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00:08 Right. Hey, we, we we spend a little bit look time

00:25 at some of the details of seals how they impact uh um the charge

00:33 , and actually retention of, of and gas reserves uh that hopefully will

00:40 there millions of years later when we it. And uh so now we're

00:45 look at the sort of the reservoir in a little more detail. And

00:49 , I know I brought this up earlier, see if I can

01:25 I don't know why, but every I do this, it's, it's

01:27 new experience. Ok. So um one of the uh obvious critical

01:38 is uh porosity here and uh and , you know, we have to

01:45 flow, we have to have Uh from the minute I switched out

01:51 this, it drops this off. just have to keep doing the same

01:54 over again. Make sure one more lights out. So can see this

02:02 little better on the screen since I to do it on the screen.

02:24 . Ok. I'm trying to get to work. See what I

02:28 It's always a new experience. I'm actually just trying to get my

02:34 to work. Right. Uh, some reason it doesn't want to let

02:39 get the pin up. It works way one time and another way,

02:50 next time. See if I can this over here. Hey, all

03:01 I couldn't do it on this screen . It's letting me do it on

03:05 screen. I know. I haven't a single setting but it's the magic

03:13 uh computers. Yeah. Anyway, and you normally wouldn't notice such a

03:20 if you're a can you see Yeah, you wouldn't notice such a

03:25 if you're not in front of a few brilliant studentss trying to explain

03:29 to you. So anyway, uh we have uh process, of

03:34 is, is a really big Move whether or not it'll move.

03:38 is obviously really a an important And uh and hydrocarbon saturation becomes uh

03:46 important. But all of this, of these things, those, those

03:50 things lead up to um the space the volume that has hydrocarbons. And

04:00 you know, the more of this in that space, the less oil

04:03 have, uh the lower the the more rock you have versus uh

04:10 or fluids. And of course, is whether or not they flow.

04:14 of course, we did talk about grain size, not having much of

04:19 impact on porosity in general, but has a huge impact on permeability because

04:26 throats are important and poor throat And we just looked at pore throats

04:30 pore throat sizes and how, you , uh things flow through this

04:35 But, and we were, we kind of talking about how to get

04:38 radius smaller to create a good seal opposed to opening it up and,

04:43 making uh more fluid come up through . But uh so that poor diagram

04:52 to two things. One is the of a seal, but also in

04:55 inverse of that is the amount of that you have in that rock.

05:00 uh these are really important things, I know I mentioned this when we

05:03 through uh sort of an overview of net to gross again is a really

05:08 thing because uh and normally what this referring to is the net coarse grain

05:15 to fine grain stuff. Uh when get into uh carbonates, porosity is

05:22 a grain size thing, but it up being uh strictly a straightforward porosity

05:28 . But Netta gross really relates to , whether it's carbonates or plastics.

05:33 so we're, we're looking for net over gross ferocity in the rock

05:40 OK. And um normally when we this in plastics, negros means how

05:46 sand do we have relative to how shale we have? And uh

05:52 in, at a and we, we look at all these things at

05:55 scales. So uh at the bigger , the entire section, if we

06:00 a high net of gross, we there's the probability of a lot of

06:04 porosity possibly being preserved. So from a, from a uh exploration

06:11 , we want to be working where a high net to growth because there

06:14 know there's gonna be the more you know, one of the things

06:17 wanna make sure is there's coarse grain like a sandstone, there's things that

06:22 almost the perfect size for porosity and and uh and, and good sorting

06:30 anything else really. So, uh why we look at that and that

06:34 gross out sort of at the whole scale and uh where the net goes

06:41 , we know we're getting closer to source of sediments. And uh and

06:45 getting to the source of um these that we're looking for ferocity and permeability

06:53 for uh for getting hydrocarbons. And course, water saturation can be an

06:59 thing and water saturation uh tends to up a little bit uh smaller the

07:04 sizes, the more you're gonna have um immovable water that's attached to or

07:12 more or less to the uh to surfaces of the greens. So these

07:18 are really important uh when it comes exploration, trying to figure out where

07:21 have viable prospects and uh a lot times uh and uh we, we

07:30 cross sections to do correlations. But also look at cross sections to see

07:34 the highest negroes are in an And that helps us sort out where

07:40 depositional environment is. That's, that sand rich. Because the next thing

07:44 we're gonna talk about after this, the reservoirs are some of the depositional

07:49 that create reservoir bodies that are uh sorted sands uh and well in the

07:58 very large distributions either in uh lateral settings, more so than some of

08:06 other places where we might be looking uh more consistent uh buildups of sand

08:12 a vertical sense, in a lateral and uh and how it's associated with

08:17 , with different seal faces and that that sort of thing. So at

08:23 different scales, this is, is , very important. But in frontier

08:29 exploration, we're looking for depot centers those depot centers tend to have high

08:35 to gross ratios. And that's, uh we talk about depositional dip

08:40 dip, things are moving towards the . They hit the, the um

08:46 stream flow. Uh It's a, a water mass velocity drops off,

08:52 sand drops off, that's where it sand, but then it gets uh

08:56 it interacts with tides and waves and sort of thing and even storm uh

09:01 . So that's what becomes really OK. Did, did anybody know

09:08 a um said he wasn't gonna come a lot or? Oh, no

09:16 , huh? Usually comes in a bit. Ok, just like

09:26 But I was out there waiting for to come by and I, you

09:29 , I'm sitting in my car watching guys season. Ok. Here

09:35 uh, here we have, some things like this are really,

09:38 , kind of important, uh, statistics of things. Um, a

09:46 of times, uh, I didn't a lot of faith in this because

09:49 just would, whenever I worked in area, I would find out what

09:53 going on in that field and, focus just on that field. But

09:57 can see here that people collect a of this data on um for fields

10:03 look at net to gross, they at porosity permeability, all these things

10:06 are important to us uh with the petroleum saturations. Now, if you

10:11 to artificial intelligence, these charts will the rulers of the world and what

10:16 see in a well won't matter because artificial intelligence is gonna gather a lot

10:22 information and come up with something equivalent an average and even with reservoir characterization

10:29 with, with a lot of high math. Uh we do a lot

10:33 averaging and um when I talk to of the people who design this

10:37 they go don it's not just an and they go, I know

10:41 it's got a vector to it. . And they go, oh,

10:45 . And so, uh, you get lots of data and you

10:50 to, you try to imagine a where all of this data is absolute

10:55 it, it doesn't work that So, it's one thing you're probably

10:58 , um, in your careers, probably gonna have to fight with A

11:01 a lot. And, uh, , uh, and the, and

11:05 only reason I can tell you this because I've worked with, with data

11:10 that have like 30,000 wells in them dealt with the stuff at the kind

11:15 scale that you might put into uh a machine and do some machine

11:20 with. And at the end of day, you're gonna come up

11:23 with issues that people didn't think about they never worked with that much data

11:27 one time. And um the uh of the things that I found that

11:33 interesting was that shell spent a lot years trying to figure out how to

11:37 point counts and come up with a , a good algorithm for sorting.

11:42 they thought, you know, we just have to take more point

11:45 and what it turns out is the point counts you take, the better

11:49 sorting comes because all of a sudden have all, all these points.

11:53 example, if you have 1000 of grain size that's really well sorted and

11:58 you can't get around it, but also fills in all the poor

12:03 So it's really, um it's, know, you have to think about

12:08 of the mechanics inside of it and that data set. But anyway,

12:12 is still useful information to gross right . Uh You know, if you're

12:17 into this uh thing that looks really . Let's see if we got a

12:22 one. Yeah, I was talking sandstones. How do you like

12:32 Fractured uh dolemite 100%. It's Ok. Yeah, but the price

12:41 only 14%. And um so uh of these things, you know,

12:48 numbers like for example, this is outstanding number until you realize what the

12:54 result of it is. So there's lot of these different variables that become

12:58 important. But one of the things that I think is really good and

13:02 use a lot is the recovery factor this is given a certain amount of

13:10 in place. These are the numbers multiply that time these numbers and we

13:15 of get an idea how much we pull out of the ground. And

13:18 these recovery factors become really important and in your exercise and this just anybody

13:26 ever done this before gets really But uh we're only gonna be looking

13:30 oil, we won't have gas. we're not gonna be talking about a

13:33 that has a lot of dissolved gas it. But, uh, the

13:39 factor basically in your exercise includes um, the stock tank correction factor

13:49 it. In other words, we oil in the ground, we pull

13:52 up, it expands, we can , get more stuff. And of

13:55 , um, natural gas expands a . Uh, oil that has natural

14:00 and it expands a lot, but plain oil doesn't, doesn't usually expand

14:05 much. So, um so when do volumetrics, we're not gonna worry

14:10 the stock tank correction factor. But an equation, if you want to

14:15 that in, if I ask you it's done, you can put that

14:17 there or you can say with the factor that includes this, you

14:22 you don't need to do that whatever I ask you this question. So

14:27 , that's so much for that. here is just some of the uh

14:31 where people um have calculated uh different . This is just showing you a

14:40 here is the uh sand in the there. You can see the net

14:46 . Um I think it's just, I think pretty sure this is a

14:54 log. It doesn't really actually say , but this is uh showing you

14:59 what the permeability is. Yeah, a probability. Anyway, it's just

15:05 with the permeability, is it? uh what this is every time I

15:11 away from, look at this I lose track once. But this

15:15 trying to show us is that we have this to come up with

15:18 cut up uh cut off of 10 , everything over here is greater than

15:23 , everything over here is less than . And in this particular field,

15:28 seems to be, it would seem be to the people who work there

15:32 this is a good cut off for in terms of productive sand. And

15:37 can see uh all the stuff at bottom here is, is not Nero

15:45 is it not ne ne because it look. Thank you. And so

15:53 and uh that's, that's one of tools tools that we use uh or

15:59 that we use for coming up with . Uh Normally when we use um

16:04 gamma logs or sp logs, you see something that looks just like this

16:09 terms of uh the low game, really a uh a measure of these

16:14 . So lo lo gamma has been kind of uh show you where the

16:18 is and you'll have a handle. is a, so we began as

16:26 system that we looked at most and and, and that's what we use

16:31 , for doing that and the higher permeability, the, the more likely

16:36 gonna get more flow out of And here they're using 10 milli das

16:40 as a net cut off. if you're working in a unconventional as

16:44 may be down over here somewhere, trying to figure things out uh in

16:49 of productivity uh in the reservoir. of course, that's why we're trying

16:53 get that pressure differential in the horizontal close to the, to the rock

16:58 . And that's why we're drilling the and all that so that you're kind

17:02 circumventing the need to have uh more flows. Of course, lots of

17:08 fields that we, we look at in this diagram. Um Look at

17:15 permeability of these things. Now, , I love it. It's,

17:22 know, it's always these limestone, gotta watch out, you know,

17:25 happens to be a shot, which a very special one. This

17:32 yeah, that's the all this and makes a lot of sense. Um

17:39 That one's a little bit tighter than of the other ones like the to

17:42 pod and uh they don't even have . So this is based on,

17:48 know, Lewis experience. So uh is these permeability can be very dramatically

17:56 in some places. But you when you get something that's $30 billion

18:00 4000 or four DC, essentially, you know, your net means more

18:07 , and usually let's just see what get over here. Here's a recovery

18:12 is there you go to this one has a high permeability of the recovery

18:16 . You're not leaving so much Now, and, and again,

18:21 to kind of give you a we do unconventional because chalks really are

18:27 resources. When we uh when when we do these horizontal wells in

18:31 chalk or um or a uh shale unit with a plastic setting,

18:41 we're trying to get the pipe close the rock so that it doesn't have

18:44 flow that far and we can drain lot of volume just from the pipe

18:49 . And uh and then when you it, you're also adding additional surface

18:53 , you frack it, you put in there and then there's more surface

18:57 to allow it to float not long to that resource, but but short

19:02 and into that pressure differential that exists you put the pipe in the ground

19:07 open it up. OK? And is just again that I've shown you

19:12 , but here's, here's the kind thing that we're looking for in sandstones

19:21 . Remember we were looking at uh the uh perfect ferocity earlier with the

19:29 glass beads. Uh But the for are huge 2.2 in the perm in

19:37 . So you're gonna get a lot flow out of that and that's kind

19:39 what we're looking for. And so at the exploration level, we're not

19:44 trying to look for porosity. We're geologists, we're trying to figure out

19:49 reservoir bodies based on what depositional faces these kinds of results in terms of

19:56 porosity. And uh and not to , we do have to worry about

20:01 like um uh this can be very , here's diogenes ferocity that's formed.

20:10 uh and uh you can see that a lot of these um grade sediments

20:21 here actually are things that have like that might have broken down and turned

20:27 place. But, but here we silica spine specs and all of a

20:34 uh they've dissolved. So, um let me ask you this, how

20:40 do you think this rock has to after yesterday's classes? Since I know

20:45 guys were paying attention after studying for test. A sponge pictures made out

20:52 biogenic silica, special kind of Well, if you told me it

21:08 to be, it had to be 2000 ft, I'd say,

21:10 you're, you're right. Is is it? Yeah. Um It

21:16 on the chart but uh there are rules of thumbs in most places at

21:22 5000 ft. You know, this happened, you know, it's

21:26 Um The uh the biogenic step has into a solution. And what's happened

21:35 is, is it wasn't filled in cements. It could also be filled

21:40 with cements because the minute you, mobilize solute, you can also concentrate

21:46 . But the solute and were form flushed. And also you have some

21:51 these clays dios, I think uh are clogging up some of them to

21:57 primary. And so the, the here is, you know, how

22:03 you get all these things connected at , you know, this is in

22:07 . So there's things all around So it's possible that they may have

22:11 up into each other. There's no any boundary. So, uh this

22:15 showing you a boundary but that's probably of the precipitation of uh work in

22:21 some of these uh pathogenic plays. you, and you have to uh

22:27 there's places where there's where there's uh no seal and that water kept

22:32 But what would really keep it from sealing up? And I don't

22:36 uh uh much oil in this. uh um so maybe that's a drop

22:45 oil but it, it just gets after it dissolves it, you get

22:50 and it replaces the water with The oil removes the solute and the

22:56 that would concentrate and make the, the um uh make the process,

23:03 permeability go away. But uh barring if you charge it at that particular

23:09 when it's, when it's, when uh specs have dissolved, but they

23:14 started to cement. Uh Then that's you capture it. And uh here's

23:19 another one showing you how um uh cementation and, and uh various uh

23:29 breaking down into place uh and uh in a lot of these things.

23:34 this is, this is a uh really thing that uh an issue that

23:39 have to worry about. Because one the things we do is we uh

23:43 , at least with um classics, know that horse grain sediments,

23:50 especially sandstones that are often uh very process and ferme because they're often winnowed

23:57 uh the forces they run into in of tides and waves. Uh you

24:02 up uh looking for that kind of . But it, but those good

24:06 can be destroyed, the primary process be destroyed by cementation and, and

24:12 clay formation. And here's uh showing some uh other things.

24:19 and again, this is, this gonna be uh carbonates. Uh The

24:24 in here, you have all the taken the carbonate course in here.

24:29 you get it? You know, haven't gotten it. But uh

24:33 and I think I mentioned this We, we start talking about

24:36 One of the horrible things for me with carbonates are so unpredictable, you

24:43 , diogenes can be an angel from or the devil. You know,

24:49 a biogenesis can remove all your Uh And biogenesis can create all this

24:56 similar to these silica, these Uh It can also create buggy ferocity

25:03 you have uh large areas of And of course, in the trucks

25:07 mentioned as long as uh when those plates are like this, like an

25:13 framework fills in, gets charged with before cementation can happen. Then there's

25:19 good chance it'll preserve that ferocity and permeability and you'll have good. So

25:25 , when we're looking for reservoir we have to remember that we're in

25:30 classics, we're focused on primary um ferocity can and carbonates oftentimes, you

25:40 , probably 80% of the time, not more, we're looking for secondary

25:46 and some diogenes that opened up the by uh dissolving some of the rock

25:52 . And uh and charge happened before lot of that ferocity was uh destroyed

25:58 cementation and this and um and precipitation some of the uh cow site that's

26:04 mobilized. And what what can happen uh carbonates really quick in time like

26:12 the uh like along a beach. um did your carbonate professor talk about

26:24 cementation, short face cementation and stuff that at all? Yeah, the

26:32 the carbonates are really important in terms dissolution and solution. They also affect

26:37 water chemistry a lot and they're affected the temperature and the pressure and all

26:41 kind of thing quite a bit. so uh one of one of the

26:45 that can very easily be dissolved and easily be precipitated as calcium carbonate.

26:51 that's, that's why it's a real when you're trying to predict where the

26:55 is gonna be. And you remember we were looking at a carbonate

26:59 what was the one thing you we saw this? We saw what

27:03 like backs stepping carbon carbonate banks. which one seemed to have been

27:11 Remember I showed you the luau structure I was pointing these backs stepping carbonate

27:16 deposits. In other words, sea was rising. There was a bank

27:20 rose a little bit more, there a bank, there rose a little

27:23 more. There was a bank there it's rising through time. What's happening

27:28 top of the limestone that it's, leave leaving on those banks, it's

27:34 covered by marine shales. Ok? when you get to the top,

27:38 have something that's exposed and that was up to a certain point, it

27:44 got buggy porosity and these down the ones, the lower ones were

27:49 getting filled in with cements. This exposed, something dramatically changed in the

27:55 , you know, marine shells covered up. Some uh millions of years

28:00 , there was maturation and migration of oil to that conduit. And the

28:05 place where the porosity got preserved was very cap of, you know,

28:10 had that we had a series of bags. So this one, the

28:25 one that was there and that sort how to predict that is fun.

28:32 is that is that as a driving for the, that was the assumption

28:39 that last one might have the ferocity turned out, they did some drilling

28:45 there and the other ones uh weren't of oil either. You know,

28:48 process was going OK. This is just showing you a diagram of uh

28:55 , people will look at a whole of fields and they'll look at the

28:58 and they try to, you this, these, these are,

29:02 me, these are management diagrams, at the end of the day,

29:05 also help, uh, to help understand, uh, that things of

29:10 age can be really good. uh, here's some of the younger

29:15 as we get down here, we into older ones, but it kind

29:17 mixes a mixes around. Here's, a bunch of, uh,

29:26 let's see, there's a dolomite but two are chalks. Look at

29:31 uh, the permeability down here. are things that the, the hods

29:35 a pretty good one, but look the, the permeability and you can

29:38 that, uh, anything that's this is, this is well dolomite

29:44 to it. And, uh, here we have, uh, the

29:49 , the heather is actually, could actually be a source rock in

29:53 cases. And, uh, and you have some of these other,

29:58 , uh carbonates up here. You see and see that, that predictability

30:06 the can be a big problem. know, you have to be really

30:11 in the department and Uh And here have all these uh these plastic reservoirs

30:17 here some with, um, that a little bit older. And,

30:23 , and, but they, uh a lot older and they're, they're

30:29 been cemented up through the diogenes processes burial and they, they've opened up

30:36 porosity with the fractures like an OK. So, uh again,

30:44 we're looking for a, most of fields up here are, um,

30:50 gonna be sandstones that have significant uh process. OK. With that primary

31:00 it comes as grain sizes that are for having nice permeability as well.

31:07 . And here is uh looking at reservoirs uh through time and um what

31:17 the uh obvious things that you can here? Can you see any obvious

31:26 on this? Oh, by the , giant oil fields are usually the

31:37 that, um the definition at one was at least 100 million barrels of

31:43 . Uh Nowadays, it would probably a billion. And uh some of

31:48 and we, you know, you to get to these things called

31:50 They call them super put in Yeah, I know, you

32:00 to, to me, you you need to go find the oil

32:02 drill it and produce it. Um uh you have a giant how well

32:22 , you know, you have all big fields up here. You have

32:26 lot of big fields here here, have a lot of basically. But

32:33 you know, with burial, we compassion with bar we have more

32:37 we have more work. You we get deeper and deeper, we

32:40 uh solution. Of course, and we get from that.

32:48 uh I think it is easy to kind of that, that with

32:53 death, we're probably losing a lot permeability with age. We're getting deeper

32:59 longer term burial and, uh, things can be uplifted, of

33:04 turn that all around. Uh, , but, but age and de

33:11 uh depth of burial and age of , a lot of primary process is

33:17 be lost. So we, we have that many gigantic as soon as

33:23 get down down here. But this is certainly remarkable. This is West

33:30 and, uh, that's pretty But what do you notice about gas

33:34 oil? At least, relatively speaking , I mean, this isn't,

33:45 isn't how much there is, but showing you that up the big

33:49 for example. Um, you still there's a lot, but here

33:53 have, you know, significant amounts , uh, fields that have,

34:00 , have a lot of gas and that have a lot of oil.

34:03 also have a lot of gas. always gonna be almost always gonna be

34:07 associated with oil. But, when you start getting down here,

34:12 starting to become like this one is gas there's almost no oil left

34:18 uh, why would that be? in fact, um, look at

34:27 , uh, permian basin, you , you're getting into the,

34:31 you're getting into the gas window. a lot of the source rocks have

34:35 , been burned out. Now, I, when I haven't said

34:39 you know, if you, if , um, if you get the

34:42 generated at a shallow thing and then have some burial, uh you might

34:46 into the oil window, but then , then you're just dealing with uh

34:51 the, with the liquids. Um a little bit different than, than

34:55 cooking as a per. But let's see here. Uh You've been

34:59 the mass of we have um so guess in terms of a giant,

35:23 . So, um so another thing becomes really important is the distribution of

35:30 and flow, which is permeability. uh and this is what I've been

35:34 the whole time. But again, the origin systems, in terms of

35:42 predictive tool, we're looking for these , sandstone bodies that have good primary

35:49 and uh and good sorting that, lend themselves to a good permeability and

35:55 special grain size of sand, which tends to favor sorting of the

36:03 sizes, increases the permeability. And , uh from that, we lead

36:11 uh some of these things and this just a quick review of depositional

36:16 I think. Um most of you to build appraise to depositional systems.

36:23 uh did, did you feel that a lot to reservoirs and that kind

36:28 thing? And I don't know if mentioned that he, I know he

36:31 in the beginning, but he started more stuff to his lectures. But

36:35 just gonna look at a few of things and kind of uh talk

36:41 you know, streams which are the systems of sandstone and delta. Uh

36:48 is kind of the base level This is where you have to uh

36:52 is slow with smoothie. These are types of channelized flow and uh greatest

37:01 by definition. I believe that they're confined channels, but they are,

37:06 reap more or less of, of get great screens on, on which

37:15 no no um flow control, but lot of great experience once you get

37:20 the uh she had a lot of braid shoes, it's called uh unch

37:26 flow because the sands are going like , that confusion, some uh Geor

37:32 , it kind of creates an edge a side that uh that it doesn't

37:36 your mind. It's not like like an alluvial family's just like this

37:40 all the systems in the floods will like create systems that absolutely no can

37:47 . Uh Whereas as you get it down that position from the all way

37:53 of that, um you can get incisions. And that incision can create

38:01 boundaries to the, to the breadth those great extremes. For example,

38:05 Red River is a great extreme, it has been and it always bothers

38:12 when people say it's, it's unch . But you know, it's um

38:18 , it has boundaries. OK? then, uh and then of

38:24 the delta, you have this jet coming to uh you have sanding water

38:30 , you have the jet float come it, puts on the brakes and

38:34 falls out. And uh that's why delta sand often. And then uh

38:42 that turbo systems and uh things that related to it are many bases um

38:51 it was similar to a basis for band. But again, they are

38:56 little base coming off of everything, on, not on the shelf often

39:02 not down in the basin floor, they are, they are on the

39:09 . OK? And we, we're gonna look at all the different

39:11 But here you can see um a uh fluvial system here and it's,

39:18 is kind of what a stream It doesn't actually have all these uh

39:22 developed um oh levies and whatnot is you get an immunity stream. But

39:29 , there's Geor features that kind of that, well, there's some incision

39:35 in the topography and it's flowing down incision if there wasn't a, a

39:40 here for some reason, it wouldn't flowing there. It would be blowing

39:43 else you can see here, there's other features that are even higher.

39:48 It's gonna, it's gonna be moving inside, sort of that valley.

39:53 not really confined with Levis. And , and then of course, the

40:01 students are these things as I pointed before, uh, the geomorphology of

40:09 is all about uh curve. Um the highest velocities can, can erode

40:19 uh blood lane shells. And uh what happens here. And the road

40:25 so slows slows down the uh the and the sand bars fall out

40:32 You got lowest velocity here, highest over there. This is where the

40:36 are all about, you know, , uh by that flow regime and

40:41 change in speed. So here, again, here's this is like a

40:49 stream and so these can be really reservoirs. But uh but as I

40:57 , um these things just kind of around as the sand and the water

41:02 down and they don't have as essential , but they, they sort of

41:07 out and then splay out again and out again. Uh It, it's

41:11 based on this channelized concept that you back here for the meandering streams.

41:23 . And um what do you think uh really good about brad streams

41:29 Just looking at that cross section since what we just talked about,

41:36 why would this be a potentially good rock. Then we were just talking

41:52 some of the intrinsic properties of, uh reservoirs. And we, we

42:01 out with this slide right here. the thing at the top there.

42:19 . What does Annetta gross look like ? This looks like something we go

42:26 , right. So you're gonna you're gonna have interfaces and stuff and

42:37 you're gonna have this might be a here, but it's a back or

42:41 you have this, you see some these uh reactivation services where it's cut

42:48 into some of the other previous And uh one of the things that

42:53 happen is you can have heavy minerals out and kind of create cements along

42:57 of it's uh an hour. really small beds. You can have

43:04 lot of uh things like this are even the wave forms of these beds

43:10 can have in here. You can a lot of apples and barriers to

43:16 . But uh with by and this is a really, uh they

43:20 to be a really good uh reservoir . And uh have you heard of

43:24 whole lot of braided streams that um are being produced in places? You

43:34 , there's, there's a band deltas in the uh the bray sands in

43:38 North Sea and they would be sort an amalgamation of braided streams coming down

43:45 a fan and they just happen to dumped into because of the rifting,

43:50 happen to be dumped into uh into North Sea where there's uh where there's

43:55 shall, that could turn into source . But normally, uh look at

44:00 picture up here of where it Um It's a lot easier to see

44:07 when I see. See it's Can you, uh can you see

44:14 there's kind of like mountains and stuff then, you know, in

44:23 you know, this is kind of channelized flow but you know, there

44:27 boundaries to it that are topographic and it's contained within that, but look

44:34 where you're at. OK. And every one of these terms that

44:40 that we mentioned are useful. Where that in terms of depositional dip,

44:53 about overall depositional dip uh of the of a continent, sway up at

45:06 top. OK. Here there is that give you much closer then,

45:26 know, this is really kind of important thing in terms of, you

45:28 , how you look at anything that here uh cartoon through your hands,

45:53 some reason to get it because the in the streams and get down

46:09 it's really bad. Yeah, but this all everything is and this is

46:16 out of that position here and get here. It goes almost every week

46:24 ever driven, was driving under on Texas coast. You notice how it

46:36 part of it. But there's a so, um, you have to

46:51 a lot of stuff. So, , here we, here we

46:54 we're getting to really low stuff. now we're gonna get, now we're

46:58 get nether extremism. They're gonna they're gonna be entered more and

47:05 The closer you get to the post what's happening to the post. What's

47:11 with the coastal plain as we get to the shore a lot.

47:21 but it's, it gets so it harder and harder to find a spot

47:29 to. So it's, this this is getting into confined mode,

47:35 here we're getting into, can everybody that? And so in the end

47:41 the war, then you get you get to down here and this

47:46 coastline and all of a sudden it's this and it's almost just slow and

47:53 there's nothing there. There's no the , the second frame. And so

47:58 have this strange stranger chances to come like this and you have to shoot

48:03 out like and uh so you go this to the jet and the sandstone

48:10 , drop out by rain and then something happens and this gets disturbed because

48:16 here's the slope and then you get base down here at the base of

48:20 slope. And so uh this is , way up, ok. In

48:28 of cements, what's going on over , got lots of minerals that haven't

48:36 chemically weathered coming out of the So lots of all sorts of

48:47 all sorts of, uh, stuff like that. So, way

48:55 here, you gotta worry about losing for that down here. Uh You're

49:02 a scanner that still close to the . Um, what are one of

49:09 things that we're looking for for I get probably a system what I

49:20 at. So, ok, or some point there may be a massive

49:31 customer deposit and you have something similar that. So you could upgrade coming

49:37 this. Uh But also when you the drift, yeah, you got

49:45 rotated blocks, you get a mountain up on one side and pull down

49:51 , into the, in the central it's gonna be sort of five

49:55 So that's one way you get this type of deposit for that type

50:00 deposit. So it tends to be great. And the, the,

50:06 great thing about this is for the inability and stack things that probably

50:12 baffles and, and there's probably baffles it, but not many barriers.

50:16 you could have huge sand mix like bray sands and the bray sands were

50:22 that look like the, you the, you look at a

50:25 it looks like building out on top uh of each other. And as

50:33 go further down the way up that down that one, the ne the

50:40 thing about these sands is only special . You get them close enough like

50:46 big uplift uh to where they can . And that's what was in those

50:50 diagrams where they can dump it into basin and may have source runs this

50:57 . You're far away from the, is, this is the hydraulic train

51:04 every, every drop of water and very spilling. So I was trying

51:08 go down to and uh the the reason it starts a platinum is

51:14 it's, it's, it's right in face. It's the flat, that's

51:20 this happens. OK. So these really good reservoir rocks, but you

51:28 get them near source rocks. That's hard point about these. It's,

51:35 not magic, it's just the way is. And you know, when

51:38 , when we can get fan deltas forming into a marine basin or a

51:43 basin, you can get significant uh uh sandstones uh that are encased in

51:51 cases or uh covering up a marine rocks or the source rocks.

52:12 I wanna do that. Uh For some reason, my controls just

52:20 working but now they're working. Um And this, this is kind

52:26 showing you um sometimes when you have really, really thick uh net

52:35 sometimes there'll be places where the permeability really, really uh drops, I

52:42 , goes up way, way high uh then you can actually,

52:48 lose here, you're trying to inject and uh uh most of the water

52:54 being injected comes out here because it's down here and it goes into

52:58 this big. So, and you get it down here to the

53:02 to the lower sandstone. So, it's just, it, you

53:07 when you have something that stacks sands this, sometimes there can be pockets

53:12 significantly increased uh permeability and they can a significant production problems. And this

53:18 for in injection. Well, Uh That's another little problem that you

53:24 get with, with lots of stack . Some of them can be a

53:28 bit cemented up. Other ones can wide open. And if you're uh

53:32 to inject water, a lot of water is gonna flow into the highest

53:36 and uh and not penetrate in the parts of the center. Ok.

53:41 is, so this is channel I and again, what the brain and

53:49 , there's usually some topography that confines . So what is this whole thing

53:54 here? What is this whole, do we, what would we call

54:02 area? We, what is this here? OK. So this is

54:20 screen, right? This is like current screen, but the current stream

54:26 moving around all the time and you know, the over thousands of

54:31 , not millions of years, but of years. It's been over here

54:35 over here. So what is this about? It's called the meander belt

54:44 I like to use the word channel . OK. So this is,

54:51 is a channel about, in other , there's channels in here and what

54:57 you see in here? See lots sand and then you see these shay

55:06 , right? So what's happening is at any, at any given

55:11 ? We have deposition here, we deposition on the inside here. We're

55:16 erosion, we're cutting over here because the high velocity is cutting into the

55:20 and trails that can find it. uh but through time, what's happened

55:27 there's been a lot of sand uh cutting into, into uh yeah,

55:37 bars are being deposited here, but the point bars, we have the

55:42 velocity and we're actually cutting and increasing length of these things. So

55:49 this is a channel built and this one of OK. And then is

55:58 whole series of changes. And this kind of important because when uh when

56:04 started doing attribute modeling of the depositional , one of the things that uh

56:11 were able to see in seismic were these big things that look like

56:23 I know big things that looked like and they were calling these scams,

56:29 gonna go out here and they get here. They kind of confused,

56:39 know, hey, we, we this all here. Now they were

56:44 can be. Channel belt is made of the amalgamation of channels through time

56:51 are confined by the topography uh over a long period of time and sometimes

56:59 level rise as we get closer, they're confined by this. And

57:05 uh then within them, they're meandering they're looking for the lowest gradient to

57:12 , keep that flow going because it's the flow is driven by gravity.

57:16 so if we get a deposit, new deposit over here, this starts

57:20 become high. And uh that's why keeps moving in this direction because this

57:24 , this is getting high here where leaving a sand behind. Uh on

57:28 more frequent basis, you know, have annual floods that would cover this

57:34 area with shale tin, you had layers uh being deposited in the

57:38 In other words, the sand is sand is isolated to this area.

57:43 new sand deposition gets isolated to But when there's a flood, the

57:48 covers this whole channel. And that's the shells are more consistent. And

57:53 um and the channel itself is cutting the flood. If you, if

57:58 come to the top of this, have shells all through your ear,

58:03 it, and the sands are encased that shape. And that's why

58:13 this is the reason why when you're in these kinds of deposits, correlating

58:18 um the shale resistivity markers are is essential and the sand, the sand

58:25 not, does not. Um, sand belts are gonna be broken

58:32 It's not gonna be a complete but there's always shales going like

58:36 The floodplain shales are like this because channel is cutting into it. So

58:40 always gonna be shales that look similar each other on either side of

58:45 But in the middle, you've got little pockets of sand, discontinuous

58:49 OK? And here's kind of a of looking at, you take this

58:54 belt and you just look at the of what's happening with the current

58:59 And uh here we're getting uh these deposits are probating out here while the

59:07 velocity is cutting through the flood And when the flood happens, we

59:12 what's known as a Crevasse play. the Louisiana term, a crevasse

59:18 it cuts through, it plays out this looks like a little mini

59:22 You fly over the Mississippi delta in helicopter. It looks like all these

59:26 mini deltas. So sometimes these crevasse can actually create uh sand bodies that

59:32 be produced. And uh it's, sort of repetitive view of you go

59:37 the way down to the coast, see that jet boat. But here

59:40 when a levee, when the natural breaks, you get that jet boat

59:45 out here like this just like so you kind of, it's like

59:49 hit base level on that floodplain. you out on top here is one

59:57 you might have an inter bay or and uh it comes and it builds

60:03 in the, so this could be little bit thicker and it's,

60:07 it's in the delta is like um, the sand, build a

60:13 that's just uh as, as it and grows. It keeps leaving these

60:19 all the way around the end of day though, this whole channel could

60:23 over to here. This all starts uh build up and over here there's

60:29 no sediment mode. This starts to over here or it sinks over there

60:34 where gravity then drives the sink over that direction and that so the whole

60:39 shift and that's why you end up things that look like these channel over

60:47 . This whole stream is moving back forth between this Geor boundary. It

60:53 the chain really. And this is of showing you a typical point bar

61:04 and permeability profile. Here's the here's the permeability. Um This would

61:12 uh the course or grain sandstone at bottom. So you have high permeability

61:16 here. This could, could create thief, stone a zone in some

61:21 . Um Another thing is if you , perp something like this, you

61:26 the whole section. Uh If if there's any water nearby, like

61:30 you had an oil water contact um, you're gonna get high flow

61:34 here and you're gonna start to pull water uh really quickly. So you

61:39 to be really careful how you put of these things that are uh flying

61:45 . And also if you don't wanna , uh, gravity is on your

61:49 , if you uh the top in other words, if we flip

61:52 over and it's, of course, grained up here, the top sand

61:55 be better. Um uh Even though it has that high permeability and porosity

62:03 because of gravity, it's harder for water to uh to pull in uh

62:09 that uh flow that's being created by well production. OK? And this

62:15 just showing you some uh good examples from our crops and, and just

62:22 uh things that you can see. you saw this in the big picture

62:27 you have play plugs that end up covering up the stream. When the

62:33 uh jumps, you have a V the stream goes to a lower uh

62:41 grabbing, then you're gonna leave a plug behind us. So um and

62:50 uh this, this is also, remember talking about uh something that was

62:55 thief. So for injection, but is, this is showing you how

63:01 uh this would be one of these , uh point bar deposit binds upwards

63:07 really high. You got the oil contact coming in once, once it

63:12 pumping through perforation. Here, you to, uh, sweep it really

63:17 and it's gonna bypass this oil here you could leave some oil behind.

63:25 it's just kind of showing the complexities , uh, of delta system or

63:30 meandering stream systems. Uh, but there's, um, it's amazing how

63:41 it is on here. You can , uh how there could be some

63:48 and barriers to flow. Here. are bars, the shells boundaries here

63:54 bar was, these are probating point . In other words, um it's

64:01 of hard when you get one, kind of the same way like we

64:04 a point bar here and the end uh increases uh it moves in this

64:11 to keep adding uh additional point bars like that. But there will be

64:16 plugs behind them and uh you could something to curve out here and maybe

64:22 another one and you'll have another point . And um this whole area in

64:26 could be just like that because this originally straight and it's left a clay

64:31 behind and it fills out here, plug behind, it fills out

64:38 So these are some of the reservoir in terms of shapes and sizes uh

64:44 we can see. And there's, again um another diagram showing kind of

64:48 same thing and here's an outcrop that shows that as well. And um

64:58 is the thing about you know, , here is the channel though,

65:04 like this. Here's the current but, but uh each one will

65:09 something that looks like this, an like this. But this is just

65:13 point in time as the channel moves thousands of years, there'll be subsidence

65:19 and you'll get channels built up over of it so that you can have

65:24 pattern like this, maybe turned around other way on top of it and

65:28 pattern like that again, turned around way. In other words, it

65:31 be very but penetrate. Well, might go through a couple of bars

65:36 you might go into a bar and just so it gets uh this is

65:44 one stream system, but then the stream system within that channel that could

65:49 oriented a little bit different and you uh you might have a sandstone here

65:53 the, the next younger one in sandstone. And then you're, you're

65:57 this gap where uh you've got floodplain in between. So that's the complexity

66:03 uh rivers. Has anybody ever done work in uh fluvial systems?

66:09 They're really, people pull their pull out their hair all the time

66:14 to say uh again, if if you had a really good uh

66:21 seismic a few years to getting better , but I used to kind of

66:26 this was all because it's a it looks like a channel. And

66:31 talking about this feature, this looks a channel but it's not, it's

66:37 a complex uh through time stacking of successive river channels like this, it

66:46 this big channel and it gets it's complex, complex vertically. And also

66:54 where the front and sand bottles But all along, if you're correlating

66:59 along the shas the sands come and , the shall go all the way

67:03 go all the way across the. . That's why you do the correlation

67:09 channels, especially in this type of . OK. And then um um

67:19 thing um I don't know if I any diagrams that show it, I

67:22 don't, probably pulls it out. . Uh I have for every one

67:29 these uh presentations I give you, have almost as many slides that I

67:33 shown you that as compared to the that I do show like I might

67:37 100 I might show you 50 but I might have 100 and 25

67:41 related to this that uh that I'm showing you because we just don't have

67:46 . But one thing I wanna um you again is, is, you

67:50 , this is a point in And so we, we've got these

67:55 kind of sand bodies like in this , we have these disjunct sand bodies

68:08 are forming within the channel bell, topographic confinement, that channel belt,

68:14 getting this, you know, we a block here and then we get

68:16 shaped like that, but maybe a orientation. Uh and um you subsidence

68:23 space and you're creating lots of accommodation . A lot of times there are

68:28 over here the next so runs on computer. So if you look at

68:33 as a stab, if you have subsidence of these sediments, which happens

68:43 lot, just the sediment load. Now, if you, if you're

68:48 at, I haven't seen them over , I see this is sort of

68:54 at if I cut this is down dip. But if I cut through

69:02 , I cut through there, I see something good. So um but

69:06 just say I got to the front I did that one sandwich. Uh

69:12 citti is significant for sea level is , often what happens with it?

69:19 like you're gonna change up the Uh when, when the post close

69:27 close, you start getting more. um if you had high subsidence is

69:35 end, this is looking up that , we down that look like very

69:47 subsidence or like it's a chance for communication about some of these, some

70:03 the bodies. But you end up amalgamated rather than, you know,

70:10 fast, you end up with all sand bodies and all. So they

70:15 smaller flow flow units here. You have the amalgamated flows Bye. A

70:24 bit of finance and right on top the baby. Next one does the

70:30 thing over here and then one right the middle and then, you

70:34 the starting to way down. So see one over here over here

70:40 yeah, hello. There was a of mud. It was sinking

70:49 You know, you'll have a sand here. You'll have all the way

70:52 here and over here with lots in other words, the channel is

70:59 fast. So the next one comes because he got into it. So

71:04 are isolated bodies. The other you have amalgamated bodies are gonna be

71:11 like um um like a braided stream you have lots of stacks. So

71:17 really want to get something uh that's like this maybe closer to the coast

71:22 it might be near uh marine Uh It could be, it could

71:28 up in other words, just like that on top of stuff.

71:41 And that's kind of how and here the different uh the three major types

71:46 every delta system is completely different. the forces of nature uh suggest that

71:54 are ones that are wave dominated, are ones that are title dominated and

72:00 are ones that are, and this relates to um the, the hydro

72:12 with this area. For example, you have low tidal ranges, you're

72:17 gonna see wave dominant. Why do see wave dominated because the tides aren't

72:23 this because when the tides are uh The, um, the title

72:31 channels are very deep and they come up in, into this. So

72:35 lot of the sand bodies are grip bigger. Ridiculous to slow here.

72:41 all parallel to the shoreline and they create, create the shoreline. Here

72:46 a, a fluvial, uh, dominated delta. It's also like the

72:53 , you get this bird flu type . It's very, so it's building

72:57 levees as it grows out and it's to get something like this when the

73:04 are going up and down. What of time range do we have?

73:14 really low. So micro, back the wind blows from the south of

73:20 north, the wind tides which have to do with the lunar, with

73:25 tides, the wind tides are often and greater in print than the,

73:30 the lunar solar tides. It's uh but, but the this,

73:37 type of river is usually very mud and it has a little bit of

73:40 because it's mud rich. It builds own levee all the way out and

73:44 puts lots of mud out in to those mud ones that I was

73:50 Ok. And um now a purist course, will look at some of

73:56 sand bodies and they will notice that bodies are oriented, belongs to a

74:03 which is a, which is a another fact Ofra of wind. So

74:09 , wind, wind energy is actually an impact on these birds or

74:15 And um Johnny bought a chart and talk about it, what it is

74:19 play the game. He pointed out , uh, you know, the

74:26 really built my house where the, , you know, it's, I

74:32 he was doing it because people, engineers were starting to look for these

74:38 bodies that would be a specific And he was trying to point out

74:42 the shapes they offered by some of other forces. Once it gets

74:47 the lu dominated thing creates something that like this. But obviously, if

74:52 storms like a hurricane or anything wind and waves are going to have

74:56 impact on. So, uh that's , so it's not gonna look like

75:03 , but some of the sand bodies be, uh moved around as though

75:08 and may work. Ok. And so here we have things that pro

75:17 way out and uh that they're they're actually building substrate with all that

75:24 and is building out on the top that. It's like a living

75:28 It's, it's creating land moving it this direction. Here, the sediment

75:33 down in a wave just kind of it back and forth like this and

75:38 it out here. The tides are big so they're driving it way in

75:42 like this and then pulling it way out with the tidal deltas and stuff

75:48 that. But they're mostly linear and these are mostly line clear, perpendicular

75:55 the coastline. Those are always define coastline and you just kind of flop

76:01 and build their own, their own , they build their own foundation and

76:05 they grow over top of it. . And here is uh uh delta

76:12 um I used to spend a lot time on this because I have some

76:18 great pictures of, of, of for vast places that look exactly like

76:24 is uh this is one of the that got me excited about sediment to

76:30 uh one of these uh alluvial dominated . And here's the pro delta channels

76:37 here and I'm gonna try to go this really quick. Uh Here you

76:42 this jet float that's coming out here this. The brakes are put on

76:46 course or grain sands fall out in of the um oh even of

76:53 or, you know, you might some bobbles and pebbles that are,

76:56 are traction um motion coming along the and it did end up here.

77:02 the courses are green sands fall out for the distribution amount because when I

77:08 learned about it, they were it took me a long time to

77:11 out and some professors call them B , understand. And it's like what

77:22 gonna do, we have in We're gonna go to the, we're

77:24 go to the bar. Ok. is the distal bar. This is

77:29 be the silts and finer grain And then out here, all those

77:34 , those plays do that about 200 from the Gulf. And so this

77:44 building a foundation and this pro grades on top of that age and then

77:52 poor grain sands build up. So is a coarsening upward sequence. It

77:57 out over top of the shale. uh you get these, uh and

78:02 course, the shale is full of as it starts to dewater. It

78:06 is less dense as it's dewatering. it starts to push up through the

78:10 . And that's why you get those the mud volcanoes will actually come,

78:16 when, when this is flowing uh when there's a flood, um

78:24 this point in time when there's a , there's gonna be some shields that

78:28 to build out. And the first that happens, um Here's,

78:33 here's the, here's the levee that's formed and there's marsh beside it,

78:39 grass is gonna hold it. But here we go to work this

78:44 not the vertical bar. The horizontal when it comes to the jet

78:50 a lot of the um set that grade stuff's going like this.

78:54 but the clay splays over like this these sub a, in other

79:00 it's starting to make its own level that, that clay builds up and

79:05 up eventually it becomes available. And and it's like this. So,

79:11 know, three months later, you , this thing will be out here

79:17 uh depending on the uh the date settlement accumulation due to the settlement

79:22 But these things are always growing like , like it's almost like a

79:27 It's almost like a tree, but building its levee, it's building its

79:32 , it's covering the base with sand a really solid foundation. And then

79:37 also creating these sub Agnes levees that become sub aerial. And uh here's

79:44 sub aerial levee and a marsh forms on top of the place that was

79:49 out over here. So like you a flood and it comes up and

79:52 comes up, eventually it becomes emerging it becomes a flooding. And uh

80:00 have, I have from a I have pictures of some of the

80:04 plays that look exactly like this for delta front. And like I told

80:08 , it's almost like a mirror image a smaller delta. And you can

80:11 see, you can actually see the Acnes levees through the water and uh

80:17 how that and that just happens like one flood of it. And uh

80:22 it, and you actually see you actually see how it pro grades into

80:26 basin, all the little elements of pas and the big sand, the

80:32 sand body that we're looking for is one right here, the DMB,

80:36 statuary mouth. And, uh, is just showing you the, the

80:42 of, uh, oh, of same. There's a BMV. Over

80:48 , here's the channel, the channel be porc or grain. And of

80:52 , flow is almost like a jet . We've stopped doing the meandering because

80:56 coming to that last, that last of elevation that's just coming out.

81:02 , it hits, it hits that hits the base level and there's no

81:07 and it all starts to drop But the water on the top,

81:11 , the, the uh less sense , the clay particles in. So

81:16 out as far as 200 miles of dropping that all the way up the

81:22 time. And so, so that's kind of the sand, the

81:29 sand body that we're looking for in delta. And this is just showing

81:35 like cross sections of what it looks when you uh you get uh uh

81:41 of the channels and, and you to uh to get to the point

81:44 you're hitting part of the point And here are some of the log

81:55 , um they call them profiles, uh people started falling in their teeth

82:02 uh is there like shape patterns? um this is um sort of a

82:12 stack of stacking point bars. They're this is sort of the distal part

82:18 the disc mouth part. This is approximal or closer to the opening.

82:23 this is very approximal right at the . And uh sometimes you'll see something

82:28 this. This, this is reflecting , more uh subsidence. We get

82:34 and then there's a little shell break then we get another one program out

82:37 it. This one is showing uh scenario where there's no gap here.

82:44 just pro grades right on top of one even cuts into it. And

82:47 one would cut into it and you up with something like this, but

82:50 going from, from uh shallow but water here, too shallower and

82:57 shallow. And uh, and uh if subsidence is rapid or the

83:06 mouth bar is moving around quite a , you might get one deposit and

83:11 it's moved over here and then another here and then it's moved over to

83:16 and then another one here, of , it could have moved over

83:19 That's right. And then this is you tell the difference here. The

83:24 channel, uh if you have a screen looks like this. And uh

83:31 thing that you can tell if you the main channel, one of the

83:34 that's characteristic of the channel distributor channel you have this really big sandstone

83:40 um, it's not a point it's just, it's spilling in as

83:44 , as it sinks the, the deposit. Have you start building it

83:51 as a, like this? And , um, quite often distributor mouth

83:58 looks just like that you don't you don't see this phase of because

84:06 looks to me, this looks more on the entering screen. This looks

84:10 be either way and this one probably absolutely would have to be a

84:19 OK. And, and so here's I was talking about the whole

84:23 mud's coming out of here. It's up the basal part of the foundation

84:27 the, the pro delta sediments are out on top of that in the

84:33 here. And so this is one of time here, another period of

84:43 , this year, another period of , it's a year, sort of

84:50 they're almost uh teeny contemporaneous, but was first deposited, it's growing in

84:56 direction, it's pro in this direction these look like timelines. Uh This

85:01 what you see with seismic reflection because is, this is more compacted than

85:09 , which is more compacted again. you get the, you'll see uh

85:14 climate forms. And that's one of , one of the neat things I

85:17 about seismic is seeing that Strat graphic , it really relates to uh

85:24 Uh Here you're gonna see um uh of this, this part kind of

85:32 . It's sort of a down lapping here, this would be down lapping

85:35 this would be dead. And uh gonna see that in uh in a

85:40 of seismic stuff when you're doing the or seismic you're doing with Jonathan.

85:46 this is uh showing you um through what can happen. Um First you

85:55 uh the deltaic sands and then on of that, you'll have fluvial.

86:02 as long as this thing keeps here's the dolphin. But as this

86:08 it gets over here, it's all be subsiding and the river channel is

86:13 come over the top. So it out on top. OK. And

86:26 another thing that we'll look at are plastics. Um You know, there's

86:31 lot of depositional systems and uh and kind of make it brief in here

86:37 you the prey had a whole course it. But uh in terms of

86:43 oil system, oil system, the thing that we started looking at was

86:50 how do you get sediments offshore? of course, it's these turbo

86:55 And uh if I draw on this over here where we're going with

87:07 you know, in this picture, mentioned the created screens up here,

87:11 entering screens here and then the deposition have coming down. Now what we

87:23 here is the score line. Oh see. Now to land here.

87:43 , we got the deltas here. got the streets here and the streets

87:51 . Yeah, fans here. And course, if there's some kind of

87:57 and we have a ba or a a Lugo fan becomes a fan dolphin

88:02 he actually dump it straight into or into a big, but now we're

88:08 look at this part come in on it on the shelf and we get

88:15 , we get a bad, you , and then we get down

88:20 So, you know, we've already about it. There are things that

88:24 happen up the file, excuse way up here in terms of deposits

88:39 here, it's usually bypass. So usually seven bypass. In other

88:47 something happens here. It disrupts a bit of the grave here and disrupts

88:55 the uh very wet seven here when kind of starts to slow down if

89:00 like the, I don't know. then we get the how much much

89:10 coming with it. And uh and very, uh you can see that

89:14 There's lots of lamination. They're inter with shales and sand. So you

89:19 sand, shale, sand, sand shall, but they can be

89:23 thick and it's also very broad, , so they can be very

89:27 One of the main things about turtle is that they're very, so this

89:35 the base of the four, a of. And uh and so this

89:44 kind of what the model is. of course, at one time you

89:47 had one model for this. Uh I called it the Walker Model.

89:52 Walker uh published a book, a systems about, did you use that

89:59 build the first place? Oh, didn't, did you, did you

90:04 Walkers uh that was in the OK. Um It was a,

90:10 usually a white book. Uh Salt . Yeah. Yes. Yeah.

90:22 . But anyway, he had, had one model in space for and

90:26 they first started doing size, this the the of the camp. Now

90:34 the of Mexico, you get these called. So the instead of having

91:02 like this, but you, they , they fill in like like

91:31 And I think I've already shared the and uh Turin, I might have

91:35 start, I have a series of . This one builds up, put

91:42 air so well in here. in here, same definition setting,

91:49 things going on. All the uh sequences can look identical but people will

91:55 it. All of these hands are and uh and that's where uh paleontology

92:05 really helpful. But so, so worked on a big thing there.

92:09 uh one thing that I often test on is I like this because this

92:17 , this is uh one thing let's . Did I forget one thing?

92:21 . Well, this is, this showing you uh the typical basins board

92:27 has um as one source channel. then looking around the world, people

92:33 up with the idea, you know ? There's lots of, lots

92:38 there's places where there's multiple channels, places that have 234, some that

92:45 one. So when, uh I we were getting a little bit brighter

92:51 we did deltas, we came up three types of delta that could be

92:54 by three different things. A little more or less. 11 was

92:59 one was predominantly and one was So when they started doing these,

93:06 realized that uh when they started to the uh maybe the late, they

93:15 nothing about it except for the oil , went out and did a lot

93:22 stuff and we ended up with, think there's um probably 1000 models of

93:29 types of sorry. And, but showing you here. It is

93:35 This, this is an actually that used to sequence and that is what

93:49 would call the Walker. So one that's very different in the Gulf of

93:57 is you have this salt and the creates, you know, it moves

94:06 you've got diapers that stick up and got evacuated faces underneath it. In

94:11 words, we have relief, positive in between uh one of the capstone

94:20 that, that we have here actually work on um Are you guys getting

94:27 ? Let me just get rid, done with this one. One

94:30 one of the capstone uh things that had was um in Brazil is the

94:36 of Brazil. And one of the they got out of this. But

94:41 they had a lot of size to the guy to say it basically uh

94:48 geo tech that was doing the Geophysical that you, but he had their

94:54 running in full tilt 24 hours a when nobody else was used to,

94:59 come up with these images. But , they said, you know,

95:03 take it down in the convey and . But all this stuff which has

95:08 many bases, bases uh offshore Brazil they have sold deposits for sure.

95:15 any, any uh time slices and time slices show that through time,

95:21 know, this 1 may have kept up and uh that one stopped and

95:26 created a basin over here. So can actually see the channels moving around

95:31 salt, then the salt, this ends up not being as

95:36 So over here, there was another over in the channel across that over

95:42 . But you could see the many moving like this to because he went

95:47 a time. So it was really resolution, you know, but he

95:51 get in trouble because all of all of the geologists and just wanted

95:56 know why he wasn't doing that high for now. And uh it turns

96:03 , I mean, it costs a of money to do the, if

96:05 did it, uh he was able , uh you know, nobody else

96:12 doing any of the work at Sometimes they have work scheduled, but

96:15 was doing it, not work And he did this really high resolution

96:19 . And you could see, see pods not only uh at any one

96:24 slice were separated, but you could how they were shifting as the movement

96:29 through time. It was absolutely And uh I wish I had that

96:35 at this time. They wouldn't let have it. And uh and I've

96:42 been to a meeting and seen anything looked as good as this ever.

96:47 The, the terrible thing about working students that don't have to publish their

96:52 is that you see stuff that you wish you could publish and I hope

96:57 guys come up with something but you or may not. But anyway,

97:00 to me, this model is very . And uh so I often made

97:07 test question about it and um it be something like, you know,

97:13 is this, what is the unique of uh Turin build up deep water

97:21 in the Gulf of Mexico. It's from most other parts of the world

97:24 most other parts of the world you this slope stars that's all sediment

97:33 You may get an in size valley that's a channel. But then when

97:37 get to the base, you have base and poor fan, you have

97:40 thing that's called the lower fan in in the Gulf of Mexico because there's

97:45 that slope. It's not just it's not just a uh so just

97:50 a stuff. It's anybody imagine anywhere in the world that might have pockets

97:59 this for not, didn't point it when we were looking at them,

98:12 we were talking about basic margins You get a created, we sometimes

98:20 create like 11 55 oh like So I just kind of you

98:43 you get these little like little they , they go after the and around

98:53 world that appear that's been silence, silence like that. You know,

98:59 amazing. A lot of them they out over the next in uh in

99:03 east. It's got a bunch of like that. Yeah, or excuse

99:18 , no, they're not really just Mexico but this, this, this

99:23 combination of a uh slow that's interacting this. So it's fairly unique

99:33 Um There are other places where you see this happen. Obviously, Brazil

99:38 Brazil. Well, one of, of the, you know, um

99:44 from the historical perspective, Exxonmobil is us or Exxon with their, with

99:51 uh sequence, the we got all deposits up here and then we have

99:55 deposits up here. Nothing's going on for years and years and years,

99:59 talking about them and then all of sudden, but many, that's one

100:04 the reasons why we get them. created a completely different part of

100:11 But, uh, but they're they disrupt that until it slow their

100:20 out of their. And, and it had, this happens in

100:25 parts as well. But I I think in the Gulf of

100:28 it's a, it's, it's, kind of stands out because, you

100:33 , we were always thinking we had up here. We had some uh

100:38 con con out of here, get deposits out of here than everything else

100:44 . But then we found out where go. So I think it's really

100:50 if you're working in the Gulf of , it's not the only place that

100:54 , but it's a very unique thing the Gulf of Mexico. Relative to

100:58 places. The east coast, most the east coast doesn't have anything like

101:04 back. The east coast had 11 uh pro grading delta and uh and

101:10 we killed it with dams, we up all the sediment on.

101:16 And then the last one of these is gonna be um um submarine

101:24 And uh one of the things that sometimes when these turbo I uh come

101:30 , they don't just all stop They keep flowing, they create uh

101:35 uh and they're pretty significant. And there's some in chile that you can

101:39 in outcrop. And uh so you these deposits that uh that extend across

101:46 , but the uh basin floor. and they go for miles and here

101:52 a diagram, this was a dendritic that was based on the Demery that

102:00 have. And they kind of showed some of these things can actually go

102:03 the way across the. And there's that I shared with you in this

102:07 , the Mexican probably uh were uh similar to this, you know,

102:14 , they're out on the bases for the total base, the base,

102:22 they are way out of the. uh so the effect is, I

102:32 it's probably, I don't think that's , but it's, it's a little

102:36 that's read about it here. so it could be some of these

102:40 that I would show you that seismic , yesterday. And here's how complicated

102:48 can be. And they actually do uh levees have their own levees

102:53 Oh, they, um, they meander a lot but they, they

102:58 up vertically and move just a little and uh some of these uh over

103:04 deposits can be good, but the ones are gonna be the channel complexes

103:08 are carrying most of the course of . And in this case, you

103:12 see that they're stacking up on top each other. Uh rather than meandering

103:17 lot like this kind of get channelized . There's, there's not a lot

103:20 going on with the topography usually. , uh, and so they kind

103:25 stay within that channel once it starts develop, uh, they kind of

103:29 within that and as it subsides a bit, they tend to,

103:33 more often they're not stack very but they're almost always over top of

103:38 other. And, um there's some neat out crops and chili um that

103:45 he used to be Vice President of . He was a student here.

103:50 uh Rick Bo uh did a, dissertation on some of these things or

103:54 it was a research project um that crop uh at the southern end of

104:01 back where, where all the channels everything are very uh difficult for

104:05 for ships to travel. So with , we're gonna take a break.

104:18 guys, let me talk for two again. Let me just quickly ask

104:28 , do you guys uh find this interesting? I don't know.

104:37 I get excited about this but maybe else doesn't, but it's um this

104:48 gonna be a migration of oil and think we already talked about this a

104:53 bit because as usual, I find in the middle of a explanation of

105:00 and uh you kind of, I of have to tell you things that

105:04 don't get to yet but uh you , we're, we're looking at

105:09 um we're looking at the seals, we're looking at the reservoirs from an

105:15 exploitation point of view. Then of , this becomes real important, the

105:20 of oil. And uh so uh geologists in here know this for

105:26 except I'd be interested in seeing what , what they say when I show

105:30 next diagram. So uh Stephanie, need to, you need to make

105:36 that, you know, Stephanie, need to make sure you know those

105:42 . Yeah. Any time there's a of three things that makes a good

105:46 question because I can make up I can make up uh four or

105:50 things. Two of them may have to do with it and then three

105:53 might confuse you. So um oh did that go? Is she gone

106:04 ? OK. Anyway, I thought might get upset about some of

106:08 Let's see, one of these days gonna figure out why this is different

106:18 time I open it. Um So migration is what since every, since

106:29 of you? Well, three of anyway, already had this class.

106:42 . Primary primary m migration is what I say? Tertiary probably did.

106:49 was thinking, I was thinking of else. Uh tertiary is leaking but

106:53 primary is what, what's another word primary migration? Expulsion, right?

107:12 , and primary migration is just this , right? Here uh from a

107:18 rock to a conduit, from a rock to a conduit. OK.

107:24 be a reservoir or could be a . Like in this case, it's

107:30 that it could be a conduit. this case, it's showing that it's

107:34 right into a reservoir rock. In case, it's going right into a

107:38 . But when it, when it from the tight shale into a more

107:45 and permeable unit, that's called primary or expulsion. OK? Then the

107:59 is what, which one of these arrows is secondary migration. Yeah.

108:30 like this is going from a reservoir a reservoir, this is going from

108:33 reservoir to presumably something that um can you into the reservoir. So whenever

108:40 gets into the reservoir, it's going a conduit to a reservoir. Uh

108:47 secondary migration. So coming from going into that is secondary migration that

108:53 accumulation. This is also a all stuff moving from one spot actually to

109:00 after it's been expelled is secondary migration from here all the way up to

109:07 secondary migration, going from here to secondary migration. Uh gone up here's

109:14 primary migration right there because it's going into a reservoir. Um but

109:21 but mainly it's coming out of the , it's expulsion right there and uh

109:26 any need for secondary migration. But of this in here is secondary

109:31 OK? And if there's a reservoir here and it follows up the fault

109:36 this and it gets uh caught in . This is secondary migration too right

109:47 . OK. And then what what would this be uh if it

109:51 to travel through here? And this to be the water column, I

109:58 ? Or no, it isn't. is uh in the subsurface. So

110:01 migrating from here to outside of the mass. This is the process of

110:08 migrations. But if this went from to another reservoir, it would still

110:12 secondary. If it went to another here, it would be secondary comes

110:18 here and goes to the surface that's . OK? For sure. Like

110:26 . Yeah. Well, that's when makes it to blue skies, I

110:30 is the way to put it. , if it gets in the

110:33 it's, it's gone too. It's of the subsurface. The act of

110:40 from in the rocks to the ocean the atmosphere is tertiary. So this

110:48 supposed to be water. That's why bubbles. So going from here to

110:52 is is uh tertiary. If, there wasn't an ocean that it was

110:58 land, that would be tertiary Anyway, any time you go from

111:02 subsurface to something above the subsurface is is gonna be tertiary. OK.

111:12 Proposed mechanisms for primary migration. Uh don't go into a lot of detail

111:19 this and hopefully, you might have some of this in geochemistry, but

111:25 um um there are a lot different that there's gonna be water in

111:33 And of course, we know from unconventional is that there's a lot of

111:37 tertiary migration that's facilitated by uh water in the system. Um uh without

111:48 being there, you know, you uh things that actually go from a

111:55 a liquid phase or fluid phase to uh lighter fluid phases of good will

112:04 gas and then to um and then , yes, also, so you

112:10 , you have things that make it viscous uh would be uh would be

112:16 conducive to it. But what really um in a lot of this is

112:23 you know, some of it can without fractures. Oh This, this

112:30 of my ear volume induce fracturing is a really um important one. And

112:39 part of that is uh when the solid turns into a liquid, it's

112:46 expand and that expansion creates f fracturing the rocks. So that's gonna create

112:51 space. Uh But here, there's , you know, framework of Perin

112:57 a make a long story short. this doesn't any, any no single

113:03 of these things actually works that it of works in concert all of this

113:07 going on. And uh here's what when you have uh some microfractures in

113:14 organic rich shale, you're gonna have gaps there may not be any offsets

113:20 . So it's just a fracture and shells aren't that brittle. But uh

113:26 what can happen when you start losing is uh is you, you will

113:31 creating fractures. In other words, , if it had water and sea

113:36 , uh it could reach sort of more red state and actually develop some

113:41 in the organic rich material. But organic rich material again, uh as

113:46 turning into a liquid, uh it's expand and it's gonna start building

113:52 And so, so you have all those processes going on at the same

113:57 . And uh I had a discussion Andre Basada who you, you guys

114:03 get. But uh he said it's of like, you know, without

114:07 else, you know, that expansion like this and it kind of reaches

114:11 certain pressure and then it goes to fracture or another spot in the

114:15 it kind of burps its way through rock until it gets to the

114:19 But uh but we, we have lot of uh pathways in terms of

114:25 micro fractures and or organic rich Uh We also have things like this

114:32 you have um uh Here's the organic is the dark stuff, a little

114:38 of organic matter here. So things kind of trickle into to where there's

114:42 lot of uh organic matter. And course, that organic matter when it

114:46 to liquid, it's gonna create a moves, it's gonna create a vacuum

114:50 it more or less than you're gonna . You're gonna end up with uh

114:54 was organic material starts to become as , as it starts to um for

115:01 , this starts to become more liquid it's pushing its way through from an

115:04 pressure. And um and it's also behind gaps and of course, uh

115:17 is stress, it's showing here that can be stress bearing organic material.

115:21 there could be some collapse of that too. But, but at the

115:25 time, that organic matter turns into fluid that's more voluminous than the organic

115:30 itself. So everybody kind of get concept of that, you know,

115:36 have, you have a solid turning a liquid, the liquid is more

115:42 , um the solid that may be it is under pressure. But then

115:48 have something that's solid filling this void wants to fill an even native.

116:02 uh there's a lot of uh things that are used to um uh sort

116:10 measure expulsion efficiency. One of them uh looking at uh uh the amount

116:20 expulsion that you get. And this uh here is the carbon number.

116:24 you're getting bigger molecules. And uh this is just showing you that uh

116:32 more the more that you uh you , as you get more and more

116:36 , uh the carbon uh number uh is gonna be higher with the,

116:43 the bigger molecules and the smaller molecules gonna, are gonna be coming out

116:50 . And as, as it progresses the bigger molecules, you're gonna end

116:55 with a little bit less expulsion and , and it's trying to show you

117:10 uh the expulsion is gonna be slower you have the bigger molecules is basically

117:14 they're, uh we're trying to show this here though. The lighter ones

117:18 , are greater expulsion of the lighter and less expulsion of the larger

117:25 Ok. Uh Then there's these Here's Cambridge clay example and this is

117:32 petroleum is the hydrogen index. Uh so in getting, you know,

117:43 to Ron, what's happening when you the higher hydrogen index, put this

117:51 the end. Well, here's, , well, one and two and

118:11 is showing you that there's sort of trend, you know, with

118:14 Um, you're gonna, you're gonna expulsion, uh, pickers really

118:19 of the, uh the lower hydrogen . What, what does that high

118:23 index means? Nobody knows. Well, we won't talk about it

119:00 . Well, uh, just to it simple what, what, which

119:04 has the highest hydrogen index, right? Yeah, something, you

119:15 , I'm not quite sure how you all, you know, but this

119:18 just showing you the, the lights coming off first and the heavier are

119:22 from a mid depth first, you more heat and you're getting more expulsion

119:26 on. And, uh, so what's happening. But basically, uh

119:31 , it's showing you as you Is that what it kind of says

119:37 general? Is that when you're spelling , you're getting more exhausted. They

119:46 , they have your spelling, the exposure you get them. Ok?

119:50 the volatile will come off first. . What is this one? This

119:55 called the petroleum generation index or more being generated? And uh here

120:03 you can see with death that you're you're gonna have more and more

120:10 So sometimes that, that pressure has uh an impact on it. And

120:15 over here is increased depletion, which um sort of the uh inverse to

120:23 here, there's a limited inflation. is sort of uh on that scale

120:30 you go in this direction, you're more and more depletion. OK?

120:38 um that's as simple as I can those things. And um uh there's

120:43 about a 90% chance. I'm not ask you about that. But uh

120:48 point that I'm trying to make is multiple graphical methods that they can use

120:53 plots to see where they're getting the depletion going on in a particular

120:58 And obviously the deeper it's barrier, happening, the deeper a rock gets

121:06 . So like a rocks up here it's got carriages in it, and

121:09 starts to deplete. Right. As gets buried deeper and deeper, you're

121:14 higher pressures, higher temperatures. What's as that goes on, the heavier

121:21 are gonna be, are becoming The lighter ones will come out

121:29 The, the issue with this in some ways for you to understand

121:32 is, it's, it's not a of it, of the same rock

121:36 deeper and deeper. It's actually, , shallow up. It hasn't been

121:41 long enough or hot enough to get bigger molecules out yet because they're different

121:46 or different source rocks. OK? showed you this before and this is

121:52 fill and spill thing. And uh we're talking about migration and long distance

121:59 can cause uh fractionation of the uh oil and gas. And this is

122:06 you how the lighter stuff can actually trapped down here. Well, the

122:10 stuff moves up in this direction because fills and spills. This one builds

122:17 the lighter stuff say you're getting a of lights and heavy as light stuff

122:23 up. It's gonna keep bubbling up here and it's eventually gonna displace this

122:28 point and the heavier stuff will come here. So that's one way uh

122:32 is, you're coming up to, can go from light to heavy.

122:37 , what did, what did I you about when I talk about an

122:42 thing called the uh 1001 28. this was a good and,

123:03 and these sands coming up against and they were so heavy fighter,

123:12 fighter in the, it's about 25 along this in the, uh,

123:24 the Gulf of Mexico. And, , it's just the opposite of this

123:28 . You're going up, up and seeing it, um, get heavier

123:33 heavier as you come up in, that case, it looked like I

123:42 is that this uh continuous system at time that the fault violated,

123:51 Filled in just like uh there was , there was one tank, whether

123:56 the light shut you can buy. , I will see right here.

124:03 do you have your, so, that's one of the um sort of

124:10 of the uh sources of evidence for dilation of a fault to a certain

124:16 to where it becomes an open And at that point, you've got

124:22 oil water contacts down, dip and from that shell that are pushing the

124:27 towards it. And the ones at top are filling up with gas

124:31 and then no more can migrate up that. And then it just uh

124:35 then it density segregates all the way the section. Complete opposite of what

124:40 in that first. Here's another Here is uh where we're getting oil

124:52 here. And uh and see the gravity is uh getting lower and lower

125:00 lower which means the density is getting and greater. And, uh,

125:06 what it's showing you is some of stuff that's cooked longer, uh,

125:10 getting lighter, lighter stuff and, , things are migrating up in this

125:14 and, and the immature stuff has broken down as much and you still

125:19 the heavier. In other words, , as, uh generation starts,

125:23 gonna get the ball of those off and then it gets heavier and

125:27 So this, this uh oil down has a lot of deep die.

125:34 uh the lights are already out. it's sort of a complete one.

125:38 up here, you just have um complete compound, excuse me, mixture

125:46 compounds with the lights and the heavy this one is just a,

125:50 it's still out there. And um sometimes it, it also relates to

125:57 these long migrational pathways really relate to kind of thing that this kind of

126:05 here too so that you're, you , you might be getting a lot

126:09 generation here in up if you're getting the heavier fractions. Of course,

126:15 is where we get a lot of , we and a similar thing in

126:20 Canada there. And um this is did you ever do this in basin

126:33 that those of you that had basin ? Yeah. Hey, this is

126:44 sort of showing a migration um diagram this right here. Would be the

126:56 sort of the kitchen. And they're looking at topography structures such that

127:03 what, what are the dips on structure that allow things to migrate up

127:09 up here up here? And these the, these are the uh topographic

127:15 uh essentially in, in the uh the rocks that actually have the

127:20 And so you can see that you um kitchens where uh stuff is migrating

127:26 up to this one over here. would be at the lowest point have

127:32 here. So basically, it's showing the loads like the um if you

127:36 at the Houston Basin, not gonna around Houston, we have like

127:52 the tension is down here. Think something called a terrible structure or a

128:00 . It's full of a lot of underneath that structure migrates out this correction

128:13 uh this, this uh 100 plus dollar here, 100 plus million here

128:22 there. So you have all these fields around her and song one.

128:52 one plan these things um be a section right here. And so you've

129:00 the kitchen down here in the and , it's coming up. The east

129:08 either side because the events are like all the way around. So basically

129:19 a structure map of um sources about structure that comes up to the side

129:32 that's what this is you favorite, Green Canyon rather. Um These are

129:39 high structures and these are the low . In other words, here's a

129:43 , here's a kitchen, there's a , here, here's a kitchen

129:47 in some cases, it may be fault that's at the low point that's

129:51 from even a deeper kitchen. But these are the low points and the

129:55 pathways are revered mapped so that you see the topography at a certain point

130:00 time and what the migrational pathways would . And here's kind of what it

130:05 like in the sort of a simulated . And here's, here's a reservoir

130:12 in the structure, here's a Uh This one apparently doesn't have any

130:17 reservoirs in it, but the kitchens down here and the lines go

130:22 It is the oil migrates upwards like up upside down gravity because it's buoyancy

130:29 and not weight driven. But we have data, just examples.

130:41 So I've done just about as much she did. OK. Well,

130:46 is really important and um one of things uh you know, we,

130:53 understand the structural high, right? if I in this, but

131:04 if I make a cross section of kitchen, um you know, you

131:13 a sore manager like this, then may be a sandstone that goes up

131:21 this when it's traveling up here. , um some of a lot of

131:29 migrates add into it here or um you like the light next to that

131:37 that you get a, the So this the other side of it

131:55 . And uh, so this kind video that I saw, but the

132:04 is there's a lot of the oil in, they must agree. But

132:30 , it looks different. So there be a pocket of oil here.

132:33 filling up coming out on faults or and, and going out this

132:39 But at some point in time, like five past oil gets trapped underneath

132:43 . In other words, the mother of the oil is put 100 million

132:48 , 100 million here, 100 million the wall, 100 million barrels

132:54 the mother load that would still be under this when we first started drawing

132:59 because we had no idea. But we know that structures like this.

133:04 when we started growing in Houston, example, imagine um somewhere like

133:13 Houston's here and all these, all uh re all these reservoirs are being

133:19 from here, but there's a turtle that's trapped and you know, you

133:24 so all the way around 360 So it's like that. So it's

133:29 a great big uh open a gigantic down, holding all of this oil

133:36 that oil is migrating around the edges that coming up in Philly, guns

133:45 appeared, a gun appeared and a with the wall, right? You

133:51 this bypass uh amount of oil this . And, uh, when,

133:59 , when we could have easily drilled distance, we didn't have a model

134:03 that. But now we have a now, it's called turtle structure.

134:07 it's associated with salt withdrawal. And probably, it would probably be easier

134:14 say there, there is oil there it would be to say there is

134:19 oil trapped down there. It would hard to imagine is what I'm trying

134:23 say that there isn't a lot of right underneath us since it's been feeding

134:31 two big oil fields. And we that the structure and the seals above

134:37 source rock would have down worked like because of salt withdrawal. Is that

134:45 look confused. Do you understand what saying? Or you get it?

134:49 so, uh that's why I kind , I wish that we had uh

134:54 seismic that we did only penetrated. only had good imaging down to 6000

134:59 . We needed to get it down 16,000 ft. And uh but that

135:03 have taken bigger uh unit, but had four sizes and only uh only

135:09 of them were working. So we have all the energy we thought we

135:13 , we probably could have gotten down 12,000 if we had that fourth one

135:16 there. But uh but we'll never now. But I, I

135:22 I still think there's probably a significant of oil right underneath us.

135:27 uh, in one of these turtles half turtles. Yes, because

135:32 um, you know, if you a fault and we know there's a

135:36 fat. Right, right, close here, you know, one side

135:41 leaking to the other side. Pierce is, function is right down

135:52 You get up on the building, can see it. There's,

135:56 there's, there's one over that one that way, one by memorial

136:03 in some part of it is actually other. There's some, maybe 30

136:14 and I been 10 miles away from , Jackson. It is where it

136:21 on. So these by the ship or some more than OK. I

136:45 have that map here. But, , but I have a map that

136:48 where the, where the closest ones . Ok. So, uh,

136:55 now, you know, we talked classes of, of uh traps with

137:01 to the seals, right? So like to consider that seal type.

137:06 had class 12 and three, Remember that those were tracks based on

137:13 is, this is based on structure and so these are the different types

137:21 traps that we have a lot of ones, but most of the ones

137:25 we work with, of course, structural. And, uh, and

137:32 , we've been looking at a lot these different types of uh trap configurations

137:36 we were looking at the different basins uh there's many of them can be

137:41 to diapers. The oil industry in United States started uh in earnest,

137:48 not sure what was going on in , but uh but in earnest in

137:53 Gulf of Mexico, uh it you know, look for the

137:56 look for the salt domes. And but then there are other different types

138:02 uh structural ones and of course, Strat graphic ones are gonna be pinch

138:07 and nonconformity uh that can cause pinch with, uh for example, angular

138:14 , in particular is a really easy to understand. Uh but some of

138:17 are more subtle than that. And course, then you can have diogenes

138:21 , diogenes traps, which um here talking again about a lot of things

138:28 are related to um carbonates. Here like the crystallization of gas hydrates.

138:38 a frozen layer, those bottom uh reflectors and underneath the hydrocarbons can be

138:45 that haven't reached quite temperature and pressure regime that they need to reach before

138:50 can turn into solids. And so can, they can be like that

138:54 a, a cap that has hydrocarbons it. OK. And here is

139:01 just showing you a bunch of different ones. This is a guy for

139:07 year and uh this is what South Island 2028 was huge thing. And

139:15 it was trapped on one side and uh not both sides, but uh

139:21 is uh different type of structural, is compressive. This is, they're

139:27 you some configurations. Again, this a salt Diaper model. And uh

139:34 , when the oil industry started, main model they had was uh when

139:38 salt salt gun was pierce and it of pushed up on the surface places

139:43 Texas that find a hill. Uh anybody remember the name of the,

139:50 , uh just to the north and east of the Ball? You

139:57 but you're, you know, you're just above sea level, driving

140:01 , you're just above sea level and there's a big building. It's like

140:04 50 ft. That was the song was really easy for, for,

140:09 , a guy with a grill where find, you know, he didn't

140:13 geology, didn't need geophysics. I go look for the bumps.

140:18 And when, uh Pierce Johnson was done, all the big oil

140:22 bought all this acres. I think told you this story, didn't

140:26 The big oil companies bought this acreage it turns out at Pierce Junction,

140:29 is all freshwater. Um And you write his, he,

140:38 his landman said we can't buy anything on top of it. But,

140:42 all the land around it is really and we went home and said,

140:46 go his, it's cheap. So bought all the land around it,

140:51 would be like this and these were . So the people that bought

140:55 what they thought was demode at the to go for that. But

141:00 but you Colin into what I call donut effect because this would be like

141:06 donut, like a donut hole The is bringing around it like a

141:12 . And he drilled, drilled the back then. He became one of

141:15 richest families in the, in uh in the country until they started

141:23 kill each other. I think that's . Yeah. High Island.

141:29 that's it. Thank you. Did just look that up? Ok.

141:46 . We were just talking about um uh Strat graphic units or um reservoir

141:54 and uh these reservoir bodies sometimes can marine bars can be uh really

142:01 One thing I don't think, I know if there's any papers on this

142:05 not, but I was thinking about earlier this morning. Um One of

142:11 things when you have the salt guns it starts to pierce, what happens

142:17 uh it's under the surface of the and it starts to, it starts

142:22 come up like this. And what that do? One of the salt

142:27 happened to be on the shelf at time and it just popped up a

142:33 bit. Now, in the middle nowhere, they created almost an

142:37 an island shallow enough but deep the sand would start to accumulate it

142:44 Arts, South Marsh Island 1 28 lateral sands are really extensive and it's

142:52 like you have to have some sort platform out there to allow this,

142:56 know, sand never builds up to surface. It's really hard for it

143:01 be grown because the way it just washing it away, but if it

143:05 above the surface, it actually becomes barrier that elects the sand as the

143:10 it's come up. So without out it separate and, and uh one

143:15 my thoughts was that one of the why we have these very long and

143:20 sandstones in places like South Marshal 1 is because that Salone had something to

143:26 with the topographical change. It sort seeded the formation of a barrier

143:32 an offshore marine bar that was very big and uh very large

143:41 Uh South Martian 1 20 it was shale ridge, not a, not

143:45 uh not a dome, but one those mudd lumps comes up. It

143:50 create a, a an area where could start to accumulate and uh the

143:54 might make it go down drift, it's gonna start refracting the waves and

143:59 sand to build up on it. , have you ever seen aerial photos

144:03 the Chandelier Islands? Because uh that's of what they are. They're these

144:10 sand sand islands that are out in middle of the Gulf of Mexico,

144:15 of the uh south of the current , but the delta was there and

144:19 storm waves build up enough stuff and builds up these little sand bars and

144:23 actually created uh winnowed out sand. amount of material in that delta would

144:30 been maybe 10, 15% sand in rest of its shale. But it

144:35 winnowed out by the sand, sand . And uh if it was shallow

144:39 that sand could start building up and go from sub aqueous to um excuse

144:46 , yeah, subaqueous to sub aerial like the the build out of a

144:51 . And uh and that's possibly how of these big marine bars uh end

144:55 occurring. Ok. And so that's uh kind of what these Strat graphic

145:02 are. And of course, uh belts can create uh strap traps uh

145:08 often. Now, almost everything because this point, almost everything is a

145:15 of. Uh so like here, is definitely a structural and a

145:20 You know, you've got some kind dip here. Uh And then you

145:23 a speel that's a seal on So there's always some kind of combination

145:27 that. This is also uh this called a Strat graphic trap, but

145:32 dip is a structural component which allows to have that oil trapped underneath

145:38 So almost all the strap traps have sort of structural component to uh to

145:43 boundaries. Almost all structural, excuse , almost all Strat graphic traps have

145:55 structural component to them. But when one thing they don't, that the

146:00 don't is they, they definitely have shale pinch out somewhere. You don't

146:04 some kind of pinch out of the . Like this is a really

146:08 this is a real abrupt pitch out you've got an erosion. But

146:13 these bets weren't tilted, that wouldn't if there wasn't structure there. That

146:21 you can still call it a Strat trap that it has a structural component

146:25 this one over here, it's a sandy covered by a marine shale.

146:32 if it, if it was that oil might go somewhere until it

146:38 a structural component to help make that work. And then someone who's a

146:47 in scrap traps might, might argue me. But that's basically, you

146:52 , you've got to have because oil buoyant, oil and gas are more

146:56 than water. You're gonna get a , it's gravity is gonna force you

147:00 need that. Ok. Um So traps actually are a combination of structural

147:11 Strat graphic traps and uh one way another. And uh uh it's important

147:19 know the end members of a, a strap versus a structural. So

147:22 can kind of understand the configurations of different types of traps and, and

147:30 overall extent of it. And uh pro uh, petroleum provinces will have

147:38 consistent style. Uh, some will predominantly Strat graphic, some will be

147:43 structural. You know, for if you're around us, you're around

147:48 area that has salt gus, you're have a lot of traps and look

147:53 this and a lot of traps and like this. You know, you're

147:58 , not gonna see these other kind things. Although having said that,

148:09 does this look like? That kind looks a little bit like this.

148:20 is one where you've got something actively upward. This one is where there's

148:27 some sort of uh igneous feature that's , a mass. He and the

148:32 are draping down on the top of . In other words, it

148:35 it was a flat thing and compaction going on and this compaction when you're

148:41 at this point, the compaction is , this point, the compaction is

148:47 there. So this can only impact much and the edges can compact

148:52 That's why it's called a drink. , um, just looking at that

149:01 , there are places uh uh along uh the Rockies in Montana. I

149:09 it is where you can see an lot of dr falls. And

149:12 I never, I just thought, , I guess that could happen.

149:17 then you go out in the field you see a lot of them.

149:27 . And there's another thing called a hydrodynamic uh trap and, um,

149:40 the mountains way off somewhere in the . Yeah, if you remember where

149:47 was found here, there's an a that comes off of there and that

149:52 on a track like this. And with the gas pipe, um,

149:59 expelled into this immune system and respond it. And, um, and

150:06 have this uh typical flow uh going this direction because, you know,

150:11 really, this is way up high . So you've got a hydraulic head

150:15 it. It's fish and water this . And presumably, um, it's

150:20 some, um, springs coming out with uh natural springs that are leaking

150:27 their own or somebody's producing it, it creates the flow through that.

150:31 , how incredible is that? Can tell me a good example of?

150:51 , I've, I've, uh, know, for a long time,

150:53 was skeptical of this and I told , I'm kind of skeptical about this

150:57 , uh, somebody, I, think she was from Peru and,

151:03 , yeah, the mountain, we reservoirs that, um, now if

151:10 drill over here, we don't get . But if we drill down to

151:14 , uh on the flow side of flow, all the, you

151:18 smacked up against the, uh, edge of it because it's, uh

151:22 the flow is constant coming off the waters of the, and that,

151:26 are in the, uh, in subsurface. OK. So now we're

151:34 get to another topic that's really And that is, and I,

151:38 mentioned this a few times, just because it's hard to talk about

151:42 and not talk about plays and play . And, uh, another thing

151:47 interesting is that the way plays are in, in the rest of the

151:53 versus the United States or different. , uh, but I, I

151:58 to use the international way because uh it clearly defines that they can

152:06 between what a prospect is. You , what a play is, the

152:09 really is something different. But have ever played? If your play includes

152:17 trap? It is a prospect. so, um so given that fact

152:26 come up with a play, we to look for subregional source, a

152:32 formation. This is where becomes the age of the rock and that

152:37 unit become extremely important. And what the ceiling elements? In other

152:42 a lot of times within a given , the way is sealed, whether

152:46 by the faults and the top seal faults or just top seal, uh

152:52 part of the place. And uh that play that celium moment to

153:00 is it down to the South, South east um Bounding ball across a

153:07 slot that say on the plane. uh there's caps all up against it

153:14 the uh in the hanging, they're up against the foot also. So

153:22 what I mean by uh common ceiling reservoir formation is what the poorest unit

153:29 . And sometimes it's important to know the depositional faces is too in terms

153:33 that, not just the name of , but what type of faces it

153:38 . And then the uh a subregional that can feed all of those.

153:42 example, the Jurassic in uh in the Jurassic source rocks in, in

153:50 Gulf of Mexico have, have been uh sources for a lot of our

153:55 . And so that's a large regional . And then some places uh we

153:59 units in the Wilcox which are much that are actually feeding uh some of

154:03 reservoirs. No, no, I'm gonna, I'm gonna get to

154:15 . But, oh, here, , this is basically what it

154:21 So the topic we're getting into right is playing, play fair way.

154:24 talking about just the play right OK. And uh yeah, and

154:31 are some of the North Sea plays here, here it's, it's an

154:39 fan. So the depositional environment has to the EC channel canyon field,

154:46 fan. And uh so that's the the seal will be these different

154:54 Of course, this one's a little older. So it's got an older

154:58 . This one has the mud stones sit on top of it and these

155:02 all the different fields that fall in . And this is again, looking

155:05 the North Sea and that's their Uh And of course, the play

155:12 not telling you play is telling you grab those other elements on that.

155:19 you had a trap, you have , you got a question.

155:34 So, um here's what a played is and here it says, play

155:47 , play region is to play fair . In other words, these are

155:51 areas where you can find those combination trap and in the North Sea,

155:57 overlap because we have places we have think about it. When we're looking

156:05 the chalks, the chalk plays are tenacious and e uh and uh and

156:17 basically related to sediments and bio But above that, in some of

156:24 um basins that are forming as that that uplifted part of the North Sea

156:31 sagging as a thermal contraction turbo come into it and form some of these

156:38 types of plays. Uh Like these plays chalk plays upper Jurassic, here's

156:44 uh lower. In other words, is defined by the stra units

156:51 and they're also associated with depositional So the reservoir is one major component

156:58 . And then um all of them being sourced from a much older uh

157:04 rock in the North Sea. Uh Krige clay, uh some of

157:09 uh the Jurassic ones sometimes are being by Cambridge clay, that's right next

157:14 it. Um And uh same with of the lower Jurassic where you've got

157:20 in the, the old, the younger Cambridge clay is lower. It's

157:25 beat up along faults. So the source rock in general for most of

157:29 , not all of them, um the ones listed here. Yes,

157:36 uh there's stuff that's actually older in North Sea from an older uh source

157:42 uh wouldn't be on this map, these plays right here, just kind

157:46 show you the extent. In other , here's the stipples one device and

157:51 can see the stipples one it all way in here. And uh that's

157:57 of the S A which is sitting top of the riff. These older

158:01 are actually inside the OK, because associated with the sin rip in early

158:09 uh riff sediments. So uh looking that, you know, we have

158:16 Sea plays that are associated with, these units in here in the Sin

158:21 and uh the chalks and whatnot are are all up in here. And

158:26 , here's the turbos from, from uh thermal compassion that you get in

158:33 center of it. In other all of this used to be uplifted

158:37 here and now because of thermal it's all sunk down. And so

158:43 get these um these younger things, chalks are are kind of in

158:48 then the paleogene and some chalks at base of this are up here.

158:52 The Jurassic plays are up here and of the lower Jurassic, the lower

158:56 middle Jurassic stuff are in, in pre ripped sediments here from a completely

159:01 system. And a lot of these uh you have Krige clay in here

159:06 and you can be getting like the , the older Jurassic stuff can be

159:11 fed laterally and everything younger than that be fed uh vertically and later.

159:20 that's kind of how uh so just this diagram, there's like fairways like

159:29 and where these reservoirs are, there's fairways associated with the cylinder stuff that's

159:36 this is sin wrapped. This is early post rip that fills in the

159:41 as it first starts to sag and it kind of kind smooths out a

159:46 bit as you get into later Now, only Turbos are getting out

159:52 in this, this place that's uh away from shore. OK. Um

160:02 is uh from Hackley and Ewing and Ewing is uh really one of

160:07 one of the best uh geologist to there ever was, he was very

160:14 and stuff. Yeah. No, um here's a stable shell with these

160:22 faults, but part of what forms trap. So this is a whole

160:28 of things. This is a whole of things, but this is another

160:32 of things, but at each um this is the expanded fault

160:38 This is the growth fault here. see a red button series here.

160:44 this is a reservoir rock. It a common source rock that's coming up

160:50 all below all of these. But one has everything in here is related

160:55 this expanded section between this fault and fold. Then this is another uh

161:02 . This is another play that you kind of a repetition of these plays

161:07 you go from stable shell to stable here and uh table shelf down

161:14 So as we go through time, can see the blue ones are pretty

161:19 the same time. These are pretty the same time and the green ones

161:24 sorted at the same time. And can see through to um these growth

161:30 , these down to the South East faults. Uh keep creating more and

161:37 um accommodation space for new things to in. But as it works out

161:42 , we have, um, here's Wilcox here, here's the Wilcox here

161:47 there's source rocks with the Wilcox when get down over here. But this

161:51 , this is a separate play. is a separate play and there'll be

161:55 play fair way that goes in and like this. And this is a

161:59 play because they're, they're bound by faults. So it's a different trapping

162:04 , but it's very extensive and it build uh parallel to the coastline and

162:10 and so on and so forth. this is an, another, this

162:14 in itself is another reason why II get excited about growth fault because here

162:22 notice you're only 40 to 50 miles and you have all of these different

162:27 and they have their own play And that's one of the reasons why

162:31 is so rich in hydrocarbons is because have, we have this kind of

162:35 underneath us on the coastal plain. pretty spectacular. And um there's

162:44 some of these things will be um fans that come off of this and

162:48 are like almost like shelf margin fans as opposed to battlefield fans. But

162:56 these things will come off the platform you go down into on what

163:02 it was not epistle but bath in . And um and we have these

163:09 fans here and um there's a there's a fan system like this right

163:15 the uh you may surely in the um we had some uh bright spots

163:27 we had like uh four of these on top of each other. I

163:32 the volumetrics on one and one It's probably worth $100 million. The

163:39 is somewhere around 90 bucks a barrel the four of them there could

163:44 it could be underneath this. But didn't have, there was, we

163:50 have um and we didn't have the of uh data that we needed to

163:55 a bo so that we could show the, that the fluids in them

163:59 actually hydrops. If we had a we jump right out at you.

164:05 me? It's not cheap. I , and I know we were able

164:12 get somebody to do uh pretty much worth of seismic for free because his

164:19 were busy and he was a nice . That's how we got the ones

164:22 here. But uh most of the data is owned by two or three

164:28 vendors and they only make their money of um selling this stuff and,

164:36 they're only worth, they're, you , they're, they're like car

164:40 Um If you, if you buy stuff, we'll charge you this

164:44 you know, and it doesn't matter you're a university or not.

164:47 some knucklehead professor got him to give the data that he needed. He

164:53 show people that there's probably something here nobody's drilling it. Uh But I

164:59 do that. And of course, I did that, everybody would want

165:01 get the seismic and it would sort be like a um a teaser to

165:06 people to buy seismic data that they sell. Nobody's selling that seismic because

165:11 , nobody um has looked at it they've found things around it where they

165:16 3d seismic grids. But the, way things are right now, people

165:21 afraid to, you know, spend this money to, to go look

165:24 new places and if, uh, I could get something or anybody could

165:29 something for a limited cost just to stir up this, the,

165:34 hornet's nest, you know, people go, oh, crap when you

165:37 look in it and then, you , you'd have everybody trying to buy

165:41 . And it's also possible. There's there. That is, that is

165:46 possibility. It's not, it's not I, I feel like the Houston

165:52 is a sure bet because it's because the source rock. If nothing

165:58 there's an unconventional resource down there. mean, the worst case scenario is

166:04 a resource play that nobody is Ok? Enough of that.

166:12 So here is, um, then next thing is if we add a

166:20 and tray, then then we uh, um, you have something

166:26 a PD or in other words, have the elements of the play,

166:31 you add a trap to it. you have a, the traps,

166:35 know, like this can be trapped here. But when we get to

166:47 thing, you're actually looking at a trap that just not just, you

166:55 , we're gonna get these kinds of , but, you know, here

166:57 a trap. This is a this is a prospect, this is

167:01 we went and a home and that's I think it's good to separate the

167:05 for a trap in the, um the, uh in the definition of

167:14 uh of a play, I And, and that's when you go

167:19 exploration, which is looking for the frontier is looking for the play

167:25 uh exploration is looking for a trap a prospect and I think we'll take

167:35 break because it's been an hour and people are getting tired and we'll

167:41 another quick, quick run and then take a lunch break after that.

167:46 you guys need to take a 10 minutes? OK. That's pretty

168:14 . Exploration is looking for a trap that play and then exploitation is looking

168:23 more traps in that play. You , in other words, you have

168:29 play to find and you've got a and it's, it's worked.

168:33 I want to find more in that and that's exploitation. And I've already

168:48 you some of these, these kinds diagrams, but it uh it becomes

168:53 important uh when we're, we're getting the trap point, the prospect of

168:58 lead. Uh How well do you these boundaries with the trap envelope?

169:03 , you know, this three dimensional here that you can see here,

169:06 the trap envelope. And uh uh as this is drawn, it's

169:12 kind of a, a doughnut in middle, this is a gas

169:15 I guess. And uh but being to find the oil water contact is

169:20 important for something that's shaped like Uh You can see that the thickness

169:28 this thing actually can't get, then thicker and what it is right

169:35 And right here, this is the . This is a low water contact

169:40 . So that's part of it. this is, this is a structural

169:43 , not a map. And uh showing you the top of it and

169:54 and well, where did it Yeah. So you just love,

170:15 . Oh, yeah. This, is, um, no, they're

170:18 just a, this is what I . There's something wrong with the probability

170:28 too negative when it comes to things are this because, um,

170:38 you know, you kind of have look at scenarios because this really gives

170:41 the most negative scenario. But if of these things are there, each

170:47 of them is 100%. And so shouldn't be reducing at every level.

170:52 can turn this in turn the largest ever find into something you don't want

170:58 because of, but it's looking at too negatively. You know, you

171:03 there's at least a 90% at least 80% at least the 70. This

171:08 multiplied by then and that's multiplied by product by that product by that

171:11 So it just keeps getting smaller and and smaller until it backwards. So

171:16 nothing. And when we drill well, all of these things are

171:22 be it. And we're almost automatically there's not much chance that there's almost

171:31 chance it's gonna be. They have do scenarios where this may be what

171:36 think it is. But what what if, uh, all of

171:39 were one and then you're gonna have , if you're gonna, if you're

171:45 deal with risk in a risky you have to understand that everything is

171:50 negative. Oh, using probability this is, is a totally negative.

171:57 other words, you're expecting everything to wrong within those limits. And,

172:04 , and because if you think about , this means there's no container,

172:09 means there's no closure. This would , you know, either it's there

172:14 it is there. It's, it's not a percentage thing. It's

172:17 a switch. It's, uh, not, it's, it's not the

172:24 variable. And that's, that's the with using discontinuous variables with the probability

172:32 that's based on parametric statistics. And , it's, it's impossible to explain

172:37 to people, but it's, it's way it is. Yes.

172:45 Oh, crap. It is plugged . But it's, it's not turned

172:51 . Yeah, I keep forgetting that turns itself off at home. All

172:58 my, uh, all my cables hot so don't stick your fingers in

173:03 if you come to my house. you're a certified electrician. I had

173:11 uh, changing my switches on my and they never turn the power off

173:14 they're sitting there doing this like this I'm going, I'm not gonna ask

173:17 a question because if I do, gonna be a spark. What?

173:22 they, they actually undo these, switches with live wires. Ok.

173:28 of that. So here is, I love how this is called a

173:31 . This would be a very simple because it's got four way what we

173:35 four way closure. Nobody knows what means except that it's north,

173:40 east and west. I guess. that's your four way closure. So

173:44 can't find this to find in a . But here this comes automatically a

173:50 . Um And the reason is complex two reasons here. Uh We had

173:58 way closure before, but now we not have four way closure because it

174:03 be closed on the fault and the is at a risk. OK?

174:08 if I look at this, if look at this diagram, um and

174:15 I asked you what if the closure all the way out here? You

174:20 see that's at risk because you don't that closure. But the closure is

174:24 the way out here. Or if assume the closures all the way out

174:28 , what are the things that you to worry about that? Put

174:32 this traffic, there's I see three that could be a problem. In

174:42 words, if I made it if said there was oil all the way

174:45 to, not just to here, , if you have four way

174:51 that's a real trap. You don't that four way closure. This isn't

174:56 trap. But if there's a four closure without anything else, that would

175:01 a trap except for what, what would I have to have if I

175:05 this closure was like this, what I have to do to fill that

175:09 for that? But the other element you can't see? But you

175:18 do you think she's smart? the seal, always the top,

175:26 the top. Ok. The top is something that you need to

175:31 Ok. And so, um so , if we have well out to

175:36 , then, then this closure is risk and this closure depends on this

175:42 . So the fault is at And again, Stephanie, what is

175:47 that we have to have on top those, the top ceiling? And

175:53 think it helps to call it the ? Ok. And so that's what

176:03 one looks like uh when you fill up to that. Ok. Here's

176:10 where you have two faults and uh whatever reason, um if it's just

176:21 hear in every case, you need fault to be real. So if

176:26 go to this line, I need fault to be a seal. But

176:30 else do I need in addition to ? Fault. I need the top

176:34 . Right. Ok. If I out to hear same thing.

176:39 That fault is a potential risk. not just here. If it could

176:43 anywhere along here this fall has a over here. They haven't put

176:48 they haven't put a break in this over here. But that could be

176:52 they had a really good size because sure there's one there. But

176:56 if I come out to here, still the fault in the top

177:00 If I come all the way out here, it's this fault, this

177:05 and the top. Ok. And do have to have closure along here

177:11 it's possible you don't see the curve the structure. It's possible that these

177:18 could go out like this, there's seal. So temperature is always

177:25 I I can only tell you what leaving out. I can't correct

177:29 Now, here is something where we a sandstone and uh it's been seismically

177:37 which will happen every now and And uh this could be a channel

177:42 and it could actually be spots that for us. Uh But say they

177:48 have the faces sorted out with the with the size of it and you

177:53 see the win out growing most. um you can see this is at

178:00 because of the pinch out this And here you have to worry about

178:06 , but beyond this, um You have to worry about closure over here

178:10 that, if that pinch out isn't well, here's kind of how this

178:16 works out at the pitch out the gra trap. So this is a

178:20 trap with a structural fault seal at top of the uh of the

178:29 But over above, above it, top seal has to be there and

178:33 pitch out has to be there for wheel to be anywhere south of

178:39 Any wheel is in here and trapped , this definition of the Strat trap

178:45 the se tested view. So that's . Here's another one. And

178:54 this goes into uh looking at, the data quality. Here is a

178:59 D seismic grid and uh with this D seismic grid and over here it's

179:09 . Uh what the authors try to you um of this is that the

179:18 is not at risk because it's 3d side of the coverage. This

179:23 be really good. So you don't to worry about this curb premature.

179:28 the uh prospect toity over here, have to worry about this because it's

179:31 too deep. And, and and I kind of question that myself

179:36 the um the structures that we map Sugarland, we just had two D

179:44 . And uh if you, if have a seismic line that goes across

179:48 that and you see the top, is moving up or excuse me,

179:56 you come up from this way, top is moving in this direction.

180:00 means it's curving, it's curving like . So you get a point here

180:04 a point here and a point In other words, it's not going

180:08 this. If the strata went like , I would have different numbers than

180:14 it go like this. And so can actually see that curvature and especially

180:18 you get on the end of you can see it. For

180:21 if it was straight out this, thing, this contour would be

180:27 but this contour isn't there. Does see what I'm saying? So

180:32 so you can actually see curvature between sides. Yeah. Um This part

180:39 the problem with getting better technology is forget how to use all this technology

180:45 still good. It's like um did, did the T A tell

180:56 a song? OK. So why she, my daughter had a had

181:04 um which was bad in a different but uh she had a oh,

181:12 , I'll just tell you then she AM R uh and um doctor,

181:30 was there, he was attending one the two interns to know I got

181:36 Doctor Duke. Could you come over uh can take a look at

181:42 He said, what are you gonna me? You gonna tell me that

181:45 got food all the way up to park and I see her lungs.

181:49 you. And besides, and, , how did you know that?

181:59 , you can look at our you know, we, we put

182:04 much dependence on computers and technology when uh very simple things like what

182:10 see in the field, when you in a, what you see,

182:14 know, in the game is telling more, then 3D seize me and

182:19 you but start to ignore it because seism is a perfect image and an

182:26 . It, in fact, you even have to interpret it. There

182:29 is. But, but seismic isn't that good because there are things that

182:33 absorb the energy and do all sorts stuff. You cannot lose that intuitive

182:40 and figuring out things and diagnosing, little bits and pieces of that,

182:47 the color of her face so that was really and uh and that,

182:52 just cascaded into a whole bunch of and it turns out he did a

182:57 good job and my daughter is still . But uh I don't know if

183:01 mentioned this yesterday, but he said see four patients like that and they

183:06 died. You gotta make sure you . And um that might, might

183:12 been hard for him to say that actually lost some patience. But uh

183:17 uh that's the, that's the kind thing. I i it bothers me

183:20 lot about the modern world is that humans still have this incredible ability to

183:26 problems in their head without all these and, and the more, and

183:31 more you train yourself to use uh you have up here. Um Somebody

183:39 , that particular doctor because of his skills made the, the stuff that

183:45 comes out of this more valuable to because he can see things that he

183:50 figure out and he knows what the between those two things are. But

183:55 these things see what they see, they don't see what I was just

183:59 you about this. You can see without three Ds, you can see

184:05 without seism. Ok. At least hope you can, I'm trying to

184:11 you to find them. So, anyway, uh so then after we

184:17 this prospect, we have to do thing called hydrocarbon estimation. You

184:22 we want to figure out the value it. Uh We need to figure

184:25 and we can, we do that's a volumetric thing. And we're

184:28 have a, we're gonna do an on that and uh and figure out

184:33 it costs to produce uh this dry . Uh ie we're thinking this is

184:40 an exploratory. Well, and we're produce it with the other wells.

184:43 It's gonna be cheaper. So, it's kind of a completely different uh

184:49 , you know, you're putting money front to make sure that you found

184:51 that reservoir first and uh then you all the elements uh after you

184:58 you get some of this stuff in sometimes you don't have any data,

185:02 your prospect inventory really relates to this here. And what, what I'm

185:17 you is what you need to do think of what if this is 100

185:22 is, what is, what is likelihood that this would really actually be

185:25 ? It, it really isn't. probability of this really isn't um

185:31 it's not a continuous hurdle it. you have containment or you don't,

185:37 a switch, it's all or all or nothing, all or

185:41 What I think that you need to besides uh probability based on para

185:48 Uh if you have, um have that's like a, a binary uh

185:55 . In other words, it is it is and the chances of it

185:58 being there, if, if it's there, it's almost like, you

186:03 , why did this, you need really look at the things that have

186:06 these things and you have a good to believe they're all there rather than

186:10 of it as a continuous uh thing it's, it's like a, have

186:16 of you guys done uh binary statistics it's like a plus or a

186:20 It's either, it's either it's either there or something's, there has a

186:25 different way of looking at things and think people need to think that way

186:29 they're doing it. But anyway, the kind of assessment you need to

186:32 . And, uh, and when drill that first, well, you

186:36 , that's what you're doing in exploration , but you come up with a

186:42 within a play. So you have play concept, you have the

186:46 you, it, uh, if it's very good, uh,

186:50 know, then, then you do this stuff and try to figure out

186:53 gonna go on next. If, you fail, try to figure out

186:58 wrong with your body, what, went wrong with your, because that

187:01 tell you how to exploit this play a better trap. In other

187:05 if it's just a trap, maybe plays better when you have a better

187:09 that you, maybe you don't have . So that's exploit, you're

187:15 you're gonna take that play and that and you're gonna use that model to

187:20 out and I always showing you you know, the Tom Ewing

187:23 the uh the uh false rotating towards , the Gulf of Mexico. Um

187:30 all these different play concepts in that , but there'll be a lot of

187:36 traps, those traps that you, the, the bounding faults on either

187:41 of those places, you know, go from that discovery, which should

187:46 with exploration, you go to exploitation see if you can find other

187:50 Now, at that prospect, when do the next step with that prospect

187:54 you could be a to figure out it is you have, that's what

187:57 gonna start talking about how to appraise resource once we found it.

188:04 And now we can take a lunch and so be back here about 1

188:24 . Is that

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