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GEOL6380 - Sequence Stratigraphy - 1
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00:00 that will build our first secret. slides up put together in the moving
00:08 were nevertheless give you the information that I'll give you a built in breaks
00:20 all that Noriega kind of recording off as as sort of deems fit
00:26 Then the way will take breaks the of the afternoon and and then you
00:33 the exercises go. You know, given you all the exercises digitally.
00:38 best was gonna be usually get paper and you guys do them by hand
00:44 pencil and colored pencils, that kind stuff. Hoping role. Wait.
00:50 draft of the computer. Whether it's , the apartments have a drafting illustrator
01:00 whatever you use and how it's gonna together. Option is that we sort
01:13 go off line and then a man time between now and again. You
01:18 always forget Isom one on one meetings 10 or 15 minutes and we can
01:24 screens. And But I could talk exercise if you're having difficulty with the
01:32 as I will have a power So I with all the just exercising
01:37 I could draw on those kind of stream. How to do that
01:41 Just used what I would do. don't record those things because that because
01:50 shouldn't get the answer and takeaways and how it gets done. But then
01:55 were forced to kind of do it . So probably do the exercise and
02:00 last period. So that again, attention. If you miss it,
02:08 could always do it for me. , So before we get started,
02:28 me tell you a little bit about , okay? I'm born in
02:35 Britain, and moved to Canada with parents. When I was eight years
02:41 , I moved to ST John's, , Canada, which is on the
02:45 east coast of the country. When was, uh, well, through
02:54 13 years old, I discovered heart Sabbath. I quickly realized that they
03:02 never, ever going to play ST roof in land at the age of
03:05 or 14. I knew that I never gonna get to see my role
03:10 I was. Unless I got to bigger, like Montreal. Toronto.
03:15 So the age of 21. I my geology degree after damning with physics
03:25 and then here in music school. if I decide to go geology because
03:29 seemed a little bit, let's effort normal fixed math I decided at the
03:34 of 18 was much music, that really wasn't gonna be life for
03:39 and it remains today. Moon Cat very exciting at that time. That
03:44 price of oil was extremely high for day was $40 a barrel in 1981
03:50 concerned being an ex test price. there were lots of jobs in the
03:55 patch, and I was quite excited move to Calvary. And I went
03:59 work for a company called Eso which was that Canadian filling Excellent for
04:06 because they made the offer. I they had gas stations and anybody
04:11 Most students right, anyway, so worked with them for about two a
04:15 years. I exploration on the east of Newfoundland, and that was largely
04:22 interpretation. And basic analysis is very is very much front. Your thanks
04:27 the explanation. And then from there moved to the Alberta Basis, which
04:33 largely a well own lover, was up for play in producing reservoirs at
04:41 time. You know, the Canadian industry is a little bit different from
04:47 you can head of, of Cantor sort of quit England and as a
04:53 , and can his crown, which basically means the government they called
04:59 It means that it's even owned by Queen of England. Her delegate,
05:03 course, is the governor General. and they, of course, all
05:09 oil and gas runs all this That is a long story about live
05:13 . Government owns so much land back that in the eighties, you
05:18 anybody could bid for the oil and rights parts with family. And
05:23 as a well company geologist, you're for a particular play. So I
05:29 my play with sort of upper Five past oil and you would scare
05:35 government building, see if any lands forbids in areas that you might be
05:41 . Typically, a small company for big company way found a plan on
05:47 and then they would inform the But we would like to bid for
05:50 rest of explore on that land and government would open that bidding to
05:55 And so So you spend money time called land sales. In the process
06:05 working on this bypass pay play, managed to find two to Air is
06:12 for Elsie of stuff the company a , another was producing field, and
06:20 were looking for looking at a series stacked reservoir sands, and we found
06:26 younger sands about the lower producing layers the love analysis. Looked like they
06:31 filled with oil and gas. Drill couple of wells, rather.
06:37 that first well, that I that suggest adrenal lower unit was the best
06:44 well in the field. And so manager suggested I shift the location to
06:50 area where there was not a good , advised it that looked better on
06:57 Reservoir, that wet hole manager should pushed me to change the location of
07:04 prospect. And then the other story that there was another prospect that had
07:09 northern Alberta, and there was a flute channel belt about eight or
07:15 and I said diff, Manager Well, with that is that way
07:22 a 50% interest in that land with . Canadian Hunter Drill out the call
07:28 has play. We want to keep secret from them. Shift the location
07:33 your well piece of land that, , 95%. That's the edge of
07:38 math. But I figured, you , I was 22 years old.
07:41 figured the manager is sort of my . So we drilled the well
07:45 of course, the 80 ft thick little 2 to 4 ft thick,
07:50 plays. Once again, I drove driver that managed to let the company
07:56 to work for Canadian country through my and found around so that so So
08:02 some ways, I could say I accepted successfully able to find oil.
08:07 I was just never able to be enough, in my opinion, to
08:11 the older managers. Probably twice my , Russian drove my wells, the
08:17 taking away from anyway. I start whole process a bit dissatisfying. I
08:23 a little bored, and so I working for Aso McMaster University, where
08:29 teach now to do my PhD. I completed my PhD on on extremely
08:37 and one of the very, very seeking stranded graphic The interpretations of major
08:42 strata. Graphic unit story later in course, probably this week next time
08:52 I was left be started by the government to do that project. When
08:57 finished, I was able to sell my PH. D thesis for a
09:01 feeling, just copy of printing it correlating it to about 10 or 15
09:07 . Decades later, I visit these companies, and they're still have my
09:12 digital because I did it all in days of hand drafting, and they're
09:16 use those maps to help discover oil gas. That information I did my
09:21 , and it's a pretty good story tell you that later in the class
09:26 there, I went back to Alberta do a post off the operative research
09:32 and that project I worked on the the job actress of the restaurant.
09:37 basin should have had a petroleum fried of the geology of the entire based
09:43 which is largely used bythe and doing that might not seem very related.
09:54 of that PhD, post off research analysis is looking around long cores and
10:03 complicated cryptography of subsurface solicit plastic reservoirs this newly found signs of sequence
10:11 And as near as I can all that work that I did.
10:15 PhD and postdoc has been well used . Even though I left Canada and
10:24 to the States for five years, decision to leave Canada was driven both
10:29 name, trusted middle of states and nice and sunny. No, not
10:35 . My understanding is that Led Zeppelin down, so it sounded like the
10:39 place to be. And I saw lot of great conscience in Dallas Houston
10:44 cities, and I was pretty king my post op to become a professor
10:51 it. It was very hard to academic jobs in those days. Wet
10:55 for Atlantic Richfield Their first date Did send me from Edmonton? Loretta,
11:01 I was a post off last, of my buddies of the Alberta research
11:06 that was the only person that ever Edmonton. So I spent a year
11:14 a half in Alaska working on Prudhoe Field, which is a 24 billion
11:20 , and that was the focus of project. Atlantic Richfield, trying to
11:24 secret photography expertise. State where you , they were really trying to build
11:28 their research. They're hired, without knowledge. A gentleman named Henry Postman
11:35 Who's name? You'll hear a lot this class. Henry is one of
11:38 top founders of secrets, particularly in world. And I work together want
11:45 host because he was working for eso at that time, which was my
11:51 alma mater, if you will. when Henry went Teoh Arthur, I
11:57 he was instrumental in them. Soliciting to go for that. That's very
12:04 I worked with a team of eight old, and I'll show you some
12:09 those examples as we go through the . Then I worked at Parker with
12:16 stents are working for three years. again, I resigned because I felt
12:21 it was okay, really willing to in at the Bureau of Economic Geology
12:29 . That was a great job because got to work with my good buddy
12:32 Willis, right? Well, it's got me away from doing some surface
12:38 and plunged me into doing outcrop. so once I went to the year
12:43 way managed a massive consortium with 14 companies doing primary research on Reservoir Citrusy
12:53 seeking strata. Graphic characterization from the . Excellent. Mobil, BP.
13:01 goodness, Statoil with Japan National Company were so many countries I forget.
13:14 the years I've been fun Shell, , BP, Chevron, Anadarko,
13:23 buying air and the list goes And those companies fund my research because
13:29 I do adds value to their All those guys having my curriculum
13:37 This is kind of a better year me. I'm gonna public 100 peer
13:42 publications this year, so without being humble, I've done pretty well,
13:49 an academic, and I do pure that's consumed by large community far beyond
13:56 glass industry. Do work on rivers deltas Very process merge in person.
14:02 I do do do work it appeals people were on environment of wetland
14:09 AC refer geology and anything that relates the processes I would sad letter deposited
14:15 Texas. I'm acutely aware of how research I thought that I do applies
14:23 improve understanding off reservoir geology and reservoir evangelization, both an exploration. So
14:32 that's why I am a pretty well knowledge of how secure fees applied to
14:40 oil business and faces and also a at American and Teacher. So that
14:52 of my expertise and Don is just us. He does not need to
14:57 my barber. Good grief, Tim, you must be working out
15:04 . Yeah. So all I've done far is I've wasted 20 minutes telling
15:09 group about my life experiences. All details getting an amusing lands Led Zeppelin
15:17 were they were broken up by the that I actually was over this
15:20 But I have seen Jimmy Page and plant together a couple times, so
15:25 know, and the crazy thing is friend of mine lives and more than
15:31 . And he's a guy went to my PhD with Robert Plant, is
15:34 next door neighbor and visits him when having reverses with fans. And first
15:40 friend, you know, he's filling with a band that he's never heard
15:48 your house. Oh, my Amazing. So, Donna,
15:54 miss my instruction that you want to a few words and just to say
15:59 , everybody new students season here. phones way have three new folks.
16:11 em are there and I don't There's Dylan, Craig and J.
16:18 . And we have JD McConnell and other seven folks way have 10 people
16:24 today. Yes, go. And can't see your picture is here to
16:30 have total of 10 people right now I just want to say I'm very
16:34 to see everybody's smiling faces annual. can smile a little better. There
16:42 go. It's really great to see you guys. Glad you're back if
16:50 like me, uh, being distanced distant from a lot of people over
16:56 long period of time is not a of fun for me. I really
17:00 to see people in person talk to in person to get to know you
17:04 . And hopefully near the end of semester or next semester will be able
17:09 do that the way it's set up now, the whole semester is gonna
17:14 schedule online. They would have come and have faced the faces. If
17:22 turns out, there's a lot of available because what's happened is you have
17:26 has been struggling, used 100% of occupancy rate in classrooms, so building
17:32 classrooms has been kind of on a burner for that reason. But with
17:36 in 19 we have Teoh reducing the in the clip, so a 100%
17:42 can only handle about 35 ft. that's not a problem with our
17:48 But it is a problem on campus getting a room face to baseball.
17:52 is all going on. And, course, every time there's a
17:55 they have to shut down online. when the advantage is to be an
17:59 to start out with this that way have to move back and forth when
18:03 happens or somebody gets sick or And I think that's a great
18:08 I don't know how you feel about , but but being able Teoh actually
18:14 at my slides were looking at you the same time makes it a whole
18:18 easier for me to actually give a and keep track of everything. And
18:23 know some of you had class with already, but I hope that worked
18:29 for you as Well, anyway, back. It's a new phone.
18:33 got the news, new folks, I'm gonna be trying to bring in
18:37 two dozen more people in the and we'll just see how it goes
18:42 . It's good to see you. thing that I did tell the students
18:46 orientation was that I happened to look what the International Energy Agency and this
18:55 Information Agency had. Both of them decided that the demand for oil is
19:02 to continue to go up. Supply been severely severely damaged by a lot
19:12 this probe in 19 stuff. And , with any luck, as soon
19:18 you begin to graduate with supply shortage the demand going up, as it
19:25 could be very helpful for for all our careers. And at the same
19:31 , I know a lot of oil were working on trying to get
19:34 you know, to put down. a lot of ways it can do
19:36 , and they're working on a lot them, and we can do is
19:40 that they will do that because at end of the day, there's a
19:44 demand for energy and the Windows and panels, as good as they
19:48 still can handle all of it. in the meantime, we have to
19:52 in the gaps and help the world with the energy that it really
19:57 So with that, I'll let you go and have a great class.
20:03 the way, I've only done this one of the students in his in
20:06 . I will send you a copy the orientation and a copy of this
20:11 classes schedule. And if anybody in class has lost their schedule for the
20:18 semester, let me now, and soon I'll be sending you a spring
20:22 schedule. And that's that's my other . It's normally I put this out
20:30 them with this out of the I forgot to do that. So
20:33 apologised. Anyway, it's good to you all. And, uh
20:38 I did my 15 mile bike ride , and I'm gonna do one,
20:43 three days from now because I'm gonna a little bit of traveling and riding
20:46 bike on each. So take everybody. I will chip in on
20:52 . Check in on. Okay. care. Okay, So,
21:21 so I've had a logistics question and of you asked whether or not we
21:30 start today. An hour earlier Teoh, I guess Noon to five
21:37 than 1 to 6. I'm an behind you. So it's it's for
21:43 . And we started to grow Yes, Just happy already that if
21:49 just let you know whether, you , maybe what you could do
21:53 uh is giving me a really reaction . Just give me a thumbs up
22:00 you want. Teoh, start I guess Noon. Your time rather
22:07 one. The only person I have from Daniel and you would rather neat
22:26 the regular time off one o'clock around is ready. What? They can't
22:38 Daniel can't meet a noon. So think I think we should stick to
22:41 schedule. So we'll we'll continue with 126 That's okay. All right.
22:50 I was starting first lecture and, , I'll start by sharing scream.
23:38 . Okay, everyone see the Okay. Yeah, Good.
23:45 so this is a fairly short Just have a quick introduction. Teoh
23:51 class. I'm John John Locke Uh, and, uh, my
24:01 chair at McMaster University, funded by Cunningham, recently retired her position as
24:10 president of Noble Energy, and she lives in Houston. She's a McMaster
24:17 , and I taught it I never my story after I, uh,
24:25 the bureau venting on George, but are from here and a half.
24:29 then I quit that job and took job at the University of Texas at
24:33 in two in 1998. That was first accident, a job. So
24:38 told you to Dallas for seven years I got that I got asked to
24:43 for doubt your physician's professor of sequence at the University of Houston. Which
24:50 , of course, where I met the new house, who was who
24:54 just They were just beginning the new programs, and they started about
25:01 Get the cohorts that have been through every integrity course of your age since
25:09 and I retained the position as sort lecture, agile, professional, you
25:18 , Um, so you'll see that already I've already experienced myself.
25:24 way. I guess I've seen all you a little bit and and maybe
25:32 We'll do is we'll finish this lecture then, although of course requirements that
25:39 gonna go back to the introduction of Once I finished this last year,
25:44 just say a few words about who are, who you work for.
25:48 background is, and then we'll start little. It's sort of a lecture
25:55 to be sort of on the board , but we're gonna try to do
25:58 through power point to see how that . So our official meeting times are
26:05 1 to 6 p.m. And then tomorrow made 8. 35 PM That course
26:12 an air later for me that all to a central time. What we
26:18 is is in your I don't need know where you are whether you're in
26:23 , in the bedroom, faster on , but wherever you are or looks
26:28 he's in his beer room there with shiner behind. But there you
26:32 Um, I won't have any formal hours, but you should be able
26:37 reach me by email any time. emergency. You can also text me
26:42 my cell phone. If there's something Wanna talk about? Um, I
26:48 really start teaching a master until September eighth. I will have appointments every
26:55 at Mac. I've got labs Monday Tuesday classes Wednesday into Thursday morning,
27:03 of course, we'll meet Fridays and for the next for weeks except next
27:07 , which is often you have a . Was only 10 of you
27:11 ZZ Teoh, Look up quickly Just started. Zoom meeting and getting
27:17 . We could share screens. You , if you're struggling for trying to
27:21 the side, there's a couple of books that are recommended. The
27:27 The Bandwagon Book is for only 50 . It is available through the University
27:33 Houston Library through 18 date data It is registered students. You should
27:39 have access to the interest if you live, so should be able to
27:45 into the library. Modern age, data pages type of reference, and
27:51 should pull it off. A P G. Data pages mostly have all
27:57 the S and P M. Stuff well. I haven't checked to see
28:00 the SNP and Concepts is in They're both in the old, but
28:05 , you know, they're united in on documents so critical. Of
28:10 you know everything. That all exam longer being electrodes and lectures.
28:16 you know, you don't have to those documents for some of you.
28:20 be it may be a good thing adios figures, particularly from. So
28:32 are you gonna do in this Well, I think it's critical to
28:37 I'm very much a process guy. know, I was trained in physical
28:41 of ontology water flows downhill this Stress food grains that makes bed forms
28:49 produces layers on there was getting recorded his sea level based on the goes
28:56 and down, sometimes sentiments of sand . And sometimes they're muddier that produces
29:02 staying layers of sandstone shale. And course produces reservoir CR affairs. I
29:11 all you to say after me you keep yourself muted. Reservoir sealed hairs
29:18 out reservoir. I can see if lips are moving. Right. So
29:25 lot of what I'm teaching classes had defined reservoir seal pairs. If you
29:32 like that term flow units more from who decides ever get out of your
29:38 and go to environmental consulting. Aquifers active talks the basic structure of units
29:46 allow flow vs units that one aspect this course will be very front with
29:56 . Is that what I was trained long time ago during an era in
30:02 most oil and gas was produced from resolute? This course is on is
30:08 on. So let's the plastic Mr Sugar Fee. That mostly means
30:13 stones, Shales and conglomerates. of course, nowadays many of you
30:23 who are working for your business, be focusing on unconventional. A lot
30:28 that, really gas comes out of shale rocks. OK, so now
30:33 used to be the seal for the walk is now also the reservoir.
30:40 do have Electoral Shales have posted that yet, but what will happen on
30:46 together, depending on how fast you through the lectures? I have some
30:52 optional lecturers like foot up. We talk about the super security of
30:58 I do have a sort of a , so we consider talk about,
31:02 know, on also, we'll have discussion with you guys, their thumbs
31:07 , thumbs down to do a little . And you can tell me which
31:12 those topics might best your your And so one thing I'm gonna do
31:21 give you a theoretical understanding of the by which sequences form Okay, so
31:31 process is five. Which sequences? . Can you see my laser
31:38 It's not too jerky. Jerky? . Okay, that may be used
31:44 follow. So the other points I'm about the big focus in this class
31:52 really going to be on well sighs McDonough that it's not that it's
31:59 to interpret. I'll give a review seismic data, but you're gonna have
32:04 courses in size conservative ation. So course is gonna be a little bit
32:08 focused on Road. Longs for is outcrops that background for those of you
32:14 doing physics program underpinning with rocks that the size of accidents. If you
32:21 understand the lettering rocks, it's just to understand the seismic energy. It's
32:31 critical that you understand the history of on the reason for that when I
32:39 into those lectures, probably more tomorrow that much of the most of the
32:49 bases in the world that you work are defined on the basis of the
32:59 . Okay, so therefore the names the formations that you have to worry
33:06 defining what that means. And, course, even photography disagrees with most
33:13 that. So the problem's little security not do a good job. How
33:19 have helped you define reservoir sealed Say it after me. Reservoir Seal
33:30 . So I understand Reservoir CEO airs how we could do better and help
33:36 help sequence photography solve this problem problem reservoir layering way have to understand how
33:43 from the names that were used to . Okay, now the course is
33:52 to be a lot of me getting , okay? And then there's going
33:57 be some practical exercises will give you chance to work fly concepts. So
34:07 don't know how this discussion we're gonna in the online format. We'll just
34:13 to see. Sometimes we're in a small class weekend. Weaken bs about
34:20 for 20 minutes if you want Everyone, If people have questions,
34:26 think it may be a bit more online, but unhappy that to take
34:31 off and chat with you guys about concerns you. It is your
34:36 right? You're paying for it. know, my job is to make
34:40 that they have a standard of knowledge is, the University of Houston graduate
34:48 have the skills that would be required you were asked to solve a
34:53 particularly problem with exploration company. And my job to make sure you have
35:04 . So this is kind of a mad. We're day yes, so
35:12 the past it's been very difficult you , like feedback and 2nd 4th
35:18 That's been difficult in the previous, there is that function. Click on
35:24 partition singing Zoom where you can, , raise and lower your hands and
35:29 we haven't uses in the past honestly, it's just been kind of
35:33 you go off muse, and then just kind of interrupt the lectures and
35:36 hope that you know what I But it's kind of awkward. It
35:42 like you're already far in a way your capabilities. From previous that I
35:49 know, what would you rather see you have. Just a Newman
35:52 Would you rather issues way? Have small class. So your judgment,
35:59 know, probably better that way. then I use because if everyone starts
36:07 so it is better if we have person speaking at a time. If
36:11 find that I'm so involved in my , I'm not paying attention there.
36:15 just I'm giving every of you the only yourself at will. So just
36:21 excuse me, Doctor, about a here, criminal. Stop right now
36:26 got blown up on my right hand I can see all of you.
36:32 , you know, I cannot see names where I can see your face
36:36 so But I am looking my slides opposed to you got a big screen
36:42 . So So my suggestion is interjected , try just waiting for someone to
36:50 that right now. Joseph, you to just get that raise? You
36:55 do it on Zoom. If you into your Where is that? I'm
37:01 saying it here. Should be on bottom of your screen. There should
37:06 a Yeah. There you go. claims doing a class, you have
37:10 wave function first as a wave. a good way to get attention,
37:17 ? Thumbs up, Major agree. means, I guess, flaws.
37:24 try to keep it if I see going. No, that's questions
37:31 So we're still on the introduction. we have all afternoon to go talk
37:38 based on the concepts and processes just bit. And then I'll give you
37:42 first exercise, maybe first exercises this , uh, and then using what
37:50 do first in the morning. It my hope Is that your once we
37:54 your work with the exercises little See if you can figure it
37:58 Using very first Do Me Morning is just say, Does anybody have any
38:04 that accomplishes two things way? Could some one on ones It's good
38:09 Listen, if people were late getting for have a look at their coffee
38:13 in time to kind of, you , sort of getting the moment,
38:18 men will start with. I'll do best to sort of look at your
38:22 and tryingto make sure we have Great I can speak nonstop for hours without
38:28 a break. So it's good for of us to have. Okay,
38:34 , so tomorrow we'll talk about the of sugar feeding on. Then we'll
38:40 about size extract a graphic concepts. is when we start to get into
38:44 I call real meat. Of course them will sort of end the day
38:50 will get to fruit supersymmetric, Reince the end of the day that's gonna
38:55 so critical to really cement the concepts you mean they will have long,
39:02 , never come back on September That's about a day to remember,
39:08 guess. But anyway, way will talking about the actual methods of correlation
39:17 and more exercises. Now, I have some quizzes, and I'm gonna
39:22 a little bit with Maria as to best to accomplish those. One thing
39:28 thought about doing was doing some a five minute, 10 minute oral exams
39:34 you. If you are interested where consider do that off line where we
39:39 do some scheduling and I just have little chat with you and asking you
39:44 , the alternative is the Christian are difficult. I shouldn't say that.
39:48 mean, everyone almost passes them, . But, you know, it's
39:52 few multiple choice at the thing I about Chris issues preparation for the
40:00 I have not done any of the exams yet. Grand Master, I
40:05 on sabbatical so that I have talked my colleague Chris is can be done
40:19 . And he just set time. , Maria has prompted them. So
40:23 the solvent and we got lots on about the about the details that set
40:34 our second meeting. We're really focused shallow Marine seat photography. Still be
40:42 . And then beyond that will really talking more about how C street works
40:46 shall Mulraine nor Marie and then deepwater sentimentally systems. I want to
40:54 how. How much about this stuff now I've got everything. All the
41:00 loaded up until probably the end of . I don't think I flew stuff
41:06 , but I'll probably put that stuff in between this time. A moment
41:11 . So so rather get distracted with all terror right away. Everything for
41:16 next. I'm actually going to consider stuff if you want on your own
41:24 me lost readings. Most of those that I One thing I can tell
41:29 is that after teaching sequence for 20 , I found myself yelling and screaming
41:38 complaining about the same things. And I think it to thousands.
41:44 2009 Jim Best Contact me and We'd like you to write a special
41:51 issue, maybe a decade of issue the Journal seven Ontology on Secrets Meticulously
41:58 Mike Brown. I take all my and get to run paper. So
42:03 the paper that's posted on the So that reflects a lot of my
42:08 of corky thinking about how sequin suits It should be done, particularly with
42:14 on ground crews. So if you that paper, you'll hear me talk
42:22 a lot of those things. You read that paper and when you say
42:27 were saying smiles, Okay, I writing about that. Wait here.
42:34 talk a man read the paper and you'll say, Oh, that's
42:38 So you know, it's up to have on the matters list all of
42:43 exams for directly based on the slides lectures, all the reading material.
42:50 ? First. Sure about something, I should have given you a guide
42:56 reading reading less to say. These sort of covered material in living in
43:01 elections. Waiting magically reading material on last. Any questions so far?
43:17 . Yes. Go ahead. Make please. Is that Yes, it
43:30 . I tripped Easter my July. crossing out, put that would be
43:36 next day. Have breaking right so July. Good catch May. All
44:06 . Sorry somebody's got stopped. Wouldn't anyway. So in terms of
44:14 the final exam, I think has set the date for that. In
44:19 of grading, they'll be a lot it. Based on the practical
44:23 we're just gonna have to see how goes Normally. Number of do kind
44:29 during the class. Very hard to of get a few of grated
44:35 You, if I can before the exam in because it's accelerated. Doesn't
44:41 work, but the batteries will look everything and that will tell me right
44:47 . Any of you were having serious . I don't see serious problems with
44:51 hand. That feedback sort of the feedback if you're having problems. I
44:58 way need to look clearly. You're getting this concept. Um, the
45:05 thing to do is is whatever you , if you just decide to do
45:08 for a pencil on a piece of on the desk, just take just
45:13 a cell phone, photograph it as you can, and then you can
45:18 email That's your on. Send it you that we have a couple of
45:25 and obviously a final exam. what we're gonna do now is
45:32 okay? And I'm gonna stop, me. So why don't we just
45:39 a little of a little timid Or so I'm just gonna keep my
45:44 on. You guys log on to . You may want just You might
45:52 to stop recording what we've done so and then will resume again. Let's
45:59 at five minutes after two o'clock, is five after three my time,
46:07 then we'll start with the It's gonna like a lecture. But what?
46:12 calling a brainstorm get okay. You all about close? Five minutes.
46:19 12 minutes. Quitting. Ha. everybody here. Daniel J.
58:25 girl girl here. Okay, wait get started here to share my
58:48 Normally, what I do when I this class is I just draw this
58:56 and start by asking everybody in the what they think it ISS. In
59:04 case, I skipped that step Have a classic profile of Cross a
59:15 margin for basic margin on up listed . That's the area that's that's collecting
59:24 from rain that's feudal into rivers. then we have a round, flat
59:31 . Wait, you're prison of off settlement. Green is non marine
59:38 Yellow would be trying sands short face little hard to see a gray area
59:48 the yellow that would represent the monster . We can see that there's a
59:57 dipping profile that's that's the shoreline and offshore doctor, front or shore face
60:06 . Then there's a second. So there's one break ins took their so
60:11 that is flat again, goes flat steam. This is not drama scale
60:19 shells and then that little over that and slope through the shelf. So
60:24 separating the steeply dipping continent to smoke from the relatively flat shelf So let's
60:35 do a little exercise. Okay? I'm gonna ask you to put up
60:39 hand, okay? And I want close it. I want to tell
60:51 how many degrees the Continental Service dips . And so it's one degree.
61:00 do 12 degrees to 345 and you get up to 10 degrees if you
61:16 . Okay, I see chaos. . You could maybe a type your
61:23 in that most of you a sort in the right track. Contact.
61:27 smoke is typically about four degrees, to 4 degrees, five degrees.
61:33 that's a typical It's a carbonate continental carbonates can build vertical relief so they
61:41 be much steeper. And so the , that's a pretty steep slope in
61:47 . And then we go to what's called the compliment. Rise old three
61:52 deform. Okay, so what this is doing is kind of defining various
62:00 along transit from land to deep, I've got one body of wedge of
62:08 drawn in there. Okay, so just taking the labels off so we
62:15 just focus on the image. And we're gonna do is we're going to
62:21 time to pass. Okay, Step one, we have no change
62:28 sea level. You noticed that sea , this constant. Okay. And
62:33 allowing Tanya past. We're assuming that rivers flowing over this green area or
62:40 a yellow sandy dealt with. so now we're building some no sea
62:50 change, and we're assuming that sustainable constant. We could draw circle,
62:56 marks the previous break between the coastal on the shoreline. And that's migrated
63:05 with. So that's what Ross. that's where it is. And so
63:15 can think about the trajectory that the has experienced going from from time zeros
63:23 one and the trajectories horizontal Charlotte has in a completely horizontal fashion.
63:32 as indicated by the arrow zero time that's a horizontal shoreline director. And
63:46 that introduces concept of the shoreline And that's something that requires two
63:54 Okay, one is is maybe wanted skills when we're interpreting set of entry
64:02 . One thing you really want knows the heck the strong. And if
64:07 have a a bunch of strategic look what do you want to find
64:13 Where is the shoreline? Throughout the Cross section, you can track that
64:21 throughout a strata graphic cross section. could determine the trajectory of the shoreline
64:26 time. All on leave. Does step here in the strong wind has
64:31 moved horizontally Received direction. Um, gonna introduce in terms as we
64:47 So the word that we use for sea moving away from the land were
64:55 views for the sea. Moving away the land bases is for Russia.
65:11 , now, geology is very terminology . So regression refers to what the
65:19 is doing about the water is Sentiments are building C on the word
65:26 used to describe the sentiments of doing procreation. Shoreline regresses sentiments, program
65:47 you slightly different terms. Describe what sentiments of doing versus what the shoreline
65:52 doing. So you could say that pro gradation is associate with regression off
65:58 scene. Sea level is not The shoreline is actually moving. Water
66:06 moving from the land, even if being pushed by the fact that the
66:12 a marine air, is being in by Congregation of Seven. So now
66:21 gonna go from step one to step and step two. You'll see that
66:29 had a minor rise. Some see was down here and it's down
66:42 What that means what? Seal the up there. Shoreline has to has
66:47 lift up. OK, now you that that point is lifted up.
66:52 you'll notice that there is that there's later of sentiment that is now extending
67:00 the way back to the falls over green nor Marine unit is now
67:10 Now we're gonna go to step We're going to continue to rye sea
67:14 by just a little bit. Once , Strong has to lift up.
67:24 me go back to the scenario in one where we have no more rise
67:30 sea level. But we have a seven supplies now. You could draw
67:37 right down that documents the trajectory of shoreline through a time of rising and
67:44 static sea level with high settlements. , of course, that surface is
67:52 . Here it is blown out, . And so that curving surface marks
67:58 trajectory of the shoreline through time as consequence of rising sea level in which
68:05 of supply is capable of filling in the space made for having increasing sea
68:13 space that's made is called accommodation, these units have both aggregation because
68:20 want is lifting up and procreation is sentiments are for building. So from
68:29 run to Step four, the system regressed. Shiran is always ways the
68:38 . Sometimes it's pro grading horizontally and lifting up and going hard off at
68:44 same time. So we call that aggregation. Two per gravitational off stat
68:52 for Steve seven. Stacking time is rating and program, so that Red
69:01 is marking the trajectory of the stroller the settlements for building. Along with
69:07 , you'll also notice that as the that's up right, they create space
69:13 the shoreline that must be filled with . That's the green stuff. That's
69:18 normal settlement building behind the shoreline. Aggrey. It would be so far
69:28 sense. The only difference between this usually do in the classroom. You
69:35 to draw these lines. We do for you. I figure that with
69:43 there we are back to step forward all that all the lines taken
69:46 Okay, Now we're gonna go to five. We're going to drop
69:54 okay? Students always loved this Because what I do is we have
70:00 for that. I'll pick someone because in the middle and say not give
70:06 an eraser. You have to walk to the white board with an
70:10 Like, What am I doing with ? Is that your and then rode
70:17 all the mice geology that all the students built in the previous steps.
70:22 what's happening? Who dropped okay from higher level? Okay. And during
70:32 drop of sea level, the dashed line represents the wedge that used to
70:37 there at the end of step. And of course, the river is
70:43 down this nice flat area minding its business. Because see the drops.
70:51 river suddenly encounters a much steeper What do you think river does?
70:56 float over a flat area and account a steeper slope. Let's do a
71:03 quiz here. How many of you river speeds up once it's suddenly
71:10 A steeper slope. You can put hands up if you think the river
71:15 up? Have you think that when the river is flowing down slow and
71:24 something that looks steeper anything you maybe that river slows down, hands up
71:34 slow staff? What do you It slows down, so that's
71:42 When rivers flow over a slope and slopes, something increases the river speeds
71:48 . Guess what a river does when speeds up. It rose,
71:53 That's so This is extremely important. there will return to you in the
71:57 lecture, which is when this point exposed. Where this change in
72:02 If a sea level dropped exposed plate a steeper smoke in the rivers will
72:07 rode away the material. From that on, that erosion will stand.
72:13 were that produces this undulating emotional surface produces unconfirmable for officially, it's called
72:24 disc unformed. Talk about that the material that's rolling away has to
72:31 somewhere. Okay, you noticed that that at this point here instead,
72:40 delta is pretty close to the shelf . So some of these Delta Shales
72:46 still over deport. Okay, But down to still have, you know
72:51 close the South edge. See So we started against sedimentation. Defaulter
72:57 just a little bit of a It's kind of getting out once we
73:01 sea level. Got scale mobilization of older settlements that stuck up first on
73:08 shelves. They re mobilized and shunted different producing now deep water. Sandy
73:17 Pollen's right. So these are things people sometimes called basic floor fans.
73:25 so we see that the sandy sediments are being delivered when the shell smoke
73:30 is exposed and the aerial out of is eroding on that it grows erosions
73:36 instead of a submarine canyons. So the previous rich. And we see
73:45 this Reebok mobilization of sediments deposited in suffering. So let's take off the
73:57 now. We're gonna go to step , Step six. There's no change
74:03 sea level. Ceiling has fallen, now we're gonna start building the system
74:10 a time of what we see is the shrine starts to move horizontally
74:20 get a new wedge of off shelf delta sentiments. We get continued sanitation
74:27 the submarine, then we rise sea so hard horizontal structuring notice Enough
74:39 Now we have a bit of a of sea level. Of course,
74:42 shoreline now has to lift up again a great in order to do
74:48 It's not a film, the space it. So a couple of things
74:54 . There's a different original surface of . Flu valley. We get back
74:59 of some of that value, so the value selling we get Deposition
75:04 Reg of Sun. That way, said, it covers overlaps, the
75:12 you can also draw. Little Arrow be a little hard to see.
75:18 shows is that at the end of fall, which resulted in degradation,
75:24 go back here. So here is previous point to the new point,
75:30 from step 4 to 5, that a degradation with normal. It's moving
75:37 . That would be a degradation drawn that. It goes to a probation
75:45 , and then it goes probation ALS some aggregation. Okay, so that's
75:51 figuration aggregation stacking of the short These terms of ended important because they
76:01 the observations of what sentiment is This is something that you can
76:07 Estrada Graphic across. So it's fundamental understand what these patterns of sanitation mean
76:15 terms of breath. Sentiments are procreating , whether they're pro credit with some
76:21 nation, whether the degrading for whether stepping land with talk about just because
76:28 also gonna help us define sequences of systems. Try not quite there
76:34 But I think if you understand the of how culture that's a margin evolves
76:40 a function of the changes in sediment and Seattle, that's the essence off
76:48 . You could understand this lecture, else were confused that we need to
76:54 through the steps now go to Raissi . So you see that I was
77:05 up for all something. Now we've a drunken settlement supply. Part of
77:11 is because sea levels suddenly rises, up, shoves a break. So
77:16 area that started by the water becomes greater. So whatever set of what
77:20 being supplied when I say it was to the shelf edge, all of
77:24 sudden, those rivers see a lot much wider area off space available for
77:33 in filling and so they can't fill all of space. You get a
77:37 flood back, and that causes a of junk in the position to
77:43 So that's where laws. Now it's land. Okay, there's the
77:49 And so that results in the sea resting over land. Okay, that's
77:57 as a retro gradation off the So they're rectal heard. A retro
78:02 or stepping land. The short one have with transgresses. Okay, we
78:17 that process where I see another we get another landlord. Step in
78:23 shoreline. Now the strongest way back . Then we can begin to turn
78:34 . Okay, So sea level rise . Reason seven supplies now able to
78:43 the rise of sea level on the is once again be able to begin
78:49 . The Charlotte is now progressing even here. That rose between step nine
78:54 10. The rate of rise is able to flood anymore because enough settlements
79:02 to push the shoreline seem to get 44. We could continue that process
79:14 progress. So step 11 More Step 12 for aggression instead. 13
79:26 . You see what I'm doing Step 10. You have seen other
79:31 and supply increase. Step left, got set up arrives with high seven
79:38 12. We have seen other rise high seven supply. You noticed that
79:44 amount of aggravation between 11 10 and is less Basically rated aggregation is slowing
79:53 the rate of sea level rise slows set up supply remains home the thought
79:59 13. This moment normally seen on rise. But we have to go
80:04 to the horizontal pro gradation off Okay, that marks on aggregation.
80:12 procreation. There's the arrow. You blow it up. So that defines
80:18 aggregation along to procreation. Observation Pastrana record is we see aggravation. What
80:28 do is that means that sea brother rising during the aggravation phase that forced
80:34 strong line to have some vertical. then once, once the mother I
80:42 and set up, supply was She was able to continue the
80:48 See results of creation Okay, now through a complete cycle off of high
80:57 level, falling sea level, rise sea level, and then a smaller
81:02 rise back to stone. One way think about this I should probably put
81:09 up, but we'll see more examples it. No, See, if
81:16 think about seeing was rising falling. , this could be low. This
81:21 be high. Okay, We start with high survival example that fell that
81:28 . So we should have ended up at kind of that kind of a
81:32 level period of high falling, And then So we went through one
81:40 cycle for high sea level too far now. Debt that sediments deposited during
81:51 periods of high sea level, commonly to as a high stand systems tracked
81:59 track is an old English word. simply these areas attractive left track just
82:07 an area. Okay, Word sister to the concept of deposition systems through
82:15 systems, del tag systems, shelf and Defour systems Systems tracks as
82:22 Jeremy. Period of high stand. get a suite of linked shorelines.
82:27 shows deep water systems. If sea are low position, we get different
82:33 off shore lines, rivers, deltas deep systems. We'll return this terminology
82:41 least three times in the next Don't worry. If this is new
82:47 you, will return those. But systems tracks for logical consequences off understanding
82:56 how to set of exactly now. Step five, we had a drop
83:08 sea that was associative with the erosion the lab area. Okay and in
83:17 sea would area rather than erosion Have a confirmable contact between these deepwater
83:24 in the deep water sand stones on confirmable contact is confirmed. The surface
83:31 Carly's landward with the UN conformity and in sequence photography. Emotional surface is
83:39 to a Carella conformity at the erosion , and it's Perella conformity are collectively
83:46 together called the secrets bound. I ask you to define the term sequence
83:56 , and if you say un you want to get half two points
84:01 it's the conformity and it's for You don't need to memorize that
84:08 That will be coming up in several before you ever get. But that's
84:13 key concept. And then the other that I talked about is that receivable
84:19 exposes a shelf so break, and is typically results in significant erosion and
84:28 erosion surface, and it's Carella conformity . This surface, called sequence Founder
84:39 , had a time of rising sea way had a series of back stepping
84:44 retro gradation systems. Those backstabbing systems been referred to as the transgressive systems
84:53 . So the suite of deposition systems former back stepping for retro gradation package
85:00 formed during the time of rise in level for generals see trans fresh
85:13 I'm gonna blow this up for That that's the That's our final strategic
85:19 . And this diagram is sometimes referred as the slug ground. That's
85:45 We talked about the idea that this will surface. Does a bunch of
85:50 it places flu dio ihr oh, overshadowed approximate distance it's expressed by truncation
86:02 the underlying unit. So there is unit that's eroded by this for
86:09 for emotional surface. So we get off sediments below the young conformity or
86:17 . Of course, we get on of the settlements, so we see
86:23 see strangle latte out associated with that . Truncation laugh out below as well
86:31 a major base would shift in the environments. In some places, we
86:38 flu the rocks, overline marine and that violates the sink rest small
86:45 will talk about in later lectures somebody's , particularly for those of you who
86:51 geology degrees. Most of you have degrees hopefully took a least one course
87:00 the introduced the idea of faces and often small because they didn't review that
87:07 with you in some made electric. I will come back to some of
87:11 strata graphic concepts. Now, this a little tricky. So you got
87:19 kind of have to remember the steps had static to rising sea level of
87:25 results of the deposition of these Then between step forward five drops we
87:33 of that unit and some deep water that are off the screen here on
87:40 Rosie level and possible that short on slide it back way, have one
87:48 event transgressing event and then began. noticed that I've got these little units
87:59 , but I gotta zigzag line that the yellow from the show. I've
88:04 got the green. No Marine units zigzag line that separates the non Marie
88:10 positional face. He's from the shallow Sam's sandy face. He's from the
88:17 shelf faces these environments of deposition, Marine, shallow marine sands and
88:26 Much stones are separated from each other zigzag she Zamel. These lines are
88:34 critical. I'm gonna give you a at the end of gonna have this
88:38 . Explain those because some students will struggled with exam lines drop. You're
88:46 have to learn how to draw Correcting this class just because they're quite
88:53 . Things represent the little faces. lines represent surfaces, timelines separate from
89:05 it sort of gets to sort of between little photography, which is the
89:10 of the colored areas. Secretary Fascism . First secrets, Richard, your
89:15 , which is all the stuff separated black. You'll see right away that
89:21 black lines of this black line separates from green to yellow. Uh,
89:31 . Great. With Sam. Lines the different forms of deposition. Why
89:38 you draw a line that separates a share from marine shape? Why would
89:43 do that? Because probably there is little dislocation that contact in this case
89:49 mine separates prudent shoot from a Hello. Creating a reservoir sealed of
90:02 sealed hair. There's another reservoir and separated that reservoir by this flooding
90:10 Now back to this to this saying we noticed that there is a yellow
90:20 . It is a great marine The lower if we tracked that marine
90:26 landward. You see that? That better system is the most points Marine
90:34 okay Immediately above that, the rocks to get shallower, right? So
90:42 That scene never gets any further Lambert that about that. It's always
90:48 So that more in shale there See word of that. So that
90:55 there is the most maximum points off incursion shale. That would be called
91:05 maximum flooding service. My word limit shape that marks the maximum floating
91:13 That's another important surface secret, and will be tested on your knowledge of
91:21 surfaces and the systems tracks they We're gonna come back to the slides
91:27 and again to memorize snap. If understand this, found this first go
91:32 , your life will be easier for rest. Of course, elections that
91:36 complicated as we go from my home talking you through an example of building
91:44 with an understanding of how sentiment supplying ever change see that change, control
91:49 and have the services for getting your physical processes that now the other thing
92:01 this blue surface, and that marks things. The blue sort surface marks
92:09 maximum limits off probation, which is point right there. Above that,
92:15 deeper loaded from the same way that green surface marks the maximum limit off
92:22 share. That blue service marks the maximum lowered limit of marine shape.
92:30 blue service marks the maximum seared limit the throttle. There's no shoreline seemed
92:37 at that point below it. It's water bottles, and it's so That
92:44 marks the maximum the maximum limiters so that blue line is commonly referred
92:53 as the maximum aggressive service, so progression service. It also marks the
93:01 which everything is a bit deeper. has also marks the first major transgressive
93:11 in the original excellent literature. That surface was called the transfer s of
93:18 . Now there are many surfaces of in this prosection that is the one
93:23 considered to be the most important, it's used to define what's called the
93:29 systems transference of systems tracked includes everything that maximum progressive service, which is
93:39 called transgressive surface and below the What you see is there's a little
93:45 of seven on this prosection. That's transgressor sisters here, maximums, floating
93:54 and the transfer subsistence friend inside. just a position they also. So
94:01 prosection is only a smaller wedge of systems. Faxed seven and later lecturers
94:09 talk extensively about those surfaces. The , our services between blue and green
94:21 they're too thin to show on this crossing. We start looking a
94:26 You'll see those surfaces really separated by centimeters of fire traded transfer. That's
94:34 story, so that then allows to the cross. Sectional just builds batting
94:50 . Sitting in a classroom. You build this honest with you picture
94:55 It looked as good because your hand with him, but we've done it
95:00 a group in class. Hopefully, got the idea with my talking through
95:07 , step by step. Of Now we have this complicated dog ride
95:11 a bunch of ladies, right? so the Hiestand Systems tracked represented that
95:18 of pro gradation of succession off off units. The low stance systems Trackers
95:25 five Secrets Pandurii for my fallen. the base of the low stance systems
95:32 roads into the Hiestand systems tracked. this is Regine low stand sediments deposited
95:38 the shelf edge. You see, shorelines here, Big jump across sequence
95:45 on a big wedge of low And you see this big down draw
95:50 basin. From that low staff there a back step, but marks transgressive
95:56 tracked. We contract that flooding all way to the most nine would limit
96:02 . See, that represents the end transgression Hiestand and then the system turning
96:08 , being seaward, marking another Hiestand . The Hiestand Systems tract is marked
96:19 the maximum floating surface after base transgressive tract has a maximum floating surface on
96:26 top, and then this transgressive surface maximum repressive surface of the base lo
96:33 has tracked, has a maximum aggressive of the tall secret. Spanish strung
96:40 lot of service that you get a complicated. We don't have to
96:44 It was all now just recognizing all surfaces systems tracked. How large is
96:50 consequence of how long as you understand processes by which we build risk this
97:00 , then you get a very good to understand the rest of force.
97:04 you find out a step confusing the time to say, Well, you
97:08 a doctor, planetary re confused and this one more time. Take a
97:15 break before I go on the next . Any questions about what I told
97:24 ? Would they would the very top the table meets that? Would that
97:31 with that program? Small edge right below that? Would that be
97:37 Well with in this case? So so what one. That asking is
97:46 your exercises to search for the short , right? So I certainly shoreline
97:56 time. But if I connect those , it's always moving. Therefore,
98:05 it's admiration information, regulation, regulation . That's a P, including
98:14 so the AP is always This should just Did you know that procreation through
98:32 continued through time? Time Eventually build , and you'll notice that the Delta
98:43 sentiments separated from program to share his exactly and determine that Germany was.
98:58 just an animal. There is There's adults from shells. There's approach
99:07 . Zigzag line separates stand stones left the year old, some of you
99:14 realize reality. It might be. sand very fine sand course. It's
99:22 , of course. Played a fine , and so you know, we
99:25 show that just degradation was forced to line. Zigzag line is just It's
99:31 a simple simplification for a step arbitrary boundary that separates little face ease
99:39 a die actress the cinnamon of darkness . So these lines here representing,
100:06 that point in time, Okay, clearly the shell unit cuts across time
100:13 the timelines for through shirt time. line is so that line. There
100:23 no parallel to this exact line, through and represents more than one
100:31 So it's a diaphanous. So let's at some real rocks. These are
100:39 up, of course, shrine complexes the cliffs. This is another.
100:47 lines also come from election 15 probably tomorrow or show them today because this
100:57 a concept that a lot of students . Sometimes the job is experience because
101:04 haven't had as much geology or less . Some of these faces facing.
101:11 these stories up precaution units represent I'm gonna focus on Laura Run and
101:22 could maybe see. It consists of series of different bets that separate that
101:28 to run to the left and increasing shame. So there's sandstone. The
101:36 represents the timelines second bed and then line represents that faces not just take
101:47 same image blown out that Yankee Delta I find if you consider dipping metal
102:00 for terminating against the talk of the . The separates Marine mud stones involved
102:08 Cheryl in shares. So that represents flooding for transgressive. It may or
102:16 not be transgresses service floating surface for out products. Simply single. Generalize
102:27 flooding, sir, is separates pro of mud stones above from Delta Front
102:34 flow that overnight productive ship for the between adults front Santorum flow down to
102:42 is marked by these shoes. Those a simplification use that implies dicking
102:51 That's so that's what exactly were drawn we do a correlation. Well,
102:59 just zigzag faces. Sandstone implies there's that services that in the direction of
103:11 , so zigzags indicated gradation of faces the environment of little physicians.
103:20 in the direction of six point is direction that faces friends. So you're
103:29 me if you draw zigzag like this the sand stones on the upside for
103:36 eggs for more approximately shares of the And that, and in the direction
103:45 is that makes sense, right? from zigzags points to the way in
103:53 this environment transitions. I called. of you may draw yours exacts like
104:03 If you do, What you tell is that sandstone leftist approximately Is this
104:10 Sorry. On the share will write process. No, but the sandstone
104:16 shallow where the's a deeper water, know, the best dipped from left
104:21 right. So this would be incorrect it would given incorrect interpretation off the
104:27 in which these environments this would imply land was was in that direction.
104:33 , it was a mess. We from looking at rocks there. It
104:39 very important to think very carefully about to draw your six. Okay,
104:46 talk about how how we understand Francis in base analysis is in later.
105:04 , so that's the end of that . What we're gonna do now is
105:12 a little break. We'll try to the brakes pretty consistent for a couple
105:17 reasons. One of my short of from and And then we'll have the
105:23 major lecture. Pretty extensive lunch Come up. If you have a
105:27 before that, probably break that, probably get up. Have another break
105:31 the middle of that lecture for That sometimes there were about now and
105:34 half. Um, just take a right there. And why don't you
105:42 think way? Just stop for a and see if there's any questions for
105:47 questions about about the issues and cons in anything I just talked about?
106:01 , Joseph. Okay, good. , so take a break. It's
106:08 got three o'clock. So I want start back again at 3. 15
106:14 minutes. Okay. Too long. short. 3. 15 minute break
106:20 start up again at three. you can record that lecture, and
106:24 the next one will be a more more formula in 15
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