| 00:25 | Yeah. Okay. Welcome folks. right. Um, okay. The |
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| 00:49 | one club be available uh, crops afternoon. It was gonna be |
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| 00:55 | but told me they were doing some of maintenance thing. So, |
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| 01:00 | so it should be available tomorrow afternoon the rest of the week. |
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| 01:05 | speaking of that, let me just forward real quick. So distribution nearly |
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| 01:12 | average. Um, so, do do, um, look at |
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| 01:20 | exam when it's available tomorrow afternoon. a look at it. Um, |
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| 01:26 | , if you've got questions, you know, go through because you |
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| 01:29 | through some of the questions that you them. Um, let me very |
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| 01:35 | . Um, Oh yeah, that's I should have put from the |
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| 01:38 | So there's no answer key because everybody has a different combination of |
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| 01:43 | Okay? So go through the, , you can figure out the answer |
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| 01:49 | if you can't, then, you , certainly let me know, email |
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| 01:54 | office hours will have you. So, but, but it's a |
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| 02:01 | learning process for you to first look the example on your own. |
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| 02:07 | Rather right away. Just email me , la, la la. |
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| 02:11 | It's better for you just to give a chance to look at it. |
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| 02:14 | obviously there's questions, let me Um, if even for the sake |
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| 02:21 | justice, if I left up on question was completely, and it's just |
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| 02:25 | that reason alone, look, look the MS question. So, I |
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| 02:30 | , so anyway, so do that certainly arranged time to visit if you |
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| 02:37 | to, if you didn't meet expectations God's sakes. Do not do the |
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| 02:41 | thing again. Okay. Do not the same process of study again. |
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| 02:46 | it up. Okay. Um to change it up is just gonna mean |
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| 02:53 | the same result. It just trust me, I've been doing this |
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| 02:56 | long to not know that. And the there's no shame in seeking |
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| 03:05 | . Okay, so um so do . If you didn't meet expectations, |
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| 03:12 | jump off a little bit, but reassess. Okay. And you |
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| 03:19 | you need help with that as Let me know china. So uh |
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| 03:24 | probably gonna have some good amnesia just . It's now the focus is exam |
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| 03:31 | that which is uh still a ways obviously after spring break. Okay. |
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| 03:38 | not even on exactly a week after break later that week. So um |
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| 03:46 | so we're back to stuff being new . So backward quiz this week. |
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| 03:52 | A smart work Islamic do although I somebody say it wasn't available. So |
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| 03:57 | will check that. I'll check smart too. Does anybody else notice that |
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| 04:02 | tried doing some artwork? Chapter 60 ? You have access? Okay then |
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| 04:07 | will I will check that. Um Let's see. So okay, |
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| 04:14 | gonna continue with viruses um into uh cycles today and uh and um and |
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| 04:25 | half of likely to finish up halfway . If not sooner than that on |
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| 04:33 | . And then the rest of thursday be Project Flipped Class on Chapter |
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| 04:39 | Uh really just part one, part is more of the basics of |
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| 04:45 | It's not really the the pathways and . It's more just kind of um |
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| 04:50 | know, here is how really how gets the energy kind of thing. |
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| 04:55 | , and so forth. So anyone through that stuff is available and um |
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| 05:01 | then really 13, 13 14 is lot of metabolism, but don't let |
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| 05:07 | we do out. Okay. So try to hopefully make it somewhat more |
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| 05:14 | . Okay. Um and I said not going to have to memorize all |
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| 05:20 | plus reactions on the tackle. Nor all the enzymes. It's just |
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| 05:25 | a way I do it. That not that way. Okay, so |
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| 05:29 | so don't be afraid of it. . Um it's actually metabolize probably one |
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| 05:35 | my probably my favorite part of of . So, because it's the way |
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| 05:40 | the way life works. Alright, metabolism. Okay. Same in the |
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| 05:46 | as it is in you really. , but we're there let's let's continue |
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| 05:55 | um, with viruses. Okay, this is kind of just a rehash |
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| 06:00 | bit. So the last time was about part one was released about the |
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| 06:05 | virus here is very structural components of uh vary. So here is really |
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| 06:12 | focusing on structure and components of the . Um of course they're not |
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| 06:19 | as we mentioned, they obviously require host the metabolism uh as other things |
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| 06:26 | they have to remember the basic structure our alliances that protein the capsule surrounding |
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| 06:35 | genome of RNA. The doesn't have envelope or not. Another important |
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| 06:46 | Um the envelope derived from the host in fact. So um then other |
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| 06:55 | of course are going to be envelope . Uh it's the captain. Uh |
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| 07:03 | are typically involved in certainly in the or at the recognition of vote buying |
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| 07:09 | entry into the host. Um the so remember the viral infection begins or |
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| 07:17 | whether or not the virus can recognize appropriate help in fact. So we |
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| 07:24 | have the terms thrown in. There not mentioned here but range and uh |
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| 07:31 | is that tissue right there in a host. How many different types of |
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| 07:37 | sells can infect? Okay. And can be broad ordinary. Okay. |
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| 07:43 | let's see. So then we ended with classification. Right. So we |
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| 07:49 | at different groups of viruses. So Baltimore classification is about genome type uh |
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| 07:59 | RNA double strategy and then the route takes to get to the um |
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| 08:07 | R. Writes the M. D. Of course is the point |
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| 08:10 | which you can then translate into viral . Okay. And so remembering that |
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| 08:16 | we're gonna rehash this again because the group here can be the RNA |
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| 08:22 | And so it's always important to remember the endgame is the virus at some |
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| 08:28 | . Right. For some viruses, more or less immediate, Others can |
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| 08:34 | prolonged. Okay. Uh and that what when does it begin producing viral |
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| 08:41 | ? Right, viral project. so it's going to take over to |
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| 08:45 | at some point and make it a using factor. Okay. And uh |
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| 08:51 | time for that to happen again, virus type but eventually it's gonna do |
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| 08:58 | might make lots of viral particles. does that have to have lots of |
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| 09:02 | synthesis? Right. Make lots of protein components right now to make the |
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| 09:08 | that make uh any other necessary proteins assemble it all. But the genome |
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| 09:15 | , not talking the genome. So that's what the endgame is. |
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| 09:21 | And so it's just, you depending on the viral type, it |
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| 09:25 | take a kind of a circuitous route you will to get there. |
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| 09:31 | And so again, the plus minus virus system just plus minus gonna pay |
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| 09:37 | together. Right? So the fact we're talking about those types right? |
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| 09:43 | RNA virus and mine is right. just has to do with the with |
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| 09:50 | acid based pairing rules relationship. Um the has to be its complementary stand |
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| 09:58 | referred to one is plus someone as as the plus track campaigns coding |
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| 10:02 | Okay. It can be directly um and it can be directly translating this |
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| 10:10 | . Okay, so maybe it's Maybe it's a minus strength. |
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| 10:14 | And the minus strand has to then copied into a plus strength. Okay |
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| 10:19 | one of the things I remember is plus strand is always a plus our |
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| 10:22 | and it's always the the mmr it's one that is translated. Okay. |
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| 10:27 | the other thing to remember is if tournament minus any virus. Yes it |
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| 10:33 | to copy that to make this make transcript to make transit into proteins. |
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| 10:39 | it also has to make copies of minus G. M. Because that's |
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| 10:43 | gonna be stuck into all these little is gonna make it's making viral because |
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| 10:50 | a dinosaur and virus. So everything comes out of the whole cell have |
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| 10:55 | have that genome. Right so it's going to take that and then go |
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| 11:01 | to this right? Making minus RNA for the purpose of popping them |
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| 11:08 | All the different caps have been Okay so uh and so you keep |
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| 11:15 | in mind that that plus strand I copied until minus is copied into A |
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| 11:22 | . Right? My um strand is into a plus. Okay come |
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| 11:27 | So just just just the way it . Okay like that. Mm hmm |
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| 11:34 | hmm mm hmm mm hmm. Okay again we'll move cash this again as |
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| 11:43 | go through today uh we go through specific Vira types. Okay. Any |
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| 11:50 | about this stuff at this point? . The roof. Okay so one |
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| 12:01 | time. That's what I like. ? No that only because it's a |
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| 12:16 | Arnie box. So in order to gonna have to launch a cognitive in |
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| 12:21 | to reason for our project. So the it is it is. |
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| 12:29 | even this one. All right. this one uh when it has to |
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| 12:35 | lots of copies of this as it just turns out that they can |
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| 12:39 | both as an actor and as a itself. So, I guess to |
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| 12:45 | your question. Yeah. Having to that. Yeah. Because the double |
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| 12:53 | RNA has both. So you don't to work that you didn't. All |
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| 12:57 | . Just take his minus pocket until train and then off it goes. |
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| 13:07 | . Oh sorry. Sure. Let's here. Any other questions. Okay |
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| 13:20 | let's um alright so this is actually last thing we wanted to talk |
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| 13:25 | This is the last slide of the and stuff. And again, do |
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| 13:28 | memorize this table. I just just to point out you know, just |
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| 13:33 | uh some of the viruses you're probably with. My point here is really |
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| 13:39 | point out the number of RNA viruses we have with the flu. Common |
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| 13:47 | rabies, mumps, measles, covid. These are all kinds of |
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| 13:52 | viruses. Okay so they're very um actually pretty common. Okay. Uh |
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| 14:00 | the other prepared to point out is last one which is kind of a |
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| 14:06 | don't know, maybe the opposite of retrovirus or it's a the variation of |
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| 14:12 | called retrovirus. So it has an DNA genome that's cos the R. |
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| 14:18 | . A. And then during the it's in its replication cycle to make |
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| 14:22 | viruses, it will constantly reverse transcribed RNA back into D. N. |
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| 14:28 | . Being accomplishments were put into the the partners. Right? So it's |
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| 14:36 | 1st, wow reverse transcribed harmony and D. N. A. For |
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| 14:41 | purpose of having the genomes. so it's a demon virus. |
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| 14:45 | And that's the way it makes copies its genome is just by this |
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| 14:51 | Um Now the hepatitis B virus is one that's you're lucky you're familiar with |
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| 14:58 | causes uh their disease can be quite . Yeah. So the viral life |
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| 15:11 | . So we went through kind of generic life cycle at the start of |
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| 15:17 | as part of the show you do . So there's many variations at different |
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| 15:25 | in the process. Okay. Because was kind of somewhat really gonna rehash |
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| 15:30 | that. So remember the post recognition tax. Right. So it's gonna |
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| 15:35 | through the peripheral proteins. That's where obviously is on that uh that membrane |
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| 15:47 | cash it envelope interface that um the of genome. So I mentioned before |
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| 15:56 | there's variations, there can be the entire caption comes in to sell uh |
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| 16:04 | continued to sell. There's variations. uh rotation of the genome. So |
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| 16:12 | , the endgame here, right, what's coming which was infecting, here's |
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| 16:18 | exiting. Okay, so the the does that requires requires lots of copies |
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| 16:24 | genomes. Obviously I'm making it pretty diagram, everybody's showing you three, |
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| 16:30 | know, a few handful of However sometimes it can be hundreds in |
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| 16:36 | single cell. So um the uh of course the synthesis to produce |
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| 16:44 | assemble everything And then eventually exit and infect more cells. Okay. And |
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| 16:52 | uh the rate and we'll also see the rate at which this happens, |
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| 16:57 | , is there 50 or 100 or of introducing themselves? It just isn't |
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| 17:01 | really this five or six in Right. That that range of our |
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| 17:08 | also takes a toll on the wholesale remember that all this stuff going on |
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| 17:14 | sapping energy from wholesale. Okay. it's using wholesale nuclear tides, wholesale |
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| 17:22 | many wholesale and enzymes and things and . So that's it's taken away from |
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| 17:27 | host can be using on cortisone the is So how much is going on |
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| 17:33 | in the replication of viruses will definitely the viability of the host cell. |
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| 17:41 | and because there's viral types as we'll they can literally literally just do this |
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| 17:46 | of rate of viral production. But with this these few viral progeny coming |
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| 17:52 | at a time and that's something the can do the host cell can actually |
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| 17:56 | along. Okay. Yeah and and the virus is doing this as well |
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| 18:03 | it doesn't have to be it's not the case that whole virus infection. |
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| 18:07 | we sell so they can die pretty . No that self can actually remain |
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| 18:12 | for quite some time again. All on the viral type infecting it. |
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| 18:19 | . So and they're expands the Okay they're different variations. Okay so |
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| 18:26 | look at this question. So the part it's gonna be on bacteria |
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| 18:34 | So uh said for the bacteria viruses their life cycle tends to be a |
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| 18:43 | bit more less complicated than the animal for the fact that they're infected less |
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| 18:50 | cells compared to ourselves. So we start off with looking at the model |
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| 18:56 | the bacterial blocks. Okay. And it will have some have some features |
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| 19:05 | are the animal viruses don't have but do have of course a lot of |
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| 19:10 | in common. Uh Let's see. so take a look. Yeah so |
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| 19:41 | talking about elliptic fage and Sophie ages whenever you see a page that refers |
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| 19:50 | bacterial viruses? Always right. Okay there we go. 432. |
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| 20:21 | . The majority says f who answered what are the what are the two |
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| 20:29 | aren't part is like D. And . Correct yes. Okay so |
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| 20:38 | E. Okay so um again terminology so always refers to bacterial viruses um |
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| 20:49 | wouldn't use the term fade from an virus. Um One of the things |
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| 20:54 | think pretty universal. I wanna say probably an exception out there is that |
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| 21:00 | the bacterial viruses. Um Only the manners. So never the purple captured |
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| 21:08 | of the virus. Only the Okay. Everything else stays outside. |
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| 21:14 | Certainly many copies of phase DNA are . So the lighting face, let's |
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| 21:17 | go into the differences between these So the lighting fage I figured as |
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| 21:24 | end game is well any viral endgame produced lots of viruses and likely kill |
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| 21:31 | . But for lighting virus that's that its goal. Okay. Hence the |
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| 21:35 | lightened. All right we're going to in the cell but in the process |
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| 21:40 | lots of fage. And so bacteria can produce of this type we call |
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| 21:45 | even pages They can produce upwards of think 500 faith Purcell. Um Now |
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| 21:56 | that overwhelms itself and the virus kills by a combination of the virus is |
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| 22:01 | bursting out. But also they have enzyme it's called lifestyle design that can |
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| 22:07 | down cell wall. Um Well look the cycle here in a second. |
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| 22:13 | as with any viral type it's gonna this process of recognition binding and genome |
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| 22:19 | . But with the bacteria virus this a type one of those tailed |
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| 22:24 | Um It's called uh that the capsule here contain the genome. Okay. |
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| 22:32 | it compresses within this part of the called the shaft is spraying and shoots |
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| 22:40 | genome inside the cell. Um The cycle is all about uh in fact |
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| 22:47 | Grayson Science cell began exploring that cell factory and then very quickly the selfies |
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| 22:54 | then other cells are affected. So seen a small culture E coli line |
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| 23:02 | dense lots of cell density in there then add a couple drops of the |
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| 23:07 | in about 30 minutes. It looks water because the fates have basically affected |
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| 23:13 | blown them up right. And all see is angry, so angry at |
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| 23:16 | bottom. And the because they're all resulting in quick fashion. Okay. |
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| 23:24 | that's your classic galactic virus. Unless any. Okay. Is a state |
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| 23:31 | the virus can do what the virus . But it can also go into |
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| 23:36 | state of inserting itself into the host and just kind of hangs out and |
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| 23:41 | host cell just goes on its merry for a while. Okay. There's |
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| 23:46 | a finite time to it because it last forever over the cell is unaffected |
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| 23:51 | the virus that's inside of it. that's what we call a profile page |
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| 23:56 | . So it will you can buy specific part of the chromosome and uh |
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| 24:03 | hang out as a piece of N. A. Inside that |
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| 24:06 | Okay. That's what we call a page. And so of course you |
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| 24:10 | come out of that cycle and begin because that's it has to be. |
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| 24:15 | the only way to do to make viruses is to come out of that |
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| 24:19 | go into the lifecycle. Okay, those are components of estrogenic cycle and |
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| 24:25 | called? Which is the which is dormant phase if you will of |
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| 24:33 | And so it's always you know, are gene products produced while it's in |
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| 24:41 | appropriate state that a lot of the had the health of the host |
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| 24:48 | Okay, so it's all about that terms of what's it gonna do? |
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| 24:53 | as a pro Pedro pop out and start feeding reproductive cycle. Okay, |
|
| 24:59 | let's look at it here. So terms um uh electric faget's age because |
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| 25:08 | know, I have programmed to the that they basically make lots of viruses |
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| 25:12 | then kill the cell. Okay, phages. Something's temperate. Right? |
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| 25:18 | can kind of switch between moods, ? It can be mad and start |
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| 25:23 | lighting cycle. Or you can kind just relax and just hang out in |
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| 25:26 | chromosome while the cell is just functioning . Right? That's a temperate |
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| 25:31 | Less estrogenic pages are that way. so so the first part of this |
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| 25:38 | see the olympic cycle. And for lighter fage. This is all okay |
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| 25:47 | life, afraid this is all it do is what you see here. |
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| 25:51 | , so basically um it will enter cell. It will actually uh break |
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| 25:57 | the whole chromosome. Right? And use those nucleotides for its own replication |
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| 26:04 | the genome. Um it'll very quickly about proteins assemble and then put the |
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| 26:12 | genome into the captain's as you see . Okay. And then as |
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| 26:17 | this could be upwards of 200 and . That's a lot. Okay. |
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| 26:24 | so that the combination of design life a greater released quantum effect multiple cells |
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| 26:33 | course. Um and so so that's all of us. Just this |
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| 26:40 | now, the land of age. . Can of course do that but |
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| 26:46 | also do this. Which is a . Okay. And so um so |
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| 26:53 | . So you see here and it a circular chromosome does lambda and it |
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| 26:59 | insert. So it's it may not visible on your copy. But you |
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| 27:05 | that there's a purple color purple. all these have a copy of what's |
|
| 27:11 | the Prophet. Okay. And as continues to grow from this war |
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| 27:16 | And all those progeny bacteria will have copy of that. Okay. And |
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| 27:23 | again it doesn't it doesn't have any effect on Jose in this state. |
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| 27:28 | the profile profile state. So if multiply it well, don't grow. |
|
| 27:34 | then there'll be a point where that change. Okay. And um they |
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| 27:41 | revert to the lighting cycle. Typically when that happens, the queue |
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| 27:47 | that to happen is often when there's nutrients around and the Celtics growing quite |
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| 27:57 | . Okay because in that condition that's of potential host cells for for |
|
| 28:07 | So okay let's let's start to break because these guys are really healthy and |
|
| 28:14 | well. So if I if I to the lighting cycle now, okay |
|
| 28:20 | I know I have a bunch of I can affect. Alright, contrast |
|
| 28:25 | , let's say a commission will host aren't growing. So um maybe kind |
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| 28:32 | plateau just wrong very slowly then that's not a good opportunity for the stage |
|
| 28:38 | initiate the cycle throughout the paper because there may not be enough host or |
|
| 28:44 | to your economy. So really it's very often nutrition that triggers this. |
|
| 28:52 | do know that some stress is like think in the lab they can use |
|
| 28:57 | , elevated temperature to reduce as But often times in the natural world |
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| 29:05 | it's often nutritional conditions of the host that that the state of or initiate |
|
| 29:17 | cycle. Okay, so um so like estrogenic stage have two options. |
|
| 29:24 | , but you know at some point some point it will engage in the |
|
| 29:29 | cycle. It will it will never just to make the pro face |
|
| 29:34 | Okay, it will at some point have to go like cycle too, |
|
| 29:38 | have to produce more problems. Um many questions. Okay so um |
|
| 29:48 | you have this going on your right? So this is the lander |
|
| 29:52 | uh is specific for control line? there's other similar types and other |
|
| 29:58 | But this actually goes on in the as well. And and when uh |
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| 30:04 | uh those are the uh and then have a meal right? Comes |
|
| 30:13 | Right? That's actually opportunity. When see a lot of uh pro footage |
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| 30:18 | out appropriate into the lifecycle. Because food now is a source where |
|
| 30:24 | lots of whole cells now let's let's it. Okay. Um, so |
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| 30:30 | variation. Okay, so we saw . Thank you estrogenic page. |
|
| 30:38 | this is um A variation of Okay, so n 13 is one |
|
| 30:46 | will only produced fage at a low . Okay, so number one, |
|
| 30:54 | does not form does not does not a profit. Okay. It stays |
|
| 31:00 | external to the cell. So you it infecting here. So it stays |
|
| 31:06 | here. Okay. Outside the host , but will initiate replication. |
|
| 31:15 | so M 13 will form. And see there's a filament, this type |
|
| 31:21 | bacteriophage. Okay. And so, so, but the host, but |
|
| 31:27 | improves a lot. Doesn't prove a of is Okay, it's it's a |
|
| 31:35 | time. Right? The whole the generation time won't be where it would |
|
| 31:40 | if it weren't affected by the but it will be enough. It's |
|
| 31:44 | . So, it can continue Right. And it does. All |
|
| 31:48 | . So, what is the benefit that in 13 strategy? Why do |
|
| 31:56 | that way? There better not using the viruses, but yeah. Uh |
|
| 32:05 | , it would because it's producing less . Ah But what's that's not really |
|
| 32:13 | reason? What's the it's kind of on that track. But why why |
|
| 32:20 | this be a good strategy for 13? Yeah, bacteria provide some |
|
| 32:25 | for the virus. Yeah, almost around it. And yeah, the |
|
| 32:35 | is replicating because because it doesn't kill factory and there's always a host |
|
| 32:42 | Right? Yeah. That's right. always a host. So each generation |
|
| 32:46 | always always wholesale around to effect. ? So for a landing page maybe |
|
| 32:53 | . You know, it's it's so like a face can be really ah |
|
| 32:58 | was the population of course. But maybe a scenario I'm to kill themselves |
|
| 33:04 | that I have anything else with Uh But the other teams don't get |
|
| 33:10 | the same viral production. But you , it does have a host pretty |
|
| 33:14 | does have a host it can find it's exited. Right? So you |
|
| 33:19 | just how it's evolved. Right, little bit different. Um So the |
|
| 33:29 | we answered that um host defenses. one thing to always keep keep in |
|
| 33:33 | back of your head is um prior evolved we evolved obviously it's in response |
|
| 33:43 | . Okay. And uh there are books defenses. Right. So they |
|
| 33:50 | virus egalite stage um won't wipe out entire species. Okay. He tells |
|
| 33:57 | members among the population that will be to. Okay. So I mean |
|
| 34:03 | wouldn't um benefit the virus to obliterate . And um so they changed in |
|
| 34:13 | to each other. Okay so with course you're you've likely heard of restriction |
|
| 34:21 | you know they're used in the account D. N. A. And |
|
| 34:25 | jeans and whatnot. Um But of these are until we kind of exploited |
|
| 34:31 | for that purpose. They of course had an accident bacteria they were there |
|
| 34:36 | prevent viral infections. Okay so um and so this is an example of |
|
| 34:44 | such a restriction enzyme today in Ecuador which stands for e coli restriction in |
|
| 34:50 | one. Right? So they recognize kinds of sequences uh sequences. |
|
| 34:58 | And it will cut where you see slashes. So it'll make it cut |
|
| 35:03 | like that creating if you call the sticky ends. Okay. Like so |
|
| 35:12 | so this is a viral genome. they just chopping that viral genome up |
|
| 35:18 | um particularly for because it can ventilate to see your messages market and asterisk |
|
| 35:28 | . So it's D. N. . Is altered this way can affect |
|
| 35:34 | . But of course the virus viral wouldn't have that adjustment. So it's |
|
| 35:41 | . Okay. And there's literally thousands your future and enzymes each recognizing different |
|
| 35:49 | . Um I failed to mention uh here so you know in mutation |
|
| 35:57 | Yeah. The particular type of surface of the virus recognized and attached. |
|
| 36:04 | . Maybe these are protein in nature or glycoprotein and altering that sequence. |
|
| 36:10 | of course changed like changing the locks the billboard, right, It's gonna |
|
| 36:15 | uh unable to get exit. So that happened that that form of resistance |
|
| 36:21 | across all that have been America's Okay. Um crisper now restriction in |
|
| 36:30 | nucleus is to meyer. Now you're around bacteria. There may be some |
|
| 36:36 | trying to have those um chris You've probably heard it in a different |
|
| 36:43 | . Although it's it's it's a bacterial that was then of course it's what |
|
| 36:48 | used in and uh in medicine right to use that system to alternative and |
|
| 36:58 | sequences that that are in there uh may not function properly, leading to |
|
| 37:06 | types of genetic diseases. So we fix those sequences with the proper |
|
| 37:11 | then you can restore function and uh curing disease. So that's heavily in |
|
| 37:18 | and the work is being done with system and has been done for some |
|
| 37:22 | . And so um but looking back the bacterial viewpoint of what it does |
|
| 37:28 | you, it's kind of a pseudo was I immune system for the |
|
| 37:34 | Okay. Um and so the the CRISPR stands for only gonna say this |
|
| 37:43 | is clustered regularly, interspersed base for . And so what happens is let's |
|
| 37:52 | look at I have this diagram kind blown up and showing piecemeal here. |
|
| 37:58 | here comes a material fake. Okay know a virus and it will |
|
| 38:06 | And then the there's a protein called protein cast for short bacterial protein that |
|
| 38:14 | recognize the species uh part of the . N. A. And create |
|
| 38:21 | called a spacer. Okay so for sequence in this cut out will be |
|
| 38:27 | into what's called a crisper region. ? So this really is what the |
|
| 38:35 | the iron dome system has memory to . Right we can you can mount |
|
| 38:41 | in the response to infectious agents that the same comes back we can remember |
|
| 38:47 | infection and and uh the new responses vaccines are all about. Okay and |
|
| 38:53 | we have memory these cells that are that produce antibiotics in fact and so |
|
| 39:00 | in a similar fashion. Okay this segment of the viral DNA taken out |
|
| 39:07 | infection. It's kind of it's way remember bad virus man. Okay. |
|
| 39:13 | it's it's it's um lick to this . Right? Yes if it infects |
|
| 39:24 | . Right so that's kind of how basis for this mechanism. Okay so |
|
| 39:30 | spacer report Christopher region can be a of the collection of but it called |
|
| 39:40 | regions of different virus infections. Follows in the seconds are represent prior |
|
| 39:51 | infections because that's where they originally from . N. A. Of that |
|
| 39:57 | far as that in fact. And so how does how then does |
|
| 40:02 | come into play and stopping the Well what happens is that um when |
|
| 40:08 | viral infection occurs? In fact it transcribe that region. Okay. And |
|
| 40:17 | um process these CRISPR RNA is they're . Okay, into little segments. |
|
| 40:24 | . And so presumably one of these be one right that matches right? |
|
| 40:33 | will be homologous to the virus infected fact. And so it combines with |
|
| 40:41 | Cascade. 13 s. Okay. now in that combo looks for um |
|
| 40:48 | with the viral DNA. Yeah. so if there's a match, if |
|
| 40:53 | of these, one of these is match then it came by and inactivate |
|
| 41:00 | D. N. A. To break a talent together maybe and |
|
| 41:06 | prevent expression of viral genes. The is you can basically stop of our |
|
| 41:12 | at that point. Okay. But it depends on is there a is |
|
| 41:17 | a catalog of that stays in its region? Definitely the memory of it |
|
| 41:24 | you will. Okay. Obviously not about T cells and B cells and |
|
| 41:29 | likely will in our own system later . But it is uh it does |
|
| 41:34 | does represent a cannot previous infection. it is somewhat that they can use |
|
| 41:41 | to prevent actually the future. What's that? Mm hmm. |
|
| 41:49 | Is it similar to to eat Memory cells. I wouldn't go that |
|
| 41:56 | . It's pretty primitive but I mean it's um I mean there's no other |
|
| 42:02 | other than this CRISPR region and then ability to that plus the cast protein |
|
| 42:08 | become mobilized when this virus affected. but there's no I wouldn't say I |
|
| 42:12 | go that far. Okay. You a question. Yeah. Remember which |
|
| 42:20 | type is useful So I don't think that sophisticated but um certainly that. |
|
| 42:33 | I mean obviously that's part of the . N. A. And wanted |
|
| 42:36 | buy is gonna be passed on to product for sure. Um And any |
|
| 42:42 | that occurred prior to a divided that be passed on for sure. But |
|
| 42:48 | wouldn't go as far as you know . Exactly. It's certainly to a |
|
| 42:54 | immune system but it is for for it is. It's pretty remarkable in |
|
| 42:58 | way you know being just a lowly , right? It can actually do |
|
| 43:01 | stuff. Yeah. More. Yeah. Among other species. I |
|
| 43:18 | I'm not going to say that that impossible. But um I wouldn't put |
|
| 43:29 | out of the realm of other of bacterial species. Okay. Um we'll |
|
| 43:35 | about three about how that can be and whatnot the different mechanisms so certainly |
|
| 43:42 | can happen. It's it's in the ends up which will have any benefit |
|
| 43:49 | it because um if it's I'm not what the range post ranges and Orlando |
|
| 43:57 | it definitely affects ability to affect the for other stereotypes. I don't know |
|
| 44:04 | . So whatever species inherits that, much benefit it will gain depends on |
|
| 44:11 | is the same thing affected by similar as the. Oh jesus. |
|
| 44:21 | Um Okay so here this is our into uh animal viruses. Okay so |
|
| 44:29 | gonna leave bacteria viruses and go into viruses. Um Look at this. |
|
| 44:36 | let's recap what we have uh life . Um In fact take over the |
|
| 44:45 | replicate. Make lots of viruses and himself. Alright, um psychogenic stage |
|
| 44:52 | between cycle and that kind of born pro face state. The host cell |
|
| 44:58 | happy replicating in that pro fake statement like cycle at some point. That's |
|
| 45:05 | only way that buyers can make MIN 13 m. 13 sex. |
|
| 45:13 | But only because low levels of virus okay. And the host cell is |
|
| 45:21 | . Okay. Okay. So we about animal viruses. So bacteria viruses |
|
| 45:31 | they infected their hope there's really only really no destination. There can be |
|
| 45:42 | for analyzes. Alright. When they your periodic coast, right? The |
|
| 45:49 | between appropriate eukaryotic cells. Okay, um so let's see. 15 12 |
|
| 46:12 | . Ok. Stragglers. Here we . 210 E. Overwhelmingly C. |
|
| 46:23 | . Let's see. Okay. Is D. N. A. Or |
|
| 46:27 | in it? That's really kind of can tell you what it will |
|
| 46:33 | Um Although there are even variations among as we'll see. Okay, |
|
| 46:42 | Alright, so um a virus life you can get a little more scary |
|
| 46:46 | you will. All right, so talking about tissue specificity. Okay, |
|
| 46:55 | is I think the cold virus binding a cells of the respiratory tract very |
|
| 47:04 | . You know, ourselves are often closely linked to each other. And |
|
| 47:09 | are one of those you might call adhesion type of molecules. And cold |
|
| 47:14 | can take advantage of that as part their entry mechanism. Um So they |
|
| 47:21 | the genome. Right? So the of course DNA viruses um typically although |
|
| 47:28 | there's always free to category there's always out liar. But for the most |
|
| 47:33 | , DNA bars tend to go to nucleus. Okay. When they enter |
|
| 47:39 | host. Okay, Well I just that. Okay. Why is there |
|
| 47:46 | tendency to go to this? Why you stay in the cytoplasm the house |
|
| 47:53 | defense? That was what uh maybe were you gonna say? Another |
|
| 48:03 | Okay, I can't answer a question a question. Is it? You're |
|
| 48:14 | ? You're getting there. Which is what what's that big? It's it's |
|
| 48:24 | acts on the chromosome. Right? . Uh No. You know, |
|
| 48:29 | it's it's ends and ace. that's where that's where that stuff. |
|
| 48:40 | that in high quantities and it's a . So, remember remember the nightmare |
|
| 48:47 | mitosis back in intra violates um is so I used to work for people |
|
| 48:57 | these kinds of questions. Sister or . Okay. Um Okay so remember |
|
| 49:08 | . Right. 20 eukaryotic cell divides you have the cell cycle, you |
|
| 49:17 | s fades, right? That's where the chromosomes are full of DNA |
|
| 49:21 | Right? So that's that's the Certainly for DNA virus to go |
|
| 49:25 | Although you do have some DNA viruses that carry their own getting memorized. |
|
| 49:31 | it's certainly not uncommon for me to there for that purpose. Right? |
|
| 49:36 | then weirdly you have RNA viruses, pretty much stay outside because then there's |
|
| 49:43 | need to go to this because you , you didn't ask liberates obviously. |
|
| 49:48 | but there is one that does But even just strictly on a few |
|
| 49:54 | , for example which is a I think anyway it actually goes it |
|
| 50:03 | has isn't nuclear part of the cycle some weird reason. So you typically |
|
| 50:08 | group where you do have a few and that's an oddball that will actually |
|
| 50:14 | some of its functions in. But aside from these outliers. Okay, |
|
| 50:21 | RNA viruses have have the DNA RNA RNA polymerase. Right, so they |
|
| 50:28 | to copy there are M. S into RNA molecules, we don't |
|
| 50:32 | that. Right. We have a . N. A. Uh produce |
|
| 50:36 | molecules were doing so from the N. A template. Okay. |
|
| 50:41 | of course viruses aren't doing that they're . Okay so uh retroviruses are very |
|
| 50:50 | this right? To copy their And so they were typed that very |
|
| 50:59 | analogous to a landing page. They integrate right? Like so much like |
|
| 51:07 | they can integrate their names too the . Right. And so too can |
|
| 51:12 | DNA viruses. Okay, so um uh let's look at entry. |
|
| 51:23 | open the sample box. Okay, this process encoding is what remember that |
|
| 51:32 | ammo virus you can have. Or it could be naked viruses |
|
| 51:38 | But you know, there's layers around genome and the is kind of what |
|
| 51:44 | of apart to release the free genome the cell. Okay, now the |
|
| 51:52 | process can happen on them sort of of membrane of the host or you |
|
| 51:57 | other nuclear membrane which which many DNA will do. Okay. Uh also |
|
| 52:03 | production of of vesicles in those Right? So recall um the processes |
|
| 52:09 | indo psychosis and exhaust psychosis. And eukaryotic cells viruses exploit that same |
|
| 52:17 | . Okay, So if we look um um encoding at the cell |
|
| 52:24 | Right, So right, the personnel sell and uh measles virus for |
|
| 52:29 | Remember there's always gonna be the Right? So this is a specific |
|
| 52:34 | with receptors the virus and the host then uh then the becomes engulfed, |
|
| 52:44 | ? Not engulfed rather it uh Right? Then bring fusion we call |
|
| 52:49 | in fact. So here's the Right? And so the envelope fuses |
|
| 52:54 | this because they're both living virus, ? The outlook of the virus and |
|
| 52:59 | cell membrane of the host cell. both lipid violators actually gonna meddle together |
|
| 53:05 | and now the capsule is released and and it combined with the license zone |
|
| 53:11 | something to break down that captured and genome. Okay, of course because |
|
| 53:18 | an RNA virus, right? This in the second outside of it. |
|
| 53:23 | that occurs here uh A I'm coding in those zones. Right? So |
|
| 53:29 | is what now we're gonna form. is not membrane fusion but we're gonna |
|
| 53:35 | a bicycle public. So um so of processes you can excel with that |
|
| 53:41 | things in through this process of receptor needed in the psychosis cholesterol is one |
|
| 53:49 | those molecules that will bind to specific . Get in gold and give them |
|
| 53:54 | himself. Okay. Um so of there's fire detection exploit the same |
|
| 54:01 | And so here's a hepatitis C virus again, always have that specificity |
|
| 54:09 | And then uh buy into the separate in the ozone formation then um in |
|
| 54:16 | case I'm actually confused with it, down the caps it and releasing the |
|
| 54:21 | . Okay, again, RNA viruses happening outside the nucleus. Right? |
|
| 54:26 | finally an example of one that actually into this damn virus. And again |
|
| 54:33 | there's one formation like finding the naked , like the protein spikes binding inducing |
|
| 54:41 | but doesn't release until we get to Okay, so again all mechanisms to |
|
| 54:50 | get that ultimately get the genome free then they can undergo replication or it |
|
| 54:57 | the time the integration of the host on. It can do that. |
|
| 55:02 | . So um and so we look a couple of other features you may |
|
| 55:10 | with antivirus. Is is this process ? Okay. Um this is kind |
|
| 55:16 | how an enveloped virus can acquire. all okay. This process of |
|
| 55:22 | And so the budding process uh there's that can be a current lola. |
|
| 55:31 | . And so you can have a viable host cell. What viruses are |
|
| 55:36 | college process? Cold shedding shedding Okay. Like a an animal is |
|
| 55:49 | its hair. Right. So it can be shedding viruses in this fashion |
|
| 55:56 | they eventually acquired a it's envelope and they go. And again it's not |
|
| 56:02 | high level of production. This whole was perfectly fine. Okay. It's |
|
| 56:07 | just probably finance part of growing as as it could. But it's it's |
|
| 56:12 | and um uh and but buyers have shaken from it. Okay. The |
|
| 56:20 | of viruses of course can occur. then they within the host cell processes |
|
| 56:28 | going to occur based on how you out those things. Right, So |
|
| 56:32 | have protein senses outside the nucleus and cytoplasm. Right, very often. |
|
| 56:40 | . Or just didn't sign is all And so the virus because it depends |
|
| 56:47 | hope follows the same rules. Like host is doing its bidding. So |
|
| 56:53 | proteins will be translated, produced outside . Okay, so and and so |
|
| 57:03 | some you'll have you have protein is made outside Memphis and then they come |
|
| 57:09 | into maybe a sample that comes Absolutely. So it's a little stressful |
|
| 57:12 | that's important here and there. depending on the viral type. Um |
|
| 57:18 | the Golgi is involved in the So the proteins are made in the |
|
| 57:21 | perhaps you go with them to the . They kind of assemble someone and |
|
| 57:26 | the viruses are produced and then they to themselves, so it's no it's |
|
| 57:30 | all the parts of the current self the eukaryotic cell it uses in the |
|
| 57:35 | of making stuff. Right. And that's why it can be can look |
|
| 57:40 | quite a complicated process because they're eukaryotic and that's the way things happen. |
|
| 57:46 | ? So um the so just once in the comparison between these two. |
|
| 57:52 | . And again, as I there's for both groups, there's always |
|
| 57:56 | few outliers that don't follow us but most do. Ok, so |
|
| 58:02 | DNA viruses gentrification and nucleus um because the process occurs outside and at |
|
| 58:08 | that's what it has to do. it comes back instantly to assemble so |
|
| 58:14 | largest can be a little bit uh because of that material passing back and |
|
| 58:20 | . Okay. RNA viruses basically they all their things outside the nucleus. |
|
| 58:24 | course. Okay. But again there's lot of don't do that like a |
|
| 58:31 | , so let's look at the DNA , papillomavirus. So this is a |
|
| 58:38 | that can cause cervical cancer women. um portrayal is a vaccine for it |
|
| 58:45 | quite effective. Um but it's one those that can actually integrate into the |
|
| 58:52 | chromosome as those types that can cause cancer of the forms of cancer associated |
|
| 58:59 | this type of virus. Um but with many I am a virus types |
|
| 59:08 | on what their host is. They tied their their reputation is tied to |
|
| 59:18 | the the functioning of that cell, that host cell operates. Right? |
|
| 59:22 | for example uh papillomavirus infects epithelial cells cells typically and they will. So |
|
| 59:33 | table cells are a type of these of these are ones that go through |
|
| 59:37 | cycle of differentiation. Right? So cells are the form that is really |
|
| 59:45 | a growing for. Okay, the forms are the size. Alright, |
|
| 59:53 | going from left to right, like looking at a thickness of these types |
|
| 59:58 | ever getting cells. Okay. And basal cells in the florida masks are |
|
| 60:03 | that aren't really grown. Okay. as chemical signals come down than some |
|
| 60:09 | those differentiates. So we're going out left to right, differentiate eventually into |
|
| 60:16 | . No sites which are very rapidly cells. Okay, so quite a |
|
| 60:21 | to you, basal cell is not that would differentiate in the Okay. |
|
| 60:29 | so the coronavirus then it's one of gratification is tied to that. |
|
| 60:38 | so if the cells are growing very some they're just kind of sitting there |
|
| 60:44 | for the signal to differentiate um papilloma that affects those. It's just kind |
|
| 60:51 | sitting around. And so for a of those, that's where they may |
|
| 60:58 | . All right, so the people our DNA integrates into the whole |
|
| 61:02 | Okay. And that and it's in basal cells that can count. In |
|
| 61:08 | um now here we all are, cells are basically don't pay attention to |
|
| 61:15 | usual rules of cell growth control. all controlled representative control growth because when |
|
| 61:23 | insert themselves can be in a critical of that chromosomes had control. Um |
|
| 61:32 | okay, so um and so those that can potentially form cancer cells. |
|
| 61:40 | . Um as we get to but as they differentiate into the faster growing |
|
| 61:45 | types then uh so remember, you , as the rose replicates, |
|
| 61:53 | That's then, you know, that's racer in the nucleus. Right? |
|
| 61:57 | that's when the papilloma virus will begin well and you see them being produced |
|
| 62:03 | being released. So um so again their life cycle is tied to kind |
|
| 62:10 | the cell types a defect and the of themselves. Right. That dictates |
|
| 62:16 | how much to buy raffle then Okay. Um and so we're just |
|
| 62:21 | of a simple diagram showing kind of life cycle. And so this is |
|
| 62:29 | a double stranded DNA virus. So a DNA virus, it's one of |
|
| 62:33 | that doesn't go to the nucleus. unquote at the nucleus I should |
|
| 62:40 | And then uses hosting. Okay. the you know, so so tied |
|
| 62:47 | to the whole cell replication rate. that determines how much of this the |
|
| 62:52 | is actually around. Okay. And um so again you have uh production |
|
| 62:59 | child cooking outside because that's you that's how it works. And you |
|
| 63:02 | itself and then material travels back into assembly occurs and then exit. |
|
| 63:08 | so um it's a and it can this. Right, wow. And |
|
| 63:15 | the cell can actually rearrange so much . It all depends on how much |
|
| 63:19 | being produced. Okay, so you the term sharing, So sharing |
|
| 63:25 | Okay. Um Okay. Any questions it? Okay, so okay, |
|
| 63:33 | here's a question. All right, goes now we're now we're going into |
|
| 63:37 | RNA viruses and the plus minus Okay, so um so a hypothetical |
|
| 63:46 | . This is just a really basic . Okay, so hypothetical minus single |
|
| 63:55 | RNA viruses. 10 rabbit nuclear times . Okay. Which one below is |
|
| 64:01 | likely gets genome. Okay, so about what the minus RNA represents and |
|
| 64:10 | you could or could not do with . Okay now hopefully we can eliminate |
|
| 64:17 | of these answers right off the bat you if you don't know. |
|
| 64:25 | Mhm. So I assumed you remember of the old intra vile protein synthesis |
|
| 64:57 | . Okay. Excuse me. it's a minus. Right. So |
|
| 65:31 | said you have to hearken back to and high protein synthesis works and |
|
| 65:40 | Maybe you don't remember. That's Well, it's not all right. |
|
| 65:52 | With that one. Okay. Okay. Okay. 765 21. |
|
| 66:24 | at that. Okay. Okay. about right. All right. Um |
|
| 66:34 | , good thing. Good news is eliminated. B. Why can't it |
|
| 66:39 | B. B. S. N. A. Right. |
|
| 66:43 | You got timings there? So remember so he's out. Okay. So |
|
| 66:52 | minus RNA strand is um is that template to make a polyp peptide? |
|
| 67:03 | hmm. The minus strand Barnabe the to make a protein? No. |
|
| 67:14 | . So based on that knowledge, did you think? Mhm. After |
|
| 67:23 | he just responded to me. Okay. Alright. So you are |
|
| 67:35 | . What's happening in music? One. Yes. Mhm. |
|
| 67:46 | What? 16. Thank you. . So because Okay, so a |
|
| 67:52 | of things you write his own your zone will read And are in a |
|
| 68:00 | 5 to 3:00. Okay. And remember the punctuation marks of a |
|
| 68:07 | Right. So you have a G. C. U. |
|
| 68:11 | All right. So um so the the minus R. N. |
|
| 68:20 | Have those elements minus RNA heavy Because if it had a G. |
|
| 68:29 | that mean it can be on it start like in Turkey. So see |
|
| 68:39 | what type of already So remember there two mice plus write A plus is |
|
| 68:50 | . R. A. A plus on the theoretical started improving. So |
|
| 68:57 | that yes, the type of RNA that the cluster minus would be what |
|
| 69:05 | is what he made directly translated into . Okay. So we always said |
|
| 69:11 | DNA. So that's plus string. . So as you said Au |
|
| 69:19 | Right. Start code on and this one and grant this is a super |
|
| 69:26 | , you know, sequence, you ? But but that's A G. |
|
| 69:32 | right. That's that's the template for . But that's the definition of a |
|
| 69:37 | strain. Okay, so by That's the antisense script. Okay. |
|
| 69:47 | Zach have insane. Right. So so you know, you took by |
|
| 70:01 | one that was a pre right? brush up on your so I'm not |
|
| 70:11 | have you solved. But let me blasted. What's the what's the problem |
|
| 70:17 | ? But because I expected to know any questions about for that explanation. |
|
| 70:26 | , it could be that they were yeah, a lot of your problems |
|
| 70:36 | this that they trained. They always it started at the very beginning. |
|
| 70:39 | not reality. The can be several because there's other elements needed by his |
|
| 70:46 | binding site and that kind of So. All right. So um |
|
| 70:52 | hmm. Just went through that. , so here's the question about uh |
|
| 71:03 | army Flynn raise enzyme is not needed a what? Mm hmm. |
|
| 71:38 | Okay. This spell R. B. R. D. |
|
| 71:46 | P. Sure. And I'll give a hint. It's not E It's |
|
| 72:20 | E as an eagle. Okay. as an eagle. That is not |
|
| 72:25 | . It is a It is a . Um Okay, let's um So |
|
| 72:41 | as a uh remember reminder your templates translations right through RNA virus Jack. |
|
| 72:54 | can be a template for to uh a protein for translation. It can |
|
| 73:01 | attempted to make a transcript. It be a template to make D. |
|
| 73:05 | . A. Retrovirus. Okay, uh let's just look at that. |
|
| 73:14 | is one of the two cycles of plus and minus. Once again. |
|
| 73:19 | so and your plus are angry, Nile poliovirus, police monitors. Uh |
|
| 73:26 | I started like this just to remind me uh here's what the Endgame |
|
| 73:30 | . Right? This is what we're to. We have to make viral |
|
| 73:35 | right? That have a plus genome it. Okay, so of course |
|
| 73:40 | the box hexagon around it represents, know, and whatever other proteins. |
|
| 73:46 | ? So viral proteins and copies of . Alright, so you start with |
|
| 73:53 | right to make um to make uh to make copies. Right. So |
|
| 74:02 | gonna make lots of So again, , it's a numbers game to |
|
| 74:05 | the virus infected with this plus But you also want to make lots |
|
| 74:12 | stuff. Right? And you have make lots of copies of genome because |
|
| 74:16 | gonna have to mention put Right, let's do it this way first. |
|
| 74:22 | . And again, it's just the frame rules. We're gonna make a |
|
| 74:28 | Now. Let's see. We're building lots of lots of stuff. |
|
| 74:33 | So all those virus wants to be into plus strings. Okay. Which |
|
| 74:38 | a lot of protein sentences that can very quickly as well as making all |
|
| 74:44 | cottons of gino. Okay, so what then happens, translates something that |
|
| 74:54 | packaging department. Okay, so that's cycle of Okay, so remember, |
|
| 74:59 | all down quantities of stuff. We need lots of stuff to make |
|
| 75:04 | of stuff. And so and and of copies of genomes. Okay. |
|
| 75:11 | this wrapped. Okay, again, the endgame, Right, So, |
|
| 75:18 | going to have to make certainly make of the plus. That's R. |
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| 75:23 | . R. Is going to have make proteins can't make proteins for a |
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| 75:27 | template. So make lots of plus then that makes lots of viral |
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| 75:33 | But then all those copies can be into the genome. The former |
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| 75:39 | right? The minus strands like. . Right. And then package So |
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| 75:46 | uh so that's why I always harp what what is down here. What |
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| 75:53 | the project is supposed to look And you have to make what they |
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| 75:56 | right, in this case minus RNA and of course all the vital |
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| 76:02 | Right? So And you can It only ever works plus to -12-plus |
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| 76:08 | just tied to that room. It's not a rule because we're talking |
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| 76:14 | viruses there's a rule because we're talking the Okay so um so ruminate. |
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| 76:25 | on this. Okay. And uh have retroviruses do. We'll talk about |
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| 76:31 | next time. Alright, so thanks . See you thursday. What's going |
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| 77:24 | ? So for example when when your own DNA gene expression. Right? |
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| 77:31 | you're like like everything else your DNA . So you want to make a |
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| 77:40 | of your going to make a copy that. Plus drink that contains. |
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| 77:46 | way that happens is by copying the strings. So what you're essentially doing |
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| 77:52 | to make a copy of that minus strands plus R. N. |
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| 77:55 | And that's what goes to the US go to the ones that are sitting |
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| 78:01 | the er protein. So we don't we do not we do not we |
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| 78:11 | make minus RNA because we have no for those. Right? Because because |
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| 78:15 | never copy plus RNA and anything viruses RNA viruses do. So that's why |
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| 78:22 | why the RNA dependent RNA polymerase is found in eukaryotic cells because we don't |
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| 78:28 | that process, we don't have no for the minus. So yeah, |
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| 78:34 | have another |
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