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GEOL6372 Petroleum Geochemistry - Day4 04-29-2023 AM
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00:00 Ok, let us wait a few minutes. Let Tasha be here.
00:40 . So how's, how's your, do you, have you had,
00:45 you had your breakfast? Yeah, , ok. So that's your breakfast
00:58 the lunch is combined together. That's . Not good, not healthy
01:13 It's the, yeah, that's you know, for me it's,
01:17 , I, I definitely need to breakfast otherwise I do not have energy
01:22 the morning, in the whole Yeah. And so the young,
01:31 I was young it's actually same as, as you guys. I
01:34 like sleep until that a few minutes . Before the class. Yeah.
02:01 , yeah, I mean, I'm , hm, got a lot happening
02:49 . Yeah. Very like, man. But, um, the
03:09 . Ok. What do you measure hear? Yeah. Uh-huh.
04:21 Geology. Focus on the sedimentary geology what the, what your main focus
04:30 . What is your main? So the, the, the reserves
04:37 ? Yeah, it was like the . Ok. Ok. We're all
04:45 the same thing. Oh, same, same program. Ok.
04:55 , already set. Uh, so already, ok. So to
05:07 but I know you, you will on the, the, the,
05:12 , the, the, the Yeah. No, my was gonna
05:17 kind of, um, we none of us have like a particular
05:28 . Ok. So that, that were going to write thesis as
05:33 right. Uh, well, uh, it's like a, I
05:40 so it's not. Oh, But, yeah. Ok.
05:54 So let us start and, this afternoon we, we already talk
06:02 something about the pressure uh build up the oil and gas generation. And
06:10 as I said, for the shale , shale oil uh play. And
06:15 if you reach to the source rack actually that source rack is also self
06:21 the shale gas and shale oil play normally have a higher pressure. We
06:28 that a normal, a normal, normal, normal pressure. And uh
06:33 , you know, compared to the, the, the, the
06:40 on the bulb and the, the and the below and we already did
06:45 describe a little bit about the, the, how the pressure can build
06:51 that because generate oil and very similar be cooking the food at home.
07:00 uh do you, do you guys use this, this kind of cooking
07:05 , the, the cook, cooking , the, the at and you
07:09 , it's the pressurize it and then it can be, it will take
07:13 take a much, much shorter time cook. But I suppose you want
07:17 cook your chicken and maybe takes about minutes only, only you can
07:22 cook stuff. And, uh, ideas in the window that when
07:26 when the flu is like water, , and it didn't reach the,
07:33 . And if it is the close system, if you constantly app apply
07:39 , apply the energy and the more will become vaporized once you wrap that
07:46 then you can build up the And uh and, and that's the
07:51 thing. And because of that, generate a second thing is some of
07:57 liquid itself have a, have the volume of the exposure. And
08:03 the, if we have a water 100 extra to, to the,
08:07 , the 100 degrees C compared to at 100 and 20 degrees C and
08:13 water at the 150 degrees C, thermal explosion is different that thermal explosion
08:19 , thermal explosion can be reached about or 10% for the, for the
08:26 itself that the one of the source the, the, the pressure in
08:33 , in, in the reservoir. also in the source. Another is
08:38 the, we know that when the oil from an organic matter,
08:44 organic matter, initial d think about organic matter is uh is actually initially
08:52 mature. Yeah. So the material the density is about 1.31 to
09:00 And uh when we turn off the to to the gas. We know
09:05 density even even lower. But for decrease and like gasoline and normally the
09:11 density is about 0.8 to 0.9. it a dusty because the dust will
09:19 when the organic matter converted to the and the gas? Because the density
09:23 of the production, the volumetrically, can imagine that you have a significant
09:29 increase because of the organic matter, to the oil and the gas as
09:37 result that can cause a significant increase depression in the, in the.
09:46 uh this like simply that if if you do not really know this
09:50 , but those, those called the reducing. If you have a,
09:56 have generated enough pressure and then that's , the, the whole system cannot
10:01 the pressure. So they have a release and then the pressure, this
10:06 be, they will, they will functionable and release the pressure out of
10:12 system. And then you can hear the sounds of the pressure release
10:19 uh like if you, if you play something like open, open your
10:23 bottle, you can hear some, , some some noise comes out because
10:28 pressure in the gas bottle is higher yeah, that's a vessel.
10:35 that so so those release, release pressure and then continue to build
10:41 pressure and the, and the system to build the pressure on some level
10:48 release again, that's very similar to uh what say that that oil and
10:57 and then the pressure will build And for this system, the pressure
11:02 build up because the constantly generate at a given temperature, it constantly
11:07 more, decrease or more, more and uh cause the volume expansion and
11:14 volume expansion and the pressure will increase we have a limit that we,
11:20 do have a limit to that think think about that fix the volume.
11:25 in the volume version of the and the extra person and uh the pressure
11:35 be reach as high as to the call it. And then once we
11:41 the over the pressure, that means reach the fractures. So let's see
11:48 the fractures and then once the fact and as the, the continuity
11:58 and then get the oil out of through the glass on the carrier and
12:07 process will be in the of oil I for this kind of uh multiple
12:15 increase of the pressure and further increase this kind of problem. And uh
12:34 also catch, catch the about the matter she heterogeneity and an an why
12:44 is important because the, you it's the, if you visibly look
12:49 your source rock, it's just like just like the black rocks, you
12:55 really see too much structures. And of the uh of, of your
13:01 under the microscope, this is the section, this is normal sun
13:05 the the the the section, the and the baby is like this,
13:10 is the and what you can see or is the kind of background kind
13:20 here and uh the the the that distribute. And uh you can imagine
13:28 this is, this is the organic , the so called, this is
13:33 and then you do have a really of the, of the, the
13:39 here to here. And this, kind of the difference can cause the
13:47 . But in the, the, the variation when the oil generation from
13:55 , it uh if, if this is uh have a stronger is to
14:03 organic matter, the organic matter itself this area cannot be extended. But
14:10 then if you have a small build up from here from this layers
14:16 the, the pressure, the pressure , it should be much higher than
14:21 both to the. And the result that there is a signature on the
14:27 can be expelled and uh check it the mine, the mine, to
14:33 matrix. So you imagine the kind thing you can think about that
14:40 cook the gas and all the area , fresh, increasing. But you
14:45 have a damage, the damage, volume for your, for your uh
14:50 your, your pressure for your And then eventually the pressure increase to
14:58 electric points and bring down to those those kind of uh and then
15:07 fun that one thing to generate the, the, the,
15:11 the, the and into the uh matrix system. Another another possibility,
15:24 possibility is that you see that we have made organic matter, matter
15:31 and uh some organic particles is uh , they do have a is not
15:38 , the is not really the but somehow you know, here and
15:47 combined with this, this layer of organ and continue to clear, clear
15:54 . And we will build connections with organ. And eventually, eventually
16:01 you thinking about the image and the organ ma the, the, the
16:09 the rock become a connected, the , connect system. We could,
16:17 call that we can, we call connect the, the, the connected
16:21 the path. Those people know that oil and oil and gas in this
16:33 . And then so here connect to path and eventually the connect into the
16:40 . You don't need to, you need to generate the, generate enough
16:44 to break down your, to break your rock itself, the other generate
16:51 and uh but you do it in way, you have already much significant
16:58 for the whole system. And those system pro provide a very good way
17:05 the oil and gas market, all the problems and it it to me
17:12 , that they do have a rock high probability, high pro rocks and
17:20 of the cell, the cell and you, you, you take the
17:28 and then check very short to the , high. That's, that's why
17:39 we, when we look at look at the whole system to one
17:42 the system, you have a in , in the center. And then
17:49 there's a, if there's a, , the the the reservoir rocks which
17:56 have a higher pro on the high . But just to the source,
18:02 area is actually is a very good along the to and the because it's
18:12 less very short distance established, the chance for the oil oil charges into
18:21 is very high. But you you can think about those things of
18:25 all that things happen if this is the microscope. But you have that
18:29 of understanding of the, the the the shell in the shell, all
18:37 play a role for the oil uh particular for the oil, the exposure
18:43 the migration. OK. That's we will graduate to another the concept
18:58 see this is called the concept for the and uh it does that and
19:07 is the country show this temperature this profile with a provider and then
19:15 into the different, you see that called the I. Then I get
19:22 the shadow shadow portion and the completion then go to the onset of the
19:30 generation as in get into the, into the, the, the,
19:36 , the, the onset of the . Yeah, that's the onset of
19:42 package and then the, the, , the main of the and uh
19:50 can you release, which is which is we talk about the explosion
19:57 uh continue increase temperature and then of which did that, that uh
20:07 yeah, that's kind of, that's oil pass the oil window and some
20:13 , some portion of the oil that normal oil is not some so decomposed
20:21 the, the last part carbon on and eventually uh the the the the
20:29 not stable at all or to the . So this is kind of the
20:36 you see, you see that those the, the, the the different
20:40 is this uh this one is uh the central and that's the actually those
20:55 uh the line, that's the best . That idea, that's a best
21:05 feel, feel, feel that. uh let me back a little bit
21:10 this one because I, I really , yeah, it's, this is
21:14 bottom of the graph. You we, we talk about people,
21:17 talk about people that the, how , the what we uh what I
21:22 showed before that is that a real observations. And this is general idea
21:28 the profile the, that the bio and then the culture and bacteria cannot
21:40 survived and the organ itself become an character and then that the confusion getting
21:51 and the, the, the tracking get it on set of. And
22:02 if the even higher and the order uh so the complication even higher from
22:16 increasing and the oil did not come . Actually the, so this is
22:26 general, this is a very general which, which I I do ask
22:32 to put this, put this plots uh remember this plots in your,
22:37 your mind and then you go this, this is the real,
22:42 is the real real case. Let's that everything was put here at the
22:47 real case. You can see that by zone yeah, gas and liquid
22:59 and many liquid generation and the generation the gas. It's so that the
23:06 to a model, that concept to model is really proved by the geological
23:11 scheme. OK. Now we move plot. So this is uh this
23:19 very complicated plots. But uh I to spend uh you spend more time
23:25 look at this, this one, , the Y AIS that is
23:30 the, the this side is that is perfect. And uh if you
23:39 at this, this one, this uh this is no longer, no
23:43 become a depth, become the geological age. And it said that the
23:50 yes. And those are the 55 of videos and uh say that 500
24:02 years ago, what happens and what and what you can see out of
24:08 , this, this is the And if you look at temperature,
24:13 is all less, maybe less than degrees C no matter how you suppose
24:21 , your, your, your sulfur in 50 degrees C for 500 milli
24:28 and which is from now to devoting or even to the caber. And
24:35 that those those long half, but stay in there for 50 degrees
24:41 What happens? You do not really a, you still did not have
24:46 to the onset of oil generation. means if you, if you formation
24:52 the cove you segmental base in the you do not really reach the critical
24:59 , no matter how long you sit , you, you still do not
25:03 to the, not able to enter the, you see that and
25:09 we, we see that we see we, we have a in this
25:15 , to the, to the temperature not significantly, not significant. But
25:22 is one of the important concepts that need to, we need to get
25:28 , I'm pretty sure is one of very critical specter to the organic matter
25:37 to the different kind of products. . The time, the time is
25:42 , is a, is a factor not as important. Definitely not as
25:47 as the, as the graph clearly that. And then we got the
25:54 , this is the, the, , the, the, the
26:03 you know that if the, if 0.5, yes, you know,
26:07 , we talk about the, the stages onset of oil generation here to
26:15 level and the pick off oil And you can see that for all
26:24 the, the for the 0.50 point of the, if the is uh
26:32 the even, even you go to to 500 million years sitting there for
26:39 million years, your answer to that that you have to know a little
26:46 of your temperature. So this this is this curve is uh this
26:52 the, the, the big equivalent , this is A is A and
26:58 these are 0.5 and go here, here, go here, here it's
27:04 0.5. If you do not you, you so much with the
27:10 reading reach on beyond the 0.5, oil did not start to generate from
27:18 organ. And even you do have , you do have slightly decreasing of
27:26 completion. You see this and then can see that time, then
27:31 you get into the initial origination which in reflection from 0.5 to 0.7.
27:40 you can see that you see that this narrow room here is uh is
27:46 the very corresponding to the, the time is not really. And then
27:55 look at the in the peak of . So this is the key from
28:04 to 1.25 or 1.32 point 75. this is also country dependent country
28:12 did not really affected too much by time. OK. And then we
28:19 into the, the, the they the heavy hydrocarbon decomposition civilization or heavier
28:26 or normal oil. The and then is the, this is the,
28:35 this, this is the, I actually the because you know there's
28:43 this called the bottom, this one the by the organic metamorphism. What
28:50 means is this the organic and uh the, when the decrease start the
28:59 , you know that, that you and which has a components, the
29:07 oil that somehow happen and the products be uh become natural gas, that
29:14 natural gas, which are the Think about that because we have a
29:21 oil plus some of the check the is. Yes, which is and
29:29 remains in the, in the Not sure. OK. So you
29:43 about that when I ask this question what you have already think about
29:50 what's the big component? Yeah. yeah. And uh and I before
30:20 in I think, and even the the I can it I,
31:04 Um OK. Yes. Is the , if not the best chemical
31:38 So you have to go. Yeah. Yeah. And uh
31:43 what, what did you do that the? Let me, let me
31:58 back a little bit and I think have some, some slides here.
32:09 . You know, this is, is, this is what, what's
32:15 reason of that is about 1.71 point point. OK. One point
32:23 that is me molecules. OK? uh that carbon and uh if you
33:13 at our, look at our cell have here, that's the best,
33:20 is the best organic matter itself as the carbon ratio is, is
33:28 So what that means is that you that, that the oil and gas
33:35 general is I reach more hydrogen what should, what should remain,
33:45 remains the, yeah, that will , that will be, that's
33:56 that's a, that's a think about these things that one think about.
33:59 . Back to my question to my , if you have a the and
34:17 C H 44 and uh it's obviously oil to gas and the water after
34:33 what? What is the um And then we got to here,
35:25 , now we got here. If all the things, you know,
35:29 couple of those depends why the state once God got a higher temperature is
35:39 heavier, I don't have a big component and the solid solid carbon,
35:46 increased because of the oil, the and gene generate some additional solid
35:56 which is the and that's the It turns out organ and increase.
36:06 that's a, that's a very important , very important slide and try to
36:11 , build up your very important concrete and time correspond to the
36:21 It a time is a is a but not really critical critical factor is
36:30 is the how the product correspond to the time. Any, any questions
36:43 relate to this plot? Because this we will, that is a that
36:47 a very fundamental things. We, need to, we we we,
36:53 need to, we need to understand uh otherwise we will go go go
36:58 and we will be confused a Yeah. So um mhm increase the
37:10 increase. You do not really Yeah, that it's suppose you have
37:21 with some and there for one day there for 10 days. And I
37:36 that the the only time the and happens for that if you, if
37:43 prepare your, you have a very good and the the very and
37:53 the town and it not really much the condition people not really prepare well
38:06 that will cause some of the and is actually that moisture but everything in
38:29 I think everything is good but not that. So all the
38:35 what we talk about here is that the temperature very critical because temperature
38:41 a key factor for the chemical which is the organic but thermally decompose
38:50 to generate the oil and gas. , the key factor is still so
39:00 you, you put that, that don't want to confuse you. I
39:03 that's what you, what, what are asking. But uh uh
39:07 the they will gradually get there. , you know, you, you
39:12 a five years, many years of , 500 million years and deposited the
39:19 , the 500 million years ago. then later on, you have an
39:24 sediments, overloaded, overburden rock and the, the the the sitting on
39:30 of that rocks. Those is important it increase the what you happen,
39:36 can increase the barrier decks because the , you have overloaded to the to
39:44 to the savings and that is to your barrier depth, but you increase
39:49 barrier depth. It actually increase your increased temperature, reach critical temperature to
39:58 of these kind of stages. And that we will be converged to the
40:09 . Ok. Now come to the, this and uh this,
40:21 , this 0.5 and those and those . So those, those are the
40:30 seven in I type for I for , those are all corresponding to the
40:40 classification. And uh those are, uh those numbers here and they divide
40:53 , the different zones for the, two, those three and uh and
40:58 four and five and the, those those zooms. I think that I
41:08 a, OK, those are different generation one, which is the temperature
41:16 corresponding to a temperature less than that 40 degrees c 50 degree C as
41:21 is a five chemical generation and uh the, the dry, dry gas
41:29 the gas vat is, that's what asked you. The question yesterday is
41:34 gas vat change from a to a depth to the, to the,
41:40 with the depth. And what why gas become from dr become wet to
41:46 ? Dr actually the, the 1st, 1st shadow portion is actually
41:54 , the bacteria, the bacteria involve which is, and I go to
42:04 which the initial thermal chemical generation and effect oil release. What that
42:11 no effect the oil oil release because do not really to gene enough oil
42:16 build up that pressure, a lot pressure and you do not really build
42:21 enough pressure and to make that your is sped out of your. So
42:28 why the oil and gas release the is a, it actually reach and
42:41 those are the mark here. The why I thought this is very,
42:46 important stage, very important stage. a long to know that the on
42:53 of the oil generation starts at two it can become a commercial reliance or
43:03 . This is the big question mark . That's why the big question if
43:07 do have very good software, choose high and also your metal compositions is
43:14 and is good for the oil really oil generation. And then it
43:19 have enough oil and charge and go those three, this main phase of
43:29 oil generation. And also which is oil, the product is its oil
43:38 gas, which is, which and the of oil has, which
43:52 the oil off and uh as a of the under the. So those
44:02 the, those are, you those, those four is actually get
44:06 the end of the pick up for generation or start the to generate a
44:12 of your and uh some, some guidance as a point and go to
44:21 intensive organic metamorphism and, and which the guidance. OK. This is
44:29 , this is summary what we, we learned and uh yesterday afternoon and
44:36 what we talk about and those those zones, you keep, you
44:40 those zones in your mind and keep graph graph, which I and then
44:45 , you, you can read the stage that the bio gas gas and
44:52 that into the onset of oil generation that could be have a significant amount
44:58 oil, that significant amount of uh amount of oil can be different
45:05 a form which is a of oil and then temperature getting higher and
45:14 temperature oil can be some of the the large oil and the gas and
45:19 for the increased temperature and the carbon , you can hold them nicely.
45:27 I have back there and the and to, and uh, if you
45:35 at our liquid lire is the, know, kick off oil generation is
45:40 , actually normal oil and uh here do have some oil, maybe the
45:45 oil and here they have definitely have very good, good, good uh
45:50 which is the and the large oil go here. No oil. So
45:57 , that's why I call it. oil have a window oil have window
46:01 generation have a window window is that is here double seven. Yeah,
46:12 zoom file is go to the It's the all the all the car
46:18 almost all converted to the to the potential become almost. Yeah, the
46:27 need to look at our the S P 25 S two chick of paralysis
46:37 the two. Get into how big that chick is? What you gonna
46:49 ? That's no, no, no peak, the peak but how high
46:55 classic music also also maybe that also the maximum temperature really, really uh-huh
47:07 temperatures really high. Yeah, and , how peak of two peak,
47:14 highest of and and I, it will be very, very
47:22 Yeah, because that is that actually S two peak indicates a generation
47:28 the potential to become almost zero. that is very, that's good.
47:36 very good. And uh how about speaker of here in the, at
47:45 , in a set in, in for to, in a long
47:54 They are still small, very still small because that, you
47:57 think about the oil, some, to do the the in the
48:11 That's also our character. Yeah, took the higher. That's great.
48:18 took the higher. I'm happy, happy you get that. And uh
48:23 the generation potential generation potential of the to the oil in zone four is
48:30 . The the car itself, the is that you have significant conversion of
48:35 car to the oil and gas in three and the two I asked to
48:47 . Yeah, because that will that will be highest in the in
48:52 two because of the conversion of the , the oil, it varies.
49:00 is that in other words, potential, how carbon generation potential for
49:07 is because that because they still have very oil generation and Zumba is you
49:16 that it's immature. Yeah. great, great. Actually, actually
49:23 knowledge here, if you look at , this one and you think the
49:28 the knowledge of what we learned and from past to here. Great.
49:36 uh we each, each time. I, that's why I understand that
49:40 I go through this slide and I why the doctor decided on the,
49:45 this slide on back on the first times and uh and call them any
49:52 we talk about all explosion, it's it's actually oil explosion is a,
49:59 a result of the oil generation is consequence of oil if you do not
50:06 to oil. And of course, do not really have enough oil.
50:19 uh because here you have a chance the and then you have a so
50:24 have, you, you have a that. But I think that that's
50:32 we talk about the oil explosion. have to be, have to be
50:39 is the auto technician. Yeah, bring, bring this, this slide
50:44 and forth many times. OK? uh I, I hope that that
50:53 , all the things, you all the things as, as our
50:56 jo kids and the geologist. we try to make things the generate
51:04 generalization of the knowledge. I think is slide, a very good,
51:10 good slide to generalize the things which learned already. So this,
51:16 this one is uh attacks versus this is the organ in which the
51:25 high, usually very high. And about the, the big, big
51:32 and then quickly what happened, why significant decrease in the process? And
51:43 we have uh the same system, same system in the the the same
51:49 of things happen because you know, actually occupied by the, by the
52:01 . Yeah. And then when it of the depth of the sediments and
52:07 sediment depth increasing more because are top the segment. Yeah. And because
52:21 what happens, compaction is great and have this compaction process, this is
52:30 compaction cost of production reduction pro pro then we see the, the continuously
52:38 see the uh during the the gene process and uh the pro is reached
52:47 less than, than 10% or even than 5%. And then, so
52:53 look at here, those are those I think is the best once
53:02 get into the car and the oil they say, OK, of
53:12 in the sauce rocket, not OK. This is a, this
53:16 a very, very early stage understanding in the seventies and eighties 9798.
53:25 we know that after 2008, we a really big breakthrough and uh all
53:33 called the shale gas revolution. And uh those, those ones because
53:40 unconventional shale gas come to the, to the come to be true and
53:47 a significant contribution to the both oil gas production, you know, United
53:54 on you also, you could and people look at the pro and then
54:04 that it actually post it here and start to increase, increase and
54:13 increase some levels are starting decreasing. that means this organic matter, start
54:23 oil and gas actually also generate the cost which is the organ enough all
54:33 process. And then that's what what asking asking if we look at the
54:41 of the oil, some products become and on the other. So
54:49 so what what what's the name of ? Yeah, carbon which is part
54:59 become very close symmetry and developed a of very small nano from few nanometers
55:07 100 nanometers. And as you know is actually pe G it is a
55:13 , very famous uh very, very famous on the image for the
55:22 and uh the bank, the the and you know how long?
56:07 OK. He have a good I know. Yeah. Yeah.
56:42 because of course a lot of storage you need to any kind of that
56:56 of on this and if you want to help them and then I can
57:39 the Yeah and the last one I that before. No I that I
58:07 and uh the the more everything Yeah. OK and oh my goodness
58:57 I don't know. Um Yeah, , yeah but so uh so oh
60:19 . Um yeah, yeah, very so me I I welcome see that
60:59 1947. Yeah, I I a to do. Hold on, hold
61:29 . Mhm. Mhm Yeah. um, I, I time.
62:18 , ok. Yeah. Ok. , um, on the there and
62:44 I'm sorry for a job. The , the reason you need to understand
62:58 the, all the, it parents have the support. Oh, in
63:27 future you can have a career and on the not, yeah.
64:04 that, that is the knowledge for , this, the, so
64:26 Mhm. Ok. I think I . Uh, yeah. Really?
65:13 you're saying that yeah and also the Oh, so. Mhm. You
66:05 see. Oh so good 505 100 is this? Ok on I want
66:51 to get on. And how many many? Ok. I it's not
67:18 £1 of 10 10 £2000.10 is a than 105,000, more than 100 are
67:31 in the Yeah. Well that you about that and that you know any
67:54 of who else they Yeah, it the time. No, I OK
69:06 all the but welcome. Ok. also I what you know, this
69:50 the orange or orange that you go , you know, we have an
70:04 and uh also we have clear clear mines itself. We know that
70:10 do have a co developed within the we know that there is some water
70:19 be stored in the clean. And uh so the place some places
70:28 be continuous, you know, or go to the go to the,
70:37 , uh, we still don't know . We, we know that,
70:41 know, Spanish, the, the pool in the criminals is mainly
70:49 the bottled water. Well, a of the, but, uh,
70:55 , they don't, but you in gas, they have a lot of
71:02 enriched from the, some of the oil cracking and the pressure will be
71:08 significantly in the system. Gas module small. That art can be really
71:15 into the cleaning of floors and replace water. So that part we don't
71:22 yet. And uh well for the and uh overall what I say this
71:34 , this curse is uh those is . Those is true. But so
71:41 , it is not. That's that that because the oil uh because the
71:50 this become much more uh better. But the, the idea, I
72:00 the idea still hold the true ideas and then go to the, this
72:08 the pressure pressure curve. This pressure is also important because uh because
72:14 you, one of the things for unconventional play development is that we have
72:24 here. You have really abnormally high here at uh at the deeper,
72:33 me ask one more question if if the whole system is and uh
72:40 this level is different and we support system from 12,000 ft. I saw
72:49 fish too. I think so. , what happens of the pressure,
73:01 , the to about 6000. because the temperature is getting cooler.
73:11 , and the pressure will decrease. uh and also once the pressure decreases
73:18 what happens. Analysis about the oil the gas separation, you will see
73:27 you will see the separation, the are not positive in the oil,
73:34 formula, that's the mis yeah, the gas and then cause the oil
73:46 gas phase separation. This is very, very, very important
73:52 But the other side, the engine care about it. The reason is
73:57 once you have an oil and gas , this separation and the start of
74:03 , your pro production will do by guest in our home and then you
74:09 economic return become really alone. So why that in the in the ego
74:17 the system, if you go to best part of the eagle for the
74:21 , which is very close to to the very close to, to
74:26 best side that side, uplifting is . And uh it it about uh
74:33 about 506,000 ft and the the product corresponding production of the gas, the
74:42 low. The main reason because uplifting this separation of this those things that
74:50 think that those kind of things is very important for the shale gas,
74:56 oil uh production. And uh you the the knowledge, knowledge of what
75:04 be learned from our course from our and all the pressure can build
75:14 all the pressure can be all this of uh knowledge concept, all can
75:20 to the system. But you need learn something new in a system which
75:27 a in behavior, the behavior it on concrete, depending on pressure.
75:35 it also depends on the oil oil and gas composition. And here
75:45 see that on the actually the the plot, what I ask you to
75:50 is actually I think this part, three parts we should uh we should
75:55 uh remember the in our mind and is one of the homework, this
76:00 one of the homework I will provide you and uh for you to
76:15 let me further look at our some indicator and they do have a direct
76:23 of maturity on the generation in It's uh we, we talk about
76:30 extractable he or hydrocarbons and uh from is uh plus is normalized by two
76:43 15 carbon, the normalized by total the car is normalized by those kind
76:54 that. We look at the of generation that is a very good direct
77:01 of the and the second one had and give a degree of sim the
77:10 to the average crude oil. For , if index, which we talk
77:16 that the old are given phenomenon of 00 C uh which is normal uh
77:24 is normal. Uh And uh the last part, we use this
77:35 portions in particular for the, the , 1st method we use a
77:40 And uh those are, those are simple experimental set up. We don't
77:45 to know too much. But what , what we do now is we
77:49 the, we put the, the months so is here and uh this
77:59 for the body flask and the future those, those those the the to
78:05 temperature, see a bone and the can get and then, and then
78:18 here this, this is the the symbol is have a can load
78:23 samples here, the rock samples here uh and then we then, then
78:32 have a solvent itself. So go and the solvent when someone that
78:43 so the, the, the, samples and the camera have oil and
78:51 the property itself and then phones can to gas piece and go to the
78:59 which is build the water or the circulation and contains the concentrate the lower
79:09 , which is the room temperature condition . And the phones can condense the
79:15 here from gas piece to become. then you see the rock and brought
79:23 and once the drops down the solvent and then uh we will give all
79:30 oil absorbed and the rock itself and bring the, bring the oil down
79:39 the, to the and uh what eventually because uh, this is another
79:46 . We, we look at the, the, that's why,
79:49 why we talk about this. You not really collect the C 16,
79:56 than 15 because, uh, because this, this kind of things and
80:02 the cars you cannot collect. The reason that know that everybody,
80:25 I guess, and, uh, , you know, after the,
80:32 the both things in the past, the age of 19 seventies or 19
80:39 and uh the, the uh if you have a very uh very
80:46 , very big, the the the set up and this is the side
80:52 this, the the lungs of, this the the significant amount of your
80:58 , maybe they can include the of in order to get ma samples to
81:05 that additional new analysis. But uh that, the that's the technology technology
81:12 significantly, can improve significantly. At time, the people who do this
81:18 of the organic joke lab do the samples preparation, separation, all
81:24 kind of things and how to use lot of solvents. And if you
81:29 into the organic lab, it smells uh the the the air atmosphere smells
81:38 solvent. So it's not really And uh but this things happen,
81:45 change. It has been changed in lab. I think it is also
81:49 the process uh lab. And uh use a very small type type of
81:58 but this one. Uh what I is about uh about two g of
82:05 , just a lot of two g sample and use the use the about
82:10 , it's only about maybe 13 million the. So for each time and
82:17 the same time, we can do my level, about six samples for
82:23 model, 66 samples. And uh you do is you don't need to
82:28 there, you load the samples and , the, the if they have
82:32 leak, anything good, it all still very similar than this but all
82:39 and the and through there and get three hours. And that is
82:47 processes after three hours and uh this of sample can be and then we
82:57 with the sample drive. Normally we the samples. It's the,
83:05 that, that is called that we the to the soven not blue.
83:12 it's actually when, when the new we have, you don't need to
83:17 natural blue because that's the, the you, you release a lot
83:23 the lot of your attainment environment. what here is doing? You
83:31 the, the, the you if you don't have a and then
83:39 I barbecue at the end of the , you can increase the coverage.
83:49 you continue to hit the and then you solve your beverage, that company
83:57 then you close here and all you to that we almost all your solvents
84:09 here. So you don't need to those same use the site and uh
84:16 at that remain very small portion of and you don't need to do
84:22 the the pattern flashing and that could between the female. The female is
84:29 important to the stuff you need to in the, we live in the
84:35 for overnight and we drive, drive . So I think that is how
84:42 new system, new system really, the really, the new technology really
84:47 for us. Really nice. And so, ok, the, so
84:55 we use is called a bad Ok. You, ok, that
85:07 C H two C L two. . Uh I was a little confused
85:19 it. Um uh what do we ? Uh if the oil,
85:30 this, this one is that no before or after you, you have
85:37 Yeah, yeah, that, that small drink and yeah, because you
86:48 not really, your car is still really converted to the oil yet.
86:53 , and a very small portion of , that you will get most of
87:00 are still in the, the, the. So that is uh once
87:06 increase the maturity for the low mature , you have some conversion of your
87:12 to the, to the, to your oil. So you
87:16 the those some oil is still aborted the, on the and then you
87:24 get the, get the higher the go to the window, you have
87:31 significant conversion of the car and So you, you have, you
87:36 get the largest amount of and you a gas window because your oil,
87:46 have very small oil, small amount oil you have, you will get
87:52 very small, very, very small . So those are the,
87:58 the, the, the mass mass the all the deduction, all keep
88:04 same for the different for the for different samples is very is
88:11 is that OK? Yeah. And you do this kind of the,
88:19 once you have a extract, we that can be separated into different uh
88:26 fractions, we call saturate americ uh and aspect. So that can do
88:35 to the to the the the column . It's not that the column separation
88:41 also, you know, after the cancer, they really make a
88:47 contribution to the improvement. And uh he developed a very small, very
88:58 color separation method to do that sat the 27 separation. What you do
89:08 all this the, the, the the that that glass, the
89:14 column is about this, this this about less than many in. And
89:23 you put the pack the is about three centimeters to the, put that
89:33 there. And then you use a small because they use a very small
89:38 of the oil over so to rains to your color and then use a
89:48 to, to the, the oil to, to, to separate
89:58 It's that all the separation, all separation only can use that uh each
90:03 only about a three M three miniature body of the and uh the,
90:12 cost that you even even less as result, you know, as a
90:17 of which you can use from the have to the extra uh separation,
90:24 total solvent used for the blood samples less than 50 millimeters in also.
90:33 this is very small, this is very small, much of the,
90:37 . And uh another good thing is all the, all the equipment is
90:42 and like all my equipment I fit the hood. And uh if
90:49 they have a glass door there, don't need, there's no, almost
90:53 go to the go to our So everything outside of the and that
91:02 is also that all the set all the set up, which we
91:06 to because small, there is a , very small and you can,
91:10 can put it, you can put the to all the operation under
91:16 So that uh that's what the, the, what, what, what
91:20 can. And the result is you a really nice, nice atmosphere in
91:26 , in your lab and uh in lab and if you get in,
91:30 can you cannot really smell. almost. No, no smelling,
91:35 so much smell. It's like, , like fresh air here. You
91:39 do not do that. Not there's uh, no air,
91:44 uh, contamination, all those kind issues. So that's really the
91:49 health, it to us and also it to the, to the people
91:53 work in that. Yeah. As said, it's, uh, you
92:01 , it's the, which is, , we can separate to the different
92:08 work and put the into the normal and uh different different factors. We
92:29 talked about this one and we don't to too much on them. And
92:35 , and now you can, can here this is uh this is I
92:39 kind of in I and at different and you see the the whole
92:48 or different this type number, This are all the type number compounds
93:04 yeah 103 107 type things. And those are like the number two and
93:19 of the old, all the the order number is and number of
93:29 number. So that's all the and the, in the immature and the
93:40 mature. And as a result, you take a reference indicator or in
93:51 number is high and then, and God want to get it into the
93:58 onset of oil generation, it become and also the change from to,
94:10 the that my very small old and smaller and the people see the,
94:29 the, see the, the reach top number six. So it uh
94:43 the of this, this is a direct evidence. If you don't have
94:51 from your or from your oil, can quickly run this whole analysis and
94:58 a, get a I think, get a clear ideas. There's a
95:03 ideas of the new product, how product that looks like 00 C medicines
95:11 my lab. And the x-ray, , we, we have developed method
95:16 which chicks concentration. So we can the number of C 15 to
95:23 c 16 at one group of the . So that even they have a
95:30 uh but they have the same carbon , they count that one as one
95:37 so that the, the um of groups and uh we call the
95:52 but that is really useful everything in particular, in the future for
95:57 research. So you can, I know you are, you use
96:02 use the a lot, you get and the traditional process as geologist,
96:14 , we use a conceptual model a . But every time, every time
96:19 , if, if you can, you can just go to the go
96:24 the quantitatively uh analysis as much as can. In other words, you
96:29 , one of the things, one the things that we use a lot
96:34 mass balance, mass balances, a rule. Universal role. You can
96:40 that for now, you can use phone, you can use it for
96:46 many things. And uh that balance one is uh you can like uh
96:52 uh what should we talk about the ? Right? OK. We should
97:09 the, of all the you because function, OK, regulation is the
97:28 functional and all the exactly. And this evidence, I give 00 and
97:52 element 0.3. And then I come some numbers, some numbers to evaluate
98:09 matter what you do, no matter , what, what do the research
98:23 and uh I do a lot of , I can, I can analyze
98:35 these things a very small. And after I, I explain to
98:49 you will, you will remember Oh yeah, that's, and then
98:54 need to come up, some can used by the, by you in
98:59 future or by you, you call in the future as well. And
99:03 in other words, the people will , OK, if I want to
99:09 this kind of uh all the even , I will use I index,
99:16 C I index is actually kind of , we can have how they describe
99:23 kind of uh uh uh the, pre uh that's the big kind of
99:34 C P I uh indication become become a good number that if you
99:41 a number, if you become you don't need to think about
99:44 You don't need to, to look the back of this, this game
99:48 this, this, I think too information you can really use it by
99:54 . But if you, if you information and uh extract very, very
100:05 a number which is a and they , OK, one of the,
100:10 of the samples is here and one the samples get deeper here, even
100:16 here. And then you have numbers what happens through your death and what
100:25 in school? It was up on and then you can compare and also
100:30 things can be compared with other Yeah. And like this one,
100:36 then this source comes from this, the North Apple oil fields and this
100:45 not app oil field. Suppose if work on the, you, I
100:49 to compare those ones with the, North Apple, the the oil that
100:56 and then you don't need to if need to do this kind of uh
101:01 tedious work, OK? Because has has been go through this contiguous work
101:10 have collect data. And then what can do is you use these collect
101:16 to make which compare with your And then you can do, you
101:24 do whatever whatever analysis you can do here. And uh so this is
101:30 one of the very important approach for , for you to think about your
101:36 in your future research and future That is why I noticed that this
101:42 things don't become number that, that complicate the information, become one
101:49 And then you, you can, can easily, can communicate with
101:55 And also compared with your result with other. OK. This one is
102:07 a summary of the use of on generation. And uh those are the
102:17 generation and this is the, the, the for the for the
102:25 one character, three character. And this is the which is so much
102:34 is a uh all the class and the car less than so you
102:46 so that the cousin and the and , yeah, those are for
102:56 yeah for all the 2000 maybe, one or two maybe. And I
103:12 know but this is not really important you because the chance of the increase
103:21 our and our. So they don't that. So this information you see
103:33 this information is that they do not do not really have because we talk
103:39 depth on top the depth that very that we do not really have that
103:47 that number. Yeah, actually, , we do not really put the
103:53 here and there because temperature for the person because some gradients, different temperature
104:00 be different. So we do not your temperature up there but they use
104:09 and and what the definition of the on OK. Yeah, that,
104:27 those things that I think it's, is a very good method for us
104:32 learn. So in order for you generalize something, generalize something, those
104:37 can be used by other people as . If you, if you do
104:43 research, you know, if you the research, the two kinds of
104:47 three kinds of research we are But my research is uh like
104:53 like a very big culture. They some, some very fundamental research and
105:07 people do like many people do do the job in the mask the
105:14 side of all of our earth. much. If they care about the
105:20 , they will pay for the Yeah, that's that kind of a
105:25 fundamental the, the, the and few people. Yeah, few
105:36 The, the, the reason for is not everybody can get to the
105:44 of and you know, then there be kind of a few people and
105:59 few people talk about that parents do . But on the second level and
106:09 all of a sudden other level is research in the, in the,
106:15 the, in the company. For company, you need to really focus
106:21 the, the and, and also using technology, I had a
106:34 cheaper but, but the, the the we work on the bed
106:42 the evening and we work on your . But at geology and geologist,
106:50 know that if you, if you that you, you focus on this
106:55 of, I really understand that what or control is called and eventually you
107:16 always and then you, you are , yeah. So what happened?
107:33 then if you in the future, have not really focus on them that
107:43 have your main job, you you can do very detailed work
107:48 but you need to understand, to and also that at home who are
108:01 . And if you have, if have a small and, and in
108:10 in the sedimentary features and things and you look at other and you do
108:28 Yeah, I know that I know also have another two similar. If
108:43 have more time, you have, know what you are, you see
108:52 job, your job is not only here and uh the region and also
109:02 on the look at some and also at the other in the world at
109:15 , you wish your, you do kind of work, you know,
109:19 difference and the, the, the understanding, your understanding to your
109:26 the original, you know, I , OK. This is the,
109:43 is what I really because in the when you do the, do the
109:47 , what have you come? It really kind of that make you make
109:54 make you knowledgeable and convince yourself Yeah. OK. That,
110:07 that the and another thing like me other research by the fundamental part of
110:23 . No, you look at many and eventually, eventually we need to
110:28 up with those. We need a get rid of the regional and the
110:35 base to summarize something is useful for , for you and for others.
110:42 this is a this is a kind level we try to reach in order
110:48 in order to do the the applied applied research. You know, you
110:54 I have this kind of general, think about once I have this kind
110:58 general things and then if you work the different, you will say,
111:03 yeah, then some, some some he generates this kind of the
111:09 maybe I can apply this things to best and then you can, you
111:14 , you can put a new here you put a you if you have
111:22 areas, areas here and then area area and you know this area
111:33 in the, the, the the the the the immature or that is
111:40 really, really or targets. And area, my my third area is
111:48 in the, in the gas. then, and that, you
111:54 this, this this is kind of , this kind of general vision,
111:59 knowledge or results can really help your . And uh and you work,
112:08 work with the author in your OK? Here, OK?
112:12 you make a, you make you a, ok. I have other
112:19 . It's immature. You don't need , you tell your manager will tell
112:23 what we don't need to make money that. That, that's that area
112:30 need to. And uh this area good because this area have a all
112:36 the oil window and also the center developed tops. And this,
112:41 This is uh, this, if you do the area that the
112:46 this area for the oil exploration and this area, this area,
112:52 that's the same gas is high. uh most likely we will find a
112:58 . And then you bring you bring maps to your manager or your
113:02 your manager, supervisor, you bring maps to, to the additional
113:07 you know, groups or groups or or integrate team. And then those
113:12 will become useful, useful to them , to, to, to them
113:17 the discussion. And uh and when use that knowledge, when you use
113:22 knowledge of the mark of the, that knowledge and uh those kind of
113:28 things you transfer all the detailed all the detailed work, what we
113:33 talking, what organ, all kinds things. Some, some all the
113:38 become, become a the map is can be in the video, video
113:45 , give you video book. So , you know, that's your
113:50 your guide will guide and help you group and instead you talk about too
113:56 about that. That is that many, many, many groups on
114:02 picture because, because they, they of like, and I think of
114:14 , and then, and then I'm doing that. That's true. I
114:24 and other in the, then after intermediate, so your final product will
114:42 , it will be a map of and the gas and the, and
114:47 oil and the gas and the, , the distribution map. And that
114:53 really helpful. And instead you, explain to them if someone interested to
114:58 , ok, why that area, that is the oil not gas.
115:03 , because of the, because of have to, because the in the
115:09 of the oil window from 0.7 to point one in your area that is
115:17 reach the significant conversion of the or oil that, that I, I
115:29 it's, it's very good, a good approach because I work in an
115:33 team. I know that each of each other and they don't want to
115:39 much about the very detail stuff, they don't, they don't understand some
115:46 that's not, that's, that's not . They should have figured that that
115:54 the, that is you see that different level, three different levels of
116:00 and uh especially that each level of really got along, really got
116:06 I didn't really bring you to about fundamental research called the fundamental research,
116:12 know, our, the the, know, principle uh principles of
116:19 of this, the principle of this of this, this kind of,
116:26 , suppose it, if they, , they, they, they develop
116:31 very good, very good sense technology can be used at a very high
116:44 then you can use that sense to, to, to, to
116:49 my work. I can go to uh take the measure of the
116:53 take the measure of the picture and can get a constant, constant record
117:00 of pressure through the time. And , because that data collection is
117:07 very important for us the future, kind of this kind of models.
117:14 that, that is a, that, that's one of the things
117:16 the theory part is even, even even more, more useful as
117:23 know. Yeah. OK. Let talk about the, the maturity in
117:33 kitchen. And uh they do have direct uh indicator of what we talk
117:49 the graphs and the concentration change of 15 plus hydrocarbons uh with the barrier
117:58 , we already talked about that. also we also talk about the,
118:02 C C I number, which is of the direct evidence. And uh
118:07 uh they don't have the indirect indus the maturity of the process and the
118:16 composition on the of the and the is uh one of the important
118:24 So we already talk about this part lot to concentrate this back again our
118:33 . And uh if you look at , we do the the element
118:42 this called rat carbon carbon ratio, rats ratio. And you can clearly
118:51 that. So and have two this one have three and uh and
119:04 , and then put it up this that put the additional information, this
119:09 is everything over here and from here here that they are, I think
119:37 uh this part is easier to remember to to the previous more complicated plots
119:44 the the atomic carbon hydrogen carbon ratio the oxygen car ratios. Yeah,
119:56 a uh the story is there. , it's I still like I still
120:04 this one. It may be this is there and there I still like
120:25 . Which one is, which one the easiest? So not this
120:35 Mhm It's a you still you, I think this one is better than
120:49 one but the story is the same same, same. Yeah, I
120:55 that it's a if you read the the the the that's a petro formation
121:03 all kinds that paper that book and look at, they look at that
121:09 they have very good that and that's petroleum formation and all kinds that book
121:21 uh order now you on that one . Yeah. Yeah, look at
121:25 one. They have a, they a very nice plot two maybe two
121:30 three and talk about the ratio, carbon ratio and the ox car
121:41 And uh the the first thing is the car and the 2nd 2nd thing
121:47 for the evolution through the mature and that plot is really nice to look
121:53 that one more professional then basically, , but this is still still still
122:02 , good. Those things is that for, for your knowledge, too
122:08 . What you do know that the uh the car ratios is high,
122:15 two is the medium and half three . And through the maturation, what
122:22 ? And uh get this kind of . Yeah, we already shoot this
122:31 and uh approach the the four source the small color changes with barrier depth
122:40 uh maturity. You see that let's about a lot now about this,
122:45 the use of time temperature effect. uh OK, this is a very
122:57 summer, the summary summary, This is my Children and we will
123:09 , this is a lot to the think this is, I think it
123:28 . Yeah, still. Yeah. uh and then this this this is
123:35 this full color, the color, ? This this it and uh it
123:47 like green, yellow, red, . And uh so look at here
123:55 a color and uh actually made a and a green, yellow and uh
124:05 color and had a rich from here here. Oh, wow. And
124:19 two is a, a three is to and go to the room and
124:30 this side uh which uh which a color change as a, as an
124:38 of. I think this is a good summary slides and just pay,
124:44 more attention to read this one. uh the point that some actually combine
124:54 with the and also some, some these are also useful and reliable,
125:07 the most useful and uh easily communicate the indicator another one because uh you
125:19 send, send, send uh the when you over the, the mass
125:25 likely you will also see there some four source color change. OK.
125:42 is definitely we want you to the definition of this song. Uh
125:48 , you definitely need to remember. uh because after our class, if
125:54 do not really know the, like don't know the rocks, you don't
126:00 the Q O C so that I , I put this definition as equally
126:07 as the Q O C and the of paralysis. And uh the compared
126:15 the, so what is the, reflection of particles in the second,
126:23 is derived from the higher and uh parameters is extensively what about most most
126:37 calibration tool to the thermal history? uh also also accurately, it can
126:48 determined in terrestrial deposits and like core and also some auto shells and uh
127:00 a, that's also the, the attention at the last sentence. You
127:04 hear it. No, no rich itself in the pre rocks. Because
127:13 that time, high clouds is still , not, not in, in
127:18 earth yet. So this is very important definition for the rich mass
127:26 . And then any questions to this saying it's more accurate, accurate for
127:36 . Yeah. Yeah. Mhm. . That's a very, that's a
127:48 good question. Let's bring up history here. It, uh,
127:56 energy system very, very, very , very nice. And later on
128:14 , the cold water people and we , we got back in the stage
128:44 the, and, and then in people get them one of the reasons
129:23 on the. Yes, ma'am. , you definitely like, ok,
129:46 caught that one oh 21 oh I know after World War two
130:02 uh, and in the past a . Mhm. You know,
130:47 you see that everything was on oh 5277. Uh, and
131:45 and then there's a table that is , the actual, that can be
132:01 before that, before that, people, I think that that's
132:26 Yeah. Yeah. Long, Not a good one. Ok.
133:08 . Ok. Um, looking for gas. Yes. So,
133:41 to come up very, and and then, and you disappear.
134:16 . And, and then for, , yes, if you,
134:22 if, oh, you, this really bad a lot because there's
134:57 oh yeah, the the 999 that , and then you see the,
135:46 then, and then we have, all, all various times have a
136:03 of that and that, you and the people very, very good
136:19 . I hold on add to the oh oh and then, and
137:44 and very very, yeah, it be that and eventually, for
138:29 OK. 3000. Ok. And bye. This is the,
138:54 is the I I I but you see you in the future when
139:01 reach my. Yeah, my Yeah, yeah, but before that
139:47 actually it's really, really the the I had good, good my
140:13 all our, all our and operate in. Ok, I
140:41 yeah, you thank you know, can all be time to, you
140:51 , our energy, our a very and the increase since uh since
141:24 that called the of problem and uh the future people back. Oh,
142:02 you. Bye and then you go to there are no, no,
142:11 . Yeah, but the the oil all. What? So yeah,
142:40 . Ok, well, I thought that and cinematic story about that's the
143:03 name is, my name is Thank you. Ok. Oh,
143:43 ? Ok, I know. And the each new or usual, by
144:16 way, if you like and uh you, you know what you said
144:56 , so that's that's so the, , the, the, from
145:15 to he, the, from, we talk to them two.
146:11 I think that on the, and highest, one thing is curious
146:36 uh, like the answer recovery, , you're also a TV, people
146:53 still use that phone but, or . And, uh, but eventually
147:22 , the, for the, for much more than that. Very
147:41 very simple. Given that you are , they want you to, you
148:09 get that, get it the the oil and oil and where is
148:56 , you know, we look at , we discuss a lot of the
149:11 , you know, I I oxide oxygen and water, other people all
149:54 and and all the when I go that uh what is hospital, the
150:38 . So instead of the first three characters. Really? Ok.
151:19 ok. Yeah. Oh last Ok. You ok. So that's
152:03 doesn't um family that sure, hopefully we're limited to all the don't
152:33 don't have you still need to um the file. We talk, we
152:56 a lot of the bring the bring bring the the over this kind of
153:02 system, right? The that we do that is that you can you
153:39 use that and solar power or so the solar and then that water.
153:57 and yeah, so you can have can have and then yeah.
154:24 Yeah, this is, this is school I, no, it was
155:10 like some sort of have that. one of the, that's why a
155:19 of the think about how you want your and all the 500.
155:58 And then where is this? And , you gene energy from the ocean
156:06 also you can really, you yeah, more than kind of
156:36 and uh, that's incredible. thank you. Thank you very much
156:55 the uh, let me see you of the very strong reaction reaction.
157:37 that that's why I told you we about in the in the mean if
158:16 open your 645194 oh. Mhm. . Not. Yeah, I if
158:52 want to, you too. Yeah, you yeah, still.
159:53 OK. It looks like back to Children. Do you want to get
160:10 very brief short break? Ok. . And uh then we we we
160:18 do. Yeah, that's I think it. Yeah, we can,
160:24 can finish all the matures here and fractions reflection. This is the definition
160:40 this last. We definitely need to it. Yeah, as I
160:44 it is a two C rock paras is a 33 definition terms.
160:51 you, you need to remember that after this class. And uh this
161:01 just shows the, you know, the microscope, you can differentiate the
161:08 is here and the inner light that's . And also those are the sport
161:20 night and uh resonate here so that can see that, that they have
161:27 shapes and different colors and the micro and they can, they can identify
161:33 . But uh in order to do , and you need to really have
161:37 good experience to, to defer those . And just, just to give
161:43 example, shows that you can and you can see that and have a
161:50 not and shows a long gray color the inert not shows the high,
161:57 reflective. And this is the tools use for the reflection management called the
162:07 microscope. And uh this shows the , I think we showed this this
162:14 before but this shows us the comparison a small color on the fractions reflection
162:21 with the increase of barrier depth and is actually reflecting combination of time and
162:30 . And uh see this, this a small color change at different a
162:36 from light yellow to brown to black with the increase of some maturity.
162:45 uh those are the large particles. uh this is the the the measure
162:51 the maturity has a, you this this this is the level of
162:56 immature those a level just get into early oil generation and those are the
163:04 into the peak of oil generation and are get to into the oil the
163:17 the corresponding to hydrocarbon generation zoom and a zoom one zoo 234 and
163:24 we already talk about that and all things is help us to remind us
163:31 how those can be correlate with higher generation zones. And uh we,
163:43 already show a few times about the about the rich life reflections on the
163:52 observation and uh from the organic uh . And this is a figure for
164:00 art craft, but you can see and uh it actually main range of
164:09 reflections. It in a range of to 0.6. And that level,
164:19 based on that, on the the the maturity, the very mature and
164:25 to the hydro carbon generation boom is really oil generation and the constant level
164:31 a fair and the level and those the the quant regards and uh look
164:44 this this life and this is the content of the content, you know
164:52 y axis reflected, reflected of and this curve, the light here.
165:05 uh if you do not really, think that very well and if you
165:10 the in in that another kind of methods, they have a much higher
165:26 . So you have to, you to, I think by the your
165:33 carefully on correct. And then if look at the, if you look
165:41 the, if you to the, look at the that also the bottom
165:49 the of the the organ matter and the, the, the, the
166:02 you do not really clearly identify this , this one and this one you
166:07 your degree of I do. So so based on this currency, you
166:16 to correctly, I think your big at the microscope that, that all
166:25 graph can give us a information. . Yeah. You know, it's
166:35 once through the through the mau the all those things can be,
166:42 be cooked enough. It's lack of color change it. You see that
166:47 the beginning we have a yellowish color then the become brownish color and you
166:52 become black. What that means black amount of the the and the that
167:04 the carbon increasing significantly because of some . And even to those those all
167:11 three things is uh is uh the together, you cannot really pressure.
167:25 . This is another important things, things. That is why, why
167:30 think this class is so important for because we will use as the some
167:38 indicator to indicate that the history. what you can see under the
167:46 you will see the many, many matter uh rus but you need to
167:54 clearly what you you know more people the populations. It really, I
168:03 the rich black actually indigenous. That that uh it it is it is
168:12 the transport and the transport. That's fresh high plants from the fresh high
168:20 leave it in the lung and transport into the water color. And then
168:27 spontaneously with our organic, natural other nature and the minerals which is indigenous
168:37 the. There are, there are of them in the recycled. What
168:43 doing is recycled, maybe the high and the fossils and from other,
168:49 the formations and also transport to to the water and mix it together
168:56 the, with the other organic matter we call the recycle, you see
169:00 recycle the organic matter, the which much higher, much higher. So
169:08 give a wrong. So you, have that you, you need to
169:13 those groups but never mind about those about even even have a long no
169:23 of the, you need to clearly of these three groups and indigenous one
169:32 the level. So that is that's a very important, very important
169:39 . And uh and here that is called the identification of the indigenous uh
169:47 factor which fact at least the content should be crypto form. That is
169:54 uh when you get a, you , you see that this one,
169:57 have an indigenous indigenous uh factor that see that the numbers of readings,
170:05 means that the particles, the particles one particle, maybe the one particle
170:11 not enough one particle, maybe get readings and three readings. And then
170:16 need the, the, the movement moving your part to the other part
170:22 is also add by that indigenous indigenous the, the, the get some
170:31 that one. And for that two three reasons, you need to,
170:35 need to listen to the, get get to the, the 56 particles
170:42 do the measurement of the indigenous. , same for the, the number
170:50 , number two, just kind of numbers. So that's why I think
170:57 that at least 20 minutes and here the and then for, for the
171:05 , then for the rework the rest return the same kind of the point
171:11 is that you need to really identify indigenous and also the measurement in order
171:23 get the most of the reliable uh metals. When when you, when
171:32 send your samples to the organic photographer do the measurement, you need
171:38 you need to let let him to all this kind of the, the
171:43 , his program for your judgment and will provide all information for your,
171:50 your judgment. You can, you , you know when you read in
171:53 report, you get a clearer idea uh which group you should. And
172:04 this, this one just give an , which type of and this is
172:10 side of this, one of the from the 10 to 10, 6
172:19 10 B 02. And uh the is 0504430, you will see that
172:41 dominant is just what, what's what's this line the really is about
173:00 that is different, different and then the mean of the 0.56.
173:15 Not because uh you can see that over the different, different depths.
173:23 that's the two examples that shows the the real management, real real
173:29 I think we we did, we look at this, this one before
173:34 this one the and this the pro , you can see that the increase
173:43 a gradually decreasing of the which have it is important now come important,
173:52 part, important part. And uh we see that this is also the
173:58 , this is a very also definition to the, we, we see
174:01 uh profile which depth versus the that's investment is a continuous sedimentation and the
174:16 history. And what that means is major increase in sedimentary rate or significant
174:26 of the gradients. What that the, the, the I think
174:34 for you guys think it might might be easier to read those
174:38 And what I want to point out if you see the linear that reflect
174:45 , which is with barrier depth, that means you read? Your geologist
174:51 that if your geology is sediment read a constant, you some of the
174:59 did not change this, that, , that yesterday, you know,
175:04 I first time during, during this . I I let you to link
175:10 your geology. Now it clearly now that this is very important. Once
175:16 see that would, once you want think the data to the geology,
175:22 the geology, this is the, is a very important slide. I
175:27 will be, will be in your . Yeah. OK. Look at
175:36 , how good it is. Look this one, you could you see
175:42 you look it up, it's the if the, if the number comes
175:49 the from 2008, 2000 and points are the in the, there's
176:05 there's a in south that's a long the South China Sea. Oh You
176:14 good at India College. Very good college for that reason. A what
176:24 this is a linear correlation, linear reflect profile virtual geological mean give us
176:39 for uh uh what else that is OK. OK. That's a sediment
176:53 that is that is this, this is actually I want to read,
176:56 repeat this, this, that's the with that that you can hear what
177:03 said, sentiment, read and uh of some of it's constant. That
177:11 really nice, really nice. you know, to see that,
177:16 when we see that as the answer you said OK. Yes. The
177:21 thing is that yes, we have good sample set. We have very
177:26 could say that we have a good is that, that is, that
177:30 exactly true. And uh and then need to bring the, bring those
177:35 to the to linked with our Yeah. Now, geology that continuously
177:45 , the root is a constant and the gradient is constant. And so
177:52 know for that it's very important, important that we get it from
178:00 this point. Yeah, that is , how important this one is and
178:05 got here they have, they have so that from 1000 and this is
178:16 the, the look at all the trees increase of death and uh they
178:30 increasing. Same story uh is called . What happened linearly profile in
178:51 constant and the constant this and then see the differences that we see the
179:03 , even the even the all the we have different, any kind of
179:18 for this, for this one, this this this will you know so
179:30 what what could cause this difference and greater than Yeah, listen, if
179:45 , you see this depth. I draw the line and then with
179:55 fence and this line I 69697 lower that watch that. What cause that
180:10 . That could ge we know that and about this line with and the
180:19 of gradient is constant on this line and some some some great why does
180:29 and five different time? My what else? Because that, that
180:51 this, that's already a time for . I was like, it's uh
181:06 of like the, think about, know, that's about to look at
181:11 . Yeah, it's about the for , this guy and uh for this
181:26 . Yeah. And uh for this , if you that both of the
181:33 has already reached the oil tick of . Oh This person is still in
181:40 immature. There's two reasons for Think about that we we not you
181:48 the and the the gradient there could some of the ratings, some of
181:54 are different can cause this kind of difference. But some of it for
182:00 one could be higher than this because higher some of the ratings and then
182:08 them. I accomplished that same guy that. OK. So this is
182:17 this is one of the the normal the ideal ideal as a line linear
182:28 profile. And then over here, a a more anomalous trends. Look
182:37 it, look at it so that God of the is actually the increase
182:46 that instead of the instead of the of the symmetry is actually increase.
182:54 , this is the day and then give this one, this one,
182:59 is the this actually is a increase . And then here they see some
183:16 . Yeah and look at this This is the result of the cost
183:24 the increasing and increasing and the the the rate is fast. So that
183:33 called a normal anomalous. And this even even, you know, to
183:40 at the offshore Japan as this is line increase and then go here and
183:47 quickly, quickly shifted to this And then for the even even much
183:56 , higher on some. So what could, this could be un conformity
184:09 this uh this uh here could be by the intrusion. Yeah, I
184:18 . OK. I I think this a this is also an important
184:22 important slide and they called the non reach out the profiles and uh could
184:31 caused by the fall, could be falls and threat or rivers. And
184:40 truth that he is in church. uh and also think about the this
184:48 the increasing of the diary rate or , decreasing of the gradients. That
184:58 the three times I operated and the of the group and unformed. So
185:07 can see that you see see that geology, our geology, it's actually
185:14 be reflected can be reflected from this of the pro profile. This is
185:24 is the important things, the important and for us to for us to
185:30 . And then let's have a look this part. This is the typical
185:35 shows the how the reflection affect by data here is is increasing of
185:47 this type of increase of the to level and then the the this,
185:53 profile is shifted for that the the uh current you know. Yeah,
186:05 have a, they have deeper portion the deeper portion of the, the
186:11 part of the formation because of the and those can move the move and
186:21 got here. So this is actually very different. Yeah, it is
186:31 different. And because last on go a shadow shadow depth that cause that
186:40 the similar just because of and make different formation and they are sitting on
186:51 top of the Sha Sha use the form that of 2020. It makes
187:04 . The Yeah. OK. That's . And look at this one,
187:11 is all and uh if you look the black all affected by the intrusive
187:20 intrusive and uh this this very very wonderful data. The junior
187:33 Yeah. What this point and everything that. Uh And to the to
187:48 can you can you refresh that What, what uh linear correlation and
188:06 linear correlation reflect reflect um the is best and uh think of think of
188:20 22 terms of what we talk Why cause the Yeah. Yeah,
188:38 rich and just the gradients are constant line for. That's a that's I
188:47 want to show you remember that what a line which now reflections the
188:54 OK. Yeah, please please please that. And uh this portion suggests
189:02 that this and then from the multiple here is the, it's uh everything
189:13 junior college so much with the linear to the and then kind of.
189:24 uh the is is constant, That's, that is a, that's
189:29 very important information. OK? And go here is in this interval,
189:38 intervals it matter, gradually increase, increase those kind of. And uh
189:48 is actually the example that is still with the hand of the rock,
189:59 in person cause the delay, increasing decreasing of the region and say,
190:10 , you see that this maybe this is the is the the the the
190:16 volume of nutrient nutrition, the sickness you think and that cause the cause
190:23 increase band is larger and got to one. You see that it it
190:29 have a have a significantly the change here but that that effect is relatively
190:38 that such as the thickness of the is relatively small. And that so
190:49 is two events of the i attrition the before and after this, I
190:59 keep on the same kind of some kind of line. Yeah.
191:05 , what that tells us what kills is it is this is this even
191:11 , is it occurring, occurring, the time or after this kind
191:21 Yeah, it's, yeah, there's things in the pack, all things
191:30 package is a continuous and the constant to read and the constant I seen
191:42 one, two events occurring or maybe events, maybe one event, just
191:56 intrusion occurring and uh some somehow happen uh here and that is the weak
192:05 or whatever. And in here. so do you think it is
192:16 Yes, it's a very useful, useful information. Otherwise without, without
192:22 those numbers, numbers, you cannot get the that the, the understanding
192:30 the, of the, the the changes in effect. And uh all
192:37 things, those things affect, affect change, even the this is very
192:47 , very important slide at the and and now it's the the effect of
192:54 increased rate. And when you see this one is the and Angola has
193:05 from 6000 ft to 9000 ft to increase of the the increasing over the
193:19 . Yeah. And then after after that was reached almost 9000 fish
193:26 another looks like another line, line ocean occurring. So, so
193:36 those are just on the, the rate increase that increase.
193:52 I come to this one. I this one you interest those, those
193:57 also kind of a and uh represent pressure of the, the,
194:03 the presence of the nonconformity affect the OK. OK. Everything you know
194:13 in the and show the linear correlation the and what that gives us what
194:25 we learn and yeah. Yeah, was some great some are great.
194:43 of Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, . I watch you watch, you
194:49 them. Yeah. Give us. . Yeah. Ok. Great,
195:01 . And then you go to go this here, you know, once
195:06 uh reach 18,000 ft around around here then some is still in the 0.60
195:13 50.6 range and suddenly suddenly reached two or 3.7. But the car,
195:25 and this is a big, big, big, big, big
195:30 uh called yeah, conform, Yeah. And uh then you see
195:41 this kind of significant change is definitely by the UN itself, er er
195:47 significant amount of the block you can the cause the cause the the rest
195:55 to to the the the the use use the barrier much deeper. I
196:05 I use much deeper than the because on this kind of the the metric
196:13 and the the top top of the of the the creation that should exist
196:23 , many formations and the thickness, do not know the thickness of the
196:29 that those senses all ero of er is and we do not know the
196:39 actually get some idea about the, the continuous UN, continuous reflect and
196:48 change and the UN. OK. this one is a specific bell which
197:01 not that is the number two, two Bell and uh reflect profile and
197:11 shallower than the that and uh that uh we know that, that
197:23 correlation referring to. Yeah. that we a few more times
197:30 I know you. Oh yeah, , but like the Sun Girls and
197:53 uh it, it, it is correlation and uh cannot really tell you
198:02 , the sediment and drink. It's the, if you, if
198:08 the data of continuous, it's a sedimentary process. Yeah. And uh
198:16 will say is a continuous because because a and also some of the ratings
198:25 a constant in the and uh if want to really want to calculate the
198:35 rate, this is about 5008 And uh you have coming period of
198:44 is possible that 100 million years to accumulate. So the settings and
198:56 you can roughly get the IP O second. But this sediment still not
199:06 reason why I say that the reason I say that because of the
199:12 Yeah, because you have sediment sediment , you know, maybe initially you
199:18 sediments about 10 10 ft. But after compaction, we release a significant
199:26 of the water and you know, reach to become uh the,
199:30 the the the the become one So you still cannot really, but
199:36 can get the idea this idea, know, after the Iraq after that
199:45 that has the significant rules of maturity really bad consolidated and then the rate
199:56 the limit change. Get some, you to reach off the Mexican distance
200:06 you, if you have this this and you have another bill somewhere
200:11 and uh to this part and then have some ideas, good ideas about
200:18 sediment rate change from that view that can definitely get, get that for
200:29 . And then you see that and one that clearly it change the of
200:38 what that means? Yeah, the change and how about here you
200:47 that it's almost a I think it's a parallel with this, that
200:56 that what what that that that that maturity is obviously higher. What that
201:08 ? I I would think that this I would have to that maybe the
201:14 gradients can be increased. And then here is the rapid change that and
201:26 here that could could be caused by un un conformity. So in other
201:36 , that, that that's why the why I put this, you
201:41 this. So not really again, just one you're not really giving what's
201:49 here. The while it didn't really into, we can make some
201:58 say what happened to what happened, happened, why they, why they
202:03 not really the author, why not give the give the give the exactly
202:10 like this that is require us that us to do the more integrated work
202:23 need to integrate the those things observations geology, with the and then you
202:32 make some good interpretation because the people this interpretation and that, that definitely
202:41 encouraged with geology. Yeah, you to integrate with the all add of
202:49 and then make this kind of interpretation the same thing for, for this
202:58 . That is that, that is I read this part, I think
203:01 they do not really, really touch interpretation here. I I realize that
203:08 if, if you only rely on plot itself, you can make
203:14 you can make some, you can some ideas but how that one switch
203:20 your geology or not, you need integrate the geology, geology.
203:31 Now we bring this type of come again, loans or have, have
203:37 generation of and the preservation. This the homework, this is the homework
203:44 for sure. Yeah. So And uh here is uh the
203:51 the indicator use the and the color , the, the, the,
203:58 color change, the indicator T And see that this is max T
204:07 of S two P. You realize why the, why I can say
204:14 importance importance of the I for the paralysis is the OK. So
204:22 we know that actually from the from the bacteria, from bad chemical
204:32 , the gas. And uh so average from other, that means they
204:39 some heavier carbon and all can can be also if migration no
204:51 look at the, the the this some maturity from the original black is
204:59 . And uh that's a thermal color . That indicator is 2.52 and uh
205:09 137 degrees C. This is the the true, almost the truth for
205:16 all the best also true. So get some ideas here and go to
205:22 too. That initial thermo chemical no effects of oil and that and
205:31 mature oil in exceptionally reach those rocks put two question mark there. That
205:39 that means that uh it really depends , that's very, very depends
205:45 depends on investment. Normally you can as the initial, the initial onset
205:53 all generations as a little too. at this. Now, that's
206:00 those three is the main piece of two all generation and release it into
206:08 oil in the oil and the gas product. Look at the start,
206:17 , the maturity of the 02 is R O and the color thermal color
206:26 the indicator is 2.66 and the T is 448 degrees thick to do which
206:39 the the of oil are carbon and and the that we are going to
206:48 the the product, the gas and gas. But look at the,
206:55 end of the three which is the significant peak of our, it ranges
207:02 0.68 to 1.3. OK. And the, the organic color is the
207:12 at 3.2. And the temperature of mass is 457 degrees C. But
207:21 , we see that the difference and go to is the intense organic metamorphism
207:28 medicine formation which dr and the reached 2.0. And uh the indicator,
207:38 the color indicator reach to the So they do not really search
207:43 but the value is there, you the reason why they do not put
207:50 value on this. It's basically I back to your, yeah, basically
207:58 off the two very small. it's not reliable. OK.
208:06 let's let's go to the go to go to the go to the daily
208:11 that carbon. There's no almost no for the from this is a
208:19 I think it's a very good summary . It's definitely this this plus this
208:25 definitely for your homework assignment and also our final examination. So this is
208:35 , you know, we we we a lot through the many, many
208:39 studies and that is a kind of summary knowledge kind of knowledge you need
208:45 know, you need to know, think that is all the morning class
208:55 the material. And uh that has have let us get into our questions
209:03 the discussion session. Any, any ? No. Yeah. You
209:19 No questions? Ok. That's that's my. Yeah. Yeah.
209:27 , uh, you see that, why I think very important. This
209:33 very important that not two kind uh, go, oh, what
210:02 profile? What? Of course? that's good. Use the different,
210:44 different, the different kind of what so easy, right? Ok.
211:08 . Yeah. Yours in it you know, so, yeah,
211:25 so cool. But like, there's more like OK, OK,
211:48 , great. I'm very happy about happy about that and the that was
211:57 viral. Exactly on the phone. well, come after that come out
212:14 we see that it's not. Bye . OK. What kind of the
212:34 of OK, if you have uh you want so that right? Think
213:08 the form and then you have a the information, all the information and
213:28 gradually then what the it's not Yeah. Why the because originally,
214:05 , originally for this but later on and OK, wait and uh give
214:27 one more K Yeah. Um And that, that, and you
214:59 , that's, that's the background. hot and very because the audience that
215:22 , there's narrow and then after sure that even you um OK. Opposite
216:02 and yeah, I know, I that picture, that picture.
216:11 Yeah. Good, good. And other than your um yeah, give
216:34 an example. Can you understand the rate. What happen the garden you
216:50 ? Yeah. General. Mhm So , so you got that.
217:17 Yeah. And uh what else? said what happened? Yeah. And
217:33 have to, yeah, let me the if the operated in a formation
217:44 then, then that yeah, the also I think, yeah.
218:21 Not Yeah, that has seen that the this this song the deep that
218:47 an increase of the death. Actually significant increase of the depths have a
218:57 increase in of the the maturity that be that should be corresponding to increase
219:08 sedimentary rate. Yes. Yeah. uh because you increase the rate and
219:16 you that your rate is faster. the the the temperature change is actually
219:24 small. I think that getting deeper you your slope will be deeper.
219:31 . And uh this uh is actually main suggesting to the increase of the
219:42 in depth but you have a significant of your. So this this the
219:52 is still linearly maybe that suggest that do really have a higher gradients because
219:59 geothermal gradients can cause a higher temper the given given shortly. And this
220:07 that are well show some great. this this this I think that's a
220:26 . That's one more, one more . What time now? OK.
220:32 have one more question about the uh mainly based on the for for
221:01 And also five that on the really of number. Oh. Do
221:22 do you still still remember what, are they of the three?
221:44 Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, they . That's the college. Oh,
221:53 , and great. And then what is that sounds like? It
222:10 like it. So I will for . Mhm. Mhm. 0155.
222:32 . Yes. Ok. Ok. . Great. And blood. Was
222:46 someone for the, on the Exactly. Uh huh. Oh
223:07 Yeah. Yeah. Ok. That's good. That is good enough
223:32 this is very cool. Yeah, great. That's great. Great
223:41 And then for the little so if can. Good thanks. So
223:59 I don't, I don't even follow . Um wow. And we are
224:35 , very small that there for you give you a thing for
224:49 Is that not the no longer for ? Ok. That, that,
225:07 what's the reason for the three? is which? Ok, good,
225:35 , good. Yeah. Uh two them we have, we have
225:43 we have all of them. So one point is, yeah.
225:58 0.61 point three. That is that's why, you know, I
226:06 glad I'm very glad that you do . Remember some numbers that is
226:15 not so fast and you get, get you never what this is you
226:44 we have, we have like a of two. I'm very happy about
226:59 . All, all this, those things that you talk to the
227:09 because I have and for the two still not good. No,
227:26 no. You, you have a and somebody ask you because I have
227:49 very good time. Yeah, you definitely, no, you are
227:58 . You are I and two areas area is not, you can
228:14 Very beautiful at the home, at home couple, couple point. So
228:21 this morning, no, I show more about how you right now.
228:32 , great, great. And, , let us have a lunch break
228:43 , uh, for one hour and back at one
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