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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture04_0901
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00:09 alright. It looks like we're all up. So we're here at the
00:15 of week two. This is a loud, that a little bit
00:25 Uh this is the end of week , you should be kind of feeling
00:28 you're now in the groove at the a little bit kind of right?
00:34 is also where the bad habits are in, right? Where it's like
00:38 it doesn't feel any different than what been doing before. I'll get a
00:41 lazy, I'll sleep in a I will not do the assignment,
00:46 I'll stay out all night and You know that stuff. So I'm
00:49 giving you a little heads up. know, we are kind of moving
00:55 that zone where it's kind of like right, I've got to kick it
00:58 and remember what I promised myself. what I said at the beginning of
01:00 semester? This semester is gonna be . That's right. Um So just
01:07 remind you what we've been talking We, on the first day we
01:11 about um kind of that big the idea of what what the body
01:16 trying to accomplish. Then last lecture went in and we started talking about
01:21 biomolecules and now we're moving up and starting to look at cells. And
01:25 what we're gonna do is we're gonna at cells as a generic group,
01:28 ? And so we recognize that you their specialization? It sells. We
01:33 about that. So different cells have characteristics. But all cells have these
01:40 is what we're gonna be looking All right. And it probably would
01:43 if my things actually turned on. when we look at a cell,
01:47 three basic parts are not very We have a barrier called the plasma
01:53 that separates the inside of the cell the stuff on the outside of the
01:56 . Alright. And then we have side of plaza in the cytoplasm is
02:00 stuff that's inside that barrier. That membrane has all sorts of stuff in
02:07 . And then one thing we kind separate out from the rest of the
02:09 of the cytoplasm is the nucleus. the reason we do that is we
02:13 special attention on control centers uh in biology we think they're unique and
02:18 And so the nucleus is the control . This is where the arrangement of
02:23 . N. A. The chromosomes actually located. And so you can
02:26 uh that there's a whole bunch of in there and that's what we're gonna
02:29 now when studying the cell to make life really really easy. Flash back
02:34 that first biology class you took where had to look under the microscope and
02:37 the picture of the cell. You doing that. Did you have a
02:41 that made you do that. You the circle then you look at a
02:44 . It looks nothing like what you to look like. And so you
02:47 it by just drawing what you see the book. Right. We all
02:50 that. Right. But this is the best way to study it is
02:54 a picture of the cell. Put your organelles as best you can.
02:58 know, you don't have to be artist but start labeling them and telling
03:01 what they do. It's gonna help visualize something that's really, really difficult
03:06 see with the naked eye. All . And part of biology is trying
03:11 envision those microscopic or even millis I'm gonna be even smaller than microscopic
03:19 . All right. But that's what what I'm just gonna recommend for you
03:22 make your life easy. You can all your notes on one page.
03:25 life so much easier for you. course, it's not ready to
03:30 Alright, let's try that. Let's that. All right. So,
03:38 gonna start with the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm basically three components. Alright, remembers
03:45 in case by that plasma membrane. usually just say here's the cytoplasm.
03:50 what we don't really kind of point to you all is the material,
03:55 stuff in which everything is found. called the side is all sides.
03:59 is water plus other stuff. That's the easy way to think about it
04:03 our group. And I have here whole bunch of things. Salt,
04:06 proteins, other salutes. And so not water. It's kind of a
04:10 All right. But it's the watery in which everything else is found.
04:16 so this is where the chemical reactions taking place that aren't compartmentalized in other
04:21 . So the organelles are structures that very specific things. We just refer
04:28 them as the machinery of the of cell. So, we're gonna look
04:31 each of the individual ones and ask question, what does this one
04:35 And kind of, what you can is you can kind of make uh
04:39 illusions. It's like, oh this is like a stomach. This
04:44 like a even though they're not the of the cell or the skeleton,
04:47 cell or whatever. But it's an way to kind of make these these
04:52 go, okay, now, I kind of understand what this is trying
04:54 accomplish here. So, the organelles what the machine is what we call
04:59 machinery. Where certain uh chemical reactions taking place to allow the cell to
05:03 what it does. But the side all is the all encompassing fluid in
05:07 everything is taking place in. And , uh certain cells will have things
05:13 inclusions. That means an inclusion is that's not quite an organ. And
05:16 too big to be something that's just in the in the side is
05:20 And so different cells will have unique . So, you might see
05:24 like your muscles store up sugars in form of glycogen for use So that
05:29 not waiting for energy to be delivered it you know? So if you
05:34 to run away from a tiger because what we all do on a daily
05:37 , right? You have sugar already to you. That's what the glycogen
05:41 for. And so there are inclusions muscle cells that are black glycogen.
05:44 can look in a microscope and you see that again, lipid droplets,
05:49 vacuums. We don't really have a of pigment vacuums. This is more
05:52 plants have but we do have pigments up in ourselves as well. You
05:58 there's actually some cells that actually stored . And I'm not talking like the
06:02 age crystals, it's just you crystals that kind of get formed in
06:05 cell. So an inclusion is too to be just something that's dissolved but
06:10 small to be considered an organ. is kind of the easy way to
06:13 about it. Yeah. Going to covering just the UK. Yeah.
06:17 we pro Karadzic and in a shape or form. Now the question
06:21 are we just gonna be looking at carry on. You carry out the
06:24 is yes. Because humans are you outs were not pro carry it?
06:28 we have pro carrots in our Yeah there's actually more bacteria in your
06:33 than the actual number of cells in body that are you Isn't that a
06:37 thought. Yeah. Alright. Come , come on. Really? When
06:48 don't work you just have to find right. Mhm. Yeah. Feeling
06:58 a genius right about now. when we talk about organelles, we
07:09 organelles based on whether or not they a membrane. Alright. So typically
07:14 you'll hear is oh that's a membrane organelles, membrane bound organelles is made
07:20 of the same material that makes up plasma membrane. Alright. It's basically
07:24 bunch of fossil lipids that are in lipid bi layer that can create this
07:28 compartment. Alright. And it's this just like when we described in an
07:34 , oh I have a bathroom, have a bedroom, I have a
07:37 . What you're doing is you're basically in this little area I'm gonna do
07:40 very specific type of chemical reaction. I need to create a unique environment
07:44 that chemical reaction to take place. . So the ones that are considered
07:50 bound and we're gonna walk through all nucleus ectoplasmic particular which is almost always
07:55 E. R. The Golgi mitochondria and license terms. Now they're all
08:01 to each other to some degree and gonna kind of get to that.
08:05 don't know if we do it today if we come back to in another
08:08 but it's part of a larger system the cell called the indo membrane
08:14 Alright. Now the other group, not called non membrane bound organelles.
08:21 there are some textbook that have poor who don't actually understand their biochemistry and
08:26 call them that. And it's They're just referred to as biomolecular
08:32 And here all we do is we macro molecules. So think of proteins
08:36 proteins, plus more proteins. And create these larger structures of proteins that
08:41 kind of clumped together and work as to accomplish things. So they have
08:47 specialized function. But they're not in compartment there. They're found within the
08:51 is all itself. And so things the side of skeleton. Alright,
08:57 even knowing what a side of skeleton . What do you think it
08:59 It's the skeletal system of a cell in the name sido cell skeleton.
09:08 , ribosomes. Which we'll talk about again, which we'll talk about a
09:12 bit further. Alright. So these lots of proteins of different kinds and
09:17 might even be the same kind kind bunched together to create a unique type
09:22 chemical reaction in a very specific location the site is all itself.
09:28 this I've Sarun looking thing is a . Alright. And so what we're
09:35 now is we're moving into the organelles we're gonna be asking the very simple
09:39 . What do they do? And can see in this eye of sauron
09:42 thing that it has a membrane there that first membrane. You can see
09:46 cut it off and then inside we something weird that looks kind of like
09:50 eyeball? All right. And I know why they picked yellow. It's
09:53 worst color ever, Right? But structure here contains almost all of the
10:01 material, the D. N. . Of your cell. And I
10:05 almost all because we're going to see there's a structure that actually has its
10:09 D. N. A. So you see this, it's usually the
10:14 obvious structure in a cell. If just look in a microscope, you'll
10:18 , oh I can kind of tell a cell. And you'll see the
10:20 old dot that represents this thing. right. Well see this is the
10:25 where the DNA replication takes place. when a cell is getting ready to
10:30 , it duplicates its D N. . And so this is where that
10:34 . This is also where we control the cells activity. Right? We
10:39 that DNA contains all the hereditary It contains all the genes of your
10:44 . Even if the cell doesn't use . And so it's here where we
10:47 which genes are being turned on and . So this is all happening
10:53 Now there are three structures of interest us when we look at a
10:57 the envelope, the nucleus and the . And this picture actually does show
11:03 three of these things. Even though not very clear. You can see
11:07 this represents the envelope. You can two layers. If you look
11:10 do you see the little green stuff kind of on the edges right
11:14 that represents chrome button. And then little structure right? There is a
11:21 . So did I get one too ? Okay, no plan.
11:25 Alright. So starting with the nucleus the with regard to the nuclear
11:32 So the unique thing about the the membrane of the nucleus is that it
11:38 is two layers instead of one. , so we talk about like the
11:43 membrane when we talk about the membranes the Indo plaza in particular with the
11:47 . It is a single layer of it's it's it's a lipid bi layer
11:52 there's only one of them. So you hear lipid bi layer, your
11:57 a there's two parts to it. one that's facing out there, one
11:59 facing inward. When we look at fossil lipids, you can go back
12:02 look at that picture but there's only of them. When you're looking at
12:05 nucleus, you have a lipid bi a little space and then you have
12:09 lipid bi layer. Like. Alright. And the reason for that
12:13 that all the membrane bound organelles originate that outer layer. And so that's
12:19 you see here see here, is inner layer. And then you can
12:23 it folds on itself and comes back this right here is the endo plasma
12:27 . Um so that outer layer is with the rough Endo plasma critical.
12:32 and we're gonna see that we're gonna stuff off of that and it's gonna
12:34 to the Golgi and we pinch stuff the Golgi and we move that on
12:38 form these other vesicles and we pinch off those or send them up to
12:42 plasma membrane. So everything when we about plasma membrane originates here. Now
12:51 this is where the um nuclear material , where all your genes are and
12:56 the stuff in your cell is taking out here, we need to have
13:00 way for things from inside the nucleus get out and talk to the stuff
13:04 the outside and vice versa. And what you'll see is that there are
13:10 pores, these are like the bouncers of clubs, they decide what goes
13:15 and what goes out and literally can at a molecule and say you don't
13:19 the right tag, you can't come or you don't have the right
13:25 You're stuck inside. I've never been a club like that, but I'm
13:29 they exist right. And so what do is we, the cell and
13:35 nucleus basically decides and regulates the passage material back and forth between these two
13:42 . So some of the molecules in body are responsible for telling us which
13:48 to turn on and off and those are going to be made in the
13:52 is all. So they need to transported in to do that and that's
13:56 they get in. Now, the thing I want to point out here
14:01 that inside the nucleus, what we is we have a high degree of
14:06 . Alright. You have like I about 33,000 genes. I couldn't even
14:11 you how many mega bases that I can't even remember the number.
14:16 it's a lot. And if you imagine if I'm trying to turn on
14:19 very specific genes, I probably should where it is. Now. I'm
14:23 gonna let you know right now, do not understand how D.
14:26 A. Is organizing itself. That's that's just something that's beyond what
14:32 has taught us or let us to . But what we do know is
14:37 it actually organizes D N A D A. On the internal surface.
14:42 we can see here, that little stuff that looks like spider webs is
14:45 a scaffolding of proteins on which the . N. A. Is
14:51 All right. So, you can over here this is the chrome
14:53 That's the D. N. And so what we do is we
14:56 this, it basically says all I'm gonna organize you over here so
15:00 I know where to go to get jeans that I want to work
15:04 again. I don't know how I out where the stuff is with 33,000
15:08 them, but it knows how to it. So the D.
15:12 A. Is organized. The N. A. Is is
15:16 And it's on this structure called this in a which sits on the inner
15:22 of that plasma membrane. The nucleus the part that sits inside the nucleus
15:31 . You can see this is not cell that is a nucleus. That
15:36 there is the nucleus out here. would be the pink stuff. Would
15:40 the side of all the red stuff another organelles. That would be the
15:44 of plasma particular. Um Alright. so why do we have this
15:49 giant spot in the middle? anytime you see something different means,
15:52 interesting is happening. We don't always what's happening in all these different
15:56 But what we do know right now the nuclear policy is that this is
16:00 ribosomes RNA is being made. But wayne, I don't know what ribosomes
16:04 is. Don't worry about it right . It plays a role in something
16:07 gonna learn a little bit later Okay, so what we're gonna do
16:12 we're gonna make rivals normal RNA. it appears that it may actually have
16:15 other functions that we're starting to understand are insignificant to our class. The
16:21 is is that the nuclear this isn't a big dot. That's you
16:24 sits in the middle of the nucleus we go, Okay, that's
16:27 It's not like the yolk of an . It actually has function.
16:35 so far so good. Nuclear is easy. Alright. Control center organized
16:40 D. N. A. Allows to go in and out three
16:43 Pretty basic. Alright, so in little picture up here you can see
16:47 the nucleus would be located. You see it's wrapped around by a whole
16:51 of membrane bound organelles called indo plasma . Um Alright, there are two
16:57 of into plasma critical um There's a ectoplasmic particular. Um And there's a
17:01 endo plasma particularly. What do you the difference between them are?
17:08 that's good. That's more complex than question I was asking. That's the
17:13 what I'm looking for. One is one smooth. So when you look
17:16 a microscope, one looks kind of and the other one doesn't.
17:20 and why do I tell you Why do I make such a stupid
17:24 comment because when you're looking at an in me nine times out of
17:29 the stupid obvious answer is the Okay, so rough and applied.
17:35 . Is rough, smooth. Into particular is smooth then the question should
17:40 in your brain. Why is it ? Why is it smooth? Why
17:44 they different? Why do they have appearances. Well, the rough into
17:48 particular is responsible for creating proteins. , the smooth ectoplasmic articulate, plays
17:56 role in processing other molecules, like down toxic materials plays a role in
18:03 cholesterol to create steroids. It plays role in fat synthesis, depending on
18:08 cell you're looking at. It may a unique and different role.
18:12 for example, in the muscles, of the jobs it plays is in
18:17 up calcium for the purposes of So smooth into plaza, particularly complex
18:27 unique functionality in whichever cell you're looking . So you have to understand contextually
18:33 it's doing, but generally speaking, of different roles. Rough ectoplasm in
18:38 . Um If I am making a protein, the word we use a
18:41 protein, A protein I'm gonna I'm gonna secrete out of the
18:45 It's gonna be made inside the rough in particular. Or if I have
18:49 protein that's gonna be embedded into the it's made and embedded here at the
18:55 or inside the membrane of the ectoplasmic . Um And that's what this is
19:00 to show you here is how I'm it inside. And the bumps are
19:05 ribosomes right here, The ribosomes found the surface of the plasma critical um
19:13 the bumpiness. Alright, so this where the membrane that we describe,
19:19 starts over here at the nucleus. outer membrane is continuous with the rough
19:24 which will then be used to make structures along the way. Anything else
19:31 missing on their uh yeah, in of what it is, it's basically
19:35 bunch of tubes and you see the cistern and that just means big giant
19:39 container. Alright. It's a That's what that represents. So it
19:46 in particular. Easy. I'm getting kind of look. At least I'm
19:55 getting this look yet. All next structure in the line is the
20:02 . Alright. Named after the guy discovered it. It is like eight
20:08 I don't know. Post office might the way to think about it.
20:11 a sorting center. Alright, so made all these proteins. They need
20:15 go to specific places. Some go the membranes, Some are going to
20:18 into vesicles, some are gonna be . How do you know where they
20:21 to go? Well, in the of being made their tagged and they
20:25 unique sequences and stuff and you can those sequences as codes to tell you
20:30 those things actually do. Well the does that, we don't do
20:34 And so what the Golgi apparatus does it receives little vesicles that have been
20:39 off. The rough end of plasma Yalom. So here's an example of
20:43 of those vesicles that have been pinched and that vesicles then merges with the
20:48 and the material that that vesicles carrying now gonna be sorted and directed to
20:54 it needs to go Alright, just if you send a letter to the
20:58 office, I know it's a very concept since we don't send letters
21:01 But if you put a letter in post office it looks at the zip
21:04 and says where does this need to ? Oh it needs to go to
21:07 , oh it needs to go to and so it gets sorted and then
21:11 to where it needs to go. that's what's happening in each of these
21:15 tiny stacks that looked kind of like and then on the other side where
21:21 has been sorted to go now you're get vesicles that are being pinched
21:25 Some are going to be serving as of vesicles vesicles that serve to merge
21:30 the plasma membrane to release the Some are vesicles that are gonna be
21:35 internally in the cell. So it's it's a unique membrane brown structure that
21:40 functionality. Or if it's a protein is being inserted into the surface,
21:46 gonna be a vessel that pitches off that member that with that protein sticking
21:50 . And when that vestibule merges with membrane it merges inside out so that
21:56 the part that was sticking on the of the membrane is now pointing outward
22:00 now you have a receptor something that engage with other cells or with proteins
22:05 have been secreted and allows for cells communicate with other items. So when
22:14 think of the Golgi think of sorting modifying and moving proteins to where they
22:22 to go. That's the easy Now you can see over here,
22:29 receiving side is always gonna be referred as a cyst face. The sending
22:34 is always referred to as a trans . Those prefixes system transcends means near
22:40 means far or opposite. So that's uh that's the nomenclature. The license
22:49 is an example of one of these that are pinched off the Golgi which
22:54 functionality. If I were to use , create analogy for the license
22:59 I would call it the digestive system the cell. It is not a
23:03 system, but it is like a system. Alright. So what we're
23:08 at here in this little picture is example of a neutrophils, laura,
23:12 , it's a cell eating cell And its job is to go around
23:16 body looking for things that shouldn't be bacterium for example or maybe a damaged
23:22 or maybe protein that's in the wrong . And it says aha, you're
23:26 supposed to be here. And so it does it goes and it reaches
23:29 engulfs that that material which is what see right here and it creates a
23:36 a zone or Faiga zone and a a zone basically says a best call
23:42 I have something that I just I swallowed. And now this this vega
23:48 has something that you want to destroy it. And so what you're gonna
23:52 is you're gonna take the license zone contains within it, a whole bunch
23:57 enzymes and a very, very low environment. And just like your stomach
24:02 a very low ph environment. And you do is you take the license
24:04 in the zone and you merge them and then what you've done now you
24:08 all these enzymes around this structure to it down into a whole bunch of
24:13 bitsy teeny tiny pieces and what you with the bitsy teeny tiny pieces,
24:17 use them, right? Because everything as a bunch of molecules that can
24:23 broken down into smaller and smaller and bits. So now you have a
24:26 bunch of carbon, you might have acids, you might have sugars or
24:30 it is. And now the cell use them kind of Cool !
24:35 so the life zone plays a role basically digesting other things. This is
24:41 I think a good analogy for it , it's like a digestive system.
24:45 there are two things I want to out here. If a license um
24:49 the enzymes. There are non specific mean to to a species or to
24:55 cell remember an enzyme only recognizes what designed to recognize, which is simply
25:01 protein. Right? So if I an enzyme that is designed to break
25:06 proteins, it doesn't care where that came from. It just cares that
25:09 a protein. It'll digest protein. won't digest say a nucleic acid.
25:14 so if you bust open elissa you will begin digesting what's inside the
25:19 inside the side is all this When that happens is called atoll
25:26 It looks like catalysis. But that makes you sound silly, doesn't
25:30 Much more sophisticated if you say atoll right? Like you don't say
25:37 you say automobile. Alright, so a dialysis. Another thing that it
25:43 do and this is a normal So this is a bad thing.
25:46 don't want that to happen. When license um start bursting and opening
25:51 . That's very bad. Right? one of the things that you have
25:55 inside every cell cell get damaged internally you may have an organ l that
26:01 to be removed. You know, going to cause harm to the cell
26:06 . And so there's a process wherein license um will be merged to a
26:11 organelles. And basically it acts in same way that we showed you here
26:15 the Vegas zone. And what you're do is that enzymes basically, you
26:21 , break up and destroy the damaged . Al and then you can recycle
26:25 materials when this happens. It's referred as autopsy gee Alright now top Aji
26:31 a really, really hot topic in right now because it's like oh if
26:36 could just figure out how to control , we can go after cancer cells
26:39 oh we see that when certain cells misbehaving, they're not doing autopsy
26:45 All right. So it's a process is valuable and important regulating good health
26:50 the cell is just not well We just know what it does.
26:55 . But it's at the level of license of. Alright, so we
27:01 with the nucleus. We went to into plasma particular um how many types
27:04 indo plasma particularly we have? Which one is responsible making proteins
27:11 Excellent. Then we go to the . Golgi is for sorting and now
27:14 looked at one vesicles called the license which is responsible for breaking things
27:21 acting like a digestive system. Here's weird one. Alright, paroxysms.
27:30 now these also contain enzymes but their is to act kind of like a
27:37 if you don't know what your liver in a very broadway livers play a
27:41 in detoxifying the blood. All They're not the only organ that does
27:46 . But this is I think a good analogy for it. All
27:49 So it has within it oxidizes and has within it cattle aces.
27:54 And oxidation its job is to use to take something that's called a free
28:00 free radicals are like molecular time They cause massive damage to D.
28:05 . A. And they're horrible. we take antioxidants because we don't want
28:09 have them. Right? You guys antioxidants, don't you? You're looking
28:14 me like, I don't know what talking about. Yeah, I mean
28:16 you take your vitamins, vitamin C an antioxidant. Alright. And so
28:20 happens is is you take these things are really really dangerous. And with
28:23 oxygen, what you do is you stabilize them and with the catalyst is
28:27 you do is you take complex free the oxygen you take complex free radicals
28:33 you break them down until you ultimately down into a very very simple free
28:37 hydrogen peroxide is the most simple free . What happens is when it
28:42 basically get an O. H. an extra electron and you get another
28:46 extra electron and it's going around trying find a way to share that electron
28:50 a very very bad way. that's why their molecular time bombs.
28:54 so what you have here now is cattle a says no no no
28:58 calm down, calm down and it to hydrogen peroxide into water. Water
29:03 not dangerous. Well unless you get up to about an inch and then
29:07 your face in it and don't pull out. That's very dangerous. All
29:13 . So job is to protect the from free radicals plays a role in
29:22 oxidation of fatty acid. That's another of saying breaking down fats.
29:28 it's responsible for I already got And so there's a detox. So
29:33 you look at the liver you'll see and lots of these paroxysms.
29:37 the weird thing about these and why said these are the weird ones is
29:42 they do not originate from the Basically what they do is they originate
29:46 the rough end of plasma in Um And then they start merging together
29:50 a process called fission and basically they themselves. Alright, so the key
29:58 there is they don't come from the . They come from the rough into
30:01 particular, but it's still the secular . L it still has a important
30:06 will function in the cell. Does feel like we go fast through these
30:13 ? Just imagine drawing the picture, how fast it would be. Next
30:21 our list. The mitochondria, we remember what the mitochondria does.
30:26 We all took biology in high what does mitochondria do powerhouse of the
30:32 ? Energy battery. Any of those are just fine. Um If you're
30:36 aware of the mitochondria very early on cells were still a little tiny pro
30:41 , we didn't have any u carioca pro carry it swallowed another. Pro
30:45 out instead of destroying it in the like it should have kept it around
30:50 whatever reason. And they created a relationship. So the mitochondria provided energy
30:57 the cell so that that cell it it had less work to do.
31:02 so they stuck around. And now we have in all our cells is
31:06 little tiny structure which we call an L. Which is basically a pro
31:11 living inside this other cell. It's but that's what it's what its origins
31:19 . Okay so what you have here a structure that has its own
31:23 N. A. It's capable of replicating. It's responsible for the production
31:30 a T. P. In the . So if you are a muscle
31:33 and you have to produce a lot A T. P. Do you
31:36 you have lots of little my You have lots and if your cell
31:42 increases activity it will self divide and more to mitochondria. And if you
31:48 less energy or need less energy then you allow them to break themselves down
31:54 that you have fewer mitochondria, So can possess their own DNA and
32:02 . Now another unique characteristic about If you look at the picture you
32:05 see I have a membrane here and I have these unique structures which we
32:10 Krista and it creates these massive this unique matrix which if you take the
32:15 class you'll learn why that's important. in essence what you have is you
32:19 a small space and something that's been in there and that's why it's folded
32:23 itself. But it's basically double membrane organelles. Just kind of like the
32:27 is it's 11 membrane encased in another kind of Cool. Alright.
32:36 makes A T. P. You need oxygen for it to make a
32:40 and we're not going to go through process today because reasons. So,
32:47 energy producer has own D. A. Can self replicate if
32:58 Alright, looking at this picture. this a membrane bound organelles or
33:04 no. What is it? What's name? Biomolecular complex, You
33:10 it's a hard word. All This is the ribosomes. Alright.
33:15 so the ribosome consists of a couple different things, consists of RNA and
33:20 together to form the structure. And made up of two sub units.
33:26 , the reason I mentioned the two units um is because in order to
33:32 its job, what it's gonna do it's going to wrap around RNA.
33:36 so basically you take a large subunit a small sub unit and they kind
33:40 act like a sandwich and put the in the middle and what they do
33:43 then they kind of roll along the and read it so that you can
33:48 the proteins. In other words. job is to help you create
33:54 All right. Um Again, we'll functionally what it does. But this
34:01 the faith. So protein synthesis as sub units made up of proteins and
34:07 . Its job is to read M in order for you to make
34:11 That's the key thing now. Where they exist everywhere? Alright. So
34:17 exist everywhere. There we go. , So ribosomes can be found on
34:22 side is all. So this is example. These are electron micro
34:26 This right here is an electron micrografx at the plaza particular. Um This
34:30 just electron micrografx. Looking into a of something it's probably gonna sell.
34:34 it maybe be looking into a You don't. I have no
34:37 Alright. But what you can see is each of these big giant blotches
34:43 a rebozo And you can see this strand that kind of goes down the
34:47 of it, that represents our A. That is R.
34:50 A. Alright. And then these that are coming off the edges,
34:55 little squiggly things that's a protein being . And so what you're looking at
34:59 amino acid being attached to amino acid so on. And so that strand
35:04 that string of amino acids as the is being made over here. What
35:10 have. All right. So, splotches on the outside that are gonna
35:17 found on the outside. So this be inside the cistern E. This
35:21 on the outside. And again, are ribosomes attached to the surface.
35:26 what you're doing is you're making protein being threaded into the end of plasma
35:31 particular. And so that structure is or the the protein is going to
35:37 found inside that membrane. So we the ribosomes found out in the side
35:42 all we see them attached to the of plasma particular, mitochondria has its
35:46 D. N. A. Has own RNA can make its own
35:49 So it has ribosomes. So if ribosomes, what you can do is
35:53 can hang out for a while on side is all or then you can
35:57 a little bored or be asked to to the mitochondria. You can go
36:00 the mitochondria or maybe what you do you are then transferred over to the
36:03 particular and you can work on the in particular. So you go wherever
36:08 job is. Alright. There's no , oh you are specifically responsible for
36:13 over here on the end of plasma . Um They just move to wherever
36:17 needed. Alright now, generally the way you can think about
36:21 if they're out here in the sight all, what we're doing is we're
36:25 proteins that function in the site is alright. So where they're located kind
36:31 tells you their job. If I'm to the new plan in particular.
36:36 Then what I'm doing is I'm making protein that will be either secreted or
36:40 a protein that's gonna stay inside the or I'm making a protein that's being
36:45 into the membrane. That will then as a protein interacting between the inner
36:51 the outer side of that membrane. . I'm acting like a receptor or
36:56 a channel. Questions about that. know we're going fast but I know
37:04 many slides I have. So represented there on the rough er didn't
37:12 have to go down the No, . All right. So the question
37:16 , if they are if ribbons um attached to the rough er does it
37:22 along the indo membrane track the Um Itself the answer is no it
37:26 serves its time at the right at end of plasma particular once it makes
37:30 protein it's released. And then that stays either inside the er or
37:37 And so it's that portion of the that then is sent as a vessel
37:41 the Golgi, the rabbit's own just of associates and then goes to where
37:44 needed next. So it may recycle to the membrane and start the next
37:49 . Or it can be sent off the side of the wall and start
37:51 a protein there, you know. it just goes where the job
37:55 It's never it once associated. It does its job and then dissociates if
38:02 makes sense. It's like it's a for lack of a better term.
38:05 go here I go there I go you tell me I do my
38:08 I'm done. Right? Yeah, for not the gophers in G O
38:15 . Er I go for what you me to go for. Have you
38:18 heard that term before you guys not go for is Yeah, it's a
38:21 , really crappy job in an office . You don't want that job.
38:25 a common summer jobs for students just , yeah, you can lead to
38:32 things too. But yeah. No questions. Right. Questions.
38:43 . Oh, yes. So that's is kind of the thing.
38:52 one of the things I want you , when you walk out of this
38:55 , not just today, but just speaking, when you learn something about
39:00 a molecule or protein behaves usually is for wherever it's going to be
39:05 Right? And so here this is it starts becoming important is like,
39:09 , there are things that I learn memorize, but then there are ideas
39:13 I walk away from them. So, like, for example,
39:17 can give you lists and lists and of enzymes and that's not a lot
39:21 fun. But if you know what enzyme does generally speaking, when you
39:24 an enzyme, you can then ask question, right, what does this
39:27 do specifically. Right. So, regard to like the ribbons,
39:31 it's like, alright, if I a ribosome always is responsible for making
39:36 . It doesn't matter where it's it's doing the exact same thing.
39:40 kind of nice. All right, that really is a take home
39:44 You know, I teach an upper class kind of the same stuff and
39:48 kind of doing the same thing right that you guys are, it's like
39:51 getting on the same page and I'm them like pages of proteins, of
39:55 and of stuff. And I say doesn't matter what that channel is.
39:58 channel is always a channel, A pump is always a pump.
40:02 doesn't matter what it's pumping. Until actually asking a question, what does
40:06 particular pump do? Right. So kind of the same thing, learn
40:12 that spreads the knowledge. So here's an example of one, we're
40:16 about the side of skeleton. We three different types of filaments,
40:21 When we look at the specific we know what it's doing. But
40:24 you understand the side of skeleton is up of filaments, what do filaments
40:28 in a general sense? They create and organization and they help create
40:35 Right? So the idea here is , oh, when I see the
40:38 filament, then what I'm doing is creating organization and support. Oh,
40:43 makes me help, helps me understand of skeleton. Alright, so the
40:48 of skeleton kind of acts as the skeleton or the cells muscles.
40:54 And again, I'm trying to create picture here when you think of
40:56 what do you think of contractions which in movement? So cells can
41:04 All right now most of your cells kind of static where they are
41:08 And they have shape to hold them place and to do what they're designed
41:13 do. But you have immune cells example that are traveling throughout your body
41:18 the time. One they're sitting in . Like you wanna you know
41:23 is we? But when they said need to go over here, they
41:26 to escape through the vasculature. So they do is they change their
41:29 They attach themselves to the to the of the blood vessels. They sneak
41:34 way in between the blood vessels and work between all the individual cells.
41:38 order to do that. You need be able to be kind of of
41:42 and you have to be able to your shape and move and sneak around
41:46 a little tiny snake. And that only happen if you have structure that
41:51 that to occur. All right. side of skeleton not only structure in
41:56 of creating shape, but allows me move. So these are the
42:00 There are three basic ones that we're be looking at the intermediate filaments,
42:04 micro tubules and the micro filaments and might look at that and say there
42:07 a lot of names and that makes scared because there's things like micro and
42:12 of them. But if you look them the names, can I tell
42:14 if you see tube you'll what do think of tubes? Alright. So
42:18 has a tube shape. You know means small. So I have a
42:22 filament, a small filament and I an intermediate filament. Now I know
42:27 we go to the store now they large, extra large and jumbo they
42:31 longer have small, medium and large right when you go and get a
42:34 or something like that. But here small and medium. All right.
42:40 so those are kind of what the mean. So in terms of
42:45 support and maintain shape some movement depending which cells you're looking at. It
42:51 the organelles where they belong. And you can kind of see here,
42:55 look, here's a mitochondria. Here's mitochondria. There's a plasma particular.
43:00 want you to be in this particular . I don't want you just floating
43:04 . So when we look at these of these cells, remember they never
43:07 you the sight of skeleton because it be too complicated to kind of look
43:11 stuff. Right? And the artist get really, really tired of drawing
43:15 these lines going everywhere. Alright. they exist to help position stuff so
43:22 everything has its proper place. Support for the motor protein, basically
43:27 this says is that there are things are gonna be moving and I have
43:31 that grab onto the things that need be moved and they move in
43:34 Um There's a video that I should available after class today on the different
43:41 of the cell and you don't have watch it. But I encourage you
43:44 do So it's like eight minutes of life just linked on blackboard and its
43:49 inside the cell. It shows you the different organelles and what it what
43:52 kinda looks like. And again, is artist rendered. So is it
43:57 what it looks like inside the Not really. But it's a good
44:02 facsimile so that you can get the . And one of the things you're
44:05 see in that is you're gonna see motor proteins walking across these micro
44:11 All right. And it's you would if you look at this thing for
44:14 first time, you're gonna like this to be done by Disney because there's
44:18 way there's a protein that looks anything that and walks like that. And
44:21 does walk, it looks like you , looks like a big old mickey
44:24 shoes and it sits there and does right. And you're like,
44:29 that can't be real. But if go and look and see what these
44:32 shapes are and how they move and . That's exactly what they look
44:36 That's a motor protein. And so use these as networks to help direct
44:41 things need to go. And um it also allows you to interact
44:47 extra cellular structure. So if this the inside, remember that's the outside
44:51 if I have an anchor and structure the inside that creates shape, then
44:54 can have proteins that stick out and me to attach so that two things
44:59 be attached together One cell on this , one cell on that side or
45:04 all sorts of arrangements. Yeah, kind of look like nuclear left.
45:15 , we're gonna see that what that just a second, they actually play
45:18 role in dividing the nuclear material. gonna see that they have multiple
45:24 But what we're gonna do is we're see them in Not particularly difficult.
45:30 the first thing here is match color color. All right, is I
45:35 this is how this is supposed to . Let me just double check on
45:37 pictures. So let me double. , yep. And, yep.
45:42 , so definitely everything is gonna be matched. So, when you see
45:45 here, read what you're looking at is the red on the slide.
45:49 , when you take a picture of cell, a cell does not actually
45:53 these colors. What they've done is taken an antibody that's been attached that's
45:58 whatever it is that they're looking And they've taken a fluorescent dye attached
46:02 the antibody. And then they take cell and they fix the cells the
46:06 we use and they get that antibody to it. And then they go
46:09 they use light and they shine at specific wavelength and then it shows up
46:13 you take a picture and then you see what you're looking at. This
46:16 called immuno fluorescence. It's just a that scientists use to help us look
46:21 cells. So you can see we blue that shows you where the nucleus
46:25 . We have the red that shows where the micro filaments are. And
46:29 have the green, which is going be showing you where the micro tubules
46:33 . And we'll get to that in second. So you can see the
46:35 , it's over here and you can of locate it. Where is
46:38 Where is it at? It's on edges of the cell. And so
46:42 is structure that helps to create the mesh work that helps to establish the
46:49 of the cell on the on the edges. All right. Now,
46:52 it is acting is made up of whole bunch of little molecules. There's
46:56 actually multiple types of acting. But I want you to see here is
46:59 it's basically like a rope of two that have been wrapped together to create
47:04 helix. Alright. So just like . It has a helical structure and
47:08 what it looks like. That's All right. So, its job
47:12 to bear tension. So when you on the cell, what you're doing
47:16 you're really taking that force and you're it to the acting and the acting
47:21 that tension around the cell. So not tearing just that place where you're
47:25 , it actually disperses the force. right. As I said, it's
47:29 support that's on the edges. And where you're gonna be most familiar with
47:33 or uh you'll see this most often where it plays a role in
47:38 Alright, when we look at muscles is half of the other of these
47:43 that play a role in cellular Alright, so, with another molecule
47:49 niacin, this is where we get contraction. But this is also true
47:53 those cells that are circulating through the and have to change their shape.
47:57 use acting to change the shape of cells. So, it can do
48:01 type of movement that it needs to also plays a role inside of genesis
48:07 is the division of the cellular material nuclear division. Or sorry, during
48:13 division. All right. So, key thing here bear tension, structural
48:20 movement. You get those three I think you're golden orange. Uh
48:28 worry about that right now. It's it's it's trip troponin and it shouldn't
48:34 in that picture, the artist. should not be not in this
48:39 Yeah. Alright. The intermediate filament . Where do you think the nucleus
48:43 located in the center? Yeah. we just haven't died. It.
48:47 , you can see. So this micrografx, basically, they use the
48:52 just for the intermediate filament. And you look at this intermediate filament,
48:57 can see it kind of looks like rope, doesn't it? Right.
49:00 looks like a whole bunch of fibers have been brought together, twisted
49:03 Now you have this this thicker stronger . Alright, now, intermediate filaments
49:09 made up of proteins that come from carrots in family. Let's think of
49:13 we have keratin in our bodies that familiar with. Your hair. Your
49:17 kind of stiff. Yeah, I it. I mean, just push
49:21 the edge and feel right, not , not on the side, that's
49:25 and silky and smooth. Talking if get to the very edge and start
49:28 this way. It's it's a little , isn't it? All right,
49:32 believe me. Here's the other type keratin fingernails, you know where the
49:37 type of character is here on your ? Is your skin tougher than the
49:43 lining on the inside of your Same cell type one produces keratin one
49:50 not I can scratch here. No . I can scratch on the inside
49:54 mouth. I'll end up with a bleeding, won't I? Right,
49:57 keratin is a tough, strong resistant to stretching, resistant to compression
50:05 care all that much. Its job to also resist tension. And so
50:09 we do is again, we are force so that when things push and
50:15 on a cell, what you're doing you're distributing the force. Now,
50:20 got to ask this question. I'm the time here. Anyone here?
50:24 younger sibling? Alright, anyone An older sibling? Alright, older
50:30 , you remember picking on the younger I'm gonna create. Yeah. Do
50:33 guys remember doing indian Burns? And indian burn is just is just
50:39 , it's like, brings joy to siblings. Younger siblings, you're gonna
50:44 this. It's kind of like the belly. You ever do a pink
50:48 . See the women in here are gonna be like, I don't know
50:50 you're talking about. Some of the , I see the face right
50:53 There's this guy, he's like, , I remember pink belly. Pink
50:55 . Simple. That's when you get younger sibling, you pin them
50:58 put your knees on their shoulder and start slapping their stomach going pink
51:02 Pink belly pink. Never did Oh, you guys are just too
51:08 . The Indian Burns when you grab arm and twist in opposite directions.
51:13 that? That's a load of Why didn't the skin come falling off
51:20 board? Intermediate filaments. All the are attached to each other, all
51:27 cells within them have intermediate filaments. when I pull on one cell,
51:30 pull on all the cells so they come falling off your body because the
51:36 that you're doing when you're like, your dispersing that energy? It hurts
51:42 your cells don't fall off and actually 30 layers of cells. So you
51:47 imagine the forces being heavily distributed. , what Willie's? Okay?
51:53 Well, did you know that Alright. Purple nipples. You can
51:58 that was a real see some of guys were just like, yeah,
52:01 remember all this stuff. Alright, we're just a little bit meaner to
52:05 younger sibs. You don't want to ? Yeah, my brother was
52:12 He'd be like, I hate that . Oh, the other one,
52:17 worst one, pin them down, , I know you didn't do this
52:21 where you you don't even know what was doing. I was just cleaning
52:26 nose out now and then and then drip it down to see how far
52:30 will go. Boys are mean. ready for it when you have a
52:37 boys, you're gonna go like, are you always so mean to each
52:40 ? Because that's how we show. kind of like a wake you guys
52:46 . All right down to the green . Now we have the uh the
52:51 tubules. Micro tubules is made up a series of di MERS. So
52:55 can see, here's the dime er . And then what you do is
52:57 just chain them all together and it this tube so you can kind of
53:01 the tube structure there. Um Again what you're forming the protein is called
53:07 . So you can see there's there's keratin. Now we have
53:11 these are just different proteins arranged in ways to create different types of
53:17 And so here what we do is actually create this rigid um pathways and
53:22 rigid structures inside the cells. The thing is you build them and you
53:26 them so you can build them as and you break them down as
53:29 And so this is what those um molecules like the dining dining and the
53:37 these motor proteins used to move things . So they're kind of like highways
53:42 the cell. Alright. And again is what you'll see in that video
53:46 I was showing you. You'll see walking on, you'll actually see it
53:48 built and then you'll see one walking and after it walks by you'll see
53:51 breakdown. Um So that's what it . It also plays a role as
53:56 component of two structures in cells. that you might see in a cela
54:00 or flagellum. Uh these are structures have a mobile capacity so cilia help
54:07 things along on the surface of cells our bodies. That's where we have
54:11 , bacteria and it helps them move but we don't care about bacteria.
54:15 then flag ela that's there's only one in the body that does that that's
54:19 sperm and it helps to make the motile and mobile. Alright. So
54:25 other thing that they can do is play a role in separating out the
54:28 . So they attached to the center a chromosome during nuclear division. And
54:32 helped pull the chromosomes apart so that daughter cell gets the chromosomes that it
54:37 . So like I said you can them at your as you need them
54:41 you break them down. Now the of these structures for the side of
54:47 . So remember the side of skeleton is a non member nous structure.
54:52 ? So it's a biomolecular complex and . And then so where these particular
55:02 originate is called the central zone. . So this all together is the
55:09 zone. This structure right here. that structure right? There is the
55:15 . And if you're like me, gonna confuse it over and over again
55:18 unless you do it every day, one of those things that's easy to
55:21 Central zone. Century old. So central central zone is made up of
55:26 als and the sentry real is the for intermediate filaments. So these are
55:33 as near like the nucleus and a specific specific location on the outside and
55:39 you can see around it has kind this cloud And so what it does
55:43 it uses these two structures out of all the micro tubules are going to
55:49 . And so we refer to it a microbial organizing center. So all
55:54 force and all the pressure that are against the microbial are centered into that
56:00 zone and then sent back out opposite or down the other lines. All
56:06 now the central, you're going to them at the base of all the
56:10 and all the flag ela So that's those organizing center. And when you
56:14 them there, sometimes they use a like basil body. Okay, because
56:18 when they first discovered them, they realize that they were the same
56:22 And so in older literature you might , oh, at the base of
56:26 silly. And there's a basal it's a central alright. I think
56:33 all that's important about that. So got a whole bunch to still
56:41 We've talked about all the structures that the primary organelles. And what I
56:48 do is I want to shift gears I want to talk about the plasma
56:51 for a moment. Now when I in your shoes and sitting in your
56:55 and listening to things about the plasma , my eyes kind of would roll
56:59 in the back of my head and just really had a hard time paying
57:02 because it's the plasma membrane, how could it be? It's the
57:06 It basically creates a barrier. But I've grown older and learned more about
57:11 cell and the function of the plasma . It's gotten a lot more
57:15 I can't promise it's gonna be as to me as it is interesting to
57:19 as it is to me at this . All right. Because you're
57:23 it's just a freaking wall. But it's more than that now,
57:28 it is primarily It's a fossil lipid layer. So, remember what you
57:32 . There's two of them. here you can see here's layer number
57:36 here is layer number two. You see the heads are pointed in opposite
57:41 . Remember when we talked about the lipid, the fossil lipid has a
57:46 head. And a non polar That means the non polar tails are
57:50 be excluded from water. So, start pointing towards each other and the
57:54 are gonna face water. So, why you see this arrangement.
57:57 out here, this would be outside the cell. That's where there's water
58:00 stuff. This is the inside of cell. There's water and stuff.
58:03 is no water in there. water has excluded the tails. All
58:10 . That's number one. We've got lipids. We'll also have a couple
58:14 other things in there. All You can see here is the
58:19 Again, these are not really good of it. But what they're trying
58:22 do is showing you the cholesterol I mean if you recall when we
58:26 about fossil lipids, we talked about having fatty acid tails. If they're
58:30 , the tails are straight. And they're unsaturated, they kink out to
58:34 side. And when you have that tiny kink that space and that creates
58:39 . And what can happen is things to insert themselves into that space.
58:43 they like lipids, cholesterol is a . It likes hanging around lipids.
58:49 so, if it has that it will kind of insert itself in
58:52 . And what it does. It a little stability to the plasma
58:56 It also likes to insert itself in those saturated ones and so in those
59:01 where you see a little bit of when it inserts itself in between what
59:06 does, it creates a little bit fluidity. So cholesterol also is found
59:11 the plasma membrane. There is another of lipid in there that I'm not
59:15 to really get into. It's called single lipid, but it looks a
59:17 like a foster lipid, but it's a foster lipid. The last one
59:21 up here on the list is where see right here, the Green
59:25 Right? So, there's the two acid tails. And what you see
59:29 this long sugar tail or long sugar . This is a glycol lipid.
59:35 right. And so what you can is that we only see the green
59:39 out here on the outside. We see down here. So they're they're
59:44 lipids that have been attached to sugars sugars that have been attached to
59:49 The tail portion sticks in the membrane it wants to be and hang out
59:53 what it does, it creates a coating on the outside. All
59:57 That would be that larger sugar coating called the glycol Calix. Now,
60:02 also proteins that are found in all purple things in this little picture represent
60:07 and there are different types of We have proteins that have been embedded
60:12 the membrane. In this particular we can see that this protein goes
60:16 the way through to both sides, referred to as an integral.
60:20 it's been integrated into integral protein or this particular case more specifically, it's
60:25 trans membrane protein. Peripheral proteins are associated with one side of the membrane
60:33 the other. All right. So loosely attached either to the integral protein
60:37 they're loosely attached to the lipids So they kind of hang out on
60:45 periphery. Hence the name. All . And then some proteins will have
60:49 attached to them and just like the . You just refer to them as
60:53 glycoprotein. And so the glycoprotein plus glycol lipids found on that outer surface
60:59 collectively referred to as the glycol All right. So the key thing
61:07 to take away from the plasma membrane that it consists of lipids and
61:13 And a very, very specific sort arrangement. I don't think I have
61:17 up here. But the more proteins have embedded or associated with the
61:22 that's usually an indicator of the degree activity of that cell. Right.
61:27 the more proteins you have, the active the cell is, the less
61:31 , the less active the cell That's a general statement. All
61:36 Now, we refer to this whole . If you look at a plasma
61:41 , it has what is referred to the fluid mosaic model. So,
61:46 kind of gives you this idea of kind of like a waterbed. These
61:50 are not attached to each other. just an association. Right? If
61:55 got you all to stand up and moving around the room, you can
61:58 can move in between each other. ? And rearrange yourselves in pretty much
62:02 sort of organization you wanted to. that's kind of what the membrane
62:06 It has this fluidity to it because is attached to anything else. They're
62:11 associated because of the similar and like that they have. All right.
62:18 materials can move within the membrane in direction. But you can't flip between
62:25 two sides. Alright, it's very . Very, very energy. Uh
62:31 costs a lot of energy to do . So you don't see that all
62:34 often. In fact, what we do is when we start seeing lipids
62:39 , it usually is an indicator that cell is undergoing uh cell death.
62:43 being modified to to kill itself. All right now, unless they're attached
62:51 the side of skeleton, the proteins move wherever they need to as
62:54 Alright, so everything has that certain of motility and they move to wherever
62:59 needed. Now, this is just or showing you that fluidity. So
63:05 effective temperature. So here you can um you know when it's hotter,
63:10 kind of bump into each other and spread out more fluid when it's colder
63:13 get kind of closer together and become solid. Right? And then what
63:18 cholesterol? Do it sneaks in And so, where it would be
63:21 fluid. What I do is I that and when it's more solid,
63:27 make it more fluid. That's really this is showing. It's just a
63:30 of what I said earlier. so cholesterol has an important role in
63:36 the membrane across a broader range of . Instead of your membrane freezing
63:42 When it gets cold, it stays , instead of it melting. When
63:45 gets hot, it stays more solid of the presence of cholesterol questions.
63:56 , Yeah. Okay. Right. the other side things with them.
64:08 would like to do it blast. don't remember. It was actually that
64:16 flip base. So, the question , is the enzyme there's an enzyme
64:19 responsible for helping it flip. What the enzyme? That's the question,
64:23 . It's flip base again. very complicated nomenclature. Scientists looked and
64:29 , oh look that enzyme helps it . I think I will call it
64:32 flip ace. Alright, so I've like, okay, Alex already.
64:41 don't think I need to repeat So, what is the function?
64:45 do we care? A great Doctor got this thing that separates the outside
64:50 the inside and that's actually pretty All right. It's a barrier to
64:55 what can move in and what can out of the cell. It controls
64:59 environment inside the cell so that the chemical reactions can take place. That's
65:05 one. All right. It is permeable to very specific things,
65:12 So, if you are water you are limited to wherever water can
65:17 because the plasma membrane is lipid, soluble things can't come through if I
65:24 an electron. Well, I mean X ray, I can beam that
65:28 that wall because that wall cannot stop X ray. Right? You'd say
65:34 the wall is x ray soluble. it dr Wayne soluble. No.
65:40 I go running towards that wall, have a very good laugh. I
65:43 warn you to take out your phones . All right. So it establishes
65:50 gradients. So what's gonna happen is the salutes that we find in solution
65:56 going to be organized in such a so that we can maintain a certain
66:00 of potential energy. So we can certain sorts of reactions. All
66:05 So it creates what is called an electro has to do with charge chemical
66:11 chemicals. So there's a gradient between and which chemicals are present on both
66:16 inside and the outside of the And then lastly, what we're gonna
66:19 is we're gonna see channels and receptors other sorts of proteins embedded in the
66:25 that allow for the cell to communicate its surrounding environment. In other words
66:30 we're saying is things can talk to cell and create change inside that cell
66:35 I can send signals to other cells can do the exact same thing.
66:41 while I'm creating this unique environment I still communicate because I have the right
66:46 embedded in the membrane. So Alright so last little bit. We're
66:56 sprint this because it's very easy to stuck in the minutia. And I'm
67:01 interested in you getting stuck in the . I want you to understand big
67:05 on the next couple of things. gonna talk about. We saw this
67:09 Tuesday. Remember. Central dogma Central dogma of genetics says D.
67:13 . A. We contains the hereditary . We take small bits of that
67:19 are specific instructions for specific proteins and build proteins from that. Very specific
67:25 . That's the central dogma. So makes RNA. RNA makes proteins.
67:32 all good with that. Okay, that one to your body. Along
67:35 caffeine and A T. P. never seen people with those tattoos.
67:40 . You'll see the older you get nerdy you get the nerdy you get
67:44 you're hanging out with the right people the wrong people. You'll see the
67:46 interesting tattoos. I had a friend tattoo just to remind him what he
67:53 to inject directly into his body every . All right. So what is
67:58 . N. A. We've already about this is is the genome The
68:01 contains all the genes the genes are sequences of codes that help you make
68:09 . And so if you look at entire DNA content of your cells,
68:14 even including the mitochondria, you're gonna the regions that genes that contain that
68:20 . But you're gonna have these stretches genes of these of DNA that isn't
68:25 for anything. So, we have regions which are the genes and we
68:28 non coding regions which is kind of gonna call it garbage but it is
68:32 garbage. Alright for our purposes today garbage so stuff we need and stuff
68:37 don't need. All right now there three different types of RNA involved in
68:42 synthesis. Alright. We have transfer . T. RNA, we saw
68:47 picture of T. RNA in terms its shape. Its job is to
68:50 up amino acids and take that amino to where the protein is being
68:54 We have ribosomes. RNA. We've picture of ribosomes already, ribosomes.
68:59 makes the ribosomes ribosomes attaches itself to strand of RNA and allows you to
69:05 the code there so that I can the protein in terms of the amino
69:08 sequence. And then the thing I'm reading is called messenger RNA. Or
69:13 . RNA. That's down here at bottom. It's the transcript that came
69:17 the D. N. A. so when we look at this,
69:21 we're gonna do when we're talking about proteins is we have to consider all
69:24 of those RNA is involved in the . Now. Usually that's as far
69:31 you'll ever go when it comes to . S in your field.
69:36 Where you're planning on going And that's . There are many many other RNA
69:41 that exist that we are not going talk about? Okay, so here's
69:49 D. N. A. This what it looks like in the nucleus
69:53 of like spaghetti. But it's not right. Instead what we have here
69:58 a combination of D. N. . RNA and proteins that are organized
70:02 what is called chromatic Alright. So you see that word chroma tin.
70:06 saying it's all the D. A. Plus some organizing material these
70:11 in this R. N. And so usually you're familiar with seeing
70:14 chromosome A chromosome is highly organized chroma just before nuclear division. Right?
70:22 the cell has reorganized it so that can then divided equally between the two
70:28 . But for the most part it in the cell in what looks like
70:32 horribly unorganized state. Kind of like that has been dropped into a
70:37 But we already know that. That's true because we know the cell organizes
70:41 D. N. A. So knows where all its genes are.
70:44 right. We just don't know how does it yet. All right.
70:47 so if you were to look at , you can kind of see kind
70:50 its organization. When it gets in form of A chromosome. You have
70:54 his stones. His stones are the and DNA is wrapped around. So
70:58 can see the purple represents the DNA around it. And it has this
71:01 kind of organization to it. All . In the cell where you are
71:08 the D. N. A. make the R. N.
71:10 We have a reference to it. refer to that as you crow
71:13 Alright. So really what happens is DNA becomes unwound. It's kind of
71:17 this and I can read it. . Where I'm not using D.
71:21 . A. Where the genes are active where it's not important for the
71:25 . You have heavy hetero chroma tin that's a lot darker. It's a
71:28 thicker and tighter. And the N. A. Is hard to
71:32 to. And so when we talk these organizing principles that are taking place
71:36 nucleus, it's separating out regions of versus regions of no use to me
71:42 the moment. So we have you maten and hetero chromosome. So going
71:49 to a gene, what's a gene if it's in D. N.
71:51 . And the whole all of the . N. A. Is called
71:54 genome. And within the genome we genes. What's a gene. Well
71:58 the instructions for a protein but it's in a segmental fashion. So this
72:04 its cartoon represents that. So everything represents the actual coding region is all
72:10 in purple. But you can see line is interrupting that coding region,
72:16 ? It separates it out. So it's one then a space and two
72:19 a space and three there's a big region over here that says this is
72:22 you stop. This is the end the gene appears someplace at the beginning
72:26 the gene. And even in front that there's some regions that allow you
72:30 actually read the whole sequence. In words there's code there to tell the
72:35 what to do and what not to . And so that whole thing together
72:40 considered the gene. But you don't all those parts. And so what
72:44 is is that during transcription? transcription. Think about what a secretary
72:51 . Secretary gets a cassette or Now it's a digital thing and says
72:55 want you to transcribe this or when copy someone else's math homework.
73:01 Yeah. Alright copying each other. are you doing? You are
73:06 Alright. So when you transcribe, you're doing is you're making a copy
73:11 . So when I transcribe, what doing is I'm copying the region that
73:16 reading. So the conversion of D A into an RNA transcript is called
73:26 . All right. And so that's first step is I'm going to transcribe
73:31 N A. To make a And then what I'm gonna do later
73:35 I'm going to read the transcript and going to translate it into the language
73:42 proteins. How many of you are , trilingual quad lingual, right?
73:54 would try to go five. But that point I'm just like forget
73:57 I can barely speak one language. . That's alright. When you're
74:03 Right? And you're translating one to other, right? You're speaking one
74:07 you have to think of what those mean and then you convert them into
74:10 different language. The language of nucleic is different than the language of amino
74:16 . Right? So that's what the is. So there's a lot of
74:22 here. You do not need to this. What I want to point
74:25 here is when we transcribe, we all that information, everything that we
74:31 need and all the things that we and we create the whole thing.
74:37 the first thing we have to do we have to get rid of the
74:39 we don't need. And so that's this is. We're chopping out the
74:44 that we don't need. We make to the transcript so that we can
74:49 what we do need. And in one message can result in different rearrangements
74:56 that one gene can make different And then lastly trying to see what
75:04 we got. I know you can them. I got five minutes
75:07 so I will use all my time I can. It's crazy,
75:12 So what happens is is that I that transcript right? So here's my
75:17 my thing. I take my transcript that it's way too long. I
75:21 it and then what I did, I process I send it out to
75:24 side of the side of the wall now I have the machinery to go
75:29 and read that. So now I'm the transcript and I'm translating it.
75:35 that's what that second step is. the first step is always gonna be
75:38 transcribe, get my gene and then organize that information so that I have
75:43 actual sequence that needs to be read the particular product I need to
75:48 And then I'm gonna translate it using ribosomes RNA. And the T.
75:51 to bring in the right amino And then I read along in a
75:56 reading frame and I produced the right acids to create the protein. So
76:03 what this is. When I make I'm doing translation I need my
76:06 R. N. A. I my free amino acids which then buy
76:10 the T. R. N. . T. RNA is brought to
76:13 ribosomes. It sits in the right to match the right sequence and that's
76:18 it expands itself outward. I think got two slides here. Is that
76:24 ? 2, 3? I don't . I can only see the next
76:28 forward. It's not like stop here slide. You don't need to memorize
76:32 things. A lot of people want to go here and memorize this.
76:34 you take biochemistry, you can memorize to your heart's content today. We
76:37 do that. What this shows you that there is a code that is
76:44 in DNA and RNA. So what can say in D. N.
76:47 . That code is a three base repeat. Right? That is called
76:52 triplet. When you convert trans or you transcribe it into RNA. We
76:57 call the code on. So this here represents a code on each of
77:01 code on matches a sequence on the . N. A. That
77:05 R. N. A. That you what amino acid to bring.
77:09 you could look at this chart, can see where all 20 amino acids
77:12 from. And if you can read code on you can figure out what
77:17 amino acid sequence is supposed to You can come in so this is
77:24 of what it looks like. You see I'm reading along this frame,
77:30 bringing in the amino acid the amino comes in. Then you take this
77:35 , you attach it to that the moves over and your peptide chain grows
77:40 then the thing that's now empty gets out goes finds another amino acid and
77:45 repeat the process over and over And ultimately this is what it looks
77:50 . You're now back to our rib . You're now looking at the particular
77:55 on the side is all. And can see that here's that RNA and
77:58 can just keep making more and more and I can do this over and
78:02 again. So I get lots and of protein just from one RNA.
78:07 this is why you don't need to a lot of RNA to make a
78:11 bunch of protein because I can make read the same thing over and over
78:16 to make a lot of what I . Alright that's thursday it's a
78:21 At least for me. I will you on Tuesday. You can always
78:28 in. I'm not gonna feel like . Yeah. Yeah. I
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