a lot but they, they |
|
102:58 | up vertically and move just a little and uh some of these uh over |
|
103:04 | deposits can be good, but the ones are gonna be the channel complexes |
|
103:08 | are carrying most of the course of . And in this case, you |
|
103:12 | see that they're stacking up on top each other. Uh rather than meandering |
|
103:17 | lot like this kind of get channelized . There's, there's not a lot |
|
103:20 | going on with the topography usually. , uh, and so they kind |
|
103:25 | stay within that channel once it starts develop, uh, they kind of |
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103:29 | within that and as it subsides a bit, they tend to, |
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103:33 | more often they're not stack very but they're almost always over top of |
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103:38 | other. And, um there's some neat out crops and chili um that |
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103:45 | he used to be Vice President of . He was a student here. |
|
103:50 | uh Rick Bo uh did a, dissertation on some of these things or |
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103:54 | it was a research project um that crop uh at the southern end of |
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104:01 | back where, where all the channels everything are very uh difficult for |
|
104:05 | for ships to travel. So with , we're gonna take a break. |
|
104:18 | guys, let me talk for two again. Let me just quickly ask |
|
104:28 | , do you guys uh find this interesting? I don't know. |
|
104:37 | I get excited about this but maybe else doesn't, but it's um this |
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104:48 | gonna be a migration of oil and think we already talked about this a |
|
104:53 | bit because as usual, I find in the middle of a explanation of |
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105:00 | and uh you kind of, I of have to tell you things that |
|
105:04 | don't get to yet but uh you , we're, we're looking at |
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105:09 | um we're looking at the seals, we're looking at the reservoirs from an |
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105:15 | exploitation point of view. Then of , this becomes real important, the |
|
105:20 | of oil. And uh so uh geologists in here know this for |
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105:26 | except I'd be interested in seeing what , what they say when I show |
|
105:30 | next diagram. So uh Stephanie, need to, you need to make |
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105:36 | that, you know, Stephanie, need to make sure you know those |
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105:42 | . Yeah. Any time there's a of three things that makes a good |
|
105:46 | question because I can make up I can make up uh four or |
|
105:50 | things. Two of them may have to do with it and then three |
|
105:53 | might confuse you. So um oh did that go? Is she gone |
|
106:04 | ? OK. Anyway, I thought might get upset about some of |
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106:08 | Let's see, one of these days gonna figure out why this is different |
|
106:18 | time I open it. Um So migration is what since every, since |
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106:29 | of you? Well, three of anyway, already had this class. |
|
106:42 | . Primary primary m migration is what I say? Tertiary probably did. |
|
106:49 | was thinking, I was thinking of else. Uh tertiary is leaking but |
|
106:53 | primary is what, what's another word primary migration? Expulsion, right? |
|
107:12 | , and primary migration is just this , right? Here uh from a |
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107:18 | rock to a conduit, from a rock to a conduit. OK. |
|
107:24 | be a reservoir or could be a . Like in this case, it's |
|
107:30 | that it could be a conduit. this case, it's showing that it's |
|
107:34 | right into a reservoir rock. In case, it's going right into a |
|
107:38 | . But when it, when it from the tight shale into a more |
|
107:45 | and permeable unit, that's called primary or expulsion. OK? Then the |
|
107:59 | is what, which one of these arrows is secondary migration. Yeah. |
|
108:30 | like this is going from a reservoir a reservoir, this is going from |
|
108:33 | reservoir to presumably something that um can you into the reservoir. So whenever |
|
108:40 | gets into the reservoir, it's going a conduit to a reservoir. Uh |
|
108:47 | secondary migration. So coming from going into that is secondary migration that |
|
108:53 | accumulation. This is also a all stuff moving from one spot actually to |
|
109:00 | after it's been expelled is secondary migration from here all the way up to |
|
109:07 | secondary migration, going from here to secondary migration. Uh gone up here's |
|
109:14 | primary migration right there because it's going into a reservoir. Um but |
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109:21 | but mainly it's coming out of the , it's expulsion right there and uh |
|
109:26 | any need for secondary migration. But of this in here is secondary |
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109:31 | OK? And if there's a reservoir here and it follows up the fault |
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109:36 | this and it gets uh caught in . This is secondary migration too right |
|
109:47 | . OK. And then what what would this be uh if it |
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109:51 | to travel through here? And this to be the water column, I |
|
109:58 | ? Or no, it isn't. is uh in the subsurface. So |
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110:01 | migrating from here to outside of the mass. This is the process of |
|
110:08 | migrations. But if this went from to another reservoir, it would still |
|
110:12 | secondary. If it went to another here, it would be secondary comes |
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110:18 | here and goes to the surface that's . OK? For sure. Like |
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110:26 | . Yeah. Well, that's when makes it to blue skies, I |
|
110:30 | is the way to put it. , if it gets in the |
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110:33 | it's, it's gone too. It's of the subsurface. The act of |
|
110:40 | from in the rocks to the ocean the atmosphere is tertiary. So this |
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110:48 | supposed to be water. That's why bubbles. So going from here to |
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110:52 | is is uh tertiary. If, there wasn't an ocean that it was |
|
110:58 | land, that would be tertiary Anyway, any time you go from |
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111:02 | subsurface to something above the subsurface is is gonna be tertiary. OK. |
|
111:12 | Proposed mechanisms for primary migration. Uh don't go into a lot of detail |
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111:19 | this and hopefully, you might have some of this in geochemistry, but |
|
111:25 | um um there are a lot different that there's gonna be water in |
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111:33 | And of course, we know from unconventional is that there's a lot of |
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111:37 | tertiary migration that's facilitated by uh water in the system. Um uh without |
|
111:48 | being there, you know, you uh things that actually go from a |
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111:55 | a liquid phase or fluid phase to uh lighter fluid phases of good will |
|
112:04 | gas and then to um and then , yes, also, so you |
|
112:10 | , you have things that make it viscous uh would be uh would be |
|
112:16 | conducive to it. But what really um in a lot of this is |
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112:23 | you know, some of it can without fractures. Oh This, this |
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112:30 | of my ear volume induce fracturing is a really um important one. And |
|
112:39 | part of that is uh when the solid turns into a liquid, it's |
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112:46 | expand and that expansion creates f fracturing the rocks. So that's gonna create |
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112:51 | space. Uh But here, there's , you know, framework of Perin |
|
112:57 | a make a long story short. this doesn't any, any no single |
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113:03 | of these things actually works that it of works in concert all of this |
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113:07 | going on. And uh here's what when you have uh some microfractures in |
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113:14 | organic rich shale, you're gonna have gaps there may not be any offsets |
|
113:20 | . So it's just a fracture and shells aren't that brittle. But uh |
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113:26 | what can happen when you start losing is uh is you, you will |
|
113:31 | creating fractures. In other words, , if it had water and sea |
|
113:36 | , uh it could reach sort of more red state and actually develop some |
|
113:41 | in the organic rich material. But organic rich material again, uh as |
|
113:46 | turning into a liquid, uh it's expand and it's gonna start building |
|
113:52 | And so, so you have all those processes going on at the same |
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113:57 | . And uh I had a discussion Andre Basada who you, you guys |
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114:03 | get. But uh he said it's of like, you know, without |
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114:07 | else, you know, that expansion like this and it kind of reaches |
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114:11 | certain pressure and then it goes to fracture or another spot in the |
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114:15 | it kind of burps its way through rock until it gets to the |
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114:19 | But uh but we, we have lot of uh pathways in terms of |
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114:25 | micro fractures and or organic rich Uh We also have things like this |
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114:32 | you have um uh Here's the organic is the dark stuff, a little |
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114:38 | of organic matter here. So things kind of trickle into to where there's |
|
114:42 | lot of uh organic matter. And course, that organic matter when it |
|
114:46 | to liquid, it's gonna create a moves, it's gonna create a vacuum |
|
114:50 | it more or less than you're gonna . You're gonna end up with uh |
|
114:54 | was organic material starts to become as , as it starts to um for |
|
115:01 | , this starts to become more liquid it's pushing its way through from an |
|
115:04 | pressure. And um and it's also behind gaps and of course, uh |
|
115:17 | is stress, it's showing here that can be stress bearing organic material. |
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115:21 | there could be some collapse of that too. But, but at the |
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115:25 | time, that organic matter turns into fluid that's more voluminous than the organic |
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115:30 | itself. So everybody kind of get concept of that, you know, |
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115:36 | have, you have a solid turning a liquid, the liquid is more |
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115:42 | , um the solid that may be it is under pressure. But then |
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115:48 | have something that's solid filling this void wants to fill an even native. |
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116:02 | uh there's a lot of uh things that are used to um uh sort |
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116:10 | measure expulsion efficiency. One of them uh looking at uh uh the amount |
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116:20 | expulsion that you get. And this uh here is the carbon number. |
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116:24 | you're getting bigger molecules. And uh this is just showing you that uh |
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116:32 | more the more that you uh you , as you get more and more |
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116:36 | , uh the carbon uh number uh is gonna be higher with the, |
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116:43 | the bigger molecules and the smaller molecules gonna, are gonna be coming out |
|
116:50 | . And as, as it progresses the bigger molecules, you're gonna end |
|
116:55 | with a little bit less expulsion and , and it's trying to show you |
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117:10 | uh the expulsion is gonna be slower you have the bigger molecules is basically |
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117:14 | they're, uh we're trying to show this here though. The lighter ones |
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117:18 | , are greater expulsion of the lighter and less expulsion of the larger |
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117:25 | Ok. Uh Then there's these Here's Cambridge clay example and this is |
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117:32 | petroleum is the hydrogen index. Uh so in getting, you know, |
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117:43 | to Ron, what's happening when you the higher hydrogen index, put this |
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117:51 | the end. Well, here's, , well, one and two and |
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118:11 | is showing you that there's sort of trend, you know, with |
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118:14 | Um, you're gonna, you're gonna expulsion, uh, pickers really |
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118:19 | of the, uh the lower hydrogen . What, what does that high |
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118:23 | index means? Nobody knows. Well, we won't talk about it |
|
119:00 | . Well, uh, just to it simple what, what, which |
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119:04 | has the highest hydrogen index, right? Yeah, something, you |
|
119:15 | , I'm not quite sure how you all, you know, but this |
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119:18 | just showing you the, the lights coming off first and the heavier are |
|
119:22 | from a mid depth first, you more heat and you're getting more expulsion |
|
119:26 | on. And, uh, so what's happening. But basically, uh |
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119:31 | , it's showing you as you Is that what it kind of says |
|
119:37 | general? Is that when you're spelling , you're getting more exhausted. They |
|
119:46 | , they have your spelling, the exposure you get them. Ok? |
|
119:50 | the volatile will come off first. . What is this one? This |
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119:55 | called the petroleum generation index or more being generated? And uh here |
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120:03 | you can see with death that you're you're gonna have more and more |
|
120:10 | So sometimes that, that pressure has uh an impact on it. And |
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120:15 | over here is increased depletion, which um sort of the uh inverse to |
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120:23 | here, there's a limited inflation. is sort of uh on that scale |
|
120:30 | you go in this direction, you're more and more depletion. OK? |
|
120:38 | um that's as simple as I can those things. And um uh there's |
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120:43 | about a 90% chance. I'm not ask you about that. But uh |
|
120:48 | point that I'm trying to make is multiple graphical methods that they can use |
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120:53 | plots to see where they're getting the depletion going on in a particular |
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120:58 | And obviously the deeper it's barrier, happening, the deeper a rock gets |
|
121:06 | . So like a rocks up here it's got carriages in it, and |
|
121:09 | starts to deplete. Right. As gets buried deeper and deeper, you're |
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121:14 | higher pressures, higher temperatures. What's as that goes on, the heavier |
|
121:21 | are gonna be, are becoming The lighter ones will come out |
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121:29 | The, the issue with this in some ways for you to understand |
|
121:32 | is, it's, it's not a of it, of the same rock |
|
121:36 | deeper and deeper. It's actually, , shallow up. It hasn't been |
|
121:41 | long enough or hot enough to get bigger molecules out yet because they're different |
|
121:46 | or different source rocks. OK? showed you this before and this is |
|
121:52 | fill and spill thing. And uh we're talking about migration and long distance |
|
121:59 | can cause uh fractionation of the uh oil and gas. And this is |
|
122:06 | you how the lighter stuff can actually trapped down here. Well, the |
|
122:10 | stuff moves up in this direction because fills and spills. This one builds |
|
122:17 | the lighter stuff say you're getting a of lights and heavy as light stuff |
|
122:23 | up. It's gonna keep bubbling up here and it's eventually gonna displace this |
|
122:28 | point and the heavier stuff will come here. So that's one way uh |
|
122:32 | is, you're coming up to, can go from light to heavy. |
|
122:37 | , what did, what did I you about when I talk about an |
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122:42 | thing called the uh 1001 28. this was a good and, |
|
123:03 | and these sands coming up against and they were so heavy fighter, |
|
123:12 | fighter in the, it's about 25 along this in the, uh, |
|
123:24 | the Gulf of Mexico. And, , it's just the opposite of this |
|
123:28 | . You're going up, up and seeing it, um, get heavier |
|
123:33 | heavier as you come up in, that case, it looked like I |
|
123:42 | is that this uh continuous system at time that the fault violated, |
|
123:51 | Filled in just like uh there was , there was one tank, whether |
|
123:56 | the light shut you can buy. , I will see right here. |
|
124:03 | do you have your, so, that's one of the um sort of |
|
124:10 | of the uh sources of evidence for dilation of a fault to a certain |
|
124:16 | to where it becomes an open And at that point, you've got |
|
124:22 | oil water contacts down, dip and from that shell that are pushing the |
|
124:27 | towards it. And the ones at top are filling up with gas |
|
124:31 | and then no more can migrate up that. And then it just uh |
|
124:35 | then it density segregates all the way the section. Complete opposite of what |
|
124:40 | in that first. Here's another Here is uh where we're getting oil |
|
124:52 | here. And uh and see the gravity is uh getting lower and lower |
|
125:00 | lower which means the density is getting and greater. And, uh, |
|
125:06 | what it's showing you is some of stuff that's cooked longer, uh, |
|
125:10 | getting lighter, lighter stuff and, , things are migrating up in this |
|
125:14 | and, and the immature stuff has broken down as much and you still |
|
125:19 | the heavier. In other words, , as, uh generation starts, |
|
125:23 | gonna get the ball of those off and then it gets heavier and |
|
125:27 | So this, this uh oil down has a lot of deep die. |
|
125:34 | uh the lights are already out. it's sort of a complete one. |
|
125:38 | up here, you just have um complete compound, excuse me, mixture |
|
125:46 | compounds with the lights and the heavy this one is just a, |
|
125:50 | it's still out there. And um sometimes it, it also relates to |
|
125:57 | these long migrational pathways really relate to kind of thing that this kind of |
|
126:05 | here too so that you're, you , you might be getting a lot |
|
126:09 | generation here in up if you're getting the heavier fractions. Of course, |
|
126:15 | is where we get a lot of , we and a similar thing in |
|
126:20 | Canada there. And um this is did you ever do this in basin |
|
126:33 | that those of you that had basin ? Yeah. Hey, this is |
|
126:44 | sort of showing a migration um diagram this right here. Would be the |
|
126:56 | sort of the kitchen. And they're looking at topography structures such that |
|
127:03 | what, what are the dips on structure that allow things to migrate up |
|
127:09 | up here up here? And these the, these are the uh topographic |
|
127:15 | uh essentially in, in the uh the rocks that actually have the |
|
127:20 | And so you can see that you um kitchens where uh stuff is migrating |
|
127:26 | up to this one over here. would be at the lowest point have |
|
127:32 | here. So basically, it's showing the loads like the um if you |
|
127:36 | at the Houston Basin, not gonna around Houston, we have like |
|
127:52 | the tension is down here. Think something called a terrible structure or a |
|
128:00 | . It's full of a lot of underneath that structure migrates out this correction |
|
128:13 | uh this, this uh 100 plus dollar here, 100 plus million here |
|
128:22 | there. So you have all these fields around her and song one. |
|
128:52 | one plan these things um be a section right here. And so you've |
|
129:00 | the kitchen down here in the and , it's coming up. The east |
|
129:08 | either side because the events are like all the way around. So basically |
|
129:19 | a structure map of um sources about structure that comes up to the side |
|
129:32 | that's what this is you favorite, Green Canyon rather. Um These are |
|
129:39 | high structures and these are the low . In other words, here's a |
|
129:43 | , here's a kitchen, there's a , here, here's a kitchen |
|
129:47 | in some cases, it may be fault that's at the low point that's |
|
129:51 | from even a deeper kitchen. But these are the low points and the |
|
129:55 | pathways are revered mapped so that you see the topography at a certain point |
|
130:00 | time and what the migrational pathways would . And here's kind of what it |
|
130:05 | like in the sort of a simulated . And here's, here's a reservoir |
|
130:12 | in the structure, here's a Uh This one apparently doesn't have any |
|
130:17 | reservoirs in it, but the kitchens down here and the lines go |
|
130:22 | It is the oil migrates upwards like up upside down gravity because it's buoyancy |
|
130:29 | and not weight driven. But we have data, just examples. |
|
130:41 | So I've done just about as much she did. OK. Well, |
|
130:46 | is really important and um one of things uh you know, we, |
|
130:53 | understand the structural high, right? if I in this, but |
|
131:04 | if I make a cross section of kitchen, um you know, you |
|
131:13 | a sore manager like this, then may be a sandstone that goes up |
|
131:21 | this when it's traveling up here. , um some of a lot of |
|
131:29 | migrates add into it here or um you like the light next to that |
|
131:37 | that you get a, the So this the other side of it |
|
131:55 | . And uh, so this kind video that I saw, but the |
|
132:04 | is there's a lot of the oil in, they must agree. But |
|
132:30 | , it looks different. So there be a pocket of oil here. |
|
132:33 | filling up coming out on faults or and, and going out this |
|
132:39 | But at some point in time, like five past oil gets trapped underneath |
|
132:43 | . In other words, the mother of the oil is put 100 million |
|
132:48 | , 100 million here, 100 million the wall, 100 million barrels |
|
132:54 | the mother load that would still be under this when we first started drawing |
|
132:59 | because we had no idea. But we know that structures like this. |
|
133:04 | when we started growing in Houston, example, imagine um somewhere like |
|
133:13 | Houston's here and all these, all uh re all these reservoirs are being |
|
133:19 | from here, but there's a turtle that's trapped and you know, you |
|
133:24 | so all the way around 360 So it's like that. So it's |
|
133:29 | a great big uh open a gigantic down, holding all of this oil |
|
133:36 | that oil is migrating around the edges that coming up in Philly, guns |
|
133:45 | appeared, a gun appeared and a with the wall, right? You |
|
133:51 | this bypass uh amount of oil this . And, uh, when, |
|
133:59 | , when we could have easily drilled distance, we didn't have a model |
|
134:03 | that. But now we have a now, it's called turtle structure. |
|
134:07 | it's associated with salt withdrawal. And probably, it would probably be easier |
|
134:14 | say there, there is oil there it would be to say there is |
|
134:19 | oil trapped down there. It would hard to imagine is what I'm trying |
|
134:23 | say that there isn't a lot of right underneath us since it's been feeding |
|
134:31 | two big oil fields. And we that the structure and the seals above |
|
134:37 | source rock would have down worked like because of salt withdrawal. Is that |
|
134:45 | look confused. Do you understand what saying? Or you get it? |
|
134:49 | so, uh that's why I kind , I wish that we had uh |
|
134:54 | seismic that we did only penetrated. only had good imaging down to 6000 |
|
134:59 | . We needed to get it down 16,000 ft. And uh but that |
|
135:03 | have taken bigger uh unit, but had four sizes and only uh only |
|
135:09 | of them were working. So we have all the energy we thought we |
|
135:13 | , we probably could have gotten down 12,000 if we had that fourth one |
|
135:16 | there. But uh but we'll never now. But I, I |
|
135:22 | I still think there's probably a significant of oil right underneath us. |
|
135:27 | uh, in one of these turtles half turtles. Yes, because |
|
135:32 | um, you know, if you a fault and we know there's a |
|
135:36 | fat. Right, right, close here, you know, one side |
|
135:41 | leaking to the other side. Pierce is, function is right down |
|
135:52 | You get up on the building, can see it. There's, |
|
135:56 | there's, there's one over that one that way, one by memorial |
|
136:03 | in some part of it is actually other. There's some, maybe 30 |
|
136:14 | and I been 10 miles away from , Jackson. It is where it |
|
136:21 | on. So these by the ship or some more than OK. I |
|
136:45 | have that map here. But, , but I have a map that |
|
136:48 | where the, where the closest ones . Ok. So, uh, |
|
136:55 | now, you know, we talked classes of, of uh traps with |
|
137:01 | to the seals, right? So like to consider that seal type. |
|
137:06 | had class 12 and three, Remember that those were tracks based on |
|
137:13 | is, this is based on structure and so these are the different types |
|
137:21 | traps that we have a lot of ones, but most of the ones |
|
137:25 | we work with, of course, structural. And, uh, and |
|
137:32 | , we've been looking at a lot these different types of uh trap configurations |
|
137:36 | we were looking at the different basins uh there's many of them can be |
|
137:41 | to diapers. The oil industry in United States started uh in earnest, |
|
137:48 | not sure what was going on in , but uh but in earnest in |
|
137:53 | Gulf of Mexico, uh it you know, look for the |
|
137:56 | look for the salt domes. And but then there are other different types |
|
138:02 | uh structural ones and of course, Strat graphic ones are gonna be pinch |
|
138:07 | and nonconformity uh that can cause pinch with, uh for example, angular |
|
138:14 | , in particular is a really easy to understand. Uh but some of |
|
138:17 | are more subtle than that. And course, then you can have diogenes |
|
138:21 | , diogenes traps, which um here talking again about a lot of things |
|
138:28 | are related to um carbonates. Here like the crystallization of gas hydrates. |
|
138:38 | a frozen layer, those bottom uh reflectors and underneath the hydrocarbons can be |
|
138:45 | that haven't reached quite temperature and pressure regime that they need to reach before |
|
138:50 | can turn into solids. And so can, they can be like that |
|
138:54 | a, a cap that has hydrocarbons it. OK. And here is |
|
139:01 | just showing you a bunch of different ones. This is a guy for |
|
139:07 | year and uh this is what South Island 2028 was huge thing. And |
|
139:15 | it was trapped on one side and uh not both sides, but uh |
|
139:21 | is uh different type of structural, is compressive. This is, they're |
|
139:27 | you some configurations. Again, this a salt Diaper model. And uh |
|
139:34 | , when the oil industry started, main model they had was uh when |
|
139:38 | salt salt gun was pierce and it of pushed up on the surface places |
|
139:43 | Texas that find a hill. Uh anybody remember the name of the, |
|
139:50 | , uh just to the north and east of the Ball? You |
|
139:57 | but you're, you know, you're just above sea level, driving |
|
140:01 | , you're just above sea level and there's a big building. It's like |
|
140:04 | 50 ft. That was the song was really easy for, for, |
|
140:09 | , a guy with a grill where find, you know, he didn't |
|
140:13 | geology, didn't need geophysics. I go look for the bumps. |
|
140:18 | And when, uh Pierce Johnson was done, all the big oil |
|
140:22 | bought all this acres. I think told you this story, didn't |
|
140:26 | The big oil companies bought this acreage it turns out at Pierce Junction, |
|
140:29 | is all freshwater. Um And you write his, he, |
|
140:38 | his landman said we can't buy anything on top of it. But, |
|
140:42 | all the land around it is really and we went home and said, |
|
140:46 | go his, it's cheap. So bought all the land around it, |
|
140:51 | would be like this and these were . So the people that bought |
|
140:55 | what they thought was demode at the to go for that. But |
|
141:00 | but you Colin into what I call donut effect because this would be like |
|
141:06 | donut, like a donut hole The is bringing around it like a |
|
141:12 | . And he drilled, drilled the back then. He became one of |
|
141:15 | richest families in the, in uh in the country until they started |
|
141:23 | kill each other. I think that's . Yeah. High Island. |
|
141:29 | that's it. Thank you. Did just look that up? Ok. |
|
141:46 | . We were just talking about um uh Strat graphic units or um reservoir |
|
141:54 | and uh these reservoir bodies sometimes can marine bars can be uh really |
|
142:01 | One thing I don't think, I know if there's any papers on this |
|
142:05 | not, but I was thinking about earlier this morning. Um One of |
|
142:11 | things when you have the salt guns it starts to pierce, what happens |
|
142:17 | uh it's under the surface of the and it starts to, it starts |
|
142:22 | come up like this. And what that do? One of the salt |
|
142:27 | happened to be on the shelf at time and it just popped up a |
|
142:33 | bit. Now, in the middle nowhere, they created almost an |
|
142:37 | an island shallow enough but deep the sand would start to accumulate it |
|
142:44 | Arts, South Marsh Island 1 28 lateral sands are really extensive and it's |
|
142:52 | like you have to have some sort platform out there to allow this, |
|
142:56 | know, sand never builds up to surface. It's really hard for it |
|
143:01 | be grown because the way it just washing it away, but if it |
|
143:05 | above the surface, it actually becomes barrier that elects the sand as the |
|
143:10 | it's come up. So without out it separate and, and uh one |
|
143:15 | my thoughts was that one of the why we have these very long and |
|
143:20 | sandstones in places like South Marshal 1 is because that Salone had something to |
|
143:26 | with the topographical change. It sort seeded the formation of a barrier |
|
143:32 | an offshore marine bar that was very big and uh very large |
|
143:41 | Uh South Martian 1 20 it was shale ridge, not a, not |
|
143:45 | uh not a dome, but one those mudd lumps comes up. It |
|
143:50 | create a, a an area where could start to accumulate and uh the |
|
143:54 | might make it go down drift, it's gonna start refracting the waves and |
|
143:59 | sand to build up on it. , have you ever seen aerial photos |
|
144:03 | the Chandelier Islands? Because uh that's of what they are. They're these |
|
144:10 | sand sand islands that are out in middle of the Gulf of Mexico, |
|
144:15 | of the uh south of the current , but the delta was there and |
|
144:19 | storm waves build up enough stuff and builds up these little sand bars and |
|
144:23 | actually created uh winnowed out sand. amount of material in that delta would |
|
144:30 | been maybe 10, 15% sand in rest of its shale. But it |
|
144:35 | winnowed out by the sand, sand . And uh if it was shallow |
|
144:39 | that sand could start building up and go from sub aqueous to um excuse |
|
144:46 | , yeah, subaqueous to sub aerial like the the build out of a |
|
144:51 | . And uh and that's possibly how of these big marine bars uh end |
|
144:55 | occurring. Ok. And so that's uh kind of what these Strat graphic |
|
145:02 | are. And of course, uh belts can create uh strap traps uh |
|
145:08 | often. Now, almost everything because this point, almost everything is a |
|
145:15 | of. Uh so like here, is definitely a structural and a |
|
145:20 | You know, you've got some kind dip here. Uh And then you |
|
145:23 | a speel that's a seal on So there's always some kind of combination |
|
145:27 | that. This is also uh this called a Strat graphic trap, but |
|
145:32 | dip is a structural component which allows to have that oil trapped underneath |
|
145:38 | So almost all the strap traps have sort of structural component to uh to |
|
145:43 | boundaries. Almost all structural, excuse , almost all Strat graphic traps have |
|
145:55 | structural component to them. But when one thing they don't, that the |
|
146:00 | don't is they, they definitely have shale pinch out somewhere. You don't |
|
146:04 | some kind of pinch out of the . Like this is a really |
|
146:08 | this is a real abrupt pitch out you've got an erosion. But |
|
146:13 | these bets weren't tilted, that wouldn't if there wasn't structure there. That |
|
146:21 | you can still call it a Strat trap that it has a structural component |
|
146:25 | this one over here, it's a sandy covered by a marine shale. |
|
146:32 | if it, if it was that oil might go somewhere until it |
|
146:38 | a structural component to help make that work. And then someone who's a |
|
146:47 | in scrap traps might, might argue me. But that's basically, you |
|
146:52 | , you've got to have because oil buoyant, oil and gas are more |
|
146:56 | than water. You're gonna get a , it's gravity is gonna force you |
|
147:00 | need that. Ok. Um So traps actually are a combination of structural |
|
147:11 | Strat graphic traps and uh one way another. And uh uh it's important |
|
147:19 | know the end members of a, a strap versus a structural. So |
|
147:22 | can kind of understand the configurations of different types of traps and, and |
|
147:30 | overall extent of it. And uh pro uh, petroleum provinces will have |
|
147:38 | consistent style. Uh, some will predominantly Strat graphic, some will be |
|
147:43 | structural. You know, for if you're around us, you're around |
|
147:48 | area that has salt gus, you're have a lot of traps and look |
|
147:53 | this and a lot of traps and like this. You know, you're |
|
147:58 | , not gonna see these other kind things. Although having said that, |
|
148:09 | does this look like? That kind looks a little bit like this. |
|
148:20 | is one where you've got something actively upward. This one is where there's |
|
148:27 | some sort of uh igneous feature that's , a mass. He and the |
|
148:32 | are draping down on the top of . In other words, it |
|
148:35 | it was a flat thing and compaction going on and this compaction when you're |
|
148:41 | at this point, the compaction is , this point, the compaction is |
|
148:47 | there. So this can only impact much and the edges can compact |
|
148:52 | That's why it's called a drink. , um, just looking at that |
|
149:01 | , there are places uh uh along uh the Rockies in Montana. I |
|
149:09 | it is where you can see an lot of dr falls. And |
|
149:12 | I never, I just thought, , I guess that could happen. |
|
149:17 | then you go out in the field you see a lot of them. |
|
149:27 | . And there's another thing called a hydrodynamic uh trap and, um, |
|
149:40 | the mountains way off somewhere in the . Yeah, if you remember where |
|
149:47 | was found here, there's an a that comes off of there and that |
|
149:52 | on a track like this. And with the gas pipe, um, |
|
149:59 | expelled into this immune system and respond it. And, um, and |
|
150:06 | have this uh typical flow uh going this direction because, you know, |
|
150:11 | really, this is way up high . So you've got a hydraulic head |
|
150:15 | it. It's fish and water this . And presumably, um, it's |
|
150:20 | some, um, springs coming out with uh natural springs that are leaking |
|
150:27 | their own or somebody's producing it, it creates the flow through that. |
|
150:31 | , how incredible is that? Can tell me a good example of? |
|
150:51 | , I've, I've, uh, know, for a long time, |
|
150:53 | was skeptical of this and I told , I'm kind of skeptical about this |
|
150:57 | , uh, somebody, I, think she was from Peru and, |
|
151:03 | , yeah, the mountain, we reservoirs that, um, now if |
|
151:10 | drill over here, we don't get . But if we drill down to |
|
151:14 | , uh on the flow side of flow, all the, you |
|
151:18 | smacked up against the, uh, edge of it because it's, uh |
|
151:22 | the flow is constant coming off the waters of the, and that, |
|
151:26 | are in the, uh, in subsurface. OK. So now we're |
|
151:34 | get to another topic that's really And that is, and I, |
|
151:38 | mentioned this a few times, just because it's hard to talk about |
|
151:42 | and not talk about plays and play . And, uh, another thing |
|
151:47 | interesting is that the way plays are in, in the rest of the |
|
151:53 | versus the United States or different. , uh, but I, I |
|
151:58 | to use the international way because uh it clearly defines that they can |
|
152:06 | between what a prospect is. You , what a play is, the |
|
152:09 | really is something different. But have ever played? If your play includes |
|
152:17 | trap? It is a prospect. so, um so given that fact |
|
152:26 | come up with a play, we to look for subregional source, a |
|
152:32 | formation. This is where becomes the age of the rock and that |
|
152:37 | unit become extremely important. And what the ceiling elements? In other |
|
152:42 | a lot of times within a given , the way is sealed, whether |
|
152:46 | by the faults and the top seal faults or just top seal, uh |
|
152:52 | part of the place. And uh that play that celium moment to |
|
153:00 | is it down to the South, South east um Bounding ball across a |
|
153:07 | slot that say on the plane. uh there's caps all up against it |
|
153:14 | the uh in the hanging, they're up against the foot also. So |
|
153:22 | what I mean by uh common ceiling reservoir formation is what the poorest unit |
|
153:29 | . And sometimes it's important to know the depositional faces is too in terms |
|
153:33 | that, not just the name of , but what type of faces it |
|
153:38 | . And then the uh a subregional that can feed all of those. |
|
153:42 | example, the Jurassic in uh in the Jurassic source rocks in, in |
|
153:50 | Gulf of Mexico have, have been uh sources for a lot of our |
|
153:55 | . And so that's a large regional . And then some places uh we |
|
153:59 | units in the Wilcox which are much that are actually feeding uh some of |
|
154:03 | reservoirs. No, no, I'm gonna, I'm gonna get to |
|
154:15 | . But, oh, here, , this is basically what it |
|
154:21 | So the topic we're getting into right is playing, play fair way. |
|
154:24 | talking about just the play right OK. And uh yeah, and |
|
154:31 | are some of the North Sea plays here, here it's, it's an |
|
154:39 | fan. So the depositional environment has to the EC channel canyon field, |
|
154:46 | fan. And uh so that's the the seal will be these different |
|
154:54 | Of course, this one's a little older. So it's got an older |
|
154:58 | . This one has the mud stones sit on top of it and these |
|
155:02 | all the different fields that fall in . And this is again, looking |
|
155:05 | the North Sea and that's their Uh And of course, the play |
|
155:12 | not telling you play is telling you grab those other elements on that. |
|
155:19 | you had a trap, you have , you got a question. |
|
155:34 | So, um here's what a played is and here it says, play |
|
155:47 | , play region is to play fair . In other words, these are |
|
155:51 | areas where you can find those combination trap and in the North Sea, |
|
155:57 | overlap because we have places we have think about it. When we're looking |
|
156:05 | the chalks, the chalk plays are tenacious and e uh and uh and |
|
156:17 | basically related to sediments and bio But above that, in some of |
|
156:24 | um basins that are forming as that that uplifted part of the North Sea |
|
156:31 | sagging as a thermal contraction turbo come into it and form some of these |
|
156:38 | types of plays. Uh Like these plays chalk plays upper Jurassic, here's |
|
156:44 | uh lower. In other words, is defined by the stra units |
|
156:51 | and they're also associated with depositional So the reservoir is one major component |
|
156:58 | . And then um all of them being sourced from a much older uh |
|
157:04 | rock in the North Sea. Uh Krige clay, uh some of |
|
157:09 | uh the Jurassic ones sometimes are being by Cambridge clay, that's right next |
|
157:14 | it. Um And uh same with of the lower Jurassic where you've got |
|
157:20 | in the, the old, the younger Cambridge clay is lower. It's |
|
157:25 | beat up along faults. So the source rock in general for most of |
|
157:29 | , not all of them, um the ones listed here. Yes, |
|
157:36 | uh there's stuff that's actually older in North Sea from an older uh source |
|
157:42 | uh wouldn't be on this map, these plays right here, just kind |
|
157:46 | show you the extent. In other , here's the stipples one device and |
|
157:51 | can see the stipples one it all way in here. And uh that's |
|
157:57 | of the S A which is sitting top of the riff. These older |
|
158:01 | are actually inside the OK, because associated with the sin rip in early |
|
158:09 | uh riff sediments. So uh looking that, you know, we have |
|
158:16 | Sea plays that are associated with, these units in here in the Sin |
|
158:21 | and uh the chalks and whatnot are are all up in here. And |
|
158:26 | , here's the turbos from, from uh thermal compassion that you get in |
|
158:33 | center of it. In other all of this used to be uplifted |
|
158:37 | here and now because of thermal it's all sunk down. And so |
|
158:43 | get these um these younger things, chalks are are kind of in |
|
158:48 | then the paleogene and some chalks at base of this are up here. |
|
158:52 | The Jurassic plays are up here and of the lower Jurassic, the lower |
|
158:56 | middle Jurassic stuff are in, in pre ripped sediments here from a completely |
|
159:01 | system. And a lot of these uh you have Krige clay in here |
|
159:06 | and you can be getting like the , the older Jurassic stuff can be |
|
159:11 | fed laterally and everything younger than that be fed uh vertically and later. |
|
159:20 | that's kind of how uh so just this diagram, there's like fairways like |
|
159:29 | and where these reservoirs are, there's fairways associated with the cylinder stuff that's |
|
159:36 | this is sin wrapped. This is early post rip that fills in the |
|
159:41 | as it first starts to sag and it kind of kind smooths out a |
|
159:46 | bit as you get into later Now, only Turbos are getting out |
|
159:52 | in this, this place that's uh away from shore. OK. Um |
|
160:02 | is uh from Hackley and Ewing and Ewing is uh really one of |
|
160:07 | one of the best uh geologist to there ever was, he was very |
|
160:14 | and stuff. Yeah. No, um here's a stable shell with these |
|
160:22 | faults, but part of what forms trap. So this is a whole |
|
160:28 | of things. This is a whole of things, but this is another |
|
160:32 | of things, but at each um this is the expanded fault |
|
160:38 | This is the growth fault here. see a red button series here. |
|
160:44 | this is a reservoir rock. It a common source rock that's coming up |
|
160:50 | all below all of these. But one has everything in here is related |
|
160:55 | this expanded section between this fault and fold. Then this is another uh |
|
161:02 | . This is another play that you kind of a repetition of these plays |
|
161:07 | you go from stable shell to stable here and uh table shelf down |
|
161:14 | So as we go through time, can see the blue ones are pretty |
|
161:19 | the same time. These are pretty the same time and the green ones |
|
161:24 | sorted at the same time. And can see through to um these growth |
|
161:30 | , these down to the South East faults. Uh keep creating more and |
|
161:37 | um accommodation space for new things to in. But as it works out |
|
161:42 | , we have, um, here's Wilcox here, here's the Wilcox here |
|
161:47 | there's source rocks with the Wilcox when get down over here. But this |
|
161:51 | , this is a separate play. is a separate play and there'll be |
|
161:55 | play fair way that goes in and like this. And this is a |
|
161:59 | play because they're, they're bound by faults. So it's a different trapping |
|
162:04 | , but it's very extensive and it build uh parallel to the coastline and |
|
162:10 | and so on and so forth. this is an, another, this |
|
162:14 | in itself is another reason why II get excited about growth fault because here |
|
162:22 | notice you're only 40 to 50 miles and you have all of these different |
|
162:27 | and they have their own play And that's one of the reasons why |
|
162:31 | is so rich in hydrocarbons is because have, we have this kind of |
|
162:35 | underneath us on the coastal plain. pretty spectacular. And um there's |
|
162:44 | some of these things will be um fans that come off of this and |
|
162:48 | are like almost like shelf margin fans as opposed to battlefield fans. But |
|
162:56 | these things will come off the platform you go down into on what |
|
163:02 | it was not epistle but bath in . And um and we have these |
|
163:09 | fans here and um there's a there's a fan system like this right |
|
163:15 | the uh you may surely in the um we had some uh bright spots |
|
163:27 | we had like uh four of these on top of each other. I |
|
163:32 | the volumetrics on one and one It's probably worth $100 million. The |
|
163:39 | is somewhere around 90 bucks a barrel the four of them there could |
|
163:44 | it could be underneath this. But didn't have, there was, we |
|
163:50 | have um and we didn't have the of uh data that we needed to |
|
163:55 | a bo so that we could show the, that the fluids in them |
|
163:59 | actually hydrops. If we had a we jump right out at you. |
|
164:05 | me? It's not cheap. I , and I know we were able |
|
164:12 | get somebody to do uh pretty much worth of seismic for free because his |
|
164:19 | were busy and he was a nice . That's how we got the ones |
|
164:22 | here. But uh most of the data is owned by two or three |
|
164:28 | vendors and they only make their money of um selling this stuff and, |
|
164:36 | they're only worth, they're, you , they're, they're like car |
|
164:40 | Um If you, if you buy stuff, we'll charge you this |
|
164:44 | you know, and it doesn't matter you're a university or not. |
|
164:47 | some knucklehead professor got him to give the data that he needed. He |
|
164:53 | show people that there's probably something here nobody's drilling it. Uh But I |
|
164:59 | do that. And of course, I did that, everybody would want |
|
165:01 | get the seismic and it would sort be like a um a teaser to |
|
165:06 | people to buy seismic data that they sell. Nobody's selling that seismic because |
|
165:11 | , nobody um has looked at it they've found things around it where they |
|
165:16 | 3d seismic grids. But the, way things are right now, people |
|
165:21 | afraid to, you know, spend this money to, to go look |
|
165:24 | new places and if, uh, I could get something or anybody could |
|
165:29 | something for a limited cost just to stir up this, the, |
|
165:34 | hornet's nest, you know, people go, oh, crap when you |
|
165:37 | look in it and then, you , you'd have everybody trying to buy |
|
165:41 | . And it's also possible. There's there. That is, that is |
|
165:46 | possibility. It's not, it's not I, I feel like the Houston |
|
165:52 | is a sure bet because it's because the source rock. If nothing |
|
165:58 | there's an unconventional resource down there. mean, the worst case scenario is |
|
166:04 | a resource play that nobody is Ok? Enough of that. |
|
166:12 | So here is, um, then next thing is if we add a |
|
166:20 | and tray, then then we uh, um, you have something |
|
166:26 | a PD or in other words, have the elements of the play, |
|
166:31 | you add a trap to it. you have a, the traps, |
|
166:35 | know, like this can be trapped here. But when we get to |
|
166:47 | thing, you're actually looking at a trap that just not just, you |
|
166:55 | , we're gonna get these kinds of , but, you know, here |
|
166:57 | a trap. This is a this is a prospect, this is |
|
167:01 | we went and a home and that's I think it's good to separate the |
|
167:05 | for a trap in the, um the, uh in the definition of |
|
167:14 | uh of a play, I And, and that's when you go |
|
167:19 | exploration, which is looking for the frontier is looking for the play |
|
167:25 | uh exploration is looking for a trap a prospect and I think we'll take |
|
167:35 | break because it's been an hour and people are getting tired and we'll |
|
167:41 | another quick, quick run and then take a lunch break after that. |
|
167:46 | you guys need to take a 10 minutes? OK. That's pretty |
|
168:14 | . Exploration is looking for a trap that play and then exploitation is looking |
|
168:23 | more traps in that play. You , in other words, you have |
|
168:29 | play to find and you've got a and it's, it's worked. |
|
168:33 | I want to find more in that and that's exploitation. And I've already |
|
168:48 | you some of these, these kinds diagrams, but it uh it becomes |
|
168:53 | important uh when we're, we're getting the trap point, the prospect of |
|
168:58 | lead. Uh How well do you these boundaries with the trap envelope? |
|
169:03 | , you know, this three dimensional here that you can see here, |
|
169:06 | the trap envelope. And uh uh as this is drawn, it's |
|
169:12 | kind of a, a doughnut in middle, this is a gas |
|
169:15 | I guess. And uh but being to find the oil water contact is |
|
169:20 | important for something that's shaped like Uh You can see that the thickness |
|
169:28 | this thing actually can't get, then thicker and what it is right |
|
169:35 | And right here, this is the . This is a low water contact |
|
169:40 | . So that's part of it. this is, this is a structural |
|
169:43 | , not a map. And uh showing you the top of it and |
|
169:54 | and well, where did it Yeah. So you just love, |
|
170:15 | . Oh, yeah. This, is, um, no, they're |
|
170:18 | just a, this is what I . There's something wrong with the probability |
|
170:28 | too negative when it comes to things are this because, um, |
|
170:38 | you know, you kind of have look at scenarios because this really gives |
|
170:41 | the most negative scenario. But if of these things are there, each |
|
170:47 | of them is 100%. And so shouldn't be reducing at every level. |
|
170:52 | can turn this in turn the largest ever find into something you don't want |
|
170:58 | because of, but it's looking at too negatively. You know, you |
|
171:03 | there's at least a 90% at least 80% at least the 70. This |
|
171:08 | multiplied by then and that's multiplied by product by that product by that |
|
171:11 | So it just keeps getting smaller and and smaller until it backwards. So |
|
171:16 | nothing. And when we drill well, all of these things are |
|
171:22 | be it. And we're almost automatically there's not much chance that there's almost |
|
171:31 | chance it's gonna be. They have do scenarios where this may be what |
|
171:36 | think it is. But what what if, uh, all of |
|
171:39 | were one and then you're gonna have , if you're gonna, if you're |
|
171:45 | deal with risk in a risky you have to understand that everything is |
|
171:50 | negative. Oh, using probability this is, is a totally negative. |
|
171:57 | other words, you're expecting everything to wrong within those limits. And, |
|
172:04 | , and because if you think about , this means there's no container, |
|
172:09 | means there's no closure. This would , you know, either it's there |
|
172:14 | it is there. It's, it's not a percentage thing. It's |
|
172:17 | a switch. It's, uh, not, it's, it's not the |
|
172:24 | variable. And that's, that's the with using discontinuous variables with the probability |
|
172:32 | that's based on parametric statistics. And , it's, it's impossible to explain |
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172:37 | to people, but it's, it's way it is. Yes. |
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172:45 | Oh, crap. It is plugged . But it's, it's not turned |
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172:51 | . Yeah, I keep forgetting that turns itself off at home. All |
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172:58 | my, uh, all my cables hot so don't stick your fingers in |
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173:03 | if you come to my house. you're a certified electrician. I had |
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173:11 | uh, changing my switches on my and they never turn the power off |
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173:14 | they're sitting there doing this like this I'm going, I'm not gonna ask |
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173:17 | a question because if I do, gonna be a spark. What? |
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173:22 | they, they actually undo these, switches with live wires. Ok. |
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173:28 | of that. So here is, I love how this is called a |
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173:31 | . This would be a very simple because it's got four way what we |
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173:35 | four way closure. Nobody knows what means except that it's north, |
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173:40 | east and west. I guess. that's your four way closure. So |
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173:44 | can't find this to find in a . But here this comes automatically a |
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173:50 | . Um And the reason is complex two reasons here. Uh We had |
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173:58 | way closure before, but now we not have four way closure because it |
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174:03 | be closed on the fault and the is at a risk. OK? |
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174:08 | if I look at this, if look at this diagram, um and |
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174:15 | I asked you what if the closure all the way out here? You |
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174:20 | see that's at risk because you don't that closure. But the closure is |
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174:24 | the way out here. Or if assume the closures all the way out |
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174:28 | , what are the things that you to worry about that? Put |
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174:32 | this traffic, there's I see three that could be a problem. In |
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174:42 | words, if I made it if said there was oil all the way |
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174:45 | to, not just to here, , if you have four way |
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174:51 | that's a real trap. You don't that four way closure. This isn't |
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174:56 | trap. But if there's a four closure without anything else, that would |
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175:01 | a trap except for what, what would I have to have if I |
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175:05 | this closure was like this, what I have to do to fill that |
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175:09 | for that? But the other element you can't see? But you |
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175:18 | do you think she's smart? the seal, always the top, |
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175:26 | the top. Ok. The top is something that you need to |
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175:31 | Ok. And so, um so , if we have well out to |
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175:36 | , then, then this closure is risk and this closure depends on this |
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175:42 | . So the fault is at And again, Stephanie, what is |
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175:47 | that we have to have on top those, the top ceiling? And |
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175:53 | think it helps to call it the ? Ok. And so that's what |
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176:03 | one looks like uh when you fill up to that. Ok. Here's |
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176:10 | where you have two faults and uh whatever reason, um if it's just |
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176:21 | hear in every case, you need fault to be real. So if |
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176:26 | go to this line, I need fault to be a seal. But |
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176:30 | else do I need in addition to ? Fault. I need the top |
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176:34 | . Right. Ok. If I out to hear same thing. |
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176:39 | That fault is a potential risk. not just here. If it could |
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176:43 | anywhere along here this fall has a over here. They haven't put |
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176:48 | they haven't put a break in this over here. But that could be |
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176:52 | they had a really good size because sure there's one there. But |
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176:56 | if I come out to here, still the fault in the top |
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177:00 | If I come all the way out here, it's this fault, this |
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177:05 | and the top. Ok. And do have to have closure along here |
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177:11 | it's possible you don't see the curve the structure. It's possible that these |
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177:18 | could go out like this, there's seal. So temperature is always |
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177:25 | I I can only tell you what leaving out. I can't correct |
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177:29 | Now, here is something where we a sandstone and uh it's been seismically |
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177:37 | which will happen every now and And uh this could be a channel |
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177:42 | and it could actually be spots that for us. Uh But say they |
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177:48 | have the faces sorted out with the with the size of it and you |
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177:53 | see the win out growing most. um you can see this is at |
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178:00 | because of the pinch out this And here you have to worry about |
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178:06 | , but beyond this, um You have to worry about closure over here |
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178:10 | that, if that pinch out isn't well, here's kind of how this |
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178:16 | works out at the pitch out the gra trap. So this is a |
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178:20 | trap with a structural fault seal at top of the uh of the |
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178:29 | But over above, above it, top seal has to be there and |
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178:33 | pitch out has to be there for wheel to be anywhere south of |
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178:39 | Any wheel is in here and trapped , this definition of the Strat trap |
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178:45 | the se tested view. So that's . Here's another one. And |
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178:54 | this goes into uh looking at, the data quality. Here is a |
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178:59 | D seismic grid and uh with this D seismic grid and over here it's |
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179:09 | . Uh what the authors try to you um of this is that the |
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179:18 | is not at risk because it's 3d side of the coverage. This |
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179:23 | be really good. So you don't to worry about this curb premature. |
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179:28 | the uh prospect toity over here, have to worry about this because it's |
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179:31 | too deep. And, and and I kind of question that myself |
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179:36 | the um the structures that we map Sugarland, we just had two D |
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179:44 | . And uh if you, if have a seismic line that goes across |
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179:48 | that and you see the top, is moving up or excuse me, |
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179:56 | you come up from this way, top is moving in this direction. |
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180:00 | means it's curving, it's curving like . So you get a point here |
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180:04 | a point here and a point In other words, it's not going |
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180:08 | this. If the strata went like , I would have different numbers than |
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180:14 | it go like this. And so can actually see that curvature and especially |
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180:18 | you get on the end of you can see it. For |
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180:21 | if it was straight out this, thing, this contour would be |
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180:27 | but this contour isn't there. Does see what I'm saying? So |
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180:32 | so you can actually see curvature between sides. Yeah. Um This part |
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180:39 | the problem with getting better technology is forget how to use all this technology |
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180:45 | still good. It's like um did, did the T A tell |
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180:56 | a song? OK. So why she, my daughter had a had |
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181:04 | um which was bad in a different but uh she had a oh, |
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181:12 | , I'll just tell you then she AM R uh and um doctor, |
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181:30 | was there, he was attending one the two interns to know I got |
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181:36 | Doctor Duke. Could you come over uh can take a look at |
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181:42 | He said, what are you gonna me? You gonna tell me that |
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181:45 | got food all the way up to park and I see her lungs. |
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181:49 | you. And besides, and, , how did you know that? |
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181:59 | , you can look at our you know, we, we put |
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182:04 | much dependence on computers and technology when uh very simple things like what |
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182:10 | see in the field, when you in a, what you see, |
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182:14 | know, in the game is telling more, then 3D seize me and |
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182:19 | you but start to ignore it because seism is a perfect image and an |
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182:26 | . It, in fact, you even have to interpret it. There |
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182:29 | is. But, but seismic isn't that good because there are things that |
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182:33 | absorb the energy and do all sorts stuff. You cannot lose that intuitive |
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182:40 | and figuring out things and diagnosing, little bits and pieces of that, |
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182:47 | the color of her face so that was really and uh and that, |
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182:52 | just cascaded into a whole bunch of and it turns out he did a |
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182:57 | good job and my daughter is still . But uh I don't know if |
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183:01 | mentioned this yesterday, but he said see four patients like that and they |
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183:06 | died. You gotta make sure you . And um that might, might |
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183:12 | been hard for him to say that actually lost some patience. But uh |
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183:17 | uh that's the, that's the kind thing. I i it bothers me |
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183:20 | lot about the modern world is that humans still have this incredible ability to |
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183:26 | problems in their head without all these and, and the more, and |
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183:31 | more you train yourself to use uh you have up here. Um Somebody |
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183:39 | , that particular doctor because of his skills made the, the stuff that |
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183:45 | comes out of this more valuable to because he can see things that he |
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183:50 | figure out and he knows what the between those two things are. But |
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183:55 | these things see what they see, they don't see what I was just |
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183:59 | you about this. You can see without three Ds, you can see |
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184:05 | without seism. Ok. At least hope you can, I'm trying to |
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184:11 | you to find them. So, anyway, uh so then after we |
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184:17 | this prospect, we have to do thing called hydrocarbon estimation. You |
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184:22 | we want to figure out the value it. Uh We need to figure |
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184:25 | and we can, we do that's a volumetric thing. And we're |
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184:28 | have a, we're gonna do an on that and uh and figure out |
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184:33 | it costs to produce uh this dry . Uh ie we're thinking this is |
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184:40 | an exploratory. Well, and we're produce it with the other wells. |
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184:43 | It's gonna be cheaper. So, it's kind of a completely different uh |
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184:49 | , you know, you're putting money front to make sure that you found |
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184:51 | that reservoir first and uh then you all the elements uh after you |
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184:58 | you get some of this stuff in sometimes you don't have any data, |
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185:02 | your prospect inventory really relates to this here. And what, what I'm |
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185:17 | you is what you need to do think of what if this is 100 |
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185:22 | is, what is, what is likelihood that this would really actually be |
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185:25 | ? It, it really isn't. probability of this really isn't um |
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185:31 | it's not a continuous hurdle it. you have containment or you don't, |
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185:37 | a switch, it's all or all or nothing, all or |
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185:41 | What I think that you need to besides uh probability based on para |
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185:48 | Uh if you have, um have that's like a, a binary uh |
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185:55 | . In other words, it is it is and the chances of it |
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185:58 | being there, if, if it's there, it's almost like, you |
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186:03 | , why did this, you need really look at the things that have |
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186:06 | these things and you have a good to believe they're all there rather than |
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186:10 | of it as a continuous uh thing it's, it's like a, have |
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186:16 | of you guys done uh binary statistics it's like a plus or a |
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186:20 | It's either, it's either it's either there or something's, there has a |
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186:25 | different way of looking at things and think people need to think that way |
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186:29 | they're doing it. But anyway, the kind of assessment you need to |
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186:32 | . And, uh, and when drill that first, well, you |
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186:36 | , that's what you're doing in exploration , but you come up with a |
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186:42 | within a play. So you have play concept, you have the |
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186:46 | you, it, uh, if it's very good, uh, |
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186:50 | know, then, then you do this stuff and try to figure out |
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186:53 | gonna go on next. If, you fail, try to figure out |
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186:58 | wrong with your body, what, went wrong with your, because that |
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187:01 | tell you how to exploit this play a better trap. In other |
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187:05 | if it's just a trap, maybe plays better when you have a better |
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187:09 | that you, maybe you don't have . So that's exploit, you're |
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187:15 | you're gonna take that play and that and you're gonna use that model to |
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187:20 | out and I always showing you you know, the Tom Ewing |
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187:23 | the uh the uh false rotating towards , the Gulf of Mexico. Um |
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187:30 | all these different play concepts in that , but there'll be a lot of |
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187:36 | traps, those traps that you, the, the bounding faults on either |
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187:41 | of those places, you know, go from that discovery, which should |
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187:46 | with exploration, you go to exploitation see if you can find other |
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187:50 | Now, at that prospect, when do the next step with that prospect |
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187:54 | you could be a to figure out it is you have, that's what |
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187:57 | gonna start talking about how to appraise resource once we found it. |
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188:04 | And now we can take a lunch and so be back here about 1 |
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188:24 | . Is that |
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