| 00:14 | Okay. Alright folks. Hello, uh so um oh I sent an |
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| 00:31 | yesterday uh and this morning but yesterday was about the midterm. Great, |
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| 00:37 | you. Um So uh I mean I said in the email it was |
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| 00:43 | just like you would on in the worth listed. Um Remember that obviously |
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| 00:49 | covers basically all this stuff um points you saw him, but you |
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| 00:54 | I'm black, all those, that's point that we're tackling you see on |
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| 00:58 | . Um I didn't do the heavy I do at the end of the |
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| 01:04 | where I, you know, figure , you know, I think the |
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| 01:08 | are worth like the top whatever all that stuff, I didn't do |
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| 01:12 | of that, but again, the , the great estimate is pretty gonna |
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| 01:16 | within a point. So it's not it's gonna be like 10 points difference |
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| 01:21 | anything, it's like one point cluster . Ok, it's enough information to |
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| 01:26 | your decision, okay, in terms to drop for state Okay um the |
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| 01:36 | thing. So um you can you do your own kind of uh speculation |
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| 01:45 | go, okay what do I need this? Great. At the |
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| 01:48 | just just put in 100 for exam and four, just add it |
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| 01:53 | that gives you your your high that's max, okay then you can uh |
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| 02:00 | you an idea of where you get write, so um okay uh what |
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| 02:07 | ? So today tomorrow begins the you know, some of the unit |
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| 02:11 | . So basically it's gonna cover all stuff we've been talking about. Uh |
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| 02:15 | . 21 22 when it's relatively Um 79 10. So all that |
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| 02:23 | of all of all those chapters will on the quiz. In fact um |
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| 02:29 | have any questions like 24 questions I or something like that. Um Smart |
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| 02:36 | is due on monday check 10. the schedule is open so the exam |
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| 02:43 | next week from tomorrow. So you know, I'll be available if |
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| 02:50 | turn off this hard next week or you want something other than that doesn't |
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| 02:53 | your schedule, let me know. uh so today official 10 and uh |
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| 03:03 | we're going to do a little bit little bit of the next year. |
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| 03:09 | . So next year we really kind switchgear uh you know um and going |
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| 03:17 | aspects of medical microbiology. So uh talk about the first the immune system |
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| 03:25 | that system uh then happening is kind what they do in terms of getting |
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| 03:33 | under hiding premiering system. And then end is like a collection of what |
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| 03:45 | diseases or something like that. Uh probably haven't looked ahead that far ahead |
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| 03:50 | but check for 26 right? Has bunch of different stuff. Different diseases |
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| 03:56 | are covered. I picked a certain of. Okay so um I'll talk |
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| 04:03 | about that next week. But you'll in chapter 23 notes there's like a |
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| 04:08 | of pathogens. Okay. And it you what you need to know for |
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| 04:12 | years of pathogens. Um and so has a box in there. It |
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| 04:19 | here's what you need to know about it. Okay. Um so okay |
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| 04:23 | I'll get more details about it next . Um I say the 26 stuff |
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| 04:30 | is different diseases and pathogens is to organize that in a table. |
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| 04:36 | Pathogens, diseases, disease diseases. causes features about it. Brand stain |
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| 04:44 | morphology. Um Yeah. Yeah. . So there's even there's even a |
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| 04:50 | table for kind of an idea how structure it. Of course you can |
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| 04:55 | to your needs obviously. But but of us really just kind of laying |
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| 04:59 | out like that and just memorize Okay, So hey like I said |
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| 05:05 | mention this more than once uh next of weeks as we go through |
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| 05:10 | Okay, that's kind of what they with the 26th of diseases. |
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| 05:15 | Um okay so let's look at So this is like opera on the |
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| 05:27 | gonna show you the little animation thing the trip off Iran. I know |
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| 05:31 | continuation mechanism kind of kind of Um But the lack so again to |
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| 05:41 | of get some context here. So in control. Okay um we're |
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| 05:48 | at but I made this made me travel up with this slide here. |
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| 05:54 | I made this slide you've got in of a smaller form but I there's |
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| 05:59 | I left out and that's why I to do it again. So that |
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| 06:01 | a dream control. Right? So um any any functions any living thing |
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| 06:08 | this planet is doing right is doing A because the functioning of synthesis and |
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| 06:15 | of thousands of proteins in that Okay. Um Those protein levels are |
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| 06:23 | . They're controlled through multiple levels. . It's just all fitting the whole |
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| 06:29 | dog right. DNA RNA protein. that's how you make a protein then |
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| 06:33 | course how you control it. You the steps beforehand. Okay so um |
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| 06:40 | so again it's about efficiency. Don't want to be doing stuff that |
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| 06:43 | energy you know respond to whatever the is and do so by turning on |
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| 06:51 | X. 1 to 4 whatever To to kind of act um or |
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| 06:57 | to the stimulus. Right yourself do in response to usually hormones you produce |
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| 07:04 | factors, things like that. Your respond to that and they respond by |
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| 07:09 | turning on and turning off. Very . All right so levels of |
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| 07:14 | So you can start D. A. Well look at that here |
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| 07:17 | . So and there's really no no really just it's just you said you |
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| 07:25 | referred to as the level of N. A. Okay so you |
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| 07:29 | modify nuclear times. You can recombine of D. N. A. |
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| 07:33 | we'll see now. Here's where we specific terms. Right so transcription |
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| 07:38 | Right? Is about affecting RNA. function. Either you let it do |
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| 07:43 | thing and transcribe or you don't. . But what people get confused about |
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| 07:49 | transcription control things. They have the . RNA. Right. That's not |
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| 07:57 | control. Okay, happens before Okay so um so this is the |
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| 08:06 | I left out. I didn't I mention uh dang it. I did |
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| 08:14 | Arnie stability but I didn't put the didn't put the term on it. |
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| 08:20 | . So post transcription control. That's why I looked out. Alright |
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| 08:25 | post transcription control comes after transcription. you have the main transport. |
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| 08:30 | So you can affect stability in in ways um basically allowing to degrade. |
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| 08:38 | ? Or I just have a shorter these kind of things. So that's |
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| 08:42 | transcription um translation. Okay. That's . Right function. You gotta let |
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| 08:50 | allows me to transcribe translate or Alright, so there's things that can |
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| 08:54 | that and then last post translational protein. Right. So we started |
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| 09:00 | D. N. A. Different of RNA. And protein. |
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| 09:04 | Affect protein function that can be and can sometimes activate sometimes inactivated. |
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| 09:12 | Um And there's you can degrade approach mechanisms that can allow that to |
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| 09:17 | So any of these and all of can be um are used for any |
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| 09:24 | gene control process. It can certainly more than one. Okay. And |
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| 09:32 | usually does involve more than one. um so those are letters. Okay |
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| 09:38 | you may see uh I'm pretty sure terms actually show up on like |
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| 09:44 | Cat and D. Cat whatever the one is called. These professional |
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| 09:49 | I think you'll see these terms. you may also see that that this |
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| 09:54 | the post transcription all can actually be umbrella term that I think is sometimes |
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| 10:00 | can be used in lieu of in of those two terms. So you |
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| 10:06 | see that just heads up so you say can be like also the distinction |
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| 10:16 | that you're gonna get more specific translational . It's a close transcription mechanism. |
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| 10:23 | a translational it's I'm not gonna get crazy about it. Okay so but |
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| 10:27 | just you may see that. So be aware of that. Okay. |
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| 10:31 | for my purpose but for when you these terms again in the future. |
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| 10:36 | Okay um uh Any questions about So let's let me go back uh |
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| 10:46 | hear. Okay so Black opera. the main thing is you're right so |
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| 10:54 | for high level so for both triple opera and trying to figure out what's |
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| 11:00 | what goes on, how to work first thing to think about is or |
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| 11:06 | to to know is the levels the of black toasted black front, high |
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| 11:13 | low right present or not present, ? Trip to fan present or not |
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| 11:18 | because that's what sets into motion. after that. Okay, so black |
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| 11:25 | uh and then of course remembering inactive active professor and what that means. |
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| 11:30 | . So presence of lactose. Remember have the other way here. |
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| 11:35 | Both of them have another way. lactose and glucose. Right. So |
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| 11:41 | lactose have no glucose. High level . Right? Because glucose influences cyclic |
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| 11:49 | levels. Okay, so you have layer. What's remembering that and how |
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| 11:57 | influences second mp. Okay, wants good post motorcycle game. The lots |
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| 12:05 | second game. Okay. Um and lack of glucose allows the activator complex |
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| 12:15 | form. Shooting on the promoter likes combined to a very technique and get |
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| 12:22 | of expression. Okay. Um and of course lactose presence of lactose should |
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| 12:28 | obvious. Right? Why do you this on and lactose in the |
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| 12:31 | So if the inducer technically it's adult is the inducer right turns on repressor |
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| 12:38 | it. No president can get the reform lots of expression. Okay, |
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| 12:46 | trip opteron. Okay. Has um , you know, molecular bias and |
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| 12:54 | happens right to the oppressor but in case it's to defend itself. So |
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| 12:59 | the the remember the logic of both controls is kind of linked to the |
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| 13:07 | , relative importance of each chaperone for is comparing the two best to have |
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| 13:14 | trip opteron and lack of lactose opera chance of survival much better. |
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| 13:20 | You're gonna need to make amino acids ? Uh you necessarily have to equal |
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| 13:25 | . There's other things happen. so um so the trip off on |
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| 13:31 | is let's kind of have it make fan and will kind of be the |
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| 13:38 | of co repressor. Church fans It means it's not being used. |
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| 13:45 | it down. Put the fan can into the repressor activated blocking expression. |
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| 13:54 | . Fan is um uh not accumulating . That means it must be being |
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| 14:01 | as fast as a teammate. There a need for demand. So um |
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| 14:08 | in that scenario then the repressor is bound with co repressor, so it |
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| 14:13 | inactive and expression took off on Okay, So then we have this |
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| 14:20 | layer. All right. Which is trip this trip leader sequence and the |
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| 14:25 | that. So, remember that you what you have um expression um uh |
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| 14:35 | even in the scenario of this one , repression. Okay, even in |
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| 14:44 | state there's I'll just throw out a number, you know, 11 in |
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| 14:51 | million times. If you're not with camera taking a snapshot one in a |
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| 14:55 | pictures, you may see that Professor off. Get a little bit of |
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| 15:00 | , right? Because it's not irreversible , It can come off. It |
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| 15:04 | comes off not very often. Unless unless trip to fan is |
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| 15:09 | but the point is, you're gonna this transcript this leader sequence is a |
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| 15:15 | of of any expression of that You're always gonna get that leader |
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| 15:22 | The first thing that's made okay as of the control. Alright so remember |
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| 15:27 | this trip E. Sitting here that's start of the structural genes. Okay |
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| 15:32 | that's the junction point stuff is gonna with this attenuation mechanism here. That's |
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| 15:38 | point of no return. Either Can keep going or if we get |
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| 15:43 | up. Okay And so again which happens is all dependent on that versus |
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| 15:52 | levels of tripped effect. However slowly that's what sets in motion. |
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| 15:56 | And okay so um it's all about positioning. So let me just go |
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| 16:06 | there. Okay let's just look at . Mhm. And action. Okay |
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| 16:13 | there's your there's your opera on. . We got our uh um trip |
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| 16:26 | regulatory protein. Then we have promoter hears the leader sequence right here and |
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| 16:33 | is the attenuation loop. Then we'll once you make the transcript. |
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| 16:37 | So here is this is the these structural genes. D. D. |
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| 16:41 | . B. A. You So here let's start regulatory region. |
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| 16:48 | it's gonna be a little slow um genes blah blah blah. Makes a |
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| 16:56 | . Call this histrionic message that Uh then the enzymes to produce trip |
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| 17:02 | fan. Okay then t the guys here but I'm eating them. Alright |
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| 17:14 | there's your professor. Okay so we the what's called the repressor which is |
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| 17:20 | unbound form there's a trip co Okay um continue. And so the |
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| 17:34 | binds. Now that's an active oppressor the whole overpressure. Okay and |
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| 17:45 | And now it's a physical block keeping transcribe. Okay um Okay uh Now |
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| 18:00 | one that you know that very small and you do get some expression you'll |
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| 18:04 | the leader sequence for me. Okay that's the first thing that you see |
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| 18:10 | you can get the structural genes. it's gonna be attenuation mechanism. So |
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| 18:15 | needs to limit something to stop Okay so here's the transcript in |
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| 18:22 | Alright. M. RNA. These those reasons that can complementary base pair |
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| 18:27 | each other. And so so so the numbers here do not refer to |
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| 18:36 | an order right refers to regions of transcript that will uh just identifying the |
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| 18:44 | of the of the transcript as all that regions that will ultimately can base |
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| 18:50 | with other homologous regions but that's what numbers refer to. Okay so um |
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| 18:58 | again it's just it's just a UGC . Okay so 123 and four. |
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| 19:05 | And this is all you throw you these naked RNA. S into a |
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| 19:12 | . The one that actually forms most the time. Is the 23? |
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| 19:16 | likely because it has a greater proportion Um a base pairs um less energy |
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| 19:29 | form them. Okay so um so like I said if you have the |
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| 19:35 | buffer you look at them which which are gonna see forming. It's gonna |
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| 19:39 | be two and three right? Uh the preferred? But then the performance |
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| 19:44 | . Right? So small percentage will in the 3412. But the point |
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| 19:48 | we're gonna influence what forms by rival leaving along the transcript. Okay so |
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| 19:56 | let's continue this. Okay so. and so the positioning is dependent on |
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| 20:09 | levels of levels of in the So remember always thinking that first level |
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| 20:14 | whatever that is brings about the next . Okay? Um So see if |
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| 20:22 | can fast forward a little bit. so uh we have the those elements |
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| 20:32 | a um trip trip uh code ons ? We also have a stock code |
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| 20:42 | that occurs uh at this position. ? And here and so that right |
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| 20:51 | . It's really these The trip cordons really the the work in concert so |
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| 20:59 | speak with the trip 11. Trip phantoms in the set. And that |
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| 21:04 | to tr tr N. A. so um you don't have lots of |
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| 21:12 | you have lots of trip dependent. those charged tr you'll have less of |
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| 21:18 | if you don't have a lot of the cell. Right? So it's |
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| 21:23 | uncharged. Right? So charged uncharged relates to the itself. Right? |
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| 21:29 | that dictates where it stops the bible here or here and it influences what |
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| 21:35 | form. So like I said, all starts with the levels of and |
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| 21:39 | that that then proceeds to the next , which is the next thing, |
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| 21:42 | next thing, the next thing being or uncharged, which are more |
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| 21:47 | that influences what rhymes and stops. then determines which performs and that then |
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| 21:53 | expression or no expression. Right. one follows the other. Okay, |
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| 22:01 | um All right, so in this high triple camera, but I have |
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| 22:06 | of charge with the fan tr NH . So as it ripens on translates |
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| 22:14 | sometimes some translates. Well, first . Okay, survives up. And |
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| 22:21 | it's gonna go right through the strip and there's lots of charged tR |
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| 22:23 | A. S. Because we have levels of So we'll go to the |
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| 22:27 | stopping point here and that means the regions that one and two are being |
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| 22:33 | by this friday. So three and free to free to move and they're |
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| 22:37 | close to this climb rates, you knock it off. Right? And |
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| 22:41 | so before it gets into the structural and look at the fan. It's |
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| 22:49 | stall there and so let's back up a second. Right? Okay, |
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| 23:05 | let me pause it here. so it's Donald's here and then the |
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| 23:14 | platforms. Okay, They labeled it have that's the 23, you can |
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| 23:18 | that proximity is much farther away from car accelerates that's moving ahead transcribing. |
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| 23:25 | so no interference and so that um continue to um transcribe. Okay. |
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| 23:40 | come on. All right. It's we go. So so you can |
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| 23:48 | and we get the structural genes Okay. But again all predicated on |
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| 23:54 | of tryptophan. That's what kind of starts everything. There's a higher low |
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| 23:59 | you have different outcomes. Okay. Any question about that? So you |
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| 24:05 | at the animation helps. Uh There's one for the lactose opera and also |
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| 24:11 | it's in you can access it through . Okay. Um Let's see back |
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| 24:18 | here. Okay. All right. So we want these last control |
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| 24:25 | Just examples of other other levels of . Okay. Um And so we |
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| 24:34 | went through these earlier. So just that. Um And then okay then |
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| 24:42 | got a question. Okay. Question what? So the question is which |
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| 24:54 | which which is what? Okay counting . This is gonna show up |
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| 25:45 | It's gonna be one of those before after thing. So um we'll see |
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| 25:49 | we do the first time. Then happens the second time? Alright. |
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| 26:00 | for 532. Okay. Right crying . B. C. Okay let's |
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| 26:18 | . We'll see it again. Alright, the first of these examples |
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| 26:24 | stringent stringent response. Okay. Um just saw in the continuation mechanism how |
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| 26:36 | cute adjacent trip um protons can cause home to stall if the levels of |
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| 26:46 | um tr tr N. A. . Our love. Alright. Um |
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| 26:54 | if a if the soldier starved nutrient , which means they can't produce |
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| 27:01 | They're lacking amino acids and stuff, you'll get this response. And so |
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| 27:07 | it's about uh kind of a survival uh response if you will. Okay |
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| 27:15 | poor nutrient conditions. Okay. So course in that mode. But they |
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| 27:20 | want to do is a survivor. how you're gonna do that? Well |
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| 27:23 | got to conserve resources. Okay so gonna stop, you wanna stop expression |
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| 27:30 | op bronze involved in replication because you're you're gonna really you don't want to |
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| 27:36 | replicated and subsidizing lots of proteins. gonna waste energy. Right? So |
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| 27:41 | gonna divert resources away from that to energy. Okay. And so we |
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| 27:47 | induce this. So this molecule tetra wanna scene. Okay, it's kind |
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| 27:53 | the your book calls it uh an alarm. Okay. Um Like an |
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| 28:01 | bell, so to speak, kind thing. So it sets in motion |
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| 28:04 | number of different um uh events and of those is um to affect our |
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| 28:15 | and to shut down transcription of like third of the genes themselves again involved |
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| 28:21 | things like replication protein synthesis, making rivals on these kind of things to |
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| 28:27 | energy. Okay so um the that's what it is again kind of a |
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| 28:35 | response to furniture conditions conserve energy. things will get better when nutrients appear |
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| 28:41 | what have you or to to then this stress? Okay. It's kind |
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| 28:45 | an energy conservation mechanism here. In times of stress. Okay. |
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| 28:52 | so that's that's essentially it. Okay it's it's a common response among all |
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| 28:59 | types. Um And archaea. Oh I should have mentioned obviously forgot |
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| 29:05 | um the activity that occurs to the . Okay check for a right this |
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| 29:13 | here is based on a protein that associated with the rivals on. Alright |
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| 29:19 | it's called R. E. A. L. A. And |
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| 29:24 | um when arrivals installs it kind of this catalytic activity in this associated |
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| 29:30 | And that activity is to take A . P. And G. |
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| 29:33 | P. To form this. So um associated enzyme that does this but |
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| 29:43 | as active foreign advisers almost stalling. basically means it's kind of sitting there |
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| 29:47 | not that that is the action that this activity. Okay. Um |
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| 29:56 | The DNA rearrangements. Okay so this it's gonna be so phase variation is |
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| 30:02 | we'll see um mentioned again in the of disease because a number of pathogens |
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| 30:10 | can carry this out as a strategy so we'll learn uh talking about the |
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| 30:16 | system and how can we get around is to be hit. Right so |
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| 30:23 | hidden from your immune system and occur about the question is what how does |
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| 30:30 | pathogen enters your body? What makes visible to good night? Um What |
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| 30:43 | this what would make that happen visible your body in this society envelope? |
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| 30:56 | need help viral factors. More christmas your is an envelope. What |
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| 31:11 | It is almost the right track because capacity this is nearby. And I'm |
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| 31:18 | inside. I'm gonna apologize infection. that those two projectors are um let's |
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| 31:29 | a system. What are you gonna on me then receptors was on my |
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| 31:38 | stuff out here. Right. Uh envelope uh certain but it was a |
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| 31:45 | positive. Maybe kept a light hand here. Uh have an outer |
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| 31:51 | Yes. Right. Uh virus of can have viral proteins like spikes and |
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| 31:58 | . Right, stuff up. february uh capsule. All right. |
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| 32:05 | are all things that are visible. ? Those are two big eyeballs. |
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| 32:11 | ? And I'm patching inside of those , looking at what that's what's |
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| 32:16 | That's that's what So how do you it? Right, capsule is actually |
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| 32:20 | way to hide it for the capital open. Right. So remember the |
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| 32:25 | we use for these kind of things here. And so um uh so |
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| 32:33 | you cover them up, well, can cover them up. Well, |
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| 32:36 | you can express a different version of out here. Right? So your |
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| 32:43 | can zero in on. Okay, is an energon. Right. And |
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| 32:48 | gonna mount a response that. But then bacteria can switch it up |
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| 32:55 | ? Next generation maybe is expressing a version of what's out here. |
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| 33:00 | And your body can't respond that It takes time to identify it, |
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| 33:06 | identify and respond. Okay. And um so that's a that's a |
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| 33:14 | Do that all the time trying to that in different ways. Right. |
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| 33:20 | right, I can sell of course immune system. Okay. Others can |
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| 33:26 | this. Right? This this term immune avoidance. Okay. Is what |
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| 33:32 | just described is so the the parts peripheral parts of pathogen or many fell |
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| 33:42 | that's what's missing. Right? So least can comprise various types of |
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| 33:47 | Right? And so if you change up right? Or cover them up |
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| 33:54 | that's avoiding it allows them to avoid system. Alright. Um At least |
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| 34:00 | I mean none of these things are or there's a limit to it I |
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| 34:04 | but you have to remember how fast things can grow. Right? So |
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| 34:09 | a little bit of time, Is enough to have them multiply. |
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| 34:13 | so whatever thing, so a lot you know buying time buying time that |
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| 34:20 | a strategy you use three music And the strategy of pathogen uses right |
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| 34:25 | avoidance buys them time to grow. you have fever here is a way |
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| 34:31 | slow down. Micro grows and that your system time to catch up. |
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| 34:37 | ? So it kind of goes both . Okay, so uh so this |
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| 34:43 | is looking at salmonella uh seminal enteric . Is a common foodborne pathogen. |
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| 34:50 | And so we're looking at its and um it has and so this this |
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| 35:02 | is predicated on having multiple variations of specific and this in this case it's |
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| 35:11 | . The protein making up the there are different variations of that. |
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| 35:16 | one has to be be B. C. Okay, so F. |
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| 35:23 | . J. Is a protein. the structure you see here is so |
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| 35:31 | keep it simple here. So here's here's the sound minimum. Okay, |
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| 35:36 | for you and so you can have with what's called it A. |
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| 35:42 | F. L. J. We're gonna have F. L. |
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| 35:47 | . C. Right, we made of one type or the other type |
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| 35:53 | . So the uh gene structure So here is uh F. |
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| 35:58 | J. B. Okay right F. L. J. |
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| 36:03 | Both independent of each other. each has its own promoter here |
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| 36:12 | In addition F. L. B. B for john has in |
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| 36:19 | this regulatory protein. Okay, this is part of it. You don't |
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| 36:25 | that associated with C. Over You just see the gene for |
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| 36:31 | Okay. And so um a a expressing ethology baby will look like this |
|
| 36:38 | part of the transcript is to also the repressor. And the repressor blocks |
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| 36:44 | of the seat. So that that is gonna be is gonna have |
|
| 36:51 | Okay. Um That his progeny uh have as well. Okay. Um |
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| 36:59 | the control element is over here. . It's here and it's not it |
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| 37:06 | . Uh And the promoter is part that. The promoter for the |
|
| 37:10 | B. Because john is part of . Okay. So what happens is |
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| 37:16 | there is a recombination event and this in a certain frequency. Okay? |
|
| 37:23 | Maybe one in 10,000 1000 I think depending on the particular species. And |
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| 37:34 | the same kind of mechanism works in other pathogens for different engines, |
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| 37:38 | And they all kind of different ways recombination but it's a spontaneous event. |
|
| 37:43 | . And so when it happens the recombination gene, Okay. The |
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| 37:50 | I. N. Um basically clips and rearrange it basically turns it |
|
| 37:57 | Okay. And so what you see that the the promoter which was racist |
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| 38:08 | was right here right, right. has now been flipped. Now it's |
|
| 38:16 | this way and not even part of jean anymore. Right? This is |
|
| 38:24 | FL. F. L. B. Not see a. Right |
|
| 38:35 | . And so it's off because the not even there anymore. It's been |
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| 38:39 | segment's been cut out and flipped. so now it's so basically you can |
|
| 38:43 | the expression at the level of N. A. We're just taking |
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| 38:46 | DNA segment cutting out re combining it now the promoter is no longer from |
|
| 38:52 | gene expression. So this this is the at the level of D. |
|
| 38:56 | . A. Is the control. so um now the and so when |
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| 39:04 | happens of course then you express the form of that. And in this |
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| 39:12 | the Magellan C. So now the of form will have C. |
|
| 39:18 | And so now you know now where the affecting type was a. It |
|
| 39:25 | A. Um and your body recognized and I'm sorry B. B. |
|
| 39:34 | it not mount a response. Now of a sudden introducing this other these |
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| 39:40 | they haven't see for your body goes see it right because it's not immediate |
|
| 39:45 | recognize and respond. And so that's it can avoid those those can avoid |
|
| 39:50 | immune system for a period of And uh of course whether or not |
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| 39:56 | found out they're multiplying multiplying, you potentially increasing the infection. Okay so |
|
| 40:03 | kind of the advantage of this in of the perspective of the pathogen. |
|
| 40:08 | so i it's gonna be a little redundant but it's kind of showing you |
|
| 40:13 | more close up here the process. again here is the the two genes |
|
| 40:21 | the promoter, right? And we're the C. Gene. Then we |
|
| 40:28 | a flip flop uh to there and is now over here. Okay and |
|
| 40:42 | from the structural genes. And so that's the mechanism. So but there |
|
| 40:49 | another thing to think about and that's . Okay, so so we have |
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| 40:59 | we have uh I'm calling it One B. Or A. So |
|
| 41:04 | . One H. Two you have cells. Uh If you can may |
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| 41:09 | see it. But this one is is colored blue a blue Magellan. |
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| 41:17 | one's red, right? Um so point is two different two different components |
|
| 41:25 | different. So if you have an or the infecting bacteria coming into you |
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| 41:33 | 5050. Okay. Will long term strategy really work for the affecting |
|
| 41:41 | Is that the way to do Yes or no, but have greater |
|
| 41:48 | . That's your success. Be Yes or no. Okay, counting |
|
| 42:37 | 543. Okay. 50 50. right. Alright. Um Who |
|
| 42:52 | Yes. Happy. Did another Yes. He's out there. Everybody |
|
| 43:02 | . Yeah. Yeah, he's out . Yes. Yes. Very confident |
|
| 43:12 | . Yes. Why you say Alright. Who did not guess as |
|
| 43:19 | called? 20000%. Right, We get out. So why anybody orders |
|
| 43:32 | ? If I mess it up. is it? Um I didn't |
|
| 43:42 | No. Okay, very simple. them as far as you have been |
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| 43:59 | then be able to survive a little correct. Yes, that's correct. |
|
| 44:06 | for that logic. So, so you go happening goes in 50 50 |
|
| 44:15 | like if that's all that happens on two forms then it's like playing poker |
|
| 44:21 | turn your hand up and showing all cards, right? So you're still |
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| 44:24 | , here's what I got right? then you find that a very successful |
|
| 44:29 | magic. Okay. So um so basically showing everything has got to the |
|
| 44:35 | and you can respond to both of engine forms, right? So |
|
| 44:42 | some of these will uh you know be some time until I recognize. |
|
| 44:47 | so they'll be able to you know somewhat but eventually they're both gonna be |
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| 44:52 | out recognized and done away with. , so better to come in with |
|
| 44:59 | population having the majority of one type the end in fact. And then |
|
| 45:05 | proportion of those will you know, switch to the other form the |
|
| 45:10 | Then that's when the little grow. proliferate and be some time before the |
|
| 45:15 | finds them out. So it's better go in with the majority of one |
|
| 45:18 | of the other. And there are there types that will they will have |
|
| 45:26 | 67 or eight forms of an engine they can cycle through one and two |
|
| 45:30 | three and 45 and six and 78 forms different forms of the same. |
|
| 45:35 | the uh the meningitis bacteria can do . Okay. Um Is that any |
|
| 45:44 | about that? So the correct answer the correct answer is b Let me |
|
| 45:53 | one more time he's playing. So won't work 5050 all the cards on |
|
| 46:00 | table folks, you can see what got. Alright, so the book |
|
| 46:06 | be wiped out and we'll take care it. You're showing everything out, |
|
| 46:11 | go with 90% or whatever Jordan with one hand form, the other one |
|
| 46:17 | the pocket, hasn't shown it Right goes in the body. The |
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| 46:22 | get whacked out, right? But few of them mutated into the |
|
| 46:27 | But having the variation to switch the form. Now the Carter show Body |
|
| 46:33 | responded instantaneously. Has to take some to recognize it's fine, it's |
|
| 46:38 | What was it doing that time? rose across construction, bad for |
|
| 46:42 | So 50 50 going in bad Okay. Any questions about any |
|
| 46:52 | Yeah, so um signal factor Okay, so uh this there's a |
|
| 47:03 | of examples there might just pick So a single factor is a natural |
|
| 47:08 | kind of users control because of course what helps find and promote. So |
|
| 47:16 | single factors is is a uh is of course a natural thing to do |
|
| 47:22 | done in different ways. And so this is an example of a temperature |
|
| 47:29 | of influencing expression but doing so through transcript. Okay, so this um |
|
| 47:40 | is involved in kind of a stress . It's called heat shock. Um |
|
| 47:45 | heat of course can the nature protein cause them to unfold and be not |
|
| 47:52 | . Um And so the signal factor this response turns on different genes that |
|
| 48:01 | proteins that will help in this time high heat, elevated temp. |
|
| 48:06 | so under normal say ambient growth conditions you can hear 30 degrees. |
|
| 48:15 | It forms a transcript forms okay, the signal factor. Um But it's |
|
| 48:22 | this um form here. So it a secondary structure you see there and |
|
| 48:28 | hiding. So remember the translation requires to be visible to the bible combined |
|
| 48:38 | then translate. Okay, that secondary covers that up. Okay, so |
|
| 48:43 | this at this temp lower temp, not able to be translated. |
|
| 48:48 | a little bit of it kind of and you get a little bit of |
|
| 48:53 | . Okay so you have these proteins D N. A. J. |
|
| 49:00 | . K. These have a couple effects. One is to kind of |
|
| 49:06 | um unnecessary proteins. Okay, some these things get tagged, there's a |
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| 49:11 | system for that to get rid of unwanted uh miss malformed proteins. |
|
| 49:17 | they're part of that system. So kind of single factor at 30 |
|
| 49:21 | The signal Hs form it gets it's rid of it shouldn't really be operating |
|
| 49:26 | degrees. So it mostly is not but again a little bit Gets through |
|
| 49:33 | gets translated but your system takes the takes care of. Okay. And |
|
| 49:39 | um now it tends to get elevated right then that's enough to exposed the |
|
| 49:49 | find on that transcript. And so that happens you get lots of sigma |
|
| 49:56 | for me. Alright, the super for this response. And so that |
|
| 50:01 | to lots of production of these three . Okay. And others. |
|
| 50:09 | And so they're kind of, the function here is to bind to |
|
| 50:13 | They're called chaperone proteins that have to bind to them and help them maintain |
|
| 50:20 | normal tertiary structure. Okay, um critical for maintaining their right protein shape |
|
| 50:29 | structure is all about its function So these chaperone proteins help to do |
|
| 50:36 | especially if it gets hot elevated and the proteins want to come apart and |
|
| 50:44 | the chaperone proteins help people get. the stress response is about after we |
|
| 50:51 | the stickup factor at town uh making transcript translatable right by straightening it |
|
| 50:59 | so to speak. Right in this here. Now the Robinson bunny side |
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| 51:04 | visible. Private combine and produce sigma that turns on the heat shock genes |
|
| 51:10 | then work with proteins to keep them up. They don't they maintain their |
|
| 51:14 | . Okay, so it's kind of this is about to uh heat stress |
|
| 51:18 | cause proteins in part of teenager. keep them together as best we |
|
| 51:23 | Now this I mean it can only coli can withstand 42 C for a |
|
| 51:29 | . There is a limit but at it will extend its lifetime by having |
|
| 51:34 | response and you know maybe we can it down and return tomorrow but but |
|
| 51:39 | point is you can survive for a of time by by this mechanism. |
|
| 51:44 | so um so again it's working on the form the transcript is there its |
|
| 51:50 | a folded or unfolded and it unfolds elevated it can be translated. Okay |
|
| 51:58 | any questions about that? Okay so regulatory. Okay um the uh these |
|
| 52:12 | common control elements and uh almost many forms if not all and they a |
|
| 52:27 | protein to be part of control. So you're just the RNA itself. |
|
| 52:32 | a control alert. Okay and so these occur between genes. Okay and |
|
| 52:42 | for example here is staff or the of pathogen like many bacterial viral pathogens |
|
| 52:50 | have kind of expressed genes at different of early on in the in the |
|
| 52:58 | cycle in the middle or the Because as in fact there's different functions |
|
| 53:03 | different part part of the infection. early middle late. Anyway they control |
|
| 53:09 | uh oftentimes to these RNA molecules. with staff it's RNA three and again |
|
| 53:16 | can fold up in these loops and target is one of these transcripts that |
|
| 53:24 | a protein early on the infection that longer needs. And so what happens |
|
| 53:29 | so S d remember that's that shindou sequence ribosomes binding site. Okay and |
|
| 53:39 | it's all this complementary base pairing. you see the R. N. |
|
| 53:46 | . Three right here. Okay that to this part of our doing so |
|
| 53:52 | covers up the the ribosome binding site well as the star code on. |
|
| 53:59 | you don't get a translation. So it's affecting his own ability to |
|
| 54:04 | . Okay. It can also also well uh bring about the degradation by |
|
| 54:13 | activating RNA. Three in the Okay so United case has gotten really |
|
| 54:20 | and don't express it. Um And these are used in various ways. |
|
| 54:25 | is what this slide here is meant show. Um So we have examples |
|
| 54:33 | both. Uh here's our small RNA it will bind to our combining |
|
| 54:39 | For example like we just saw blocking or do the opposite sometimes they can |
|
| 54:46 | can block something they can promote Yes you breathe. Okay. Is |
|
| 54:55 | it? Um So we have uh in this case we're blocking translation in |
|
| 55:01 | case harry Lucas formed in the transcript itself blocking translation. So then this |
|
| 55:09 | S RNA comes into buying into But then now can promote transit certainly |
|
| 55:15 | both depending on the system as a RNA genes. And the genes is |
|
| 55:20 | okay because instability um causing uh degradation this case or preventing. Right? |
|
| 55:30 | this example is working kind of both parking on gene type and the small |
|
| 55:36 | . Okay same here um again affecting , deviating repression bonding after professor and |
|
| 55:46 | translation. So the point is that things are working multiple ways. Both |
|
| 55:52 | repressing or stopping translation or expression. it could be um you probably have |
|
| 56:05 | variation depending on what specific wants something this. Something like um this for |
|
| 56:14 | uh it's degrading that would probably be transcription expecting uh stability. Like you |
|
| 56:21 | it's um it's doing something like this blocking that would be translation. So |
|
| 56:29 | can you can kind of depend on specific mechanisms occur. So again translational |
|
| 56:35 | affecting function which is this is certainly uh here. Okay. Or it |
|
| 56:41 | affect stability which is certainly doing Okay. And that would be translational |
|
| 56:47 | versus post transcription control. Okay. so yeah kind of a case by |
|
| 56:54 | thing. Okay. Um All right regulatory RNA. So it kind of |
|
| 57:02 | is small RNA which are between genes RNA are within a gene so it's |
|
| 57:12 | the genes and controls. Okay. so there's actually a surprisingly large number |
|
| 57:17 | these um any cola alone 1000 different are controlled this way. That's like |
|
| 57:30 | little less than a third co ops are controlled this way. Um And |
|
| 57:35 | again the efficiency we're just producing an . N. A. As |
|
| 57:39 | We don't need to make a protein and I scratch this out because that's |
|
| 57:43 | wrong. So you see stop It doesn't do that. Right because |
|
| 57:47 | transcripts already made. Right? That's we're making. So scratch that out |
|
| 57:52 | your notes. But it does prevent can trigger degradation. Um So so |
|
| 57:58 | kind of put it in this form . So what we got is remember |
|
| 58:03 | a protein coding gene. Right? strand the strand. Right? This |
|
| 58:09 | the D. N. A. of DNA. And here is within |
|
| 58:14 | be an anti sense RNA gene. . Plus strings. Okay. And |
|
| 58:22 | the and so of course and I put these new baptizing just just for |
|
| 58:28 | . That's all right. But this gonna be complementary to that. And |
|
| 58:32 | here's our minus strand. Right? in the normal course of transcription |
|
| 58:38 | We're going to transcribe the template right produce a copy of dissent string that |
|
| 58:45 | the coding information. Right? So the A. Right. And so |
|
| 58:50 | it's transcribing this gene whatever this gene but this this is just a small |
|
| 58:56 | inside it. Okay so we're expressing copying the uh the template of the |
|
| 59:03 | . Okay and so this will be sort of gene that is the protein |
|
| 59:07 | functions Okay have to control the expression the gene. You can then copy |
|
| 59:15 | clustered. Okay so remember here in transcription we copy the minus strand of |
|
| 59:26 | anti sense minus strand to make A R. N. A. Which |
|
| 59:30 | identical copy of this. Which is you do in transcription. The transcribing |
|
| 59:35 | gene. Right? And so if wanna control expression then we can manipulate |
|
| 59:41 | M. R. N. Okay bye creating the anti sense RNA |
|
| 59:48 | . Right so now we're not copying we're not copying the minus strand. |
|
| 59:53 | copying the plus strength. Okay we're copy the plus strength. That's gonna |
|
| 59:58 | this anti sense. Are it's a strength. Okay so uh so just |
|
| 60:06 | orientation here so here's plus right and copy that into a minus right here |
|
| 60:13 | the plus sent strand. And we that by copying this minus antisense |
|
| 60:19 | Okay so what happens as a result this is that this is complementary to |
|
| 60:26 | ? M. R. N. . So you see perfect base pairing |
|
| 60:31 | it binds this is likely covering up binding site um blocking translation. Maybe |
|
| 60:39 | facilitates innovation transcript but in any case expression can stop. Okay so this |
|
| 60:49 | sense RNA. G. Inside of junior controls. Okay um Any questions |
|
| 60:59 | of so uh thing here is just remember that the are an aging inside |
|
| 61:06 | it. We copy that plus strained make the anti sense form as complementary |
|
| 61:13 | the plus M. R. And that's what affects expression that um |
|
| 61:20 | it's pretty efficient. Okay not having evolve regulatory genes in a sense. |
|
| 61:27 | talked about earlier protein oppressor and all stuff. It's just making it much |
|
| 61:33 | simpler. Uh Our product that controls . So eliminating a number of steps |
|
| 61:40 | do okay for efficiency standpoint. Very good time. Um So let's be |
|
| 61:52 | let's not revisit uh the correct answer the question was supposed to pop up |
|
| 61:58 | that was me. Okay we have smattering of response on this one. |
|
| 62:03 | the control that is you know it's a kind of controlling events, so |
|
| 62:12 | speak. Um The the end result are we gonna have transcribe or |
|
| 62:19 | So that that is transcription control? . Uh So even though you're seeing |
|
| 62:26 | on times affecting things in a situation is a lot of transit. In |
|
| 62:31 | it's just it's positioning determines whether or can transcribe. So that is transcript |
|
| 62:37 | control uh stranger response as well because we're affecting the ability of arrays to |
|
| 62:46 | another different genes. So that's that's . Um he chucked So he had |
|
| 62:52 | right, reformed the factor transcript And it was kind of temperature that |
|
| 63:00 | whether you were translated not. So so whether it was in the |
|
| 63:07 | the folder for form we're dealing with with a control at the level of |
|
| 63:12 | transcript, right of the main And that's post transcription uh translational |
|
| 63:20 | So anti sense RNA is um as just heard it could it could sit |
|
| 63:25 | a transcript block translation but it could when we talk about our days in |
|
| 63:32 | scenarios it stops translation by arrivals and some cases if that degrade degradation. |
|
| 63:39 | ? So so that can alter what you call translational control is the effective |
|
| 63:45 | post transcription if you affect stability. fact. So any sense Candy? |
|
| 63:55 | about translational control but they can also about close transcription. So both both |
|
| 64:02 | uh but he has written is In fact I think it's false. |
|
| 64:09 | figuration is really control the level of . N. A. Level at |
|
| 64:13 | level of D. N. Okay. Um Doing the combination in |
|
| 64:18 | . Um Alright. Any questions about ? Okay. Um Alright so that's |
|
| 64:27 | 10 summary. So finishing at Um No that's a good place to |
|
| 64:34 | . Okay so we'll start doing four . Yeah. I have a question |
|
| 65:03 | the unknown project like on the paper |
|
