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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture05_0610
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00:00 All right. Almost ready. Just this thing going and we'll get
00:06 Like I promised this should be a day today. Have one of those
00:13 , aren't I? Well, we'll about it later. All right.
00:19 , I want you to kind of about what we've talked about this
00:22 Uh You know, I really I'm big believer in that. You do
00:27 to kind of take that step back think about what you're trying to learn
00:30 otherwise it's just gonna go by you then all of a sudden it's just
00:33 bunch of stuff that you have to . And so if you think about
00:36 big picture, what have we been this week? We started off the
00:39 going, okay, here's some introductory about a mp. Right? What
00:44 P is And we kind of looked , you know, some organization of
00:48 the body is kind of organized. very general sense. Within said,
00:51 , look, there's this this hierarchy organization. And then on that on
00:55 Tuesday, we kind of went and , all right, we're gonna deal
00:58 biomolecules, right? And then Wednesday thursday we spent our time talking about
01:05 , right? And how cells kind behave the parts of the cells and
01:08 they behave. And so this day tissue, Right? So we've basically
01:14 walking through that organization. Just like kind of said at the beginning,
01:17 how it's organized. And so now at this where what is tissue?
01:22 does it look like? All And then so, that means after
01:25 . if we get a test and we're gonna say, all right,
01:28 gonna jump and start looking at So So it's not so much that
01:33 got a ton of information that I've to memorize. There is an organization
01:38 a a way to look at this . And that's why it's important to
01:41 of kind of step back and oh, I see why this is
01:45 . All right. Otherwise, you're gonna be spinning your wheels desperately trying
01:49 learn stuff. You know, what do I need to know this?
01:51 do I need to know? All . And so what we're gonna do
01:55 we're gonna walk through those four Remember the four tissues are one head
02:00 not in there, but what are ? Uh huh. Exactly. That's
02:07 I heard. It was just you . Yeah. So, it's
02:10 connective tissue, nervous tissue, and . All right. So, I'll
02:14 let you know right now, the extent to which we're gonna talk about
02:17 nervous is like like a word. like a slide. And the reason
02:21 that is because we're gonna get to later where we spend a lot more
02:25 diving in deep to that stuff, ? But epithelial and connective tissue
02:31 you know, it's much more broadly . And so there's lots of different
02:37 where we're going to see. And just kind of understanding more more specifically
02:41 those tissues do and and how they it is kind of what the focus
02:45 this lecture. And when we get the end, we're going to kind
02:48 wrap things up and kind of well how does how does tissue repair
02:52 ? Which kind of feels out of at the end of all this
02:54 Because it kind of focuses in on again. But many tissues repair itself
03:00 very similar processes. And then we're just gonna go over a couple
03:03 little housekeeping things like what are these mean and be done with it.
03:08 . And so our starting point here gonna be epithelium. You've already seen
03:11 picture. And the only reason I this is because it came from your
03:14 and it said epithelial cell. And I thought that was a a decent
03:18 to kind of show this here. really what it says here is
03:22 epithelium has uh some very basic uh . There are two types in
03:29 Alright, so we have epithelium that stuff and then we have epithelium,
03:33 street stuff. Right? And so have names where we call it covering
03:37 or glandular epithelium. And so our here is gonna be saying what does
03:42 covering look like And how do glands like and behave? All right
03:50 I'm sure you can go and youtube but there, you know, there
03:54 videos on youtube where you can watch pop zits. I know it's like
03:59 , you know, but it's not just a little tiny ones. We're
04:02 like, you know where the gloves out a scalpel and just keep pushing
04:09 . All right. So when we're about glands, we're talking about structures
04:13 are not these little tiny things on nose. We are talking about
04:17 But we're also talking these structures that much, much larger. And so
04:22 want you when we get there, want you to kind of go,
04:24 yeah, these things are really And if you really want to,
04:26 you if you're that kind of go check out some of these.
04:31 just going to conquer his videos. mean, we're talking ounces of materials
04:37 out of these things. So, that cover and glands all right
04:44 they're gonna have specialized contacts. Epithelium one of these really, really unique
04:49 of tissues in that they go through process called contact inhibition. What that
04:55 is if I get an epithelial cell put it in a dish, for
04:59 , a plate. What will happen that epithelial cell will start growing and
05:04 . It will just keep dividing and will create an entire sheet until there's
05:09 more space for it to grow. then there's a signal that basically
05:12 I'm not going to grow anymore and basically stops growing. So it's unique
05:17 that. It has all these specialized and some of them we've already talked
05:22 but also has this unique kind of of communicating to tell it when to
05:27 when not to grow. So for , if you get a cut right
05:32 your skin splits and you now have opening. Have you noticed that it
05:36 itself? And then it kind of itself with normal skin. That's because
05:40 skin is no longer being contact because you basically separated out the
05:46 And so it's going like, I've got to grow until I come
05:49 contact with something and that's why it . So, so the primary junctions
05:55 gonna be dealing with are the ones already learned about. And now you
05:58 start seeing like, oh, that's we talked about these dumb things because
06:03 face it, it was kind of , right? Because epithelium is dependent
06:08 these types of junctions to ensure that capable of doing this type of covering
06:13 being able to create these glandular There we go. All right,
06:22 you look at this picture, what want you to understand, you're looking
06:24 a slice through the skin. The pink stuff up here is where
06:30 spending our time looking right now. , this right here is connective
06:35 The pink stuff in the picture is tissue alright. And the reason we
06:40 this picture up here is I want show you those those two types of
06:45 two types of characters. 1st, why it's not doing anything. There
06:50 go. Alright. 1st. There no blood vessels up here, you
06:54 see blood vessels are always gonna be in anatomy books, by the red
06:57 the blue. That's red is for , blue for veins. And
07:01 when you see them, you can that there's blood coming and blood
07:04 All right. And you can see the blood vessels in our little cartoon
07:07 here, in the in the in the lower area, in the
07:11 tissue area. But when you get here to the epithelium, there are
07:14 blood vessels. And that's not an choice. That is trying to demonstrate
07:19 the epithelium is a vascular meaning blood do not penetrate in them.
07:26 blood is delivered near to them. the nutrients of the materials from the
07:31 are gonna move through the surrounding extra fluid and reach the cells to provide
07:37 the nutrients that they need. truth be told in your body,
07:41 is not a cell in your body alive, That is less. That
07:44 more than five microns away from a vessel. All right. And if
07:49 want to know how small five microns think about a millimeter. Alright,
07:54 you take a millimeter and take 1000s that. That's a micron. And
07:58 five of those is the distance. , very small distance. All
08:06 So, the molecules that are leaving blood vessels. So you can see
08:10 got these little tiny capillary systems are penetrating through and traveling a small distance
08:16 those into that epithelium and providing the to the living cells there. All
08:22 now, I also mentioned that their already they have that contact responsiveness or
08:27 inhibit. It's called contact inhibition, when they touch each other, they
08:32 growing. When they don't touch each , they grow. And if you
08:37 aware, for example, your skin epithelial. This is true. But
08:43 is really, really easy to see that your skin replaces itself over and
08:47 and over again. It's really obvious the summertime when you go get sunburned
08:51 you then get to take off those layers of of skin off your body
08:55 already dead. It's been dead. what you're doing is you're regenerating damaged
09:00 below that damage cells below that. , it's pushing it up faster and
09:03 why you're able to peel it off frequently. So we've talked about this
09:10 , but now we're going to really of focus in on we said that
09:13 is polar and you can see in cartoon this side looks definitely different from
09:17 side. So this polarity helps define functionality of the cells in epithelium and
09:24 tissue of epithelium. So, what have is we have a pickle
09:28 The a pickle side is going to what we call the exposed side.
09:31 if you're looking at your skin, the a pickle side, Right?
09:34 if you're looking at a hollow say your digestive track or your lungs
09:39 blood vessel, you now have a . The exposed side is inside that
09:45 . Okay, so that would be a pickle side and then the side
09:49 attached to the connective tissue. That's basil side and on the sides of
09:53 cells touching each other. That's the side. And we just kind of
09:57 to the basil and the lateral sides as the basal lateral side. All
10:01 now, the A pickle side has couple of characteristics. Typically you're going
10:06 see two unique types of features and what these little tiny bumps are.
10:09 called micro ville. And we're going see more clearly what they are in
10:13 next slide. But you'll see on a pickle side. That's where we're
10:16 to be secreted materials or absorbing And so we're going to have modifications
10:21 that surface to increase surface area or manipulate the environment around us. And
10:28 what the purpose of the micro villi the cilia are for All right,
10:33 the basil side because we want to to the underlying connective tissue. What
10:40 gonna do is we're going to secrete whole bunch of different types of proteins
10:43 create an extra cellular matrix that then with the extra cellular matrix of the
10:47 tissue. And between the two of they kind of inter mesh and they
10:51 what is called a basement membrane. , so we refer to it being
10:59 by the epithelial cells as the basil . Inna. Alright, so that's
11:04 epithelial side of the basement membrane is basil laminar. It's a series of
11:10 that just basically are being secreted as extra cellular matrix on the connective tissue
11:17 . They're also sells their and they're their own proteins and they're gonna contribute
11:23 that basement membrane as well. And you're gonna have there is what is
11:27 the reticulated lamin A. So basil mina and particular lamin A coming together
11:33 it's kind of like velcro, You have your hooks. You guys
11:37 , have you guys closely examined velcro or you just presume that it
11:42 I've always wondered how it works when was a little kid. And so
11:44 sit there and you know, it's is a bunch of little hooks and
11:47 bunch of loops. And so the and the loops get all intertwined and
11:51 get enough of those hooks and enough those loops and you basically hold things
11:55 and that's kind of what the particular A and the basil laminar like it's
11:58 hooks and loops. It's not but like that and together they form this
12:03 membrane and now you have this connected that holds the two tissues epithelium and
12:11 tissue together. So, this right is what a micro villas is or
12:22 civilized plural. All right. This an actual electron micrografx showing this.
12:27 you can see right here this would where the surface of the cell normally
12:32 . But micro ville ir surfaces of cell. All right. What you're
12:37 to imagine here is you have a with a finite amount of space.
12:41 right. Let's see if I can this for you. All right.
12:47 basically have a series of cells that next to each other. Like
12:50 okay. And so, you can the surface area for that one little
12:54 about that long. How long is that long? Right. If I
12:59 to increase my surface area, I'd to make bigger cells, bigger cells
13:03 up more space. And that's So, we don't want bigger
13:07 We want more surface area. the best thing I can do is
13:10 can take my surface and I can it upward and then why don't I
13:14 keep doing that over and over And now what do I have is
13:18 have a very very I have a size cell with a lot of surface
13:22 . Because what I've done is I've upward and downward multiple times. I've
13:27 these finger like structures. All So typically we do this because we
13:33 to have this large surface area to able to absorb materials. Do you
13:37 when we talked about the laws of ? Fixed law? We said one
13:40 the important factors increasing the rate of or the movement of materials across the
13:46 is to increase surface area. if I have a whole bunch of
13:50 ville, I I basically increased surface so I can increase the rate at
13:54 I absorb material In a. & . two. You're going to talk
14:00 the digestive system. All right I'm looking around the room and I
14:03 see anyone here is 30 or 40 tall. Alright. I see a
14:07 of people who are between four ft six ft. I don't think we
14:09 anyone here. seven ft maybe. don't know. Right. But if
14:13 were to look at the digestive system all of us, on average,
14:17 digestive system is roughly about 30 ft , roughly. But its effective length
14:26 our digestive system is lined by epithelium our effect. And each of those
14:31 have all these micro villi and there's other modifications are effective length of our
14:36 tract is over a mile long. ? So in other words, it
14:42 to be long to be able to all those nutrients and materials that we
14:45 into our bodies three times plus a because we eat more than three times
14:50 day. Right? I mean that calls me all day long. There's
15:01 right. So micro ville are going be found on the ethical side.
15:06 purpose is primarily found on absorptive cells that you can increase the surface area
15:11 increase the rate of absorption. All , cilia, on the other
15:17 are a little bit different. so, if you look at
15:20 this is again an electron micrografx. a different type where it's you're seeing
15:25 in three dimensions. You can see are the micro villa down here.
15:30 tiny ups and downs and this big tuft of stuff that looks like seaweed
15:36 cilia. Now, Celia are simply extensions of the plasma membrane within them
15:43 a bunch of intermediate filaments that are to allow for a structure to have
15:51 or the ability to move. And purpose for the most part is to
15:56 materials along the surface of the Now, that's in humans.
16:01 so if you look at your respiratory , you're gonna see cilia along those
16:06 cells that are there and their purpose the respiratory tract is to move mucus
16:11 or really away from the lungs and towards the oral cavity or the nasal
16:17 . Alright, bacteria have cilia to bacteria, single cells. And so
16:21 got these little tiny cilia to kind move themselves around. So it's
16:25 it's moving the environment. But they're moving themselves now. Similar to
16:30 The only reason I'm mentioning it here because there's no better place to put
16:34 . Is there something that's similar to psyllium, psyllium is singular. Sileo
16:38 plural same structure much much longer as flagellum. All right. The flagellum
16:46 is a propeller that's built the exact way that a cilia does. But
16:51 only found in humans in one cell that's the spermatozoa. All right.
16:57 other organisms. You'll see fluid gel again, it's a propulsion mechanism and
17:01 structurally this is kind of what it like and how they're different. Um
17:05 can see they're structurally they're the They basically there's your central or basal
17:10 . You have a series of Excuse me. I said, intermediate
17:13 micro tubules in the nine plus two . And what they do is basically
17:17 have motor proteins in there, then on the different micro tubules that causes
17:22 cilia to move if you're full of . Um you move this one
17:26 it's kind of like a propeller. kind of like it's like taking a
17:30 and spinning it over your head if doing a silly um It's like rowing
17:33 boat basically. It's more like this you're imagine being on your back in
17:40 lake or swimming pool, your drinks on your chest doing this. It's
17:50 . That's what I want to be . All right. In essence,
17:56 have different structure because they're designed differently they move things differently. You can
18:00 if I have stuff up here, am I doing? And I'm pushing
18:04 , pushing it along. This is . But you won't see flagellum Until
18:12 . & p. two. But you see it on the exam,
18:15 is a possibility because I've included it . It's for propulsion. Same structure
18:21 cilia, different function. All So, what does that to thallium
18:28 ? All right. So, up , is that picture we've already looked
18:31 ? This is uh just looking at epithelial cells play some very very basic
18:38 protective. Alright. It's a protective or a protective cell. I'm just
18:46 to use the skin for right because it's an easy one to think
18:49 . Your skin prevents things from the world from getting into your body.
18:54 right, The epithelium completely lines you're versus your inside. Now, what
19:02 your outside and your inside. Truth your donut. All right,
19:07 You have an outside. That's easy see. But you also have a
19:11 that goes all the way through There's one side of the Donut.
19:15 a big long track that goes all way down. I'm not showing you
19:19 other side of the donut. But basically that is on the outside
19:24 your body. Alright. It's exposed the external surface. Ergo it's
19:29 Even though you can't see it. . The respiratory system where the air
19:34 in. That's external to your Alright? Internal to your body is
19:39 the other side of that membrane, the other side of those cells.
19:44 that's serving as a protective barrier. not only protective, it's selective as
19:49 what will allow to pass through. right. Again, you can think
19:53 your skin, right? I can water on the surface of my body
19:57 it's not gonna go absorbing through my . It's a protective barrier against water
20:02 materials. But I can take lotion example, which is fat for the
20:07 part and rub it onto my skin it will absorb through. Okay.
20:12 it decides what passes through if it's soluble or water soluble epithelium can be
20:20 in nature. In other words it materials. So we've talked about,
20:24 know, we mentioned glandular, that's primary things, mechanisms of secretion.
20:30 we have to create all sorts of . Alright? We secrete mucus.
20:35 can think of your oil cavity, cavity and other cavities that secrete this
20:40 to create lubricant. Right? Your secretes materials right? And these are
20:46 be glands that do this for the part like sweat for example, comes
20:50 a little tiny gland and that's water fat and other materials actually depending upon
20:55 you're actually sweating from, sweating from skin doesn't have fat and sweat from
20:58 pits. It has fats and materials all right. So, when you
21:03 the word secretion, your psa creating to the surface of the body,
21:06 you're talking about the digestive system, secreting mucus, you're secreted enzymes are
21:11 other chemicals to drop ph down. , secretion has different meaning depending where
21:18 are. It's always moving materials to surface. The other thing and this
21:23 really the function of the nervous But we're including it here because there
21:27 cells that are affiliated or associated with epithelium that are epithelial nature that can
21:34 uh different changes in our environment. right. So, for example,
21:40 have touch receptors that are found in skin that are associated with neurons and
21:46 that information up to our brains to us that we're being touched or touching
21:51 . So, it plays a role this sensory reception. And that's not
21:54 including the neurons that are associated with hair cells. Have you ever felt
21:58 blood crawling across your skin? Because just moving your hairs. That's a
22:02 that's that's feeling that or detecting that the hair is actually moving. All
22:09 . So, really it's the neuron doing the hard lifting of sending the
22:12 forward. But the detection of being at the level of the epithelium.
22:17 epithelium has multiple roles now how we stuff when we're dealing with epithelium is
22:27 straightforward. All epithelium has two It has a first name and last
22:32 . Lack of a better term. . The first name is based on
22:36 number of cells or excuse me, number of cell layers that you're going
22:40 look at. Alright, So there's two types, there's two types of
22:44 . The first name. The simple . The easy one I should say
22:47 simple if you have a single layer cells so you can see single
22:51 single layer, single layer, we that simple epithelium. Alright, so
22:56 would be the first name if it more than one. So two or
23:02 we call it stratified. So here can see that there's multiple layers stratified
23:07 . There's two layers. It's So two or more. This is
23:11 weird one. We're gonna get to in a little bit. All
23:15 Here's another one. This would be stratified but it has some unique
23:19 So we give it a special name we'll deal with that in just a
23:22 . Alright. Typically simple epithelium is you have absorption or filtration absorption when
23:28 taking things into the body filtration is you're moving things in the opposite
23:33 moving into a tube. So going outside inside the body to outside the
23:39 stratified, epithelium is typically when you multiple layers, you can imagine what
23:43 doing is I'm creating a very thick and so this is primarily where protection
23:47 going to be taking place, your is going to be stratified, you
23:53 sit there and dig at it for while and you're going to take a
23:56 time to get down below those many layers of cells. No,
24:04 the second name is going to be upon what those cells look like when
24:10 dealing with stratified epithelium, you you're gonna be dealing with that first
24:15 of that last name. So when deal with the stratified, that last
24:19 is gonna be based on the most layer. So what you wanna do
24:23 you want to look at the shape this upper layer to determine that second
24:29 . Right now the second names are simple. All right. Again,
24:34 the easy one to do this and we'll we'll kind of look at some
24:37 examples here. Alright, so the name is the shape of the
24:41 The three common shapes squamous, squamous scale like. Alright. And so
24:47 cells are typically flat and very very . Q. Boy Idol, if
24:53 look at them, they kind of this cube like shape Coloman er they're
24:59 than they are wide. So in little picture that I drew over
25:02 which ones would this be Klempner? now I'm just gonna let you know
25:08 now this is not a histology class if you're going to nursing school,
25:13 you're going to medical school, you're to take histology Histology can be
25:18 Alright, Because you have to sit and you have to look at a
25:21 and you have to not only determine cells are there, but then you
25:24 to name the tissue, it can a tough one, and it takes
25:26 time and effort to learn how to this. That's not the purpose of
25:30 class. We're not going to sit and go guess the name.
25:34 But you should be able to identify simple ones as we go along.
25:41 . One of the tricks to identifying type of epithelium you're looking at because
25:48 ever looks as pretty as it does you see here in the cartoon is
25:52 look at the nucleus. Alright, you're trying to guess the shape of
25:55 cell, kind of look at the of the cell and then look at
25:57 nucleus and if the two things look of the same. So if you
26:00 a flat cell and you have this looking nucleus, okay, that's
26:05 If you have this kind of squarish one, you don't have to get
26:07 there and measure it out, You're like, okay, it's kind
26:10 square looking. If you look at nucleus and it looks almost perfectly symmetrically
26:15 , it's like, okay, that's um a cute boy idol. And
26:19 I'm looking at this cell that looks of tall, I mean maybe it's
26:23 this tall instead of this tall, it's like, oh, and but
26:25 look at the nucleus and it's kind elongate in the same direction. That's
26:30 cute boy girl. Our, sorry boy will columnar. So looking at
26:36 and kind of taking that step to about, do these two things look
26:40 same or do they behave in the direction? Then that's probably a good
26:46 to figure out the nomenclature. the other thing I'd add is you
26:51 to know which direction the cell is going. We said we have an
26:55 pickle side and we have a basil , how do you define which ones
27:01 we'll look for, where the cell attached. Try to find the connective
27:07 on which that cell or group of are sitting. All right. So
27:12 going to help you orient yourself because when you look down a slide,
27:16 not gonna be oriented in this It may be oriented to the
27:19 It may be oriented in the wrong . So, you gotta figure
27:23 oh, oh, this is open a compartment. This is, this
27:26 attached to something down here. So I know which direction, everything is
27:31 right. So what I wanna do I want to first kind of define
27:36 they do and then we're gonna look a couple of pictures and this
27:39 I'm gonna show you there are a of ones you're gonna have to know
27:41 the test, in other words there be a picture. Everyone will get
27:45 picture. There's not you're not you get like three of them, you're
27:47 gonna get one right. And what gonna have to do is you're just
27:50 have to identify which one it Good news. I'm not here to
27:54 you. That's the easy part. students is easy. Just like you
28:00 me is easy. Alright. So we're trying to do is we're trying
28:03 test to see whether we learn the . Okay, so when it comes
28:09 simple, remember we said it deals permeability, absorption, filtration and there's
28:15 be some secretion involved in other There's thin layers so that they can
28:19 this job of of putting things out pulling things into the body. So
28:25 have simple, simple, simple. then we look at the shape.
28:29 is the shape of the cell squamous or Coloman are now long before we
28:35 up with a standard way of naming , scientists were naming things primarily from
28:42 embry a logical origin. They're trying figure out where does this come
28:45 Or or is this unique? And they kind of gave things some simple
28:51 . We still use these because we fall into that trap of using the
28:55 language over and over again. So if you see the word empathy
29:00 . Alright, in the thallium is type of simple squamous epithelium.
29:06 And typically where you're gonna find these in the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic
29:10 . Alright. So, when you're at a blood vessel and they refer
29:14 the vasculature or the helium in the , just like, okay,
29:17 okay, that's simple epithelium. You , it's a squamous epithelium. I
29:22 it. It's just one of the you you you just learn and memorize
29:28 when we talked about those serious Remember the ones that prevent the friction
29:32 stuff? That's a type of simple as well? All right. And
29:38 they're very very thin sheets and that's we find light in body. Just
29:45 it musically. Um It refers to origin. So, here's the
29:53 These pictures. Now, I'm not these pictures. These specific pictures onto
29:58 exam. So, don't memorize the . I understand what you're looking at
30:02 example of the simple squamous that you're at here is going to be from
30:06 lungs. But you see that they from a whole bunch of different
30:09 Can you even see the basement membrane this in this picture? No,
30:17 just basically a bunch of really thin that are connected to each other.
30:21 basically So, when you see dark like that, that's those are those
30:25 blood vessels. So, we're looking here is we're looking at things like
30:28 and there's actually lots of cells. gonna just be the first one to
30:31 you these pictures suck. All If I was to write this book
30:36 we're trying to show you pictures of tissues, these would not be the
30:41 I would have picked. All So, what did that tell you
30:45 the test? They're going to be than these pictures. All right.
30:49 basically, I'm not just gonna throw picture of things. I guess.
30:52 I wouldn't like throw this picture and tell me what that tissue is or
30:56 because what are you supposed to look in that picture? The other thing
31:01 is like taking a picture from like miles away. Staying with that
31:05 I mean what you wanna do, wanna get right up in there so
31:07 you can see and what you have there's a bunch of cells. Here's
31:11 cell. Here's the cell, Here's cell, here's a cell. Here's
31:13 cell and they're all flat and And if you look at the nuclei
31:16 can see that the nuclear nuclear kind flat as well. But with this
31:20 , it's really hard to tell you to get up close and kind of
31:22 it. But you see what we here thin long cells thin nuclei simple
31:32 scale, like simple Que boy idol , imagine this amplified or magnified so
31:39 you can kind of look in here and what you see is a bunch
31:42 cells that look like this that kind look like squares, kinda do it
31:54 his side. Are they perfect No, but they kind of look
32:06 that and then if you come in and look at the nuclei you'll see
32:10 the nuclear more or less symmetrical like that would be cute boy. It'll
32:18 you find these in your ducks and glands, you'll see them in the
32:24 so they play a role in absorption filtration secretion. Again, We've taken
32:34 picture from 1000 miles away. What would do is we'd come up a
32:39 closer but you can see here this here is the basement membrane going up
32:45 down. Really want to kind of up there. This is a
32:48 It's an oblique, remember that term oblique slice. That's what you're getting
32:53 things down here because the glands are of moving out towards you. But
32:58 you're seeing here is if you look these cells, they're much more like
33:04 and then the nuclei or like So they're elongate something like this.
33:20 you might see in these cells, might see micro villi which since it's
33:28 picture so far away, it's really to tell. Alright, typically digestive
33:33 , reproductive system. These are areas you're doing a lot of absorption.
33:42 those three you have to know, you have to be able to look
33:46 the picture and say, I learned definition. If I look at this
33:51 , can I figure out what it this one? You only have to
33:55 what it means. I'm not gonna this picture up at you because it
33:58 be evil and wicked to do All right. This is called the
34:03 stratified epithelium. Sudo means eric so stratified. If you were to look
34:12 this, look at the cartoon, look like a bunch of Colombian
34:15 And they are But look at the at the Columbia ourselves. Some are
34:19 , some are small. They go and down and it looks like a
34:24 epithelium because the nuclear are all over place. But they're not All those
34:30 are attached to the basement membrane and give rise to false sizes and or
34:38 heights. All right now, these found all over the place as
34:43 Um reproductive system respiratory track. Some your large glands have these You can
34:49 see up here. You can see cilia on the surface right there.
34:55 . And so it's a type of epithelium but it has an appearance of
35:02 stratified epithelium. Alright in secretion. cilia. So when we look at
35:14 , we're going to have multiple layers cells. All right. The living
35:19 are gonna be found down here on bottom and as you move further and
35:22 away from the basement membrane, the move further and further away from their
35:27 of nutrients and they typically die Especially when you're dealing with something like
35:32 one that we're looking at here. what you see is basically there's a
35:35 of regeneration going here and you're pushing cells upward. Typically what you're going
35:41 see is that these types of tissues a major role in protection. This
35:50 you should be able to identify. right. So again, you're looking
35:55 this is the stratified multiple layers Now we said we're always naming these
36:02 upon the a pickle layer. if you look in this picture and
36:06 , terrible picture because you can see kind of goes off. But right
36:09 is the basement membrane you can see here it's really, really thick.
36:13 see those nuclei how happy the cells . And as you go further and
36:17 up, they get flatter and flatter flatter until you get up to the
36:20 and they look like little tiny Okay, that's why stratified multiple
36:27 A pickle layer, squamous and that's it gets its name. This is
36:32 cut through your epidermis. And so what you're looking at is the
36:36 Now there are two different types of squamous. And that picture is not
36:42 to matter. I'm not going to is it's characterized or non criticized.
36:46 . But your body has criticized cells non criticized. That term refers to
36:51 presence of keratin in those cells, . Remember what we said is a
36:57 of molecule that makes up these intermediate and it's a tough tissue or a
37:04 fiber. It's what makes up your . Your nails are made up of
37:08 . Your hair's keratin, your skin keratin. If you take your fingernail
37:13 run it across your skin it doesn't ripping off, does it?
37:18 You take your fingernails across the inside your mouth. You're gonna have a
37:22 conversation, aren't you? It's not tough on the inside of your mouth
37:28 . Your oral cavity, nasal anal cavity, vaginal cavity,
37:33 All those openings where you basically are moving into that donut portion of your
37:41 are covered with non christian ized They don't need to be as tough
37:48 the surface of your body does or skin does. Alright, so carotene
37:54 stratified squamous is on the surface of body. It will be a slow
37:59 and then eventually you get to these christianized and that's where the internal cavities
38:04 the same sort of appearance. But that tough protein in it.
38:12 The other stratified epithelium. You're not to need to identify the test.
38:18 need to be able to understand their . So I'm not gonna give you
38:21 picture of stratified columnar stratified Q. . That would be mean all
38:29 stratified cube oil is fairly rare. you're gonna have two layers of cube
38:33 cells and typically this is located in tissue. Stratified columnar is found in
38:40 very specific locations. And typically it's or two. I mean it's basically
38:45 cells stacked on top of each So you might have a kind of
38:49 square looking cell, but then you a tall columnar cells sitting on top
38:53 it. Alright, so this is to show you here. You can
38:57 if you look carefully, there's this structure. Can you see the round
39:03 ? Right? And then you can that right. There would be the
39:06 of that tube. And what you is 121212. These are those cute
39:13 idols. Same, here's another one will not have to identify but you
39:21 to understand what it is, transitional is a specialized type of stratified
39:29 Typically multiple layers of cube oil looking , but the external surface is unique
39:37 that those cells change their shape. you find this in the bladder.
39:43 your bladder is like a balloon. also kind of like a pleated
39:48 Guys are going, I don't know pleated skirt is but ladies, you're
39:52 smarter than the guys. Um And it does is as you fill the
39:56 , The pleated skirt kind of And then what you do now is
40:00 you have the bladder that needs to outward and what allows it to stretch
40:05 those cells because they go from a of a cube oil shape and they'll
40:10 out become a scream of shape and when you evacuate the bladder they go
40:17 into their original shape so they transition and forth between the different shapes.
40:25 you'll see cells that have two See if I can find one in
40:30 . Yeah, who knows? Probably there. Alright, so depending on
40:35 level of distortion of those structures and not just the bladder, but it's
40:40 ureter and urethra, which if you know those just yet, yuri throws
40:44 tube to the bathroom, from the . The your orders are the tubes
40:48 the kidneys to the bladder. So they're filling up, they stretch out
40:52 to accommodate the flow of the Yeah, clear. Yeah,
41:02 Yeah. Okay, so this is really good question and I don't want
41:05 dwell on too much. So just your hands down. I mean,
41:07 don't write this stuff down. so we define in very simple
41:11 cells have a single nucleus. Some cells, muscle cells for
41:17 is an example is a really good where the cells actually fused together and
41:22 nuclei for each of the individual cells around. And so when you see
41:27 by nuclear cell Mhm. If it's normal if it's a normal cell functional
41:34 because sometimes that would be bad, . It just basically sticks around.
41:38 end up with both nuclear and they contribute to the function of the
41:42 Other cells that do this are muscle . So every muscle in your body
41:45 off as a single tiny individual little . And they said, Hey,
41:48 know what? I think we're gonna out together and refuse. And then
41:52 you have two nuclear and for nuclear 50 nuclei. And so each
41:56 so these cells are incredibly long. my muscle cells start from here and
42:00 down there. So it's a very long sell. There's a fusion of
42:04 cells. So remember how we I'm back up even a little further
42:09 So remember at the beginning I said have about 300 different types of cells
42:12 the body. Everything we learned about . There is the basic of all
42:18 . But that specialization gives rise to kind of unique features like the multi
42:23 . Another one is the census show cells. Um and those are the
42:29 that when you're an embryo and your to implant in the uterus basically it
42:34 like a super blob that basically starts through tissue. And it's basically as
42:39 chews things up, it creates bigger larger cells. It's literally like the
42:43 . Yeah, you guys are too . You don't know what the blob
42:45 , 1950s movie horror movie scared the out of everybody basically. Someone film
42:51 going through little tiny models. It like the blob. Yeah, I
42:59 alive in the 50s. It's just used to have tv. We didn't
43:03 Youtube. So everything was in reruns the time on cable. So,
43:07 got to see everything. All Moving to the glands. Alright,
43:14 are two basic types of Glands in body. All right. Their job
43:20 to secrete materials. All right. , what is the secretion? It's
43:24 acquis fluid, meaning it's water plus . So, it will primarily contain
43:29 , but it can contain some other as well. An ex A Quran
43:34 versus an endocrine gland. Are the types. Exa Quran is I'm secrete
43:39 out of the body. Alright. going onto the surface of the
43:45 All right. So, typically what doing is we're going on the body
43:48 or into the cavities, right? into like the digestive track, which
43:52 be surface. And we're going to those based on their structure, which
43:56 what we're going to see here in a moment. Endocrine glands are what
44:00 going to ignore for right now. right. But they exist. And
44:03 some of them have origins from epithelial . These are the ones that produce
44:11 . Alright. They lacked duct So, an extra cleaning land because
44:15 secreted on the surface. There needs be a way to get that material
44:18 the surface. So it's gonna have duct endocrine glands are going into the
44:22 . So basically it's just a bunch cells that are associated with each other
44:25 they secrete into the extra cellular fluid gets picked up into the blood and
44:30 it goes to wherever it needs to . So, what we have with
44:33 endocrine gland is that we are internally into that extra cellular fluid. All
44:39 . Some are epithelial in nature. are neural in nature depending upon what
44:44 is. And it could be neural , which is where it gets kind
44:47 confusing. All right, We're gonna with the most simple one. And
44:52 gonna work to our more complex You can have glands are single
44:56 We call them magically uni cellular Alright, so these are scattered within
45:03 epithelial sheets. This is typically called goblet cell. Alright, there are
45:09 types, but the goblet is the common. All right. And they
45:13 their products simply by exhaust. Ditto . So, you can see here
45:16 are Colombia ourselves. Right? You see up there there's our cilia.
45:21 can see the mucus and the bad secreting all that mucus are those goblet
45:28 . Alright, so they're embedded in part of that epithelial sheet typically when
45:35 think of glands, we think of multicellular gland, which is more
45:40 Obviously if your one cell that's not complex how these multiple cellular glands form
45:47 basically you have your epithelium sheet or your sheet of epithelial cells. And
45:52 you do is you get this in nation that basically works its way down
45:56 forms as duct work. And then the bottom of the duct work is
46:00 place where the materials for that gland actually made. Alright, so here's
46:05 example. This is a very, complex one. This would be an
46:08 of a simple one. Or basically you're looking here at the bottom.
46:13 the simple one is just repeated multiple . It's much more complex one.
46:18 what you have is you have this portion and then what you'll have is
46:22 messiness. Okay, This is where going to be making the materials.
46:28 the secretary portion. The duct is how I conduct the materials out of
46:33 gland. When you get these larger , these larger gland works. What
46:38 gonna see is you'll see multiple And then at the end of each
46:43 the ducks are the little seen, a little tiny purple dots or whatever
46:46 that is. Are there at the . Alright, so the ducks are
46:51 and separating out each of these What you're doing is you have your
46:55 lobes and so that's connective tissue. you end up with like this lobe
46:59 structure, but the ducks are through everything is being conducted and there's some
47:06 that goes with this. Now I to apologize for the artist in this
47:11 because they apparently didn't give them really instruction. All right. And so
47:16 I want to point out here is terms of the nomenclature ascena versus um
47:23 or sorry, Al Viola versus to when you think of a tube,
47:28 of something that is uniform in Alright. When you think of Al
47:32 , I think of something that is rounded in shape. Okay, so
47:37 artist kind of does a good job it but in some cases he doesn't
47:42 quite a good job. Alright. I think it's a guy who did
47:47 . Maybe it was a woman. when you're classifying a gland and notice
47:54 we're trying to do is we're trying keep this very basic. The ducks
47:57 either gonna be simple or compound. what I want you to do here
48:01 I want you to focus in on path through which things are being
48:06 So here we don't really have a . Maybe you can call that the
48:11 here, That's the duck. They to color it differently. Alright.
48:16 there's a duck, there's a duck . A duck duck. I guess
48:21 a quack quack, but a tube . This is the duct. This
48:27 the duct really that should be the as well. That should be the
48:30 as well. So, the Right? The ducks are the path
48:38 which the material is going to be . The escena is what you find
48:45 the bottom. Okay, So that's the material is going to be
48:51 So you can have a simple like it doesn't branch or you can
48:57 a compound duct which branches and it branch multiple times. Artists did a
49:04 job. I can branch over there example and have multiple branches like
49:12 Alright, simple. No, no . When you get down to the
49:18 , you look at the shape of end of that tube. Is that
49:23 ending in a bulb? Or is ending like a straight structure? If
49:29 ends like a straight structure, like just the tube coming down and coming
49:33 an end, then that's referred to a tubular a sinus. If it's
49:38 to a bulb then it's referred to an Al viola Hasina's. So when
49:44 look at a gland, it can tubular or can be L.
49:49 Or in some cases if you have really, really complex glands, it
49:53 be two below Al Viola, meaning contains both. All right now,
50:02 important is that? The grand scheme things? Probably not terribly important.
50:09 understand that glands have different shapes and they share shapes. All right.
50:16 if you understand the definition when someone there goes other than the tubular al
50:20 complex gland, you're like okay I get it. You know its
50:25 Okay I get it. It's multiple where it gets interesting and weird.
50:35 here the method of secretion. So got these terms american african and
50:42 And what they refer to is how these cells secrete their materials? The
50:46 that's easiest, the one that's that can visualize and understand easiest is the
50:52 America is kind of what we've already describing basically. I make some
50:56 I put it in vesicles, vesicles serves as a storage depot for that
51:01 until it's called to be released and it moves that vehicle moves to the
51:05 of the cell, opens up and its material out into the surrounding
51:09 So whatever happened to me in that has now been secreted. That is
51:16 Now easy ones to think about. about your tear ducts. What are
51:20 tears like? Watery and slippery. ? Think about your salivary glands.
51:27 slippery. Yeah. Alright sweat glands like on the surface of your skin
51:33 here when you walk outside is your gonna become wet and moist, not
51:38 , It's just gonna be kind of slimy. Right? So this is
51:43 example of the american what the cell , it doesn't modify, it just
51:49 it as is The next two is it gets weird? The Quran gland
51:56 is basically what you see with mammary . So what do mammary glands
52:00 What's its secretion milk? Alright, , if you want to think about
52:05 cow, that's fine. But humans mammals. We produce milk. All
52:12 . What happens here is you make vesicles filled with materials and then when
52:18 vesicles moves to the surface, it merge with the surface and release.
52:22 happens is that vesicles gets pinched off the portion of the cell that contains
52:28 . And so, what you end with is a larger vesicles that's basically
52:32 bubble containing the vesicles within it. right. And as you pinch off
52:41 of the cell, the cell actually itself. All right. So,
52:45 you're doing is you're letting go of of the cell plus the material that
52:50 cell is making as a broken holocron the weirdest of all. Okay.
52:59 now I want you to think about zits. Alright, The pores on
53:04 face. I want you to jump three years when it was the
53:08 Remember right there before the prom, big old volcano that erupted on your
53:14 . And you're sitting there going, can't I can't go out. I'm
53:17 freak. The reason that thing erupted your face is because of this type
53:23 cell right here. All right just in case you don't know,
53:28 have tons and tons of bacteria living your body. Right? I think
53:32 mentioned you have more bacterial cells in on your body than you actually have
53:35 number of cells in your body. right now living on your surface and
53:39 circulating, circulating around your body like is a cloud of bacteria. We're
53:47 clean and we go take a shower that's not gonna help. But you
53:51 bacteria living on your on your on skin. And the reason it's living
53:55 is because of the secretion of the cells. Holocron sells what they do
54:00 they make this material and they store up and it sits there and it
54:05 up and it builds up and eventually the cell produces enough of its material
54:10 the cell dies and it ruptures or and dies whichever way you want to
54:15 . And then all that material that in that cell gets released by that
54:20 and rupturing cell. Now typically this is very very viscous. This is
54:26 oil that your body is producing. the reason it produces it it's actually
54:30 a protective barrier of oils and waxes oils on the face to prevent bacteria
54:39 viruses and all sorts of things from the body. Right. But of
54:44 you have bacteria live on you and this is yummy. Good. And
54:46 what happens is is when that thing remember it's in a gland there's a
54:51 there and if it ruptures too much and it oxidizes or if you have
54:55 and stuff, you basically jam up hole, that duct and then that
55:00 gets stuck in there and then it of oxidizes and then it keeps other
55:04 keep rupturing and it fills up and up the next thing. You
55:07 you've got this thing that's sitting on face announcing its presence. So the
55:17 that produce the oils from your bodies holocron glands. They produce their material
55:24 then the cell dies and the new comes along and replaces it. Easiest
55:30 identify. Because that's kind of how think about secretion. Right? Mary
55:37 Quran Weird. one Location. Mammary , Holocron Gross and Disgusting. They're
55:44 ones that rupture themselves so far. good. All right then, that
55:55 us like through half the lecture. , what I want to do now
56:00 I want to shift gears away from . I want to move into connective
56:04 . Are you okay with that? guys are real quiet. I
56:08 I swear I need to bring something here that wakes you guys up.
56:12 a live possum to run through the make threats like this. I never
56:20 through with them. Alright, connective . Most widely abundant. Most available
56:28 of tissue. There's lots of different of connective tissues. Alright. So
56:33 you can kind of see the major . We're going to go through
56:36 All. All right, the primary when you think connective tissue is going
56:40 be protection and insulation. When we're about protection. That's a physical protection
56:46 it can refer to as immune Alright. They play a role in
56:50 and support. Which kind of makes because it's in their name. It
56:53 a role in storage. We'll see storage here in just a moment.
56:57 plays a role in transportation. it kind of has all this catch
57:01 . And really the truth of it is connective tissue. The reason that
57:05 group all these these tissues together, though they can be very very
57:09 is because they have a very similar biological origin came. So, it's
57:15 that very early on you start off as a single cell, you eventually
57:19 three layers of tissue and then those layers of tissues differentiate. And so
57:24 connective tissues come from one of those . Now, all connective tissues contained
57:33 it. A material called ground And it's just a fancy word to
57:38 say the stuff that makes up the . All right. It's basically non
57:42 material. It's made by the cells the connective tissue in which we're going
57:47 kind of focus in on and it's which it's the environment or the matrix
57:52 which that cell actually lives. So cell arrives and then it creates the
57:57 in which it's going to be found . And that's what it's That's that
58:02 substance. So the ground substance depending where you are and what type of
58:06 tissue looking at can have different Alright. It can be proteins like
58:10 see here. Right. And an cellular matrix that surrounds the individual
58:16 And these are all individual cells. right. So that's that's the most
58:21 type. But it can be something blood, blood. The plasma of
58:25 is an extra cellular matrix. It the ground substance that surrounds the blood
58:31 . It can be semi solid in like cartilage. We're going to see
58:35 this stuff or think about a A bone has is hard. And
58:39 it's not this squishy fiber looking It's basically a bunch of minerals plus
58:45 plus cells. So the environment, this extra cellular matrix is going to
58:51 unique for the different types of connective that you look at. Now.
58:55 of the characteristics is that it's going contain within it. These molecules that
59:00 called protease google icann's. So this the matrix. You've got these large
59:06 . You have these smaller fibers and protein google. I can is this
59:11 looking thing that hangs off the edge really what approach google icon is the
59:15 that's bound up to a bunch of and the sugars are called gags.
59:20 the abbreviation glucose amino Bly. Can don't need to know it. But
59:24 it's a bunch of sugar and it's a charged sugar, it has a
59:29 of negative charges. So it attracts to it. So typically what you
59:32 imagine is in an environment like that you have these fibers and these pretty
59:38 cans with these sugars is that water gonna come to this area and it
59:42 this kind of spongy environment, it of holds things in place and it's
59:50 environment, this ground substance that holds connective tissue in place. So when
59:56 look at this picture right here and see this hollow space, it's not
60:02 , it's filled with this stuff, and small proteins and sugars keeping everything
60:09 together. All right now with regard the cells. So we have fibers
60:16 we have ground substance, we're gonna to the fibers in just a moment
60:21 have cells. Now, every connective is going to have different types of
60:25 in it. But there are when dealing with many of these cells,
60:28 you're going to see is that there's primary cells that exist within the connective
60:34 . So you're going to see terms fibroblasts or fiber site whenever you see
60:38 at the end of a word, refers to an immature cell is a
60:42 that is still capable of division and become the mature cell yet. When
60:47 see site at the end of the , then it's a cell that has
60:51 the mature cell. So fiberglass is cell that's dividing and making a whole
60:57 of fibers and stuff And then when matures it becomes a fiber O site
61:01 it stops dividing. It still maintains matrix in which it lives. Fibroblasts
61:07 fiber sites are finding connective tissue Condo blast contra sites are in
61:12 osteoblasts, osteo sites and bones. when you're looking at the connective
61:16 if you know what type of connective kind of know what type of cells
61:21 ? This primary. So if I'm at a bone, I know uh
61:23 primary cell found in bone is going be an osteoblasts and osteo sites.
61:29 right. I'm looking at connective tissue . It's like, oh, it's
61:32 to be fibroblasts and fiber sites. things like connective tissue proper have more
61:38 one type of cell on them. while the primary cell maybe fibroblast,
61:43 may also find parasites, parasites are the fancy word for saying fat
61:48 You might find mesenchymal cells. Mesenchymal are the the stem cell of all
61:55 of connective tissue cells you might see Eunice sites which is a fancy word
62:00 saying cells that are involved in the system. So lymphocytes, white blood
62:05 of all different types are lymphocytes. right. And these cells like immune
62:12 may kind of hang out for a while Or they may just be passing
62:15 like a cop on the beat is there anything going wrong in
62:18 Do I need to take care of and then it just kind of moves
62:21 its way. So depending on where looking, you're going to see multiple
62:26 of cells or you'll see a single of cell. The other thing.
62:30 we're gonna go back to this picture in the next slide I think is
62:35 going to see that the cells are in direct contact with each other.
62:38 when epithelial cells, all the cells jammed up against each other right
62:43 they're all kind of spread out and creating that matrix and they're all kind
62:47 hanging out together. But they're not talking to each other directly. They're
62:51 connected to each other. Now, might see a seller to connected to
62:55 other, but that's going to be a short period of time. They
62:57 separate themselves out from from each other , I mean by forming the
63:04 So we've come back to this picture I just want to show that to
63:06 . So here what they have a bunch of different cells that they've
63:10 labeled and again, you don't even which cells which because that's insignificant.
63:14 it's like, look, here's amazing sell, what do we have here
63:17 a immuno site that's a macrophage over . Those are fibroblasts. These two
63:22 are touching each other, but this way over here and it's not associated
63:25 those here we have a deep So we've got all sorts of different
63:29 of cells in this environment doing their little thing living within a matrix of
63:36 substance plus a whole bunch of Now the fibers found some basic
63:45 We have collagen That makes up about of your body's protein. You're mostly
63:51 . Lots and lots of collagen. . It's a very very long
63:56 It's on branch. It's very It's flexible, it's resistant to stretching
64:01 time. It begins to relax and start getting this stuff going on,
64:05 know. But when you're young and that collagen is nice and tight.
64:12 why you guys all look young and look old. Particular fibers are similar
64:19 collagen. Little cartoon draws them over . Doesn't again, doesn't matter.
64:24 fibers are coated with glycoprotein. So and lots of sugars. All
64:30 And what you do is you see these branch ing's within them. All
64:34 . So they create these massive networks there are many organs built solely on
64:39 fibers. So like your spleen for is basically a strom a a scaffolding
64:47 particular fibers on which cells are built they kind of just sit there and
64:52 you wrap them up in a little of other type of connective tissue to
64:55 everything into place. Particular fibers. elastic fibers. They have a specific
65:01 called elastin that's a shocking name for elastic protein in it. And what's
65:07 is is basically the stretch and You got this all over the
65:11 But here's an easy one. You see right bent my ear and watch
65:16 magic could do this all day. is just fun, right? It
65:25 for things to stretch and recall it . And so you'll see some of
65:29 stuff found in connective tissue as and which fibers are found where,
65:34 upon which type of connective tissue, at what its function is. Obviously
65:39 cartilage in my ear here has a of elastic fibers in it,
65:45 cartilage in my back. Not so so that gives rise to or ultimately
65:54 us to the different types. All . So, what we're going to
66:00 is we're going to see the name the group. So it's connective tissue
66:04 . And then we're going to see subgroup. For example, this is
66:07 loose connective tissue. And then we're to see the different types of loose
66:11 tissue. So, there's a primary kind of a subgroup. And then
66:15 unique type. So connective tissue When you think of connective tissue,
66:20 think of connective tissue proper. loose connective tissue implies. What look
66:31 the pictures. What do you What's unique about them? Are
66:35 Is everything jammed close together? Let's a look at the next picture real
66:39 . And then we'll come back. is dense connective tissue. Look at
66:44 connective tissue defense. Loose biologists are people. We name things for what
66:53 look like. Does it look Yeah. Okay. The first type
66:59 there in the top is called All right. Areola connective tissue.
67:04 can see It's the example that we . Alright, so connective tissue
67:08 Areola got all three different types of . You got a whole bunch of
67:12 cells, primarily fiber blasts in Alright. Its job is to support
67:17 surround structures and organs for the most . All right. Lots and lots
67:22 ground substance in their adipose tissue. think fell into this category because when
67:26 first start looking at adipose tissue under microscope, it looks like there's nothing
67:32 . Alright. But basically adipose tissue a loose connective tissue. There's a
67:36 of fat cells that are being pressed . So, where we had fat
67:40 sparsely scattered here. Adipose tissue has adipose cells. All right. And
67:48 can see there's this little nucleus pressed to the back that's its side of
67:52 . Here you have this big old vacuole in the middle of it.
67:56 it's mostly made up of fat and it looks like it's empty space.
68:01 why I think it was called Here's a particular You can see a
68:05 of particular fibers and little tiny cells here there and everywhere. Very,
68:10 loose. Looking at least the first top. And if you imagine the
68:13 doesn't appear there, that's why it loose again, connective tissue proper.
68:19 is dense connective tissue as opposed to . And you can see here we've
68:24 a series of fibers. All the themselves are compressed and very very close
68:28 is not a lot of space in everything. The cells are scattered
68:32 So the dark purple things you see least up here in the regular,
68:36 or dense regular is um they're kind scattered about. They're the ones that
68:40 laying down the fibers right? But very little ground substance to speak of
68:49 regular, dense irregular. Can you why they're named? These two things
68:56 are moving regularly in the same direction . It looks like someone just kind
69:00 scattered fibers in multiple directions but they're close together. And then the last
69:07 here is the elastic. And again you have here is these are elastic
69:11 that impressed close together. But there there's still that one type of
69:18 Typically you'll find the elastic um connective around things like um blood vessels.
69:26 So they'll be like a layer of type of connective tissue. So like
69:30 art. The easy one to think the aorta, it can stretch when
69:35 inside it is applied and then it back to its original shape naturally.
69:44 are three types of cartilage is so this is a type of supporting
69:50 tissue cartilage exists as highland elastic or cartilage. Now here you can see
69:57 cell is within a matrix that's semi . All right, there is the
70:01 and you can see here now what done is we've added in fibers.
70:05 the cells as well. And you see little tiny cells here as well
70:08 lots of fibers. So when you're with highland cartilage, you don't see
70:13 fibers. It's just basically the semi matrix and that the cells have created
70:17 themselves and they're now stuck or embedded that matrix. The cells are very
70:22 alive and they're doing the job of that matrix or building the matrix.
70:29 those are the cell types con dro to cartilage. So Condra blasts make
70:34 matrix and the cells are dividing and once they've made as much matrix as
70:39 possibly can, they become the Kandra and they hang out maintaining that
70:45 there's no blood vessels in this type connective tissue. All the nutrients has
70:50 pass through the matrix to get there cartilage has the elastin fibers, fiber
70:57 cartilage is have fibers. And this a little bit tougher. The idea
71:00 is to create support and stretch, though you don't want to have too
71:06 movement in it. Blood is the one. Alright. That's a fluid
71:15 tissue. It doesn't actually make the , The plasma is the matrix but
71:20 made by other things. It's water other stuff made by other things.
71:23 so what we have in the blood we have these things called formed elements
71:28 could call themselves but they're not quite cells. Rivera sights are cells that
71:35 been modified and removed much of their . They carry around oxygen for you
71:42 . So their immune insights, you see them. They're kind of marked
71:45 , red blood cells or all the stuff. Their job is part of
71:48 immune system and platelets are bits and of another type of immune cell are
71:54 immune cell, but another type of cell that's kind of hanging around.
71:57 their job is to create blood So the cells themselves have different
72:03 They don't make the actual plasma plasma made elsewhere. Now we'll come across
72:09 in A. And P. To lymph is basically the plasma of the
72:13 without the cells in it. And found in a different location and its
72:18 is far too complex to explain right , another supporting is bone or what
72:25 call odysseus tissue. It's very similar cartilage. The differences is that what
72:29 doing is we're putting uh minerals within matrix. So it makes that squishy
72:36 . Much much more tough, much resilient resistant to torque. And so
72:41 very, very strong. You can of bonus being dead but it's not
72:47 . It's actually very living tissue. these little dots that you see
72:51 those are cells that are stuck within bone matrix and they're keeping the matrix
72:57 . So when, what they do they sit there and they detect the
73:01 in the bone and they actually build as needed and when there's bone that's
73:06 needed, it breaks it down. your bones are being remodeled all the
73:11 . We're going to talk about this more detail when we talk about bones
73:14 the unit. So here we have . So those big circles right
73:18 those are canals within the bone structure these are the blood vessels and nerves
73:22 actually found. We're coming around the , we have a couple more slides
73:30 we're going to be done for the . Mhm. Any questions about the
73:37 tissues, You know, I think could get up here and just tell
73:44 guys lies and you guys are just your head. Here we go.
73:47 what I want. I want to a hand up. So, bone
73:54 is unique. It's basically the um stem cells. We're gonna talk about
74:00 a little bit more. There's two types of bone marrow and when we
74:04 about the Aussies tissue will go into lot more. Well, I'm not
74:07 see a lot more detail, but essence what it is, there's fat
74:11 there and then there are blood stem . And so the cells that make
74:16 become red blood cells or become the ist sites or become the mega carriers
74:21 , which give rise to the platelets found within that marrow. And so
74:26 you're younger, you have lots and of the marrow that consists of the
74:30 that make up the blood cells. as you get older, that gets
74:33 with the fat cells. And so basically stuck with less of those cells
74:38 you don't need them quite as You're not growing anymore. You don't
74:41 to make as much. And so it's not necessarily what we call connective
74:46 . We call it more of a a stem cell. Yeah. So
74:52 we talk about the hard parts of bone though, that's connective tissue.
75:00 , I promised you like one slide the muscles. Here's the one slide
75:03 the muscles. We've already seen this . And and really what I want
75:06 kind of show you here these are contract. I'll sell all right,
75:11 highly vascular rise. In other when you look at muscle, you're
75:14 see blood vessels go into the muscles that you can provide the nutrients of
75:17 materials necessary for them to do the work that they do, They produce
75:23 and depending on what type of cell gonna be the specific type of
75:27 So skeletal muscle causes local motion, muscle creates a pumping action to drive
75:34 forward vascular cherry also has smooth your digestive system, smooth muscle respiratory
75:40 and smooth muscle. And what you're there is you're creating movement of the
75:45 or the air in your lungs or through the digestive track. And so
75:52 different types of movements in different But whenever you think a muscle think
75:56 movement. All right. So, they contract is going to be dependent
76:01 the side of skeletal elements that we about When we talk about the site
76:06 skeleton and when we get to we'll go into more detail how it
76:09 happens in which elements are involved. that's the purpose of muscle movement.
76:14 there's three different types found in different and they do different types of
76:24 Half of this class is spent talking nervous tissue. All right.
76:30 we're only giving it a one slide right now. All right, nervous
76:36 or nervous tissue. Give it made of two basic types of cells We
76:42 . The neuron. The neuron is the quarterback of a football team.
76:48 pays attention to the neuron because exciting, interesting. Its job is
76:56 process information. It receives input and . It takes those signals and determines
77:03 response to the signals and then it and sends signals down to the cells
77:08 are responsible for creating the response. why nerves are interesting. Excuse
77:14 neurons are interesting. Glial cells are the rest of the football team,
77:19 the thing that makes the neuron look . Glial cells are the support
77:26 A quarterback can't throw passes if he no line blocking for him, he
77:32 make completions unless there's a receiver to the football. Glial cells support the
77:37 provide the nutrients tell the neurons which to go. They provide protection and
77:44 sorts of support for the neurons. , they don't actually transmit the signals
77:52 the nervous system is responsible for. if you didn't have these, they
77:56 do their job. All right. we'll break this down and go into
78:00 detail when we get to the nervous . Last three slides, I think
78:08 three sides might be four. last little bit is I want to
78:12 about tissue repair. Yeah, there two major ways in which tissues repair
78:21 . Now, these last couple of are really kind of focusing in on
78:26 epithelial repairs itself. But this type repair is true for all tissues.
78:32 ? You can either repair through a of regeneration or you can repair through
78:36 process of fibrosis regeneration is where you the damaged tissue and you replace it
78:44 the very same tissue fibrosis and in so, what you're doing is you're
78:48 restore the function of whatever the organ that was damaged. Fibrosis, on
78:53 other hand, is where connective tissue where the lost tissue was. And
78:58 what you end up with is that material that can't do the job that
79:03 organ originally did. Alright, you structural restoration but you don't get functional
79:09 restoration. Now again, we're gonna primarily with dealing with damage in the
79:15 here. But I want to give example of a student I had after
79:19 gave this lecture, he came up couple of years ago, he said
79:22 wayne when I was much younger, got hit in the head with an
79:27 . I was like dude really? like yeah, no. And I
79:31 he said what happened to my brain that happened right because it went in
79:37 don't know if it was like a or if it was an access but
79:40 said what happened with that tissue Because nervous tissue is a tissue that
79:46 regenerate very well. It can but very difficult. I said, well
79:52 those glial cells play a role in and they basically create an environment similar
79:59 fibrosis. What they do is they in and where all those cells
80:03 you now have empty space, you have empty space. And so what
80:06 cells do is they grow into it they create this fibrous tissue. And
80:10 wherever that acts went in is now you have and then the neurons around
80:14 kind of took over the jobs that in that space. But I tell
80:19 that story, so that, you , it's not just the skin that
80:23 happens if you have a heart attack , die fibers, tissue grows in
80:27 and replaces or fills in that gap those dead cells were you no longer
80:34 cardiac cells there. So it's struggles contracting now because it no longer
80:40 its full um network or or structural function that used to have. But
80:48 does play a role now, depending where you are. You know,
80:51 going to see different types of tissue in different types of severity.
80:55 for example, if you've ever cut , you can see that you don't
80:58 a scar sometimes. But if you a really, really bad cut,
81:01 end up with scars is actually That's not a real scar, I
81:08 it was and I really looked it and it was for a movie kind
81:12 bombed finding that out. So, on the type of tissue damage and
81:17 type of severity is gonna depend on path you're going to use, whether
81:21 gonna use just regeneration or you're gonna regeneration, fibrosis or just fibrosis,
81:26 that's gonna be. So, what wanna do is I want to use
81:28 uh this example from the epithelium to of show you what the basic steps
81:33 wound healing looks like. Alright, this is the skin, the first
81:39 is going to be an inflammatory response what the inflammatory response is, is
81:44 when tissue damage occurs, the tissue starts releasing chemicals to attract in immune
81:50 into that site. Alright, and , why are you attracting immune
81:54 You can think of it as the or the police force going,
81:57 we know problems are occurring here, here to deal with whatever is going
82:01 be problematic. And so the immune are there to basically attack foreign material
82:07 might be in where that damage has . Now, the other thing that's
82:13 happen is that the cut comes all way down to the blood vest.
82:16 basically what that's gonna do is blood into that wound and helps wash out
82:21 and push things away. All And so, you can imagine here's
82:24 cut. I want to see if shows it over here. Now,
82:27 the cut. You can imagine blood out and it basically filled in this
82:32 , pushed materials out, but also a cap to prevent materials from coming
82:38 . That's what the clot serves as kind of a barrier. It's a
82:41 band aid to say, you can't in here, we're gonna be working
82:46 fixing the problem that just happened in space. The other thing that inflammation
82:52 is that basically it draws fluid in so fluid is moving towards the wound
82:58 of away from the wound instead also of traps material in that particular
83:03 Right. So basically, if you're to swim upstream, it's a lot
83:06 than swimming downstream. Um If the was moving away. All right.
83:12 the clotting proteins and the stuff come as a result of the blood opening
83:17 that wound you create that clot, now becomes step two and that basically
83:22 the tissue. And now the immunity can start doing their work. They're
83:26 for anything that isn't supposed to be . So damaged tissue isn't supposed to
83:30 there. It'll start breaking down the tissue, foreign materials, bacteria.
83:34 else? It'll start trying to break and destroy. The next step has
83:43 do with rebuilding all right. And , what we're going to see is
83:48 gonna start making new blood vessels penetrate that area. This is a process
83:53 angiogenesis. Angiogenesis ensures that we can the nutrients and the materials necessary for
83:59 rebuilding of that area. And so why we end up with this.
84:04 angiogenesis, the cells of the connective , the fibroblasts will begin dividing and
84:11 start creating a matrix around which things going to be built on this is
84:17 granule ation. Alright, so granule is rebuilding the tissue in this
84:23 Now notice we're in this picture. we're looking at the skin. So
84:25 here, this connective tissue up there epithelium. Alright. And you can
84:31 we got cells that are working in area as well. Have you ever
84:35 that your scabs don't stick around for long time. Even when you don't
84:39 at them, Let's face it, all pick out our scabs, right
84:43 like? And then what do you ever done that? Yeah, I
84:52 the smiles on your faces like. . Yeah, I'm guilty,
84:54 But if you left your scab it's a short term band aid for
85:00 problem. It will break down on own. There are actual chemical elements
85:04 it that are designed to break it so that your skin can reform
85:11 When we're dealing with skin we're dealing the epithelium. That's epithelial regeneration.
85:16 the epithelium as that scab breaks down epithelium not seeing epithelial cell next.
85:22 will continue to grow until it finds cells underneath it. The fibers tissue
85:30 organized. So basically the you you initially create these graduations. You
85:35 this idea and then afterwards it's okay let's make this as best we
85:39 based upon what the original structure should like and that's what happens. That's
85:46 of that fibrous tissue now different areas gonna have different speeds. You know
85:53 a typically it's a pretty slow process if it's a little tiny cut,
85:56 doesn't take all that long. You , just a couple of days it's
86:00 deeper wound, it's gonna take longer tissues, different timescales, but those
86:06 basically the four steps, right? simple inflammation formation of a clot that
86:11 be internal or external. It can angiogenesis and granule ation as well as
86:16 final regeneration and re formation of the . The fibrosis. Yes sir.
86:35 so that's a good question, which don't really know the answer to.
86:39 mean with with plastic surgery and us and um orthopedic surgery very often what
86:45 doing is you're breaking things and reshaping to meet some sort of of
86:51 right? So for example, like know, let's say you're doing a
86:57 , you know, or a tummy . What you're doing is you're cutting
87:00 away and creating damage. But then you're doing is you're reshaping things and
87:06 you know, like with a tummy , you're bringing tissue that should be
87:09 back together and saying I want you reform this way, right, let's
87:14 for example uh rhinoplasty which would be know reshaping your nose, you're damaging
87:21 and bone and then reshaping it and allowing the natural uh function of tissue
87:29 to then go back and and form shape that you're trying to achieve.
87:34 is why they're very very skilled uh know um forms of medicine I
87:43 I mean all medicine is skilled in way, shape or form. But
87:46 mean here it's artistry, right? saying I'm expecting this to look like
87:50 based upon the damage that I do the first place. But think about
87:55 cut that's that's really the more important , you know, a wound,
88:00 ? It will naturally repair itself in way that best suits it. If
88:04 break your arm and don't reset it's going to reform and regenerate
88:11 If you take the bones and breaking that, it's gonna reform like
88:14 But it's going to use these sorts processes along the way. So did
88:18 answer the question or did I kind skirt skirt it? Okay, well
88:27 , so in the long what you think about is we're taking advantage of
88:31 way that the body normally repairs we're just forcing it to repair
88:35 At least in the in the in instant that you're describing it's repairing itself
88:41 in the best way that it can upon the conditions that we set it
88:46 , right? It's like I'm so when we go break a
88:49 the first thing we do is we to the doctor and they reset the
88:53 so that it can be as best it can. My child fell at
88:57 broke both his own and the radius actually broke through, you know,
89:02 it was at a like this, know, I mean if you look
89:05 his arm, it was like a right? Because the bones broke that
89:09 We took him to the doctor and were like, Okay, we got
89:10 within 5° of its of its normal , it will repair itself. And
89:16 all you gotta do is as you it, then the body does takes
89:19 and does this process of tissue repair bone is a tissue. And when
89:24 first start off it looks pretty weird strange. But with bone which we're
89:29 to learn about a little bit bone actually remodels itself based upon the
89:33 that you give it. So, will work its way in such a
89:36 so that you can do the job you're originally trying to accomplish.
89:44 Last two slides. Sorry. I know it's the last two
89:47 Maybe just one slide. No, slides. Sorry. All right.
89:51 is the really easy part then. done. And I'm sorry. I
89:54 you are sitting there going, he's keep going to the No, that's
89:57 my job. I don't want to here the whole time. Words that
89:59 need to know. All right, . Say it with me apoptosis.
90:04 , so, notice how I said not apoptosis. I had a professor
90:08 you said that in the talk, would stand up and abuse you verbally
90:14 you did so. So, it's important to me. Apoptosis.
90:18 Apoptosis is cell suicide. It's a . Cell death. This is when
90:22 cell is told you're not doing what want you to do or we're done
90:27 with you or whatever you need and need to go die in a controlled
90:31 so that you do not cause harm the rest of the body. And
90:34 cell says, okey dokey. And does so Alright. This is how
90:39 body removes damage or unneeded tissues in body when you were developing. Each
90:45 every one of us had webs between fingers notice you do not have them
90:50 because those cells disappeared through the process apoptosis. All right, autopsy autopsy
91:00 a process of cell eating again. is a way to break down damaged
91:06 or other biomass or biomolecules inside the . It's a controlled way of removing
91:12 cells so that it doesn't release its and cause harm to the cells around
91:16 . All right. So, that's that term means. So, apoptosis
91:23 dealing with the whole cell autopsy. is a process occurring within the cell
91:30 three terms. Atrophy. Atrophy is an organ decreases in size as a
91:37 of lack of normal use or Typically you can think of a muscle
91:42 I don't use a muscle that muscle smaller and weaker. That's atrophy.
91:49 . It's true for any organ Alright. Any organ that doesn't get
91:53 is going to not waste time and keeping that organ the same size.
91:57 going to shrink it down the opposite atrophy is hypertrophy. Hypertrophy is when
92:04 gets larger in size as a result overstimulation. First Cadaver I ever dissected
92:12 a 40 year old smoker. And we cut her open, she had
92:15 heart that was twice her size that was. And her lungs were all
92:21 and nasty and stuff. But they also out of shape as well as
92:26 size of the liver. So we cardio meagley and pato mega lee and
92:32 omega li which were the result of systems. Having to overwork because she
92:36 a chain smoker. All right over . Now you can think if I
92:43 work out and exercise, what am doing creating hypertrophy? That's okay.
92:48 not a bad thing. Hypertrophy is in some situations. It's bad in
92:52 situations. Another term hyperplasia is typically term we think of. When we
92:58 of cancer cells, hyperplasia is accelerated rate of growth of a
93:04 So when cells are dividing very very we call that hyperplasia, it can
93:08 normal. So, for example, puberty, hyper plastic cells are normal
93:14 you're 70 years old and you have tumor growing growing in you hyper plastic
93:19 are bad, not normal. All . But it just refers to the
93:25 or growth of the cells in terms number. This is growth size of
93:32 cells to create that larger structure. this kind of shows you bigger
93:37 Same number, same size sells more them one week. Done what
93:49 No. Damn it, stem cells , stem cells very, very basic
93:57 cells are cells that are capable of many different types of cells. They
94:01 mitosis activity. They can divide an a symmetrical method, meaning that when
94:08 divide to create a cell that's a that looks exactly like them. So
94:11 can keep the process going or what and the other cell then continues on
94:16 the pathway down to that specialized self . The other type is that you
94:22 these daughter cells that are unique and so they can actually both go back
94:26 or they can both go this It just depends. Alright. But
94:30 two daughter cells look exactly the same here they don't look the same.
94:35 why it's asymmetric. Alright. Um stem cells are just simply the cells
94:40 give rise to the other type give to cells in the body. Um
94:45 for example when we're talking about the at the basal layer, those are
94:50 would be the example of the stem . They're already committed towards becoming uh
94:55 um skin cells but they are able divide in this way. They're basically
95:04 and on this way, whereas you're one behind to keep that pool going
95:08 if they all went this way then would end up with no skin
95:13 There we go anymore. Stupid slides Okay. I know. Yes
95:26 Look out. How do you how you why do your cells get bigger
95:38 you work out? Is that the ? Okay, so the thing is
95:47 that your muscles r really um you actually increase the number of cells.
95:53 as you're growing you're increasing number of that you have. But then once
95:56 stop growing the number of cells in muscle don't necessarily increase. There can
96:02 but that's not that's a few and between really. What you're doing is
96:07 actually increasing the size of the So you're actually doing hyperplasia. And
96:12 you're doing is we're gonna see when look at muscles that there's this this
96:15 side of skeleton makes up the majority the cell. And what you're doing
96:19 you're increasing the number of fibers so the cell gets bigger and bigger and
96:24 , Right? So the cell itself expanding and since you have so many
96:28 , they'll expand together. And that's you get bigger and stronger and the
96:32 part as a result of if you of the side of skeleton as a
96:35 of ropes, you know? And you're pulling on one side. So
96:39 you think if I had more I'm able to pull more with greater
96:43 ? Yeah. Yeah. You're Yes. So earlier you mentioned that
96:49 , you know like this is on face or like from
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