| 00:17 | welcome. Yeah, you don't have whole lot to do today to finish |
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| 00:25 | this last chapter. Um So um got the exam one this week. |
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| 00:34 | look at if you have any questions what's going to be on it. |
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| 00:38 | you already downloaded the exam one review that's going to be content. Um |
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| 00:46 | about stuff. Still you can email office hours, um can't make office |
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| 00:53 | out of our so um uh let's . There's nothing no blackboard quizzes this |
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| 01:01 | , there's no smart work Um do today, which is the last bit |
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| 01:06 | Chapter five just do today, but next sunday. Um uh So the |
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| 01:13 | is really just the exam. so today is the end of unit |
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| 01:19 | will start the next one on thursday that material is all up, all |
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| 01:23 | you to stuff is up. Um So you'll see in there um |
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| 01:32 | probably want to hear this now, I think well it carries over over |
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| 01:37 | , 2 days um Two half days guess. The the 30 dang it |
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| 01:46 | remember now, it's next. Not week from this thursday really? |
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| 01:53 | Um And then the following Tuesday, it's like it's a ways away |
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| 02:01 | But it's one of those foot classes the subclass beyond chapter 13 which is |
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| 02:06 | . Okay, beginning some metabolism. anyway, just so you heads up |
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| 02:10 | that offer courses in the course So um but you're not worried about |
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| 02:15 | right now. I realized that you more concerned about exam one. So |
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| 02:21 | , so uh let's uh see, we've covered Chapter five, we went |
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| 02:28 | a row tolerance. Last time we through levels of terminology that the sterilization |
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| 02:34 | accept this etc. A little about antimicrobial. So you're back to the |
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| 02:40 | bacterial allergic uh electrostatic agents. Um value and what that means actually we're |
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| 02:50 | have so we're gonna finish up with um just an example of some physical |
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| 02:55 | agents of control. Um and uh little bit of discussion around that. |
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| 03:02 | so let's start with a question. is super super easy. Okay. |
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| 03:11 | the the value thing. Right? remember that um The value is the |
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| 03:20 | of time it takes to kill 90% the population on one log. Right |
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| 03:25 | talk about logs of death. We're at my criminal control of growth. |
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| 03:31 | So knowing that definition. So we a culture that's at 10 of the |
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| 03:39 | cf. You per meal. Which colony forming units. Okay. Think |
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| 03:43 | it as cells per mill. And value is two minutes of the |
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| 03:50 | Okay. So we have this effective it. That's our devalue. and |
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| 03:56 | many viable cells are we left After eight minutes of eight minutes of |
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| 04:07 | . Mhm. Oh timer's on. this 1? Okay. 876543 two |
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| 05:37 | time attack. There we go. . Okay. Yes You won. |
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| 05:49 | are correct. Okay, so here's the problem. So starting out with |
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| 05:57 | many cells. One log of death two minutes. So mm hmm. |
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| 06:08 | two minutes. We're at 10 in fifth. One log another two |
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| 06:11 | Another log. So a lot of every two minutes. Right? Don't |
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| 06:16 | don't don't eat 10 of a Okay. So why don't you |
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| 06:21 | Okay. So uh so just as little recap, we'll come back to |
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| 06:27 | question in this second. Well, do it now. Heck with |
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| 06:30 | We'll summarize here in a second. do this one. Okay. So |
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| 06:35 | , so we have a growing culture a grand positive electric. Okay. |
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| 06:40 | we added disinfectant at mid log. ? So kind of in the middle |
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| 06:46 | log face, right? Uh for exposure. And so we then took |
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| 06:54 | sample of that uh culture. Following the four our exposure. And |
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| 07:02 | put it into fresh media. Fresh with no disinfectant, right? Just |
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| 07:07 | granted. Just call it nutrient All right. So it's a nutrient |
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| 07:11 | . Mid log growing bam. It it with disinfectant. Four hours then |
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| 07:17 | it take some of that culture out fresh medium with no disinfectant and monitor |
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| 07:25 | . Okay, so this is the half here. Okay, So we're |
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| 07:31 | that the subculture, Right? So have a tube called initial for exposure |
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| 07:37 | . There are two called subculture. was a sample of that previous |
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| 07:41 | You're not going into fresh medium. disinfectant. Okay. So different. |
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| 07:49 | did different delusions of disinfectant. Repeated experiment using different delusions. No this |
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| 07:55 | . Okay. And we came up this result. Right. So basically |
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| 07:59 | . No growth plus its growth. . Just keep it simple. So |
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| 08:05 | have four different solutions. So at appropriate concentration. Okay, uh this |
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| 08:13 | would be considered. What? The effect of that disinfectant? Um |
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| 08:21 | one of the delusions of I had effect. Okay. But certainly at |
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| 08:27 | And three of them are dead. question is Okay, what was the |
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| 08:35 | ? Okay, so let me reset . Okay. Right. So one |
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| 08:48 | time in my culture growing gridlock. it with disinfectant then. Um take |
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| 09:00 | sample out. So that that is there with disinfectant for four hours and |
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| 09:05 | take a sample put it in fresh . No disinfectant and see what happens |
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| 09:11 | terms of growth. So I'm looking growth of both. Okay, mm |
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| 09:40 | . Thank you. Okay. Timer's . Oops. Sorry about that |
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| 10:17 | Mm hmm. Yes. Let's Okay. Mhm. Okay. Who |
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| 10:43 | one of the 107? Anybody who one of those? Okay. So |
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| 10:48 | why is the electrostatic? Why do think the material status? Um |
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| 10:55 | So I just like there's no Do you remember when you transfer it |
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| 11:02 | a new medium without. Mm This impact to grow. So it's |
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| 11:07 | killing. So. Alright. So it had been bacterial side for example |
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| 11:15 | and minuses of it back to the . Could you? So it was |
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| 11:23 | a bacteria static agent. The cell exposed. This effective log didn't uh |
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| 11:30 | and the question is okay. Did die? Did they? That's why |
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| 11:36 | have to do the second part. is to take the cells in the |
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| 11:39 | there that haven't exposed disinfected. And basically checking the state of those cells |
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| 11:45 | those cells survive treatment. They were growth inhibited Or were they indeed just |
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| 11:50 | ? Right. And so the subculture is labeled here and tells you that |
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| 11:55 | know, especially timely this is a of the cells following exposure to |
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| 12:01 | They're either alive. Which they were they were killed. And that would |
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| 12:06 | been a negative result in this subculture . Now can you tell um if |
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| 12:12 | were if it were if this were let's say okay indicating. Could you |
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| 12:21 | whether it was bacterial static and bacterial ? Just from just from a plus |
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| 12:30 | minus growth. Could you tell? . Okay. You couldn't tell if |
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| 12:35 | if you're just relying on the plus the growth. No growth observation. |
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| 12:41 | . Um Yeah, you can certainly you'd be right in saying again informing |
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| 12:46 | scenario if it's this and that are results right? Negative, negative. |
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| 12:55 | growth in attitude. Okay. In scenario you can confuse conclusively say yes |
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| 13:01 | they're dead. Right? They Okay. There's no growth in |
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| 13:04 | and even the subculture they weren't able grow because they were killed. |
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| 13:09 | But you wouldn't be able to tell from that whether it was bacterial silent |
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| 13:14 | , like you have to do like viable count perhaps. Well not even |
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| 13:19 | , you have to do some kind microscopic adopter base to see cells just |
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| 13:24 | , right, because we're meant to , cells are being blown up, |
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| 13:29 | , nothing visible once the once once agent has acted. Um Okay, |
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| 13:36 | Any questions about that? Yeah. . Because that that was such a |
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| 13:44 | , weak delusion. No effect on . You could take almost any kind |
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| 13:49 | disinfectant and diluted out enough and there be any effect, just not strong |
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| 13:56 | . Yeah. The other question. , um Alright, so again, |
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| 14:03 | is just recap Okay, so we at the value in that calculation. |
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| 14:10 | again, this looking for logs of , right? How long to get |
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| 14:13 | . Uh just remember that killing uh really no, this has written on |
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| 14:20 | slide does not really occur that everybody instantaneously upon exposure to treatment rates occurred |
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| 14:28 | the summary because damage accumulates and all cells can be may vary somewhat and |
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| 14:33 | they accumulate damage and are finally Okay, so of course various things |
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| 14:40 | affect the efficacy as we've talked about . So um let's look at some |
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| 14:49 | actions of how these things work where working on in terms of killing the |
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| 14:53 | . What you might think. Okay um many of these agents working |
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| 14:59 | Okay. Um uh detergent type of mimic membrane structures and they tend to |
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| 15:09 | membranes and so that will of course the cell. Um if it doesn't |
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| 15:14 | an intact membrane obviously everything leaks out uh soldiers license um certainly proteins are |
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| 15:22 | um you're 70% hasn't all disinfected it and and alcohol based hand sanitizers which |
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| 15:34 | guess most of all of them But these uh alcohol denatured proteins again |
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| 15:42 | themselves denature breakdown proteins. Um as many other types of agents. Um |
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| 15:48 | another type of compounds you've probably heard . Uh Doctor's office. You'll see |
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| 15:53 | nine, the kind of the yellowish iodine in there that acts as a |
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| 15:58 | actually. It's an antiseptic because you use on your skin but it has |
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| 16:01 | similar effect in terms of the nature of course, remember that the maturation |
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| 16:06 | proteins is about um destroying that Right proteins are all about three dimensional |
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| 16:12 | folding that poly peptide change. And nature of that means to basically make |
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| 16:17 | unraveled right, loses function similarly with acids. Um They can be denatured |
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| 16:23 | well. The strands unfold nonfunctional but can be worse damaged. You can |
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| 16:30 | great nucleic acids radiation sort of types radiation can do that um and create |
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| 16:36 | that's what UV light does to nucleic . So um so these are kind |
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| 16:41 | three main things. Um And with disinfectants and antiseptics. Antiseptics um other |
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| 16:49 | , they are working on multiple So that's not necessarily just one of |
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| 16:56 | . It could be mhm Multiple Right, proteins, The gasses, |
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| 17:02 | , all of it. Right. in contrast to an antibiotic, |
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| 17:09 | Antibiotics target have typically have single Right? And the target a component |
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| 17:16 | protein synthesis. One component of cell synthesis. Okay. Or whatever the |
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| 17:22 | maybe. But antibiotics don't work like where they have multiple targets in the |
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| 17:29 | . Okay, so keep that in because at the end we talked about |
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| 17:34 | . Okay. Resistance to antibiotics, to disinfectants. Antiseptics. Okay. |
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| 17:40 | that possible? Okay, so we'll that here shortly. Okay, so |
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| 17:45 | a little bit about some of the types of physical chemical controls, |
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| 17:52 | Of course. Um the elevation of . Well, the nature proteins um |
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| 18:01 | killing cells, high temperature and So, it's auto claims. |
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| 18:06 | Brings a steam under pressure. And so you get to temperatures that |
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| 18:12 | aren't used to seeing. Okay. of course they will they will rapidly |
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| 18:17 | them. Especially in those sports. ? So steam penetrates and those spores |
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| 18:22 | kills them. So autoclaves are effective in that. And your uh standard |
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| 18:29 | for auto clapping for this either 15 20 minutes. It's common. |
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| 18:38 | And again, you're you're achieving very temperatures and that moist heat has a |
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| 18:44 | high killing power. Okay. The can have equivalent um um equivalent the |
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| 18:54 | seeds to arctic, claiming that we dry heat. So, think of |
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| 18:57 | as an oven. Okay. It's dry heat sterilization. Um Of course |
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| 19:02 | gonna be a lower temperature but a longer time. Um But it's not |
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| 19:10 | steam under pressure. It's more of dry heat that kills. Okay. |
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| 19:15 | but actually a higher temps, higher attempt longer time autoclave because of |
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| 19:20 | ability to heat steam to high Very effective incineration. That's what you |
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| 19:26 | do in lab when you're putting your in the flame, right? That's |
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| 19:31 | , basically sterilizing the water. Um air is certainly possibly that's what that's |
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| 19:40 | an oven is basically giving you Hot convection oven. Okay. The um |
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| 19:48 | . So pasteurization okay, is a that is used by food and beverage |
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| 19:58 | . Okay? To reduce levels you know, powerful bacteria in the |
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| 20:04 | . Okay. But um it's not harsh as an autoclave. Okay, |
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| 20:11 | you're trying to preserve the color the , the flavor of the food and |
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| 20:18 | can't really preserve those things by putting . Okay, to harsher treatment. |
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| 20:24 | for food and beverages, there are . Okay, so pasteurization uses milder |
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| 20:32 | for but for varying temperatures, varying . Excuse me. So you're |
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| 20:37 | T. L. T. Low long time. Hi temp short |
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| 20:42 | Okay these uh for milk pasteurization, all about um reducing the numbers of |
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| 20:51 | come to that in a second. So we talked about before so they |
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| 20:58 | course are very resistant to heat. um cox C. L. |
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| 21:03 | Is like second to end those ports terms of resistance. Okay. And |
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| 21:08 | they use that as a target uh killing those off or reducing their numbers |
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| 21:14 | . That's there. Then they say achieving optimal pasteurization by doing so |
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| 21:20 | Um And so low temp, longtime temps short time ultra high temperature uh |
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| 21:28 | then ultra pasteurization um is like at C for like um 0.5 or something |
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| 21:39 | that. So what these ultra ultra ? Ultra high temp. Uh Do |
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| 21:45 | the what the significance of that It allows you to have a dairy |
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| 21:52 | that can have a long shelf life without refrigeration. Okay. Which is |
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| 21:58 | helpful to, you know, areas the world that don't have spotted |
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| 22:03 | And so if you have to have milk that can be kept on the |
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| 22:06 | at room temp, right? Because this process? Because this process is |
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| 22:10 | sterilizing that. But it's pretty darn . Okay. Um But again it |
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| 22:16 | you to have a product of a shelf life for six months. Of |
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| 22:19 | that's until you open the bottle. then it's typically 10 days, two |
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| 22:24 | but at that time you can keep for nearly six months uh and it's |
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| 22:28 | it's fine. Uh There's some uh that with these types of processes. |
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| 22:39 | and this one or this one is that high temp, even though it's |
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| 22:45 | damages, maybe some of the helpful milk components. Um I don't think |
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| 22:53 | ever drank ultra pasteurized. No, it has like a cooked taste to |
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| 22:59 | a little bit. So um those tout ultra pasteurized milk, you put |
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| 23:05 | your coffee don't necessarily drink it like your cookies or whatever. So that's |
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| 23:10 | of different tastes used to, but , you know, the the the |
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| 23:16 | method used depends on the food manufacturer what their what works best for their |
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| 23:22 | . Okay. Um Now, so , remember pasteurization is not sterilization? |
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| 23:30 | . David reduces microbial numbers, especially target one. Um And although ultra |
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| 23:38 | temp ultra pasteurization can get close, it's not it's still not sterilization. |
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| 23:45 | . Um Alright, so not everything hot temperatures or very hot temperatures in |
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| 23:56 | of reducing numbers. So um depends the nature of the material. |
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| 24:04 | And so uh cold temperature for is used obviously for refrigeration, cold |
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| 24:10 | doesn't kill. Cold attempt slows down , right? It can slow down |
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| 24:16 | growth, but it doesn't kill, , we use it for obviously for |
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| 24:22 | preservation of foods too, You so spoiled so quickly obviously, but |
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| 24:28 | a lab to preserve microbes, we have a -80 freezer. All |
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| 24:36 | strains used in lab are kept in there, you have to put it |
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| 24:41 | like a an antifreeze or antifreeze Ice crystals that form can actually cause |
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| 24:46 | . So try to minimize that by agents to your culture essentially antifreeze to |
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| 24:53 | that from happening and they can remain . I've had cultures in there since |
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| 24:59 | that I revived this past week and grew right up. Okay, so |
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| 25:06 | very convenient method for that. The one thing is there is a particular |
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| 25:14 | which we'll talk about that toward the of the semester hysteria that actually grows |
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| 25:19 | refrigeration temperature. It's something that you to be aware of uh listeriosis. |
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| 25:25 | There was a blue belt ice cream out in Brenham. I was like |
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| 25:31 | 567 years ago I had some batches the ice cream, make people |
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| 25:38 | There's a couple of fatalities due to . And so this can grow refrigeration |
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| 25:45 | . Uh And so obviously we're ice manufacturer, you're doing your thing and |
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| 25:50 | temps. And so it was the was traced to dirty uh where they |
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| 25:56 | holding the ice cream before they dispensed . The kind of the fixtures and |
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| 26:01 | weren't very clean and so that's where traced the listeria ah contamination to. |
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| 26:10 | but uh I'll say to the rest the story a story for later |
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| 26:14 | but that it is, it is something to be aware of um |
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| 26:21 | So not all liquids can well behaved will not are not really the student |
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| 26:28 | any kind of heating type of So you have to um So the |
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| 26:33 | maybe an option. There's a couple media we have in latin that we |
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| 26:37 | that direction. Say don't you have sterilize it or you have to not |
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| 26:44 | anything just boil it and then pour out. So it just depends on |
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| 26:48 | ingredients in the product. So uh . Of course you can not only |
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| 26:53 | liquids, you can filter air. , so your HEPA filters consult the |
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| 26:58 | . Um technically all of the the itself can exclude microbes for sure. |
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| 27:07 | You might say, okay, well go through sterilized and I use the |
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| 27:11 | myself. But technically it's not because can't keep viruses out. Okay. |
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| 27:18 | generally that's not a problem. But nonetheless, you know, it's |
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| 27:23 | not because I just can't technically get there. Okay. But it is |
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| 27:29 | for a lot of different uh products and liquids. The uh okay, |
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| 27:38 | radiation radiation relies on basically two So we call non ionizing and ionizing |
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| 27:46 | radiation has has been approved for use and on foods, many frozen foods |
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| 27:54 | irradiated. Um It's gonna be with gamma radio. Typically very high energy |
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| 28:03 | UV light. So let's just look the two types of radiation. So |
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| 28:06 | ionizing radiation UV in arrangements um 200 300 nanometers. Remember the smaller the |
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| 28:16 | of like the more high energy. . And so the damage that UV |
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| 28:20 | does, it's an altar bases and gas IDs cause mutations. Okay. |
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| 28:27 | But the thing about UV lights, it's not penetrate very well. |
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| 28:33 | A shirt can stop Petri additionally can it. Right? So um it's |
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| 28:39 | used for surface disinfection. Okay? now the ionizing radiation um can I |
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| 28:50 | very high so we can actually break and take acids. Um of |
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| 28:55 | it's a lethal effect. Um And used for, like I said for |
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| 28:59 | foods are rated with gamma rays. and it can be quite effective of |
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| 29:08 | . Um It's more for solid. wouldn't use it for um liquid liquids |
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| 29:17 | racism can penetrate liquid very well. just gonna be more surface or solid |
|
| 29:23 | of. Okay, I think even Petrie not partridges, but pipette boxes |
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| 29:31 | pipette tips that are in boxes, like that. Other types of lab |
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| 29:35 | . Medical equipment, things like Um The chemical agents. Okay. |
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| 29:42 | disinfectant. So phenolic compounds, iodine . These are all things that damage |
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| 29:50 | . Uh membrane lipids take assets. have a varied effect. Okay. |
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| 29:57 | tobacco sand is what used to be A lot of your hand Sanitizer because |
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| 30:02 | said they discontinued because material can resistant it. Okay. And most of |
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| 30:07 | hand sanitizers nowadays have like the alcohol in there, which is much |
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| 30:13 | effective. Um The beta dying I that that's kind of the yellow uh |
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| 30:22 | seen a doctor's office or using surgical setting the uh iodine is an effective |
|
| 30:30 | as well. Uh The Alcohol, 95%, which is 70%. |
|
| 30:38 | And there's other words, many different of alcohol. So we're just gonna |
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| 30:42 | uh isopropyl alcohol. It can just sm all where it gives the two |
|
| 30:47 | more common ones. Um And people , well what would be much better |
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| 30:55 | better proportion, 75% and 95%,, is more effective disinfectant. Okay. |
|
| 31:02 | has to do with the The couple things. one is um the |
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| 31:08 | Alright, so Alcohol works by denatured . So if you do take 90 |
|
| 31:15 | ethanol and apply it okay it will to destroy proteins. But then it |
|
| 31:22 | of dissipates. Okay, because it's more evaporates much more quickly. There |
|
| 31:28 | were some more water. Right? 70%, it's a thing that's called |
|
| 31:34 | contact time. Alright, so 95% has a very low contact time because |
|
| 31:39 | evaporates quickly. So it can be in terms of geometric proteins, but |
|
| 31:44 | last long. Okay. And those actually survive survive. Okay, but |
|
| 31:51 | . It's much better. And water less water makes it makes it have |
|
| 31:56 | higher contact time. It can penetrate . And and the more water in |
|
| 32:01 | 70% kind of draws the ethanol molecules the cell as well where they can |
|
| 32:07 | proteins and being to destroy them. , so um so anyway, so |
|
| 32:13 | I said, hand sanitizer that they want to get. I don't think |
|
| 32:16 | want to get below 60% like 62 , 80 in that range is kind |
|
| 32:24 | what you want to get the maximum . Okay. We use 70% in |
|
| 32:29 | lab. Um detergents look look like you see here um where uh that |
|
| 32:39 | mimic where the our our group Yeah. Is this So it looks |
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| 32:44 | much like a fossil limit. Because the fossil looking structure to |
|
| 32:49 | And so these then dissolve membranes. . And in doing so, break |
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| 32:56 | the membrane and break the cell Um Gasses can be effective sterile. |
|
| 33:05 | okay. These are often used for preconditions, um medical equipment, um |
|
| 33:13 | and so forth. Okay, so can penetrate really well. Exactly. |
|
| 33:19 | , we were all solid type items were sterilizing using gas. Gas is |
|
| 33:26 | not gonna be good on link with liquids very well but they can penetrate |
|
| 33:31 | nooks and crannies of plastic. Where fact, and so it works kind |
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| 33:36 | like this chain reaction you see. here's ethylene oxide in the presence of |
|
| 33:43 | base. Okay, it will then and began to interact with proteins. |
|
| 33:51 | at acids causing dance. Thanks. he said it could be it's quite |
|
| 34:00 | is used but um the danger it be explosive. So there are looking |
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| 34:10 | there are some other equivalent equivalent gasses been looked at the kind of |
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| 34:16 | I mean oxide for that reason hazard the person using it. Um |
|
| 34:25 | okay, resistance. So he told to talk about that. All |
|
| 34:33 | Um the I think your book party a table of all different types of |
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| 34:39 | and disinfectants. I don't expect you memorize what every single one is. |
|
| 34:43 | kind of like kind of give you examples of different categories, you kind |
|
| 34:47 | just stick with that. Um The just so as I mentioned earlier, |
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| 34:57 | uh this effectiveness epic will have multiple . Right? Memory programs in the |
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| 35:05 | , basically all proteins are going to susceptible to the agent. Okay, |
|
| 35:10 | acids. Right, so multiple multiple . Okay, resistance uh to enter |
|
| 35:17 | programs. The 4th based on acquiring . Okay. In education somehow counteracts |
|
| 35:24 | effect of the antimicrobial. Okay, that process on on from the viewpoint |
|
| 35:32 | the let's say bacterium who's becoming resistant um if it's becoming resistant to antibiotics |
|
| 35:41 | the resistance to disinfectants, that's a different body. Okay. Antibiotics typically |
|
| 35:49 | With the new Target one component of process. Whether it's a particular enzyme |
|
| 35:55 | in sylvan synthesis, right? Or a component of working senses or what |
|
| 36:02 | ? Okay. Typically single targets. . So what is the resistance if |
|
| 36:08 | bacteria becomes resistant? Well it typically a mutation singular and that will enable |
|
| 36:14 | to counteract the effect. Okay. of course does happen. We're all |
|
| 36:20 | of that. Multi drug resistant types um resistance to disinfectants and antiseptics that's |
|
| 36:28 | likely. Okay. Because we have acquire multiple mutations to kind of write |
|
| 36:35 | single effect that can happen when disinfectants antiseptics do their thing. Okay. |
|
| 36:42 | just statistically it's not likely. When it is like when it is |
|
| 36:49 | is if it's not used with disinfectant antiseptic using the proper concentration when it's |
|
| 36:57 | out. Okay. And the targets not be as many. Okay, |
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| 37:05 | that's menu when resistance might occur. ? So not using that chemical at |
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| 37:13 | proper concentration, maybe you're trying to corners to save money and say well |
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| 37:19 | me do this out tenfold more and I can stretch it further. |
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| 37:24 | That's when you can make perhaps set chances for resistance then to that |
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| 37:32 | Now um of course the hospitals. is like all the time. |
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| 37:38 | But it's surgical operating rooms, et . What have you? Okay. |
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| 37:43 | they do it in a way that more so makes it less likely for |
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| 37:47 | to occur because they'll use different categories disinfectants. Okay. And they'll switch |
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| 37:55 | on a on a biweekly basis or when they clean up that one time |
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| 38:00 | use the alcohol based perspectives next time based the next time based. |
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| 38:07 | So they keep changing it up on regular routine and that that also makes |
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| 38:13 | even less likely for resistance to Ah Now antibiotics have just mentioned because |
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| 38:21 | are typically single target uh types they is resistance can occur but you know |
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| 38:28 | anybody does work like uh ones that with cell wall synthesis. Okay. |
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| 38:36 | that kind of similar for example, will interfere with the cross bridging that |
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| 38:43 | between and within the people I can then that then that um people like |
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| 38:49 | you can kind of destabilize. So you don't have the connections holding |
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| 38:53 | together right now. Kind of expand little bit. And that's when the |
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| 38:59 | . Remember there's the membrane is pressing against it. Right? And so |
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| 39:04 | that kind of thing collapses someone, that set of plastic member can bold |
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| 39:09 | out. Alright, bubble out and and then lice eventually. Okay, |
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| 39:14 | that's how um you see kind of bulging on the micrografx for some of |
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| 39:19 | bulging parts sticking out. That's that's coming through the people of like handler |
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| 39:24 | kind of falling apart. Okay, um and then this thing about antibiotics |
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| 39:31 | actively growing cells versus slow growing Okay, so that's about penicillin for |
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| 39:39 | , works on ah enzymes involved in wall surfaces. Well, several synthesis |
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| 39:47 | its most active during log phase. . Let me see all kinds of |
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| 39:53 | during this process of dividing. And so that's when you see lots |
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| 39:57 | cell wall synthesis. Remember when cells ? Like so that there's many cells |
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| 40:06 | that state in law phase. So is where. Right. The septum |
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| 40:12 | where the cell wall synthesis is We have lots of cells in log |
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| 40:17 | that are in kind of that And the civil sympathies going, they're |
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| 40:20 | be highly susceptible, especially for grant . Right. Um The grand negatives |
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| 40:28 | to be not as susceptible to these of cell wall synthesis antibiotic types that |
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| 40:35 | to do with their outer membrane, kind of restrict movement of these |
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| 40:39 | Okay. But the Grand positive when growing rapidly there's lots of targets for |
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| 40:46 | pedestal to attack in that state. . Um but uh but slow |
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| 40:53 | Right. There's not as many And the slow growing cells aren't gonna |
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| 40:57 | as susceptible. Okay. Um Mhm. Resistance. So what are |
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| 41:07 | ways they become resistant? Okay. , okay. Um you can probably |
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| 41:15 | up with a list on your own basically it's let me show you I |
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| 41:19 | out a graphic that I have in I use my other class in the |
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| 41:24 | again. Just just for illustrative Right. So you can have you |
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| 41:29 | block entry of the antibiotics. So doesn't commit. Maybe it goes through |
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| 41:34 | particular transport protein or maybe their mutation that then that is not able to |
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| 41:39 | that antibiotic in. So it's resistant it. Maybe it can inactivate uh |
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| 41:47 | activate the antibiotic. That's what the resistance. Beta lacto. He just |
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| 41:54 | destroyed the penicillin. Okay um a to pump out the antibiotic. |
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| 42:00 | E flux needs to pump out. alteration of target molecule. That's what |
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| 42:08 | resistance. Right man commission latches onto that amino acid that's part of that |
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| 42:14 | the cross bridge forms. And if a change in that target that bank |
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| 42:22 | can't bind and it's resistant to Right? So again all these uh |
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| 42:29 | that uh but it can be one more of these, it doesn't have |
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| 42:33 | be just one, it can be because that um it's it's members of |
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| 42:40 | population will be present. That will one of these changes one or more |
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| 42:45 | these changes in them already. And the presence of being about |
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| 42:50 | Well then favor those types to Right? Evolution 101. Right, |
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| 42:56 | the changes already present and the president barnicle allowed them to proliferate over there |
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| 43:03 | of narcissists. Okay so that's that's that mechanism works. Right? Um |
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| 43:11 | biological control it's called so taking right? Or probiotics? Um uh |
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| 43:21 | your microbiome let's say. Okay so can be effective especially if you've been |
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| 43:30 | a course of antibiotics for some kind infection you may have had. Uh |
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| 43:35 | good to replenish replenish your gut Okay when your when your microbiome is |
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| 43:42 | of balance right? For whatever reason can sometimes initiate unwanted types to then |
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| 43:50 | over. Um And that can be problem. Clostridium difficile style is one |
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| 43:56 | those that causes severe diarrhea. It be fatal in infants and the elderly |
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| 44:03 | it arises typically when those people are antibiotics and it kind of changes the |
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| 44:09 | of bacteria in the gut and then guys begin to emerge. Okay so |
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| 44:15 | so probiotics do you have can't have roles in terms of maintaining your |
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| 44:20 | Okay. Um uh anybody take anybody who yeah they help you? |
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| 44:33 | . Oh okay. Yeah but yeah cause of ulcers. Right? |
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| 44:40 | Pylori. Right well good. Um my wife takes them. Uh I |
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| 44:46 | mine through eating yogurt. Okay. But um it's always ask you |
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| 44:53 | how many how many which pills should buy it with, what concentration should |
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| 44:56 | be in? I say you get ones with the most because a lot |
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| 44:59 | the bare die as they get to they're going Okay. But um uh |
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| 45:06 | certainly there's you know I'm I don't I I just say eat yogurt but |
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| 45:14 | those cases where probiotics will definitely So it's kind of uh kind of |
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| 45:18 | out for yourself is it helping me it's not helping me? You know |
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| 45:21 | think it's one of those kind of . Um But face there so fixed |
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| 45:29 | is I think the up and coming way to go in terms of controlling |
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| 45:35 | caribbean numbers because a it's very specific pages. We haven't talked about viruses |
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| 45:39 | that's common. The pages are very . They have a specific who they |
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| 45:45 | . Okay And um so you get get rid of any kind of of |
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| 45:51 | um somewhat of the resistance that can . Although bacteria become resistant to the |
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| 45:57 | . The page can also adapt and but the the they use that already |
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| 46:05 | um controlling salmonella salmonella in in the . Also like the E. Coli |
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| 46:14 | that's found in cow's right doesn't cause . And cows they're the ones that |
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| 46:19 | it in their gut. And so seen where they've um so there's a |
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| 46:25 | so it's a no 157 equals 1570 of those our cattle. Okay in |
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| 46:31 | and in the feces. And so they've I've seen where they've taken a |
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| 46:38 | where they've taken. So the cows go to slaughter then uh they will |
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| 46:42 | spray them with a page specific to colon because that's how many times trying |
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| 46:50 | get the e coli in the food is through the cattle and not using |
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| 46:55 | sanitary procedures while you're you know doing butchering and whatnot. And you can |
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| 47:00 | into the food supply. So if then blast it with um fades specific |
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| 47:06 | that e coli that that can be effective. So it's kind of something |
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| 47:11 | um on the forefront a lot of going on but I can't see that |
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| 47:18 | being quite effective I think eventually. The yeah and yes the bacteria can |
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| 47:25 | resistant to fade for the faith can . But the page can also evolve |
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| 47:29 | well. Right? Unlike an antibiotic ? Antibiotic why resistant to it. |
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| 47:36 | the antibiotics not a living thing. not going to evolve and change itself |
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| 47:39 | them. Right. But the but page can and does so it's |
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| 47:45 | Yeah. Um Any questions. Yeah don't know if this is true but |
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| 47:52 | heard that bacteria can kind against both and antibiotics because like for example say |
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| 47:58 | changed their service cell receptors right? making antibiotics for viruses and vice versa |
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| 48:08 | maybe using both the best treatment. that makes sense. Using both antibiotics |
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| 48:13 | face. Yeah that that makes sense . That's that's good. Yes can |
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| 48:20 | and change with antibiotic. Yeah. on their own. So you that's |
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| 48:26 | we we've taken like um penicillin and have the number of cases chemically chemically |
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| 48:35 | and slightly change their structures so that and I can't think. I taught |
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| 48:40 | head what are some of the synthetic , but we have done that. |
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| 48:44 | everybody itself, right. So any , Yeah. Is it safe to |
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| 48:54 | ? All right now, they're only it on in the context of uh |
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| 49:01 | that are for food. And so you for so for like farmers, |
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| 49:09 | , um, in farm raised I mean like factory farm raised where |
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| 49:15 | math production, right? When you a crowded conditions like that disease can |
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| 49:20 | quite quite quickly in those scenarios and out your product. And so, |
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| 49:27 | , it's in those contexts right now they're experimenting with the space therapy. |
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| 49:32 | don't think they've gone to humans Maybe kind of studying that, but |
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| 49:36 | yet. But right now it's just terms of different types of animals used |
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| 49:40 | food, you know, questions Okay , that it was all I |
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| 49:49 | Right? So we've got an you've got another 20, minutes. |
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| 50:01 | that's all I'm gonna say today. you have any questions, you can |
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| 50:03 | have any questions about anything? Well enough |
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