| 00:02 | This is lecture one of Neuroscience, is study of the nervous system. |
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| 00:07 | consider various aspects of human nature and system, curiosity, pain, |
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| 00:14 | movement, reasoning, learning, memory emotion and madness or mental illnesses as |
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| 00:21 | . So all sorts of different aspects neuroscience. And I want you to |
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| 00:26 | at this picture here and think about , just meditate on this picture for |
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| 00:32 | while, 30 seconds and use your . I'll ask you to do the |
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| 00:55 | at the end of this course. I'll ask you to remember what you |
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| 01:00 | about when you saw the slides And I'll ask you again, |
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| 01:04 | what do you think about the slide , two or three months down the |
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| 01:09 | and you will see that you will a different perception and understanding of the |
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| 01:13 | , which is a part of the thing about human brain as we learn |
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| 01:17 | . And we look at the we interpret it differently because we learn |
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| 01:22 | much. And your brain is a for learning this period of plasticity of |
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| 01:29 | the brain neurons and networks are most in connectivity and building strong connections in |
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| 01:38 | your talents and abilities, you at really good time in your lives right |
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| 01:44 | and your brains, as we discussed very complex. So you have individual |
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| 01:51 | and you have billions of these individual to advance that form trillions of synaptic |
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| 02:00 | , synapses with each other and formally networks that are interconnected. One neuron |
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| 02:08 | have up to 100,000 connections formed onto unit. And there are many different |
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| 02:17 | of neurons in the brain. There also different subtypes of glial cells and |
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| 02:25 | individual neurons form systems, they form when we talk about nuclei. And |
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| 02:33 | refers to collection of cells that are for the same or similar function typically |
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| 02:41 | the same location. Although there can multiple structures that are responsible for the |
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| 02:46 | or similar information processing or the same similar function, these neurons are connected |
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| 02:54 | each other in certain ways. And this course, we will actually talk |
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| 02:59 | how do we image the brain, do we image individual neurons using |
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| 03:07 | networks of neurons using macros copes or entire brain or the entire CNS using |
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| 03:16 | imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance |
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| 03:27 | , which can reveal not only the of the brain but also a function |
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| 03:34 | networks in the brain and the dysfunctions these networks as well. And we |
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| 03:41 | talk about the way in these uh which these neurons connect to each other |
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| 03:45 | very intricate manners and form the brain is subdivided into the lobes, the |
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| 03:51 | parietal occipital temporal lobes, cerebellum on back of the brain. And then |
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| 03:57 | spinal cord that goes down all the into the lower extremities ends the spinal |
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| 04:04 | proper at about one or two. three vertebra, and you have spinal |
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| 04:10 | radiating out in between each vertebra, information, some matter sensor information from |
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| 04:17 | body, as well as motor signals commands to the muscles and the skeleton |
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| 04:23 | your body. The book that you assigned for this course, Neuroscience exploring |
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| 04:31 | brain. Fourth edition is written by of the most impressive neuroscientists, uh |
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| 04:38 | leaders, researchers, Michael Bear, Connors and Michael Paradiso, Michael Bear |
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| 04:49 | Barry Connors updated their pictures, Michael has not. So it's the same |
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| 04:56 | that I used when I started in . I couldn't find an updated |
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| 05:02 | Some, some professors actually start their and end their careers with that same |
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| 05:08 | . So some students go knock on lab and they see this guy with |
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| 05:13 | hair opening and they're like, that's your picture, you know. So |
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| 05:19 | , really great authors, they are interested in neuronal activity, communication, |
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| 05:26 | as well as neurological disorders and giants their own, right? In neuroscience |
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| 05:31 | fourth edition. So it's a popular and it's been around for 20 |
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| 05:37 | I wanna say or so? But did it all begin? Where did |
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| 05:42 | all begin? It all began in prehistoric times when we had brain |
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| 05:56 | And these are images, I cannot this panel for some. There we |
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| 06:03 | . And these, these are images the left of the human skulls. |
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| 06:10 | you can see that these human skulls these precise symmetrical openings in the |
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| 06:17 | And archaeologists find these skulls that date 10,000 to 30,000 BC. And they're |
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| 06:24 | everywhere they're found in um around the . And a lot of them are |
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| 06:32 | in South America where Parka Indians are the present region of Peru. And |
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| 06:40 | we see is that in some there are two openings in the |
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| 06:46 | In some instances, there are indications the skull openings were repeated multiple |
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| 06:54 | So the early interpretation of these trur was when these skulls were discovered, |
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| 07:02 | like, well, it's an injury the brain. If it was an |
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| 07:06 | to the brain, it wouldn't have precise symmetry. And also at the |
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| 07:12 | time periods, the archaeologists dig up the world in Egypt, Mesopotamia, |
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| 07:20 | . They dig up these tools and fact, these tools depict this interesting |
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| 07:27 | . So you have the patients sitting the middle. This is probably I |
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| 07:31 | imagine uh uh uh an anesthesiologist. I don't know what kind of |
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| 07:37 | some botanical, some concoctions given to patient. This must be the surgeon |
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| 07:45 | the patient and digging into the skull this tool. So they were not |
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| 07:55 | , they were not wounds that were due to wars or conflicts. There |
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| 08:01 | procedures that were performed multiple times in instances. Then there was a notion |
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| 08:11 | how do we interpret these brain What did people understand? 40,000 BC |
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| 08:21 | neurological disorders? Some interpretations are, , if you get obsessed by evil |
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| 08:28 | , the only way to get rid them is put a hole in their |
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| 08:32 | and evil spirits will leave. So people were having seizures, for |
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| 08:38 | epileptic seizures and they would collapse and would start foaming in their mouth, |
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| 08:43 | can happen in severe forms of epilepsy seizures. A lot of uh for |
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| 08:49 | interpretation where that they were obsessed, were obsessed by some evil spirits. |
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| 08:56 | , the only way to save them to make an opening in their skull |
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| 09:02 | release those evil spirits in the It's also very likely that besides these |
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| 09:09 | of a spiritual interpretations that there was real clinical reason why interpretations were being |
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| 09:17 | such as accumulation of the blood following concussion or following a blow to the |
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| 09:24 | , following a rupture of a blood , either to traumatic brain injury or |
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| 09:30 | a stroke where now there is a and hematoma formation of that blood in |
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| 09:37 | brain which starts causing a lot of and pressure and nonstop headaches. The |
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| 09:44 | way to clean that wound up is open the skull and clean the wound |
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| 09:50 | and then close it up and to the procedures possibly because there's repeated build |
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| 09:57 | due to the fluid accumulation or coagulation the blood or other processes. So |
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| 10:04 | will see later in the scores, conditions like hydrocephalus where there's abnormal formation |
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| 10:10 | cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. The way to get rid or drain that |
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| 10:15 | is to actually tap into the ventricles the brain. So, very likely |
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| 10:22 | were the early neuroscientists and probably neurosurgeons a variety of reasons why they were |
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| 10:31 | . Maybe some of them were spiritual others potentially clinical reasons for these trn |
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| 10:39 | . In this neuroscience story, uh and neuroscience story, we are gonna |
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| 10:46 | a few stops and one of these is in ancient Egypt 3000 BC or |
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| 10:54 | BC. There's a little bit of . Uh There's a discussion quite often |
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| 10:59 | what is called Edwin Smith surgical And Edmund Smiths. Papyrus was found |
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| 11:11 | Edwin Smith because it's a papyrus that in Egypt and Edwin Smith, it's |
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| 11:20 | a very common Egyptian name. So were excavations, Edmund Smith who sponsored |
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| 11:26 | excavations and recovery and discovery. Uh found the papyrus. The papyrus was |
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| 11:34 | by a person called Aho Tap and in this papyrus details, 48 injury |
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| 11:44 | . Ok. Over 20 of them head neck and spine trauma cases. |
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| 11:53 | Egyptians, for example. And for long, long time, even from |
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| 12:00 | Egypt all the way to renaissance it's not allowed to do surgeries on |
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| 12:10 | . It is not allowed even the Egyptians. After one of their um |
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| 12:17 | members of the society would pass, would get them bomb, they would |
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| 12:22 | preserved during this process. They didn't the brain as an important organ. |
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| 12:30 | would use these tools where they would these forks through the nose with hooks |
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| 12:34 | they would scoop out the brain and they would embalm and preserve the rest |
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| 12:39 | the body and the rest of the . They think that the heart is |
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| 12:43 | center of the intellect and the center the most important organ uh uh in |
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| 12:51 | the body, it's the heart. at the same time, it's not |
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| 12:57 | to do these dissections. But Iho describes these cases. He comes up |
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| 13:05 | the ailment classification which a lot of you will hear a triage, a |
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| 13:12 | triage. Maybe some of you watch shows or you work in the hospital |
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| 13:18 | or something triages at the time it ailment to be treated may be treated |
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| 13:24 | to be treated. So how, does he first of all, how |
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| 13:29 | he gather the information on the nervous if it's not allowed to dissect these |
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| 13:35 | ? Because during that time, Egyptians building huge pyramids. Hey, there |
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| 13:42 | uh wars going on. There's massive of these stones. So the stones |
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| 13:47 | , they crack somebody's skull. All of a sudden he actually has |
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| 13:52 | window into the anatomy of the brain is otherwise not allowed to do |
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| 13:58 | you know? And why do you the specification system? Well, because |
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| 14:03 | some instances, they would say that is to be treated when they can |
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| 14:08 | a person may be treated. They're certainly gonna help a person and then |
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| 14:13 | not to be treated is typically uh the the injury is so severe that |
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| 14:19 | , they just cannot help them. they just let them go. Modern |
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| 14:23 | triage doesn't do that. Although modern triage was called into real question during |
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| 14:29 | heat of the COVID-19 infections. Why I say that? Because if you |
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| 14:35 | some elective surgery? No, you to wait. You couldn't do an |
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| 14:39 | surgery if you were not in the U and all the rooms were |
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| 14:43 | Now you are in the hallway. there was, you know, |
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| 14:47 | There's still priorities given to triaging the , right? Somebody walks in with |
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| 14:52 | knife wound and a knife sticking in side. They will get immediately |
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| 14:56 | Somebody says I'm just sneezing out of and like sit down, you |
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| 15:00 | wait for two hours, you have cold. There's priorities. We, |
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| 15:04 | treat everybody in, in modern day system, but there's still priorities and |
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| 15:10 | the system still gets strained. one important thing that Imho Tab does |
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| 15:16 | that he tries, he, he describing writing about the brain. So |
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| 15:23 | are the Ancient Egyptians hieroglyphs. Anybody's fluent and ancient Egyptian hearts. Neither |
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| 15:33 | I but I like this bird because like a bird. Like, you |
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| 15:39 | , you can see things, maybe can think of things, birds soar |
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| 15:45 | , you know, maybe you understand to have a different view. This |
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| 15:50 | a brain. So maybe these are the ears on the side notices that |
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| 15:55 | are convolutions, they're called salsa and on the surface of the brain. |
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| 16:00 | these uh round squiggles are convolutions. , the bird, the bird knows |
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| 16:06 | this little thing here, little thing and and it's uh like this looks |
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| 16:12 | a almost like a umbrella. So describes a membrane. So he saw |
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| 16:19 | some membranous covering this probably where meninges will study the dura mater, the |
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| 16:25 | Arachnoid, the pia mater that covers cns in the spinal cord. I |
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| 16:29 | he thought of individual cells or neurons having their own membranes at the |
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| 16:35 | But he was incredibly forward thinking and doing this, this is this |
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| 16:40 | like a spoon, right? There's here, there's a membrane, there's |
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| 16:44 | spoon and there's something that's liquid like poured out of the bucket. So |
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| 16:49 | is the cerebrospinal fluid. So he fluid coming out, out of the |
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| 16:55 | . So he imagined there is a like a bucket storage for these |
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| 17:00 | And this is the earliest written uh of the brain anatomy that we |
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| 17:10 | The other thing that why I say forward thinking is because he notices that |
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| 17:15 | to the brain has distal effects on body. But what do I mean |
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| 17:20 | that? Somebody has suffered a traumatic injury to the left side of their |
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| 17:25 | , left side of the brain. all of a sudden they have no |
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| 17:29 | in their right hand. And so actually records some of these spinal injuries |
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| 17:37 | also the brain injuries that had a effect. So where damage to the |
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| 17:43 | is affecting the motor function, the or something like that. And that's |
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| 17:48 | that was an important thing that he's . And uh uh in the Papyrus |
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| 17:55 | ancient uh Egypt, we jumped to Greece and here Hippocrates uh postulates and |
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| 18:09 | and talks about how brain is involved sensation. He believes that brain is |
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| 18:14 | seed of intelligence. So it's the important organ and major controlling center of |
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| 18:20 | body and its major shift from the . Medicine is still a craft. |
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| 18:26 | don't know when medicine doesn't become a . When we start measuring things in |
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| 18:32 | test tube, we can detect different substances and blood and we can see |
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| 18:39 | and we can see pathology it becomes of a craft although it, it |
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| 18:44 | still being practiced. Uh uh a of times in a, in a |
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| 18:49 | and miss kind of a way, uh one of concerns complex pathologies |
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| 18:54 | and treatment of those pathologies. Aristotle is the center of the intellect, |
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| 19:01 | the brain. It's an air conditioner the blood and body, right? |
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| 19:05 | air rises, so hot air in body from the blood just rises into |
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| 19:09 | brain probably comes out of your And you know, that's what it's |
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| 19:14 | good for. It's the heart. it's a bit of a setback. |
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| 19:17 | is debate going on. Now we're debating what is the most important organ |
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| 19:22 | the brain. What does it have ? What does it have? Now |
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| 19:27 | move into the Roman Empire and there uh this Greek physician Galen that build |
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| 19:38 | understanding uh in, in Greece and Roman Empire. What happens in Roman |
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| 19:46 | , you still are not allowed to human bodies or brains, but you |
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| 19:52 | a lot of gladiator games going on they're brutal. But for scientists or |
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| 19:59 | that studied anatomy that was like being medical student because any new cut in |
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| 20:04 | arm in the neck, spine, skull was a window into the anatomy |
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| 20:12 | un unfortunately, because it is not . Um uh a lot of the |
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| 20:21 | that is being described in human major parts of the brain cerebrum |
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| 20:28 | And we can see similarities and, she brains, for example, with |
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| 20:34 | pig brains, with some human brains overall structure and anatomy of these |
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| 20:40 | And our understanding is somewhat built at time on what you can observe due |
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| 20:46 | injuries and what you can observe as dissecting the animals, the pigs, |
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| 20:53 | shoe brains. And, and so understanding at that time was a blend |
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| 20:58 | animal and human anatomy. We were of like H I human intelligence with |
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| 21:04 | I animal intelligence. But we see massive ventricles so nobody can deny the |
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| 21:11 | . And because they're in the center the brain and they are these large |
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| 21:15 | , so to speak of fluid, given utmost importance they're thought of as |
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| 21:22 | . This is what is the most thing in the brain is what is |
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| 21:26 | stored in these nric. And in 16th century, this is our last |
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| 21:33 | . We jump into the origins of human anatomy because you have the age |
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| 21:39 | renaissance and this is a rebirth. is a rebirth in arts. This |
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| 21:44 | a rebirth in culture. This is rebirth and some of the religious dogmatism |
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| 21:51 | expansion of arts and literature and depiction different things that artists can paint, |
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| 21:59 | they couldn't paint before Renaissance Times, the religious deities and figures. And |
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| 22:05 | renaissance, you finally have Andreas basilius he really produces more modern um anatomical |
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| 22:16 | that call into question. Gallants. Greek and um and Roman Empire observed |
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| 22:24 | manuals if you may and starts writing modern anatomy of the human and the |
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| 22:30 | brain. And um so Andreas vesalius thinks that ventricles are very important, |
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| 22:41 | they learn several things. First of , because they, the ventricles are |
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| 22:46 | the middle. They think that the of brain function exists in the ventricles |
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| 22:51 | is somehow communicated from these ventricles throughout rest of the brain. He also |
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| 22:58 | that if he makes a cross section the brain, there's clearly a difference |
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| 23:03 | what we call the gray matter and white matter. So now the human |
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| 23:08 | dissections are allowed the post mortem or , post, post death. And |
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| 23:14 | pokes his finger at the tissue and says, you know, the gray |
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| 23:18 | is soft, it's sort of like sponge and the white matter is, |
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| 23:24 | , is harder. And so he that because gray matter is like a |
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| 23:31 | , which we now know this is neocortex or the cortex of the |
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| 23:36 | He says, because it's like a , that's where the information is |
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| 23:40 | That's where the meal is absorbed Like a sponge, absorbs the |
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| 23:44 | the gray matter absorbs that information and that the white matter has a different |
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| 23:50 | , potentially communicating the information between different of the brain. So there's |
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| 23:55 | now we're not talking about which organ most important the heart of the |
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| 24:00 | We're now talking about localization of the function, which we think is happening |
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| 24:05 | the ventricles. And now starting to the details of the anatomy of the |
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| 24:11 | . First, by looking at these anatomical and not like gross but gross |
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| 24:16 | large gross anatomical features of the brain as white matter and gray matter. |
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| 24:24 | when we come back on the next , we will continue talking about the |
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| 24:28 | of the brain and we will end the modern view of the brain including |
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| 24:35 | that virtual reality or artificial intelligence might on the future development of our own |
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| 24:43 | . Thank you all for being |
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