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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - AM video SAT-6-17-23 1777572333
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00:11 Good morning, Tessa. Can you us? Yep. Mm Right.
00:55 . I can't even see my mouse . I don't know why it disappears
01:00 the screen there. It is. guess it goes out into hyperspace and
01:16 course to uh to do any commands it, you, you have to
01:19 it off the laser point. Um Again, uh we're just really
01:30 going through this, we'll have whole on each one of these steps in
01:33 value chain. So I'm just you know, briefly go through this
01:37 little bit. But again, uh exploration exploitation, the main thing
01:42 is, is kind of looking at whole basin uh like we did in
01:47 this slide and uh and then you back and um you start to map
01:54 your structures. Um You start to optimistic and pessimistic volumes, you
02:00 where should I not be looking, should I be looking? Um Look
02:07 uh hydrocarbon indicators size. Uh There's types of that we'll talk about and
02:12 there's uh you know what, what be forming potential traps, how the
02:19 in strata are uh uh lined up say vaults and that sort of
02:26 And then you could see uh in diagram, of course, uh in
02:38 diagram, of course, you can of see that, you know,
02:41 got something that's uh gonna panned out and it's gonna be um hipping vents
02:49 this direction, then you're gonna be up against that. So it's those
02:54 of things that you're looking for in very beginning in frontier exploration, you're
02:58 to figure out if there's, if structures at all. And I know
03:02 places uh I guess it was up the barns, stuff like that when
03:09 when they first got some spec make the first thing they were looking
03:12 was to see if there were structures could form these kinds of trams.
03:16 if you're working in a rip basin you have been working in a rip
03:20 , you find out very quickly uh their stuff. And in the North
03:25 , for example, they're able to these kinds of structures right away uh
03:29 first, but they had no idea this, some of these more subtle
03:34 like turbinates in the, in the and the uh were actually significant and
03:40 was also chalk that so that they getting any energy through or seeing very
03:45 at all uh were full of uh and gas. So uh some of
03:51 very first wells they drilled for Jurassic where they knew something was there.
03:57 know, they knew there were structures in Australia here they were lined up
04:01 uh to uh to have reservoirs and . Uh They were drilling for them
04:08 it was obvious with the limited amount data they had. So when they
04:11 drilling for some of these things, exactly how they discovered the chalks,
04:15 they knew what the chalks look uh onshore. They had no,
04:20 even inclination to think that they might good reservoir rocks. And as it
04:24 out, some of them were, lot of the ones on shore have
04:27 exhumed, exposed to meteoric water. some of them have caverns in
04:32 but a lot of them are cemented . So, um and in
04:36 in the chalk beds that they actually that two different types of reservoir
04:43 One was uh the reservoir rocks where um coco plates were stacked like
04:51 So they had a lot of primary and the um and those were charged
04:58 fluids were uh flowing through there and it up. And then, um
05:05 other words, uh you know, the fluid to start cementing, it's
05:09 dissolve some of the uh the uh first and then it cements it
05:13 Some of the reservoirs actually were cemented and they became brittle. And when
05:19 was uh some of the salt bodies there that, that moved upward.
05:24 some of the tectonics with this s uh caused flexures and those flexures created
05:31 , hard, uh fractured uh So the uh so they actually produce
05:37 two different types of res, completely types of reservoirs that have pretty good
05:42 . And the um some of the can have as much as 80% porosity
05:46 when you produce the oil chalk comes with it. So, uh what
05:51 trying to get at is, uh know, when you're doing frontier,
05:54 kind of looking at a big a very small amount of information inside
05:59 basin, but you have ways of at it from outside, including seism
06:06 uh they knew oil and gas was to the surface too. Ok.
06:15 that's uh pretty much what you do . And then, um and of
06:19 , uh you come up with risks all these things, zero probability of
06:25 in the trucks, but turned out be one of the bigger uh bigger
06:29 uh types of reservoirs in the, the big risk against the reservoir rocks
06:35 the Jurassic, it's because all that energy is taken up. They couldn't
06:41 the sandstones and even with 3d uh the Scott field and a couple of
06:45 fields, uh they couldn't, they even sometimes image the figure out that
06:51 was a sandstone there. And that's that's when uh bio photography came to
06:56 . Uh in a big way. then the next thing of course is
07:02 purchase the acreage, you have to the well locations. And uh when
07:06 get into that, we'll talk about little bit more of the de
07:10 But uh other things you have to about are all these different things.
07:15 uh the book goes into uh considerable on, on many of these
07:20 But uh figuring out the location of wells, once you have a,
07:24 plot of land, you have to out the location, environmental stuff can
07:30 uh really significant uh when we when we get to uh talking about
07:40 uh leasing property and stuff like And in the environmental issue,
07:43 I'll mention a couple of points where environmental uh concerns uh rightfully so
07:50 , uh took a took nine years to be able to drill the first
07:54 , after they paid, paid the and they were paying the rent on
07:58 until they could do it too. , um it, it can be
08:03 a very uh big issue. And another thing they start trying to figure
08:09 uh what their casing points might Mhm. I think in this
08:16 I, I had an example of um we had had a Jurassic target
08:21 uh I was able to uh project the head of the world more uh
08:27 they would anticipate based on the stray we knew and was able to uh
08:33 saved them a lot of money, , so that they could just
08:36 uh casing on a ship rather and fly it over on a 7
08:41 saved a ton of money. but uh there's a lot of
08:46 uh like that where you try to up with what the drilling rates are
08:50 there's any wells in the basin at . And sometimes there aren't. You
08:53 get an idea what the pressure profile ? You can do some of this
08:57 seismic now. Uh And that, that's very helpful too. Uh
09:02 and for good reason and uh good , good to see you online.
09:15 . Anyway, uh uh and then have to uh to get into this
09:21 you come up with uh your well, you're gonna have a,
09:24 really uh oh, a plan, have a well planned and the whole
09:31 uh to try to uh input all things and you're doing it sort of
09:36 guess word. And uh one of things that I think anybody working in
09:40 oil industry has to remember is um, you know, the,
09:46 best thing to drill is a well you know everything about, but what
09:51 makes or breaks a company sometimes is that can see beyond the data.
09:57 other words, you look at all data you have and you figure,
10:00 figure out what, what that data down hole, what that data means
10:05 in terms of uh probabilities and that of thing. And uh you kind
10:10 have to have um sort of a eye uh approach that uh you
10:17 you're not just sitting there if I had this, that there will never
10:21 a day that more data might, help you better. But uh but
10:27 the really big discoveries that happen a of times are based on, on
10:31 . And uh except for uh looking the structures, looking at maybe some
10:37 data, no well data and and out what it all means uh with
10:42 with the data that and uh you , even things like waste disposal plans
10:50 become very important. And uh you , when you're, when you're learning
10:55 this in a geology class, you think about all these details. But
10:58 you get on the job, they very important and uh kind of have
11:04 um remember that they're all there once start working because even though they may
11:08 cumbersome, they're extremely important. And the expenses of some of these things
11:14 , can override ride the value of uh prize that you're actually drilling for
11:18 it's not big enough. But uh way of looking at this list is
11:22 these unknowns like the environment like health safety, waste disposal. These are
11:28 that also challenge the econ economic, economic outcome of a particular,
11:33 that you drill. So you really to be making sure that you're looking
11:36 things that are big enough to cover the cost and not just a few
11:40 the costs and then make a lot profit. Ok? Um When we
11:46 on to uh uh from exploration uh you know, you're sitting here
11:55 uh you see something like this and you have faults here, you think
12:00 gonna be a seal up here. maybe some of these uh straddle be
12:05 perspective. Uh The first thing you're do is uh want to come up
12:10 some kind of uh map that shows uh with, with good seismic uh
12:16 enclosure is really easy. What's really about good seismic is it seems to
12:22 end up seeing structures that geologists have by mapping by hand. Uh The
12:28 that we, we think things are gonna look even though we don't have
12:32 data because sometimes uh a computer algorithm get a well plan right here and
12:37 start doing bull's eyes around it just that's the data point. You don't
12:41 any other data. But when you input uh on your map, a
12:45 like here that you might see from seismic line, it just cuts across
12:51 and it hits these and then you something maybe over here, you can
12:54 the turn in your, in other , you can see that the glo
12:58 real. So um mhm No, kind of the way it works.
13:08 like they have almost no idea what's on. And uh um you know
13:15 from the side of it, you this, this walk and you got
13:18 boundary fall and uh uh maybe I it over here downtown on this
13:28 And so um say, for you had a seismic line coming through
13:32 like this and uh see the depth that surface that you think is the
13:38 , you pick it right there and could draw a contour line with
13:43 you could draw a line like this there's no closure on that front line
13:50 this and this. So the first you do is that you're looking for
13:55 reservoir, you probably with all But then what you have to do
13:59 kind of figure out how I know , how do I know that it's
14:04 closing and not opened up? How I know it's not this one?
14:08 uh that's the first thing he hits the face. And uh and uh
14:14 we uh map out some things that uh certainly, you know, this
14:21 one of the prison, uh you , we had a line that went
14:26 section like that and then we got one that kind of went through like
14:30 is good. It just it across that. So to see that it
14:36 actually B and on the, and all it took to see. And
14:41 also probably has something to do with the amplitude was higher than the,
14:46 it was down from where we saw photo, they probably do a lot
14:53 content. You didn't have that Now in the, that we're working
14:58 down there, we had a versus , You could have something that's bringing
15:04 for you. Not for it. , because in that particular thing,
15:12 , uh, we, we didn't it. So without that we come
15:15 with, with, uh, maybe something that feels, uh, pro
15:19 something we might call that we trying get more. And, uh,
15:24 problem is, um, all the in this area, there's probably another
15:30 here, like, but all the within that area is owned by a
15:34 contractor that, uh, sort of fair of a lot of, but
15:40 just gave them the side of the and, uh, they don't go
15:44 universities to this kind of. um, there's a couple of ones
15:50 that, um, it just didn't any really, um, because that's
15:54 , um, and, uh, person that sells it is a sales
15:58 . Uh, business, sales person money on permissions they commission.
16:05 uh, you know, sometimes you just can't go any further with
16:09 And, uh, if you see that looks fair perspective in the
16:14 Uh in the past, someone would this based on the information we have
16:19 that we have all these modern people don't want to do that,
16:22 I'm gonna have to. Um but we ever wanna uh produce that at
16:28 rate, the uh uh there's four like there's four layers of turbo uh
16:35 up progra turbos. And uh based the volumetrics, we did have uh
16:44 if it's, if it's good, could be as much as uh today's
16:47 , something like $40 million worth of in it. And uh and that
16:53 , you know, I think that help the university. We, we
16:56 a good CFO at uh University of and he was highly supportive of working
17:00 this stuff. But since he uh uh nobody seems to be uh
17:07 understands the fact that it, it resources to do this kind of
17:12 You know, you can't just walk to an oil company and say,
17:14 you just drill this well because we know what's there, but you just
17:18 a well to us. And uh very hard to get uh an oil
17:22 to donate their business to you because I thought it was quite good that
17:28 got uh for this campus. We able to get some seismic run by
17:34 Gossen Geophysical. We had a, north and a south line and uh
17:38 uh came up with some other prospective underneath this campus, but uh to
17:43 it a step further to get someone drill and commit you in this
17:47 And in those uh strategy, you need to get amplitude versus offset,
17:50 requires uh a, a nice, nice long uh seismic. So that's
17:57 of how it works. And uh then um oh what happens after here
18:07 if you discover this, you of course, um if it's
18:12 you have a food of champagne in sun and drink the whole bottle.
18:15 one of the things that's really important do, uh uh right, if
18:19 grow something, even if it's, if the well doesn't find it in
18:25 of oil and gas, it does made. It might be your first
18:28 appointment and you might actually be able see uh that there is here somewhere
18:35 it may, you might actually see fall going through. Um You have
18:40 have a welcome from somewhere. You notice that there's a fat head through
18:45 from uh somewhere that suggest that uh , this kind of environmental with
18:52 with a like this in the, here. And uh and uh now
18:59 didn't get charged, it wasn't sealed the, but this part is still
19:05 sink like that. So there's there's a, there's two things you
19:09 out of a Well, the first , of course, you're trying to
19:12 money out of it. And the thing is information every, well you
19:17 is gonna change all of your And, uh, you have uh
19:22 wells in, in a prospect. , you're gonna have a fairly
19:27 um, depending on its size, course, is really big. You
19:30 not know a lot, but 10 will give you a lot of
19:33 40 wells will give you even more uh your interpretations change through, through
19:38 history of that discovery. And um then, uh but when you go
19:45 that discovery, you know, you're want to go down deep and start
19:48 embrace. The unfortunate thing is now we, a lot of people won't
19:53 unless they have really been pretty to out the risk. Um You
20:03 this is what it should be because have me size it. And
20:08 um drill down here to find that water. You want to find that
20:13 water and uh drill up here because gonna find your OK. And um
20:24 we did the example of the Scott , um they um they literally drilled
20:32 seven mills trying to appraise people before ever, and there happened to be
20:43 this would be east and west west there and there was a lease line
20:48 here and uh he was on the dring the heck out of that.
20:55 , um, we have a single you memorize that pop up and over
21:04 . And the was actually a, here in the very corner.
21:10 I could see a little sand because was stretched to the highest thing and
21:13 there. And so they drove the over here because, uh, one
21:20 the most important things you should try convince somebody is if you think this
21:23 your best work, need to hit your thick, thick. Now,
21:28 may have a little bit of a vege from the fall here and
21:31 have a pretty good wedge from, , you know, a water contact
21:36 the summer and here really to make it's there, you know, don't
21:42 seven. Well, it's the world there's nothing there before, uh,
21:46 you actually discover it. Ok. , uh, when I've taught classes
21:56 , uh, students are actually they go, they make us drill
21:59 kind of wells now all the And I'm going like, that's so
22:04 . You don't even know, you even know the fields there.
22:08 just think of how embarrassing it is management, uh, to approve and
22:13 seven wells. Find nothing. And , uh, some little jerk that
22:20 up in the south, uh, went to University of Houston and University
22:25 South Carolina tells him it's there. need to drill it and they find
22:30 and, uh, and that, had to be really embarrassing for a
22:34 of, uh, people at Amica . Um, so things like that
22:42 happen. But, but, and then there's uh, fields that
22:45 , we looked at acreage in, , in the Bohai Basin in
22:50 And, uh, there was an where a lot of wells have been
22:54 and they made all these mistakes on . Uh, there were, it's
22:58 and limestones can be very unpredictable. it's almost uh expected that you might
23:04 something that's tight. When not too away, there's something better.
23:09 um, when they leased out the , um they were leasing it out
23:14 big blocks but this right around this . Well, everybody knew something was
23:19 but they kept approving the wrong and they kept missing the target and
23:24 it, with newer seismic, our geologists and geophysics had no problem seeing
23:29 was a huge, huge reservoir But the, but the uh the
23:33 wouldn't let us drill it because they it was there. But they couldn't
23:37 their management. Uh uh when, you consider some of these countries have
23:41 rigid management than even we do. the, um, you know,
23:46 you, um, by making you're limiting your ability to actually get
23:51 that resource. So picking that first , is really important. And
23:57 um it's talking about, uh you know, you start adding from
24:01 first map, you start adding more and you come up with different data
24:04 you find some of these spots that didn't see on seismic. You know
24:09 uh this well right here is but this fault is coming up like
24:14 . So above the target, you have seen the fall of this
24:18 And so being able to spot a in a well is really, really
24:22 , especially when you're looking at the . It might be compartmentalizing something that
24:28 really like a nice big wide open or a reservoir. Uh But it
24:33 all these little uh faults in it you can't uh resolve in size.
24:41 , yeah, you can. And , and, and I'll try to
24:44 you guys how to do it. uh I didn't, I don't know
24:48 but for people, not in people in my generation sometimes were hard
24:53 do it. But, but it's uh it's not an exact
24:57 It's, it's more of an art uh you do have to have two
25:02 , you have to have a complete somewhere to see the missing section somewhere
25:06 . But uh but the um but thing is is that it's, it's
25:12 obvious and it's also the uh sometimes lose sand because it's thinned out or
25:19 out and you have a strap So you have to understand the difference
25:25 uh compression of section and something just cut out. And uh if it
25:31 get clear in your mind in in the exercises we do.
25:35 you're gonna have a hard time doing and I give you these well logs
25:39 are really difficult. Um, uh, most classes and instructors and
25:47 actually take a well and they take out of the well and the
25:52 well has it in it and it's obvious, you know, if,
25:57 you have two logs that are identical one's missing something, then it's really
26:02 . But when you have a, well over here and a well over
26:06 and uh the sandstone might be distal it's proximal over here. Uh You
26:12 , you don't notice, you whether that's thinning or whether it's gonna
26:16 a cutout and it's, uh it , but it, it's all,
26:21 all trigonometry. That's uh all I say. But uh I'll try
26:25 I try to get to the point you feel confident that you can see
26:32 . And, um, and if I gave you easy examples,
26:36 wouldn't learn a thing, you would nothing uh with an easy example because
26:42 can spot a fault when uh when wells uh 300 yards apart, look
26:50 the same. You can see missing really easily, but these wells are
26:55 different parts of the basin. And it's not necessarily the exact same
27:01 but, but there's ways to see the fault section is missing.
27:07 Um And so you start getting more as you go from, from that
27:13 and, and start to appraise the . And um uh and then you
27:19 to worry about things like how you're move pro product. The uh the
27:23 might not worry about this, that reservoir engineer and the production engineers might
27:28 hanging over your shoulders asking you things the, about the ferocity and the
27:33 in greater detail. And one of things they want to come up with
27:37 soon as possible, they'll do some , try to figure out, you
27:40 what the pressure is and they'll try and see how much pressure they lose
27:45 a drawdown, which can help them sort of the volume uh that's in
27:51 with it and those kinds of So they, they start to figure
27:54 how many straws and uh and you know, it's a, it's
28:00 very simple game if it's a very reservoir, but it's a complicated
28:04 If it's heterogenous and uh and reservoir could be something that comes in down
28:11 road. Once you uh recognize the of the reservoir rock, the reservoir
28:18 is very uh homogeneous, homogeneous and complicated. Uh you probably will never
28:25 need reservoir characterization in that particular uh . But uh but um you
28:32 when we look at a lot of , you know, they have
28:34 very thin beds there's a lot of in terms of uh uh flow
28:41 lateral flow barriers, and uh but vertical flow barriers and uh and those
28:48 a little bit more complicated. And you can see as this goes
28:55 , what's, what's the most obvious from this hard? If you go
29:02 a couple of pictures, you started with a simple map like that on
29:11 right, then we have this you see how it's getting more
29:20 OK. This map wasn't wrong. map was the best map they could
29:25 with the data they had, you're in your room uh working on something
29:30 on the workstation and, and uh wonder if it's right or wrong.
29:36 uh the one of the problems with uh the algorithms that we use
29:40 not mapping things by hand. Most know that the strata as they approach
29:46 . They, they get this, slight curvature to them. And uh
29:52 they, uh so they know to this in it and uh into uh
29:57 put closure in it. But but a computer doesn't, doesn't always
30:01 that input with artificial intelligence. They start doing it. But then one
30:06 the problems with putting um the mind something that's mindless onto it, it's
30:13 follow the, the rules that you it. And if uh in every
30:18 , the rules are gonna be a bit different, then that's the
30:23 And, uh, and then, here as we start to,
30:27 appraise the, well, we're getting few more wells and that map looks
30:31 and then this one is completely And, uh, and you can
30:38 , you know, we don't even a ceiling ball and, uh,
30:41 a lot of the, uh, reservoirs over here, you don't just
30:45 that one fault. And, I don't know, geographically, I
30:49 geographically, uh this was where the fault was. And uh this is
30:54 up throwing block. And uh it's thing what's really interesting is that uh
31:01 basin you start working in, uh lot of times the drafts are uh
31:07 against a fault and they're in the thrown block and other times they're in
31:12 up throne block. And so that structural style for the traps because
31:17 becomes something that you use everywhere you in that area. Uh When you're
31:23 it and trying to find more prospects look similar to that one, for
31:27 , in beyond. And Sonam, they're doing now is they found a
31:31 model that worked. Now they're looking those same kinds of traps all the
31:36 along the coastal. And uh until found one of those, they didn't
31:40 a nice big sandstone that had a seal on it. Once they found
31:46 they create this thing, they call play and they went looking for the
31:50 and the play is based on several of the uh of the petroleum
31:56 which will will go into more detail . OK. So basically you discover
32:02 , you start to appraise it, delineate it, you develop it.
32:05 you do reservoir management and you get production methods and enhanced recovery and stuff
32:11 that. So uh that's where you with reservoir geology and uh typical field
32:19 you get are all these things um on here uh relates really to uh
32:30 dynamic data. Once you get some data data, like do a draw
32:35 on it to see what happens to pressure and that sort of thing,
32:39 data will add to this, but is mostly a static uh points of
32:45 . Uh But the dynamic data helps calculate things like the recoverable reserves.
32:51 uh of course, uh oil in is gonna be basically a static calculation
32:58 . That's how much oil is there how much you can produce depends on
33:02 porosity and the permeability, the flow and where the bales and barriers are
33:07 this thing. So if you um can imagine if you have a reservoir
33:15 this one on the right. And don't let me see if I,
33:18 don't know if I can, I know why I'm losing my uh mouse
33:32 this computer and I did it, had to hit escape two times real
33:56 . OK. If you can imagine if uh if this is a single
34:06 , uh you could have a really reservoir and it could be easy to
34:12 down with a few wills. But it gets more complicated like this,
34:17 then you have to be concerned with uh on these faults and also the
34:24 . Like if I, if I a well here, it's not gonna
34:27 this area over here. That kind thing. You can, can you
34:30 my cursor. So, uh now just have this one big structure
34:37 to the drain, you know, might put a couple of wells here
34:40 the drain, most of them. if I start getting these things,
34:43 have to put wells in different places figure it out. The other thing
34:47 a lot of times these uh reservoirs multilayered and uh there may be a
34:53 on one of them higher up and and there may be, and it
34:58 actually uh be a larger uh reservoir the one that's here too. And
35:02 might be uh less uh compartmentalized because all the minor faults didn't reach up
35:08 it. So it gets complicated when look at multi layers. And uh
35:14 did that so you could see that picture. That's true. I turned
35:23 recorder on you. Let me Uh Let me, let me
35:31 uh turn it on. Yeah, on maybe that's what that little dot
35:39 there is the orange dot. I, I don't know.
35:48 uh, after a whole semester of this, it's like a new computer
35:55 week. Uh, it's still working . Ok. And so when it
36:02 more complicated like this, it, really critical. Now, sometimes,
36:07 , there's, we, we'll go some examples where, um, the
36:13 were more broken up and they actually more layers than they thought they
36:17 So, uh but what that actually was create traps in places, they
36:22 think they would have traps so that might have a, well, you
36:25 have uh a reservoir extends here down uh in one spot. But what
36:30 thought was connected to one over here actually up here and it only goes
36:34 there. So they have different water contacts because they're different layers.
36:39 uh when we did the chalk fields added 400 million uh barrels to something
36:44 has had probably 70 holes in Some of them horizontal too, they
36:50 no idea how many layers they had that uh in those uh in the
36:54 in the hod pod fields. So we were there. So are
37:14 unconventional. So what are we looking there? OK. The um they
37:34 call these resource plays because it's like this big resource. It's the um
37:41 haven't gotten to the section yet, uh shales tend to be uh laterally
37:46 consistent than sandstones, just throw that there. And so, you
37:55 a reservoir might be a little sandstone up against his fault. But the
38:03 rock down there is this great big shale. It goes on forever.
38:11 uh one of the most important things we go on an exploration area to
38:15 out is where is um where is source rock defeated? Because if there's
38:20 source rock, there's no point in for the other elements, but you
38:25 know where that is. So, so finding the source rock isn't as
38:30 as finding the sweet spots of the rock, finding what parts of the
38:34 rock haven't been uh completely depleted and and maybe even almost not depleted,
38:43 also have uh some porosity and permeability though it's micro porosity and permeability that
38:48 we put in one of these long area laterals, uh we can start
38:53 that that reservoir that normally we if we drill through it like
38:57 we wouldn't have enough surface area to drain very much of it.
39:01 if we do a lateral, we drain a whole bunch of it,
39:03 can get a lot of it out quick and then it's done with.
39:09 , um basically, you know, know where the source is in the
39:16 is because that's the source, Those are two important elements. So
39:21 things we are looking for more at is where the best ferocity of permeability
39:26 . Um What is it? What anybody have an idea of what,
39:31 would create in a rest or in source? What one element and
39:38 this gets on to uh what we're be talking about in the next
39:43 What about a, uh a source would make it potentially more, more
39:52 pressure? Well, I mean, would contribute to it, but
39:59 there's something about the rock, the itself, something about the composition of
40:05 , of that source rock. It's that you hear about all the time
40:15 a, in a, in in a meeting when people are talking
40:18 these types of reservoirs. Ok. me ask you this. Uh You've
40:28 heard a little bit about unconventional, even a lot. What uh what
40:38 of reservoirs uh do they often call source rocks? But yeah, we
40:48 know that. Ok. But it's about it, it relates to the
40:55 sale, right? Is that what said? OK. Why,
41:01 Um So we use the word Yeah. But if we're using the
41:09 shale, why is, why is , why is someone saying shale important
41:19 process? Ok. OK. if the uh if the usually what
41:32 if the V shale, the volume shell is low, but it's still
41:36 grained, that means there's probably a of carbonate there's a lot of
41:42 What's the difference between licious shale and muds? This is, you
41:49 this is real basic geology, but , it's like really profound in terms
41:55 why this even works. Why we even get something out of some of
41:59 reservoirs that are source rocks or fine , source rocks. They're fine grain
42:05 , but they're not just fine What is, what is fine
42:08 what is fine grain all about? , what it, what, what
42:15 of a sedimentary rock is grain You know, there's three main characteristics
42:26 source rocks. We haven't gotten to section yet. But um and
42:34 and here's, here's why I pushed and it may seem uh naive or
42:39 to you guys. But, but everything that we know about how to
42:45 sedimentary rocks relates to reservoirs and seals um and uh also reservoir seals and
42:54 rocks are all related to all the of the things that we uh that
42:59 consider important in terms of defining sedimentary . There's three things. What are
43:04 three things? OK. What would be? What, what would,
43:15 would we call that word in terms a trait? I know what I
43:24 say. But yeah, I got me. Composition. Yes. So
43:34 is it? I think I just that. But uh so it's
43:42 So why is the composition of the important in a source rock? What
43:50 , what is that? No, , we'll get, we'll,
43:56 I know that you need to hear again. Ok. But I,
44:00 don't wanna give away the answer uh away if you can't get it.
44:04 uh but the composition is gonna have big impact on susceptibility to fracture,
44:14 on fracturing will have a big impact cross imper all these things are
44:20 And uh and so it's really the little details about geology that we
44:26 is just basic geology. 101 sometimes come to play when we're looking for
44:34 and gifts, all of it. How many, how many of you
44:40 in here with uh for carbonate and depositional systems? Three of you?
44:49 . Um Every, everything in those was relevant to the um the exercise
44:55 getting oil and gas out of OK. And uh do you,
45:00 instructor may not have been explaining it you, but I'm gonna try to
45:04 it to you in this course. uh and so that has a very
45:08 impact on all of this. So the kind of things that we're gonna
45:12 looking for. Composition would be really if you're a geophysicist. Um uh
45:20 Mart, K Mart is gonna be next week teaching the Petro physics.
45:25 mean, the uh petro guys, Kurt Mart is an expert on a
45:32 simple but um um important attribute that started to get out of one of
45:38 earliest ones, they started to get of 3d seism and uh and Kurt's
45:45 pretty much a global expert on And uh and that relates to um
45:53 we have something that is susceptible to and it also has curvature to
46:03 it's brittle and it curves if it , what happens to a curved brittle
46:09 , it fractures like. And uh what some of the cemented chalks,
46:14 cemented chalks uh when they were they fractured when, when they uh
46:21 soft, they don't fracture, but , they had that primary porosity preserved
46:27 because it was charged, primary porosity charged with oil before the cementation.
46:34 this, all these are all things we have to think about all the
46:39 . OK. Now, um just at this, I've, I've done
46:43 number of these things and um I know if it's uh um of any
46:51 interest. But uh when we're, we're looking to optimize this, you
46:58 , we're, we're starting out with and moving through to development uh in
47:04 is we have to put some effort it up front, in the front
47:08 , maybe the exploration. But in unconventional uh beyond some of the technological
47:15 in finding those particular rocks, we always right in the middle of
47:20 All right, we're, we're sort at the appraisal uh in, in
47:27 and unconventional because you know, you know where the source rock is.
47:31 know, where the reservoir is. have to figure out things about it
47:35 that are different and unique that make a better, a better reservoir uh
47:41 other source rocks might be because all rocks are not that good. A
47:46 of source rocks. It took millions years to expel that oil and gas
47:50 it's gonna take millions of years for else to get it out too.
47:54 some of them have, have had have geological conditions that enhance fracturing,
48:03 porosity and permeability and enhance the chance you. Uh actually getting some reserves
48:09 of that. Um And, and course, the more likely it is
48:15 these things to release the oil, more likely they've, they've actually uh
48:20 some of that and it's charged a of fields above it. So
48:24 that's another reason why almost like the Basin. Uh Why is it a
48:31 that we have source rocks there that could, could drill? And that's
48:35 the Permian Basin had all these conventional sitting on top of it. So
48:40 took us a while to find But now we realize everywhere, almost
48:44 , there's a uh a conventional there's an unconventional potential, unconventional resource
48:52 it's so big underneath it and you to find the good spots.
49:01 So, uh in, in a sense, the reservoir uh geologist is
49:07 be a member of integrated team. uh your company will probably have me
49:12 courses and uh reservoir engineering like they for me. And uh you'll learn
49:17 lot of this, uh a lot different tools and uh you will find
49:22 the job you become most valuable when can explain to the other members of
49:30 team what it is they need to about. Here. In other
49:34 there's a lot of details for the of being a scientist or, but
49:40 but at the same time, there there things that you interpret from your
49:46 , they're absolutely critical to those engineers that's where you become a really critical
49:53 uh of uh any team. And you're, when you're making this critical
49:59 , uh the odds of you getting off become a whole lot less if
50:05 see your value by the fact that helping, not only other geologists,
50:10 might be helping the engineers and that of thing, then they,
50:14 you become one of these people that's bulletproof because they almost can't function without
50:20 in that place. OK. here's another thing about um every time
50:31 comes up it looks different, the change. I don't know why I
50:34 uh Microsoft would stop changing something but you get back and see what you
50:40 see. Yeah, the um probably to play with this on the
50:53 Uh what this is showing you is here is unrecovered Noble wood and not
51:02 Oil Company, but Mobile. It's moveable. And um but uh
51:12 you see down here is, I know if you can read them,
51:14 here's a strand pla waved dominated large bars, large repa tolls dominated deltas
51:23 ramps, small barrier bars, carbonate come all the way down here.
51:30 Ridge turbo turbo. OK. On end, we have things that we
51:35 have significant amounts of process on this . And it's also broad, broad
51:46 uh pockets. Whereas over here, we have lots of thin, finely
51:52 sands and plants. So you have you have uh forest on force forest
51:57 force layers and stuff like that. that the homogeneity of uh these reservoirs
52:05 high. The heterogeneity of these reservoirs is really fine. So you're gone
52:12 , from uh very obvious ferocity and to very limited and complicated ferocity and
52:21 . And uh you would put uh conventional resources up on this end
52:27 And so where you end up needing do things like reservoir characterization is not
52:32 be on these types of reservoirs, it's definitely gonna be on these types
52:39 . Uh but I will show you there are aspects of some of these
52:44 with final forms that are submitted and like that, we can get other
52:48 and barriers that can affect flow in directions. So there's sort of an
52:54 isotropy to uh permeability uh from a perspective. And in terms of the
53:02 uh the structure of those sedimentary sedimentary structures have a big impact.
53:10 , you know, I, we a taste of composition. Uh I
53:14 mentioned something about sedimentary structures. What's other thing in terms of the three
53:24 that we do, we structure sedimentary composition. What's the other one?
53:31 surprised you're having a hard time coming with it because it's the thing that
53:35 talk about all the time. I , we, we've even mentioned it
53:43 . What makes a good reservoir OK. I'm in composition. What
53:51 a good reservoir rock? OK. you're talking about just unconventional. I'm
54:01 about, OK. What, what we normally drill? What is the
54:15 one rock we drill? Thank OK. When you say the word
54:21 , what are you talking about? , what trait, what trait of
54:29 sedimentary rocks are you talking about? about the sedimentary structures? We have
54:41 and we have next job. Heard , they didn't hear you. So
54:48 gonna um I'm gonna wait for somebody to hear to tell me what the
54:54 . Yeah. OK. You said word sandstone? What uh take the
55:02 away and what, what word do have? What is Sam? Is
55:06 a composition? Is it a sedimentary ? What's it called? What is
55:17 I say the word sand. What I telling somebody? What, what
55:20 I conveying with, with size? , grain size. Exactly. So
55:28 is grain size? What characteristic would size be? And so that might
55:35 you understand? Thank you. you, you, you've got
55:40 Uh say I have a sandstone here I have a muds stone here and
55:45 run my finger across that sands. run my finger across that shield.
55:52 is, what is that? What that sensory trait texture? So,
56:02 texture of the rocks, sedimentary rocks can become very important. Now,
56:09 almost lost uh what my point But uh but when we're, when
56:15 looking at sandstones, uh and there's other traits of texture, like
56:21 and things like that uh that relate the homogeneity and the heterogeneity as
56:28 And uh and these, these for most part are sandstones. They do
56:34 carbonates and uh even though they list reefs and eight holes as uh usually
56:42 good reservoirs, they're not always good because they could be cemented up.
56:47 , uh in this list, I um I believe the original uh I
56:55 kind of see it here. Uh carbonates, uh you see it,
57:01 can almost see it here. The are a different, a different
57:05 Uh These things can be more complicated this than this is displaying. Uh
57:10 because secondary ferocity sometimes is the key these as opposed to uh primary
57:17 the uh the plastic ones, uh ferocity is usually uh a good,
57:23 good thing to focus on, but always. OK. And then looking
57:30 what we do through um through the process of, of this, as
57:40 um I was trying to show uh this diagram and I, and I
57:45 want to spend a lot of time it, but I think it's important
57:49 realize that the focus of exploration is little bit different than the focus of
57:55 , appraisal development and production. In words, the people involved in the
58:01 uh changes over time. And uh a big chapter on this in your
58:06 or not chapter, but a big . Uh But I just kind of
58:09 this up to kind of show you uh in my experience how, how
58:14 seems to play out. I think are getting more and more integrated down
58:19 than they ever were in the Uh It used to be engineers were
58:24 all this and engineers were happy to in a world where there were three
58:29 of rocks, sandstones, shales, s and it's very profound. It's
58:38 different, but there's a lot of in there. And that's why we
58:42 to do characterization sometimes because there's sedimentary in there, there's cementation, there's
58:49 , certain rocks of certain comp compositions more likely to create more different types
58:55 sediment, uh excuse me. And and also uh porosity input.
59:06 So in general, the uh petroleum geoscience uh is the application, uh
59:17 the application of geosciences in the business turning petroleum resources into reserves. That's
59:23 what, what you're doing. That's what petroleum geoscience is. We're trying
59:28 find resources. We know we're looking resources and we're trying to turn those
59:32 something that's a resource. And I that's a really good definition of what
59:37 is and that in its, in, when you use this word
59:46 becomes a part of it too. know, that other definition really didn't
59:51 that. This, the word. you, when you go from this
59:54 this, you're talking about the you're talking about food disability and all
59:59 of things. One word means a . Ok. Now it might have
60:08 easier and better. Uh, some you just had geochemistry, right?
60:15 , if you talk about the petroleum , I can't understand why the new
60:25 colors are harder to see. I to get my own computer.
60:35 it's just, I don't know It's, it's a really pretty
60:42 But, uh, I don't Maybe the light bulb in this thing
60:45 getting terrible. I don't know. , uh, while everybody's asleep
60:51 um, a petroleum system has these . They have a trap, they
60:57 a source rock, they have a , they have a reservoir and timing
61:04 migration is important. And uh you say there's a six thing but maturation
61:12 are kind of the same thing that broadcast sure to migrate. It has
61:18 migrate to mean anything uh whether it's sure or not. So, um
61:24 uh what becomes really important is the of that migration. And so you
61:28 , you need this source rock, need to know uh what the time
61:33 that migration was when, when it . So, um oh this set
61:39 words right here also means uh maturation because you don't migrate until you have
61:50 . And this cartoon kind of shows . And so as we were going
61:54 what I I uh petroleum geoscientist you were kind of tapping on to
62:02 . But uh here you can see this is showing you there's a reservoir
62:08 what is different from the re what it, what is it about the
62:12 that makes it different from the seal the trap? What's uh what's uh
62:20 the uh underlying properties that make something res it's what, what, what
62:32 , what is the characteristic of the ? It's different from less autocratic,
62:42 ? It's impermanent, essentially a But uh you probably heard of,
62:48 don't know if uh you guys just geology that Steve uh not talking about
62:59 the different types of um seals. talk about membrane seals versus hydraulic
63:07 See, to him, everything's its membrane seals is something new that
63:12 came up with in the, the nineties, uh, 20 21st
63:20 Uh, you know, a lot people still know the and,
63:23 a lot of people think that it's hydraulic cray that's all about.
63:29 And in a, in a special , that's what they call, they
63:35 it. But there's also pressure uh, that get overcome by the
63:41 problem. The reason why we have many uh leaking reservoirs is because because
63:47 this and it becomes very important. If you, if you're working in
63:52 place where all the lives are really . Uh It's not a, in
63:57 Gulf of Mexico, we have places and uh they're not, and so
64:05 all the sandstones are, these are scales and so they, and they
64:10 for a reason and uh, we'll a section on that and that'll be
64:13 I can add to, to what already learned about seals. Um
64:20 uh so the seal holds back the said she wanted when she wanted
64:28 Uh, but there are different bye of seals and we'll talk about that
64:35 much later anyway. So we have reservoir. It's course in, we
64:42 a seal that's real. Keep things leaking out of that container. Why
64:48 we have to have something to keep from leaking? What, what
64:59 what is about the uh the What does everything in this reservoir wanna
65:08 wants to go up because of right? It's uh it's buoyant.
65:13 of course, the buoyancy is always to break through this scene. And
65:18 if this oil column gets, you the oil column down farther and
65:23 uh the force of buoyancy gets greater greater trying to push up. So
65:28 a limit to how big A re be. Just by that, just
65:32 um the uh the strength of the . This point, he gets too
65:39 . It's gonna fracture the seal or it's a membrane seal, it will
65:43 through. Ok. Then they um sometimes it's hard for people to remember
65:54 , why do we need to What is it, what is it
65:58 a trap? It's a trap, trap and not the reservoir in
66:11 So a way to look at it the reservoir is a layer that's
66:16 The CEO is a layer that's mostly the trap. The trap is a
66:25 dimensional structure that actually the seal moves . And you know, for
66:33 you have a seal, here's a . But what if I had a
66:38 here? If I had a fault , this would be part of the
66:42 , keeping it from going off and it or the fault. If the
66:46 is a leaking fault, it wouldn't a seal at all. So my
66:49 is actually this shall appear presumably and fall over there. So in a
66:57 like that where seal has two elements it, it has a top seal
67:01 it has that together that makes a more or less a three dimensional
67:09 If you don't have, if you have this, the convo going have
67:15 to them. I could have a on top of this. That's the
67:22 office is still structure. Players went this, the seal would be there
67:36 the whale might migrate on the So it found the trap, it
67:41 move away. So the three dimensional , this particular thing is that semi
67:46 closure on the fall that creates that . And uh you don't have to
67:53 that structure to have seal and but you have to have that structure
67:57 have a trap. Get that, get that the ceiling rock.
68:04 Now a reservoir, right? But that structure, it would be that
68:10 the whale would go accumulate some and , it's, you know, sometimes
68:17 , when I ask people to list elements of the petroleum system trap is
68:21 left out just because OK, it's a seal, it's got a
68:27 What else does it need? It that structure. OK. Or
68:33 what's another thing that, what's another that could happen for a trap?
68:37 , there's structural traps and what's the kind of trap Strat graphic shop.
68:42 could have a pinch shop and most outs though are an up dip,
68:47 out. So that there is a , there's almost always a structural component
68:52 even a Strat graphic trap. Not , but almost always. Ok.
69:03 we started talking about texture. So is it that makes a good
69:14 Is it the grain size or is something else? The the green
69:22 So porosity is controlled by grain Yeah. The no. OK.
69:34 The brain size has no control over uh And the way, the way
69:41 can come up with this statement is um here is uh these are big
69:50 , these are little grains, these uh arranged, you know, this
69:57 arrangement here is uh cubic. The here is cube, there is absolutely
70:10 difference in the velocity of this from . And um and we're gonna,
70:20 gonna get to a point where we're looking at curve and he's
70:26 But what ha what's one of the things that happens when uh sedimentary rocks
70:31 pass the arrangement of the grain OK. So we go to
70:39 this situation. So here you can the bras is 48% here. It's
70:46 26% here. So the theoretical, 26 point something reality. But uh
70:59 theoretical process of 26% happens with last that are perfectly stable, right?
71:07 uh but sometimes we have 26% of when we don't have all these perfectly
71:13 uh grains, grains uh that are exactly the same size and perfectly round
71:19 the edge. But sometimes they have too. So the shakes can have
71:23 effect fro the packing can have type packing uh is what is really controlling
71:31 then there's another, the brain size make a difference. The brain size
71:38 a difference and we would be out looking for restaurants made out of,
71:43 ? What we do, why don't look for, uh, reservoirs stand
71:47 of all of did uh, Bill you guys, Bill Springs, he
72:05 talking like when he was talking about , uh flowing and transportation, deposition
72:14 . Sure. He shows you that , well, I'll show it to
72:17 later on later on today. So anyway, uh there are other
72:23 that control process, the inability, it's not grain sizes. Uh You
72:28 the big boulders. Um, when we get boulder soon? A lot
72:35 horse? Well, we have a of horse. What else is with
72:38 lot of horse? You know, else lives with it. So,
72:47 , and oftentimes those types of motions at the side because so you have
72:56 a flash flood and it just pushes and then it's confined in a stream
73:02 uh it gets or a valley it to when it flares out, it
73:06 don't out everything falls out of So I have big rocks, little
73:13 , all different sizes of the the little rocks fill in between the
73:17 rocks and uh you lose your You what is that textual characters to
73:24 that? No sorting sort of? . So sediments uh become sorted and
73:44 that's so in that sword in. . And uh so sorting becomes very
73:51 and you, you look at Wilson's , you can guess just by looking
73:57 them what size ranges are gonna be fully sorted and which ones are gonna
74:04 uh better sorted. And as it out, there's a reason why sand
74:10 particles often are very well sorted and has to do with the fields that
74:15 heard. All this difficult stuff that learn in college is actually critically important
74:23 . Uh probably one of one of most significant reservoir. Uh types of
74:30 are sand stones and the reason why , that are between two millimeters and
74:40 63 microns, it's gonna be the thing for unless it's a carbonate and
74:47 bing process, then you have this most of the sorts of nature.
74:54 uh there's quite a few of them Saudi. OK. I think I've
75:05 you guys to the limit here. we'll take a break like maybe a
75:08 minute break. So we all have to get coffee and whatever, never
75:26 where to put the uh cur her get that menu to pop down.
75:32 we're recording. We're sharing. There we go. So we were
75:46 about this. This is sorting. if you have uh a big debris
75:50 , there's so much energy and it pulls everything down and uh little stones
75:55 in the spaces between the big And that's why we don't, uh
76:00 don't produce from a lot of conglomerates it's, and the issue is not
76:04 size. It's sorting. OK. that's a textural feature. Sorting is
76:11 . OK. And uh this is thing that's really important is the arrangement
76:15 the grains. And this is showing grains that are about the exact same
76:19 . Uh And that's all we're trying show in this one. grains are
76:24 much the same size, but these uh kind of flattened out and these
76:30 kind of all jumbled around. And we got ferocity in one direction,
76:34 and frosty another uh direction that's a bit higher. And uh and here
76:40 have uh uh 15% in this But if you were to go into
76:45 direction, you'd be almost 100%. the um circuit nature of this uh
76:53 these things can also slow again. a single uh single phase of a
77:00 in here. Uh it, so uh it's a lot easier to do
77:07 . But when you add like water oil or like you have, uh
77:13 are on the uh on the rims the rocks and oil trying to move
77:17 it. You know, that's gonna some more friction and surface tension and
77:21 going to slow it down a little more. But uh if you just
77:24 nice clean rocks and nothing but oil nothing but gas, uh you still
77:29 , um, these issues in terms permeability in different directions is all 40%
77:36 is all 15% of the. Um think the reason why this looks like
77:43 pro but it's flat grass. They have uh probably almost no process where
77:49 come together and then around the edges those points, those little points uh
77:54 where the process I think that the here is that given the different
78:00 uh you have higher porosity going in direction for excuse me, permeability,
78:05 flow this way, lower flow in direction. And then this way you
78:10 see it's, it's higher again in well, it's not higher. Oh
78:15 not higher in the horizontal plan. like what I just OK. How
78:22 uh in the chalks, the um have a lot of uh disk shaped
78:30 features from the coal at the pos little chalk cranes and they end up
78:35 , not like this or like but they end up stacking almost like
78:40 . And so the levels are really , as much as 80% in
78:47 but it's not in it. So chalk comes up with the oil.
78:51 they have to uh you have to rid of the truck and other
78:58 ok. And this is just showing you uh differences with, with
79:02 sizes. And uh again, it's cartoon but the key is, is
79:07 packing has a big impact on Grain size is not so important as
79:12 arrangement of the grains or packing. uh and also um uh sorting is
79:22 and this is what I was talking if you get mineral, uh good
79:27 of rims on things that can reduce ferocity and your permeability as opposed to
79:32 you don't have uh play rims or minerals from place. OK. That
79:38 be the breakdown, some s paic . And uh and so, uh
79:47 another thing that impacts porosity and permeability rocks. But again, we're,
79:52 looking at things other than just grain . You know, we always,
79:56 think it's really common to think because much sand is produced that grain size
80:01 the ruler, but grain size is the the ruler of porosity and
80:09 And uh when I was working in with some course from East African Riff
80:15 , uh we got some course from Turkana and um the uh those things
80:22 porosity over 90% and uh there were Mount uh plays and they uh they're
80:31 clay. So the clay particles just the water in the surface tension between
80:36 particles and the water pulls it into . And so if you pull the
80:40 out, um that was around a , uh if you remove the
80:49 it would shrink all the way down a couple of centimeters, just dramatic
80:56 uh amount of water in there. it was, it was uh you
80:59 , 80 80 to 90% porosity in cases. And uh this is also
81:08 I don't talk about um uh probably , but relative permeability relates to uh
81:19 more than one fluid phase in And of course, if, if
81:21 have oil and gas and you have in there, um the things that
81:28 us are gonna be the gas and and the water and the oil is
81:33 of. So if I not one them, so, um if you
81:37 water and gas things flow really you throw oil in there, you
81:41 have all sorts of problems. Uh helps to have um rather than oil
81:49 rocks. Um That usually includes a of the uh the problems that you
81:55 with. But, but uh but cases we have uh the grains are
82:00 wet and have oil trying to pass that and there's a lot of surface
82:04 there. And um so when we down a well, I think the
82:11 takeaway for this is when you draw a well, if, if the
82:14 differential is too high, it's gonna the thing that flows the fastest.
82:20 , uh you can cone and uh up your well really quickly. Uh
82:26 you, if you draw down the too quickly, you have to kind
82:29 move it a little bit slower to that oil wiggle through there along with
82:33 water uh to keep from getting a water cut and, and also breakthrough
82:38 we'll, we'll have slides on But what, what I'm trying to
82:41 across now are some of these important that uh that relative humid, uh
82:47 permeability is gonna gonna have a big on, on a lot of our
82:51 thoughts when we get into the later lectures. OK. Here's something I
82:58 to point out in the beginning and keep bringing up over and over
83:02 . But net to grow sand is important. And um uh this
83:10 this is, uh I think I you an example of when I took
83:14 reservoir that had something like 100 100 and 25 million barrels of oil
83:20 uh cut it down to 75 million of oil. Uh And it upset
83:24 lot of people uh that was looking a scale that you don't even see
83:31 on that scale. Uh There's the shale parties in each of these
83:36 because these sandstones were reservoirs but net to gross. And um it is
83:45 for prospect if you have a high , that means there's lots of saving
83:51 . Uh then, then you're not much to worry about a lot as
83:53 are seals. But another thing that's is that um when the net is
84:03 , uh as opposed to being what does that say about the deposition
84:10 the system? For example, if had a low, if I had
84:17 low uh net to gross, a low net to gross, would I
84:23 in the middle of the an area has with low depress? In other
84:33 , if I had very few sandstone so, yeah, the I
84:39 it's easy to, I don't know it is, but it's always easy
84:43 use. But um what we're looking when we're looking for these sandstone things
84:49 even when we're looking at the so it's a lot of it has
84:51 do with where, where are the that have the rocks that we're gonna
84:58 ? So you wanna have a and on the regional find out that the
85:05 really important because you say you're looking Yeah, I like the long narrow
85:16 . What do you call the Romeo in the front of the, you
85:27 about? OK, so you have four land base where you have a
85:33 bit fans coming into that place is one side and is on the other
85:37 , you're gonna have big pockets of of them. You do well,
85:41 you have a lot of you here you start getting higher and higher.
85:47 know, you're getting closer and closer the source of deposition for the
85:51 That source of the sand is in box. You get closer and closer
85:56 where the end is. So the and finding sandstone measure of course,
86:01 be greater if you see that And, and of course, the
86:05 sandstone it is usually the more chance have to find the traps. And
86:12 got to a certain point in in the uh gas and sea.
86:16 have so many sandstone. Sometimes they tell one from the other. They
86:20 know if they're communicating and all that of thing. So it becomes very
86:24 . Trinidad has a lot of stack uh coming off a couple of the
86:30 nearby. And uh and so that becomes complicated, but in general,
86:36 at the, at the exploration oh, it was like that cartoon
86:40 showed you where I showed you an fan and some prorating wedges. That's
86:45 you're gonna have concentrations of sand. where you're gonna have reservoirs. And
86:49 , that's why you're looking uh at big scale. You're always looking for
86:54 high net of growth at the uh . It's important that the fine scale
86:59 , the growth becomes significant in terms the complexity of the reservoir rock
87:03 not necessarily where there's gonna be a of reservoir rocks. But how complex
87:07 that uh that you're producing that This, this, this thing right
87:15 is important on a very big scale it's very important on a very small
87:23 , whether you're doing development and uh appraisal or if you're doing a frontier
87:30 , and exploration. And uh I out with development and it, it
87:39 , it didn't dawn on me when was looking at it, at this
87:44 . To me, it was real how it was important at this
87:47 Oh, because I started working in in development geology, I didn't realize
87:54 first it took, it took me , you know, a couple of
87:58 scratchings to figure out how important this when you're in exploration. That's one
88:03 the most important things. Uh If looking for Jurassic sandstones, you wanna
88:09 what we call the Depot Center and Depot Center is where those sandstones are
88:13 be. And uh I just throw up and you'll, you'll need this
88:19 a couple of year exercise, but it's good to be uh familiar with
88:24 units that they're using in a Um I um when you're in
88:31 you know, you use uh meters whatnot. Oh, well, uh
88:38 rule of thumb is if, if data is collected in meters. Use
88:42 metric system. If the data is in feet, use feet because I
88:48 know what it is about conversions. if you can convert small intervals at
88:52 time and then end up accumulating the thing, you end up with a
88:55 number. It just, it, just another source of error and you
89:02 , and it can also calculate it accidentally one time. So you,
89:07 don't wanna um you don't, you wanna make that mistake. And,
89:14 I think data is collected and recorded to be true to that data that's
89:19 and recorded, you should use it uh in whatever measurement it came
89:23 I just, I hate going to and seeing every single well that was
89:30 in feet, converted to meters. just, it just, I don't
89:35 , just it's worrisome uh that you know, when you work for
89:38 company, they may force you to it. Uh If you're in the
89:41 of Mexico, they'll get upset if use meters anyway. So you don't
89:47 to worry about it there. Uh uh uh sometimes when you're in Europe
89:52 you're trying to show somebody something that drilled in the Gulf of Mexico to
89:56 , they'll get, they'll get a bit rustled. OK. So,
90:03 there's a lot of different types of and overall it's Strat graphic correlation.
90:10 uh you know, if you understand law of superposition, uh Strat graphic
90:19 doesn't just mean rock to rock, doesn't just mean time to time and
90:26 layers of like and so most layers the ones on the bottom are older
90:34 on the top and the younger when talking about stra layers, uh you're
90:39 talking about uh something that really doesn't an element of tone, maybe not
90:45 time, but it's relative time and it gets to be where it is
90:51 when you, when you tie it with, with other tools that we
90:57 . And um what am I OK. So um some, some
91:18 some of the times we'll be looking at this photography though, sometimes we're
91:24 at um sequence stray and uh Saint photography by the way is the,
91:32 way we should always be doing these because sequence stray uh starts from looking
91:39 depositional sequences uh which we've been doing years. But when Exxonmobil came up
91:45 the seismic stray sequence, uh we of got to what the fundamental part
91:53 it was. Uh we started to at uh different types of surfaces because
92:00 give us this architecture. I like what a trap is. It's an
92:06 that's, that has, has a shape and the body it's uh
92:12 it's, it's not just layers but , it's what happens to the layers
92:19 they're distal, what happens to the super Fox. And what happens to
92:25 ? No, they're not all But oddly enough, uh in some
92:31 , it's, the world has three . If I have pro grading sans
92:36 this and I look at it on side, I see these things we
92:44 . But if, if I was draw a cross section back here on
92:48 , when deposition of strike and structural , I want to see money.
92:54 . So later date exists, it on your aspect, what,
92:58 what perspective you have on that three feature. And we're always looking at
93:03 in two dimension, whether we like or not. It's uh it's the
93:07 of thing that that's easiest for I think, to comprehend.
93:14 And this is just showing you um you know, there's other things we
93:19 bias. One of the reasons bio uh is really good is because there
93:25 a lot of data. Uh The with that is a lot of people
93:28 look at it anymore because it takes human to make an interpretation and nobody
93:33 it when humans make interpretations. Uh all, we're all leaning towards uh
93:39 Artificial Intelligence Bay's correlation is another thing uh you can uh you can make
93:47 and hiding constraint and, but sometimes miss the subtleties of faces and the
93:53 of faces uh when you define them uh too rigidly. And uh and
94:00 a lot of times facings are actually in a character and these things called
94:06 sometimes the are just shape patterns. They're not consistently the same all the
94:13 depending on where you at. You , uh for example, people will
94:19 this is what a river, this what a meandering state looks like.
94:24 , uh, but it's not, looks that way on one side of
94:28 game industry, but another way on other side of the industry and another
94:32 and they cover the. So it's, it's uh almost too complicated
94:37 us to use that kind of But again, it, you
94:39 works um when we looking at, us, look at our crops and
94:44 it directly into the lot of we can kind of figure out the
94:47 of those puzzles and, and uh face uh correlation is really high
94:54 And um it helps to have uh things besides just um side, just
95:07 , for example, if uh you're at uh stack layers of sandstone,
95:13 could be a delta, it could a turbo uh depending on the way
95:17 arranged. Uh You, you have fossil look shallow and um so there's
95:25 things that can help in that uh best way to do this is um
95:32 integrate all of these things above, all of that in there. And
95:36 when you do that, you can't it and you use all your chronograph
95:43 and all your Strat graphic tools in bio, then you come up with
95:49 technology and actually come up with uh um why GENO it's probably the best
95:57 to do it. But uh but not gonna do that in this place
96:01 all. We, we will have when we do our correlations, we
96:06 have some data points that are, are bias Strat graphic tops.
96:12 So um I'm not sure you can this. So here is uh this
96:20 a typical instruct instructors uh uh type uh diagram uh where you get one
96:29 and you multiply it by four and you try to tie it and correlate
96:33 . So this would be really easy correlate um and you're limited to this
96:37 . So, you know, it take it a three year old like
96:42 . But nevertheless, you can see of these things are repeating, repeating
96:47 . And if it's repeating, um would have an issue of um of
96:55 tying this with maybe something like this whatever, but you don't know why
96:58 seem to be getting a little bit . But uh if we were to
97:03 at a sections say for example, and this was on depositional stripe,
97:11 might look exactly like this. But we looked at it on depositional dip
97:18 on seismic uh size, mixed photography show us something it looks like
97:34 And um And this would, this be uh a depositional dip section.
97:41 these features right here are them with forms between them, you'd see the
97:47 on between these surfaces. This would uh uh masses of rocks uh that
97:54 pro grading in this direction. And and that's why we call it stra
98:01 architecture because it's given you the three uh aspects. And it's, it's
98:08 that there's a three dimensional aspect to systems, especially on shelves. That's
98:17 we really, uh it really get . Now, when you,
98:21 Johnny Boar does a lot with fluvial and uh and here's uh something that
98:30 probably have you look at this is a textbook, but I think he
98:34 his students look at this. And , one of the things, um
98:41 you see this if I turn on more light and I will see that
98:44 totally OK. If someone asks you correlate this, would it be
99:09 Yeah. The reason I'm asking you is because you notice how these things
99:14 colored. It strongly suggests that we of have a marker that up
99:24 uh that was deposition and erosion of things underneath it. But here we
99:32 something that's colored yellow, orange rather here's something that's colored orange and here's
99:38 that orange and so it gets, thin, gets a little bit
99:43 it gets layered, come over here it gets thin again really quickly
99:51 um, you probably have the answer . Uh, if you're looking at
99:55 slides, but if we put that there like that, it's not that
99:59 to correlate it. And of it's kind of obvious that we
100:03 What do we have here? Well, there's some, ok,
100:13 what's not happened. This is, truncation going on, but no section
100:20 missing over here. If I look the shales, there's no section missing
100:26 here and here. The erosion and of that channel is sort of penny
100:32 with the uh the shales on the . In other words, depositions continuous
100:38 here even though you'd have sand coming here and filling in that part of
100:41 channel. Other words, those channels not deposited in space, the sediments
100:47 either side and they're all level Um This, there was some erosion
100:53 it builds in by this point in . It's a level surface.
100:59 So it's Strat graphically leveled on this this bar, right? The um
101:08 , so you can see that but it's an erosional surface that truncation
101:12 erosion. So this is a sand, if that's a channel,
101:16 way is the letter and it could two direct it's in or out of
101:28 slot, right? Uh This is channel, actually there was a channel
101:34 then another channel and another channel but it was flowing either that way
101:39 it could be back the other And so what we're looking at is
101:45 . What striker did depositional and the , the the direction of the
101:54 If the river is flowing this then this is depositional down. And
101:59 important to remember these kinds of things you're trying to correlate blocks that are
102:03 the middle of nowhere. This is two dimensional thing. I'm trying to
102:06 this two dimensional thing into something that always gonna be three dimensional even if
102:11 only have uh a two dimensional OK. So uh if the river
102:19 flowing this way, uh we might this thing cut into older and older
102:27 as we go up, dip, is depositional dip. The bed layers
102:31 be like this underneath it, stuff here. So it might erode down
102:37 you go up to it. Ups and deposit depositional depth. This thing
102:42 cut down into a deeper as we down. It will cut into a
102:46 , not as and you always have remember that when you're correlating, uh
102:54 real easy when somebody gives you a bed and uh it may color the
102:59 sands, anybody could do that. when you're, when you get a
103:04 , when you get these wells trying correlate this on your own uh with
103:09 , no color or anything, it's hard. So it's that extraneous
103:13 It's just like front your expiration. what you don't see in the record
103:17 have, that helps you interpret what record means. And uh, if
103:23 know you're in an area where there's , then you're automatically gonna be looking
103:28 something that looks like this. If um looking at deep water sediments,
103:34 gonna be looking for Turbo and maybe uh a distributor, um source channel
103:40 a, a uh her is gonna a very narrow thing. And when
103:45 get to the things that pan out that, you're gonna be out
103:48 get farther out into the, so than the. So it's, it's
103:56 unrelated to these cross sections that help interpret. Um Maybe I didn't say
104:03 right. It's related to the cross , but it's not something you see
104:07 the cross. Here's an, here's one. Um Here's uh you start
104:22 with uh uh lit arat correlation and you think you have um So,
104:38 know, here's sort of a, layer cake correlation as best you can
104:42 it. But here what you find , there's an hydrate marker to flatten
104:48 out, you know, structurally, might be like this or a little
104:51 like that, but you flatten it on that marker. That's sort of
104:55 um what we call a cross to structural cross section. You're um tying
105:01 to a Strat interval and this will of give you the relative structure at
105:07 point in time. And now what current structure is, it flattens the
105:11 and allows you to see this. we have these um these eid bars
105:17 , you know, you just make a big she a big sheet or
105:21 big long extensive part. But in , it looks like this. And
105:30 this was a sandstone, there might a similar picture here here. There
105:35 be a slightly different here. But , what do, which way is
105:41 did in this case in Out electro correct? And here we have a
106:10 channel and uh it's sort of perpendicular it. And that's pretty typical.
106:16 happens is title channels are often in barriers and uh and they often,
106:22 know, like uh for example, tidal channels behind Galveston Island that parallel
106:31 the river channel is typically gonna run this way down depositional dip but
106:37 cross deposition. But the tidal channels run uh across. Uh they,
106:44 tend to run parallel to depositional OK. So just take a long
106:52 at that. How many of you familiar with the Tom o'connor Field?
107:00 produced over a million barrels. Um picked up the acreage and one of
107:06 students in this program, maybe the or fourth got to work on
107:12 And often he had, they had like this where he would see that
107:18 the main barrier bar back here. there's a little feather edge of the
107:23 and instead of like in the sandstone barrier bars and, uh and
107:29 hit, saw this feather edge and if you come back here, you
107:33 see another better edge. So they that they had a series of probably
107:39 10 bars, 123456789, 10 Uh Instead of this title channel over
107:47 , he had a well in here it had a feather edge sticking up
107:51 here and he just predicted it without but predicted that there would be a
107:56 bar down from a new, a uh barrier bar, rather not channel
108:02 a barrier bar down dip from And, uh, and this
108:07 uh, the field kind of uh Northeast Southwest Arts kind of like
108:25 . Uh, on top of the one that was produced 100 well,
108:31 billions of barrels, barrel. And saw this little veterans on top of
108:38 one being predicted based on these distances about here, six miles in
108:47 seven miles in it 600. And here is a, this is primary
108:55 just sitting out there waiting to be . But her has been drilling around
109:00 computers for decades and decades and uh the geological background and different
109:08 What, what is that feather edge I see? Why am I seeing
109:12 little feather edge of another, a ? Right out here. And that's
109:20 there was another barrier bar in front them and I don't know if they
109:25 any more burrier bars in front of . They might have gotten seismic out
109:29 . And then, you know, you, uh, when you get
109:32 six more wells, it produces a of oil and then get, you
109:36 up a little, they might have , but since they did that,
109:41 , I haven't heard that they try to share too many secrets. But
109:48 but nevertheless, that's just uh how actually can help you predict or something's
109:56 , what would you do to eliminate risk of a possibility being with
110:00 well, if it turned out to a title channel, the title channel
110:03 be productive too. Not always because a lot of times the title
110:08 uh just as a point of uh are poorly sorted sediments because,
110:14 know, there's big shells and stuff that. And so, and,
110:17 uh because of the shells in there could be a lot of calcification
110:21 on in the cements because when when I drilled wells in the Gulf
110:28 Mexico almost on top of every Um Then you can see it in
110:35 Chandler Islands, uh shell hashes accumulate top of them and then when they
110:41 buried, it becomes like a really cemented layer. So a lot of
110:46 big sands that I produced in South 1 28 were covered with a shell
110:52 , you know, don't expect but it was, it was almost
110:55 limestone and you'd get a really, really big high spike. You might
111:00 it was gas, but it it was a very tight sand,
111:05 which was mostly degraded, uh a bit of sandstone and a lot of
111:10 calcium carbonate, dissolution and cementation. . And just uh just to show
111:18 that sequence, photography is global. We don't use it a lot here
111:23 all the time in the US. Some uh people Exxon Mobile think it's
111:29 most invaluable tool in the world that uh but we had one student working
111:34 the project and at some level, boss said sequence, what do you
111:45 ? You gotta get this kid through through a Casone project even though the
111:49 is uh kind of missing the Uh This is something uh that they
111:54 in the North Sea where um all sands are labeled as sequences. And
111:59 is the J 62 which is Here's 56. They kind of skip
112:04 dates sometimes. Uh there's a whole of problems with these, but,
112:09 in general, it helped them pull the packages of sandstone together uh in
112:14 way they couldn't do before. And they were able to show you uh
112:19 know, the sandstones and this field that field were coming from uh these
112:25 uh of different ages. So they a, they had a comprehension of
112:31 , of the layering and uh so and so forth. Uh With high
112:35 bio, this would look a little different, a little bit more
112:40 Uh But from a uh from where were before they came up with
112:45 this uh course sequence, more or , um uh it was a lot
112:52 confusing with the Jurassic sandstone because they a hard time finding. Uh But
112:56 are other reasons why they're hard and without high resolution by Strat data,
113:02 , they couldn't see the stuff that that we were able to see at
113:05 end I was like uh but that covers uh a lot of the um
113:15 geology, but it doesn't cover some the specific reasons why there's a reservoir
113:19 and not one there. And uh it's, it's a even, even
113:25 sequence stratigraphy is used in a very and not so well-defined sense, it
113:30 a very powerful tool, the example a barrier bar. Now that's really
113:35 resolution and uh that didn't use any at all. It's all based on
113:42 Strat graphic architecture that we expect to in a barrier complex in a pro
113:47 barrier. OK. And um I pull this up to show you uh
114:01 was in your book and it's still 2021. Um It's a relatively old
114:10 . Uh One of the things that really bothers me about all the research
114:14 I see in geology now is it no comprehension. Every dissertation I've been
114:20 in the last 20 years has no of the significance of having wealth.
114:27 Well determined uh timescales and up to timescales time scale out of the
114:33 like, like this one and just go with it. It's as
114:37 it's the thing but uh every year get updated every, just like side
114:45 every year. Uh Some of these are reevaluated in the field. And
114:50 and we come up with new dates it moves a little bit and uh
114:55 the actual uh place where the boundaries the rock record changes and when that
115:02 , it's not just a cheer chronology or change their algorithm. Uh If
115:09 of these uh boundaries happens to be for one reason or another, it
115:14 be because they're looking at a different of the rock and it really is
115:18 different point in time. It should a different age time, you get
115:23 it, you don't just average all s come up with the right because
115:27 really, really the one boundary, companies like to pick this one boundary
115:35 got out in the one part of world that is here, the other
115:40 , pick one up here. And this one is uh 1.6 million years
115:46 so, the top of this one now based on another, another form
115:55 it's 2.1 millimeters. And if you those two things, you can throw
116:00 that information, people do. A of people don't understand this.
116:06 uh you know, really famous geologists get it. And uh and if
116:11 is a break in your Strat gray , you need to put a gap
116:15 it. You can't make it look . And almost every stretch chart I've
116:20 seen from uh UT and uh in whole, they don't seem to understand
116:28 there's a lot of breaks because when a regular rock, it's gonna be
116:36 surface and that surface is gonna be seal and that seal is gonna have
116:40 trap. It's really important to, recognize some of these fine details uh
116:48 terms of uh when deposition is really continuous and when there's gaps
117:00 OK. And, and this this is one of the ones that
117:02 talking about. They on conformity in and it's just headline. There's
117:08 there's no, they haven't suggested that a gap in time. They just
117:13 different ages on it and it's all looking. OK? Uh Really quickly
117:19 gonna look at uh you guys just geochemistry right? About three of you
117:25 . OK. So, uh this in here for everyone that wasn't in
117:29 geochemistry course. And uh and I do geochemistry in this because we have
117:35 person that goes through geochemistry normally. it comes a little bit ahead of
117:43 in this class. So usually pretty when we have people that are in
117:48 . And uh uh I think it's to know that petroleum though is a
117:53 a very uh complex, um a of compounds, a mixture of compounds
118:00 . And uh and also um we have natural gas associated with it.
118:07 when you're doing geochemistry and talk a about the gas oil ratio. So
118:21 , there's always things that aren't covered one place. But uh oftentimes uh
118:29 oil ratio is gonna be really important terms of your economics because it,
118:33 know, you have a high gas ratio. So you're gonna be producing
118:37 lot of natural gas which typically uh less. So one of the
118:44 So which one did you talk Um the, the spoils in the
118:57 ? That's if you wanted, you ? Ok. Ok. Well
119:02 then there's stuff that I'll be able uh say to you that'll be new
119:06 will relate to it. That's good know. Ok. And uh uh
119:15 key, one of the keys though oil is almost always less dense but
119:19 viscous in water is part of the why it, well, the permeability
119:25 less than water in the um and the fact that is dust and sweets
119:32 always gonna be pressure system in the . So that course of avoidance is
119:39 ? But then we have a to strength of the sea because as the
119:49 of gets higher and higher, the pressure of the process and get
120:09 OK. And um I put this here just for a few things.
120:13 uh and I think it's important to track of say for exam example,
120:18 North Sea Brent because that's a really good one. And uh West Texas
120:24 . Um I don't know if I that on the next one. I
120:28 , but uh what I had Yes, I am. This is
120:38 European. Yeah. Um But one the interesting things about this is uh
120:51 is a, it has a lot do with everything. Um at some
120:58 in time, our biggest uh import the, the biggest amount of ex
121:05 imported oil and gas was coming from and coming from Venezuela. Did uh
121:12 you get that the difference between those ? OK. Well, and you
121:19 the tar sands, you know, to be turned into real, but
121:22 ends up being heavy one. In, in Venezuela, they have
121:29 um really viscous heavy oil. And that's where we were importing most of
121:37 oil from Venezuela to Canada. A of people thought it was Saudi
121:41 But Canada and um all of the in the Gulf of Mexico on
121:48 on the Gulf Coast were switched to oil Refiners. And so now that
121:55 is having problems and sin fuel can really expensive. Uh we, we
122:02 the stuff of this with lighter And so a lot of the refineries
122:06 being retooled a little bit, but don't have anywhere here. We still
122:10 have the capacity to uh produce So what other in general public doesn't
122:16 that sometimes we're selling our oil to that have the right type of in
122:23 for at the same time line as from some of these other places that
122:26 everywhere because that's where our machine, also what I, not anybody write
122:33 or said. But I think that's a big reason why the, the
122:36 between the price of oil and the of gasoline is so high because are
122:43 because we have more uh sweet crew West Texas Intermediate uh that's coming out
122:48 the Permian Basin and it's a lot than our. So we have to
122:55 , still have to get the. , yeah, I think the way
123:00 look at it is America is not away its resources. It's swapping them
123:04 get the stuff of machines. And again, anything you do, it's
123:10 efficient, you make more money. you make more money, they can
123:14 the price down. Ok. do you talk about API gravity at
123:35 ? I'm, I'm looking at You were in the class? What
123:46 was that? Uh Oh, Yeah, he would talk about
123:53 Yeah. Yeah. It's, it's because API gravity is the thing we
123:58 about. For example, we, , we'll have a exploration,
124:05 frontier exploration example uh in the luau and it's the C oils and it's
124:11 really high API, it's really low . So it's very viscous and uh
124:17 it uh but it had some bio that worked opposite the way it normally
124:22 and it reduced the viscosity for something was a 19 degree API and uh
124:28 able to flow um at 55 So pulling it out of the deep
124:33 that it was in, it was about, I think it was over
124:35 m of water. And uh and we were able to, didn't really
124:42 to do a heated jacket or anything that just because it was more viscous
124:46 , than really heavy oil. So you're, when you're producing oil,
124:49 you become, or when you're exploring oil becomes important to know some of
124:53 things. Because for example, right , if you had, you had
124:58 well in, in Texas that had , a low api gravity, the
125:04 would probably love you and they pay for your oil. And so uh
125:10 that, and that literally makes a and uh maintains the economics of your
125:17 . So it's, it's important to as a geologist to have in the
125:21 of your mind. But this if you, if uh if the
125:25 that's closest to you is, is I api lighting or low,
125:31 you know, the refinery is close what you're looking for. You're gonna
125:34 more money per barrel, it's it's gonna improve the economic. And
125:39 and I just put this on So, you know, it,
125:42 um if you do the math, specific gravity of flutter is one which
125:50 a 10 API and uh and that's density of water and there, there
125:55 oil that's below 10 degrees. And Audrey Basada got in a really big
126:02 with me, but there is, is oil that will sink not much
126:07 , but the really dense stuff uh you know, we think uh
126:13 uh but when the mcconnell oil spill up, I got, got some
126:17 edgy too because uh you know, oil is gonna float on the
126:22 So, uh one of the things got them to do was to disperse
126:26 oil right as it was coming out the well head. So they put
126:29 , they put a jet a little thing, but here's the well heads
126:34 out and they started squirting the dispersant here sooner you hit the oil with
126:39 . The better it works. So would hit this big stream of uh
126:44 that was coming out. And above , you would see little droplets because
126:48 dispersant was turning it into droplets. you ended up with a bunch of
126:53 in the water column that was So understanding the surface tension of
127:00 if you have turbidity in the like a hurricane or tropical storm comes
127:05 and it serves up the clay, clay is gonna get in to the
127:12 oil. So the oil is say api if you had one say at
127:19 or 35 or something like that, you know, something should be
127:24 but some play is attached to But the place that gonna be like
127:33 in a place we're gonna just start study. In other words, something
127:38 less than the, than the human of what it's gonna be for volume
127:45 uh mass that's just gonna be granted oil and it's gonna be granted the
127:50 . It's gonna, so when the were you guys uh paying attention when
127:56 , the oil spill happened? Yeah, 27. Music. But
128:12 , that was all going on. All of a sudden it will
128:16 Everybody said the bacteria, bacteria, needed, they need it, the
128:24 , the clay attached to these little and all the droplets that they turned
128:28 . All the oil. They turn the droplets, high surface area,
128:32 surface engine block with play particles in bottom. Here's the funny thing about
128:38 . I have to tell you this , um, when they sampled the
128:43 , they weren't doing it yet and the oil was on the surface.
128:46 couldn't find any oil on the surface the sequel. And, uh,
128:54 so, um, but they were and they were also looking for,
129:03 , they, they weren't, they doing stuff in the water column.
129:06 then, so then the storm they stopped putting on it because there
129:15 something on top of it. And by the way, just, and
129:24 , and so when they did that um the oil would come up.
129:31 . Uh it's, it's sitting at surface, well, it's sitting at
129:35 surface. Um There would be some the water column but very passion to
129:40 that would get to get the services crops. And uh so they wouldn't
129:45 it in underneath. So that break fell down, we went out and
129:53 doing, sampling the water pampered all them. They could find it in
130:00 water. So, so when when they did the uh sediment all
130:05 , I was up here, they the water all the other and uh
130:11 had a hard time finding the It's, it was just, you
130:15 , it was a really bad catastrophe it was very damaging and, and
130:19 scientists that were working on it, , weren't within, didn't work within
130:23 oil industry and they didn't understand some these dynamics. Ok. Well,
130:30 would have had a lot more to about because they had, had been
130:33 it. Right. Ok. And , uh, here's light api
130:41 Um, now here's West Texas I know it's in here somewhere.
130:44 about 39. And, uh, unconventional oil is Snyder. And uh
130:54 of course, uh because of we're having trouble producing it into or
130:59 it into gasoline. But the fact uh we're uh shipping a lot of
131:05 out is, is really helpful. , it depends on where you're
131:25 You know, some places there's lots heavy and some places it relates to
131:31 composition. Uh the faster oils are very happy because they have uh what's
131:38 , they're made out of lives in and uh it's very low and uh
131:50 like that and stuff like that. whenever you or something like that,
132:01 does real some of it environment and like that. But then the,
132:12 uh and they also uh so, know, it's heavier to begin
132:15 but then it also migrates along the , the bacterial degradation was uh was
132:21 taking away a lot of the And so the bot were in it
132:25 make the bacteria from the, so it's a complicated, I don't know
132:33 anybody's ever bothered to do that or course, when you, um,
132:40 you start turning, uh gens into and a lot of gas and uh
132:47 as maturation continue from the base irritant , because obviously the, the volatile
133:00 gonna come off first, the, lighter it is the, the sooner
133:04 gonna, um, build up pressure burp and come out of the source
133:11 . Ok. Um, I don't if you did this in class but
133:18 but uh I'm just putting this up so that, you know that
133:22 you know, the al cans and saturated patterns, paras rather can be
133:27 and wax but light at the same , uh these things uh are often
133:31 result of heavy degraded crews and uh then you have the aromatics and you
133:38 have heavy rings and then um some them are not, but uh it's
133:43 complicated but it's, it's nice to that these, these, there's classes
133:48 compositions uh that we see in these . And uh one of the more
133:53 things is that uh sometimes these complex can be used as biomarkers to help
133:58 figure out what kind of uh deposition it in a marine environment we sit
134:04 which is a non marine environment, lake basins or la and uh and
134:10 course oceans uh sediments we call marine that's the end of this one.
134:31 you guys ready for a lunch break do you wanna go about another half
134:34 ? It's up to, you go half hour. Sure. Yeah,
134:51 gonna be, uh, practicing my skills here while you're gone.
135:28 Sure. Mhm. Ok. um, we're gonna get into the
135:51 nature of reservoir rocks. But, , um, in general we're gonna
135:58 a little bit about rock properties and they exist and that sort of
136:01 So, um course, uh my is, is primarily uh working with
136:08 , but I did uh run our and Basin project at Amica Research Center
136:13 a while. And uh one of uh most important uh aspects from a
136:20 that we, we notice in sedimentary is that they're layered and uh and
136:24 what you can see here. And a lot of times I'll ask the
136:29 to tell me um what they see it takes a long time to get
136:33 to say layered rocks. But um know, if it's an igneous
136:39 you might have uh just, you , like if it's a granite,
136:43 just solid pink, black and white and uh or lots of other
136:49 But uh but if it was a rock, you might be see some
136:54 stuff like that. But in sedimentary you see layers and uh and I
136:59 it's, it's always important to go to uh how does we know all
137:03 things uh, when we, we're looking at them in an outro
137:06 looking at them any other way. , um, I wonder why this
137:57 a, uh, I, I for these things that are overlapping.
138:01 don't always see them on my screen I can't fix what I can't
138:05 But the, um, this is different version of the, the power
138:12 in, um, on this computer different than what I use most of
138:16 time. So I think it what do they all have in
138:28 But uh you can't even see that . Um This is uh this is
138:36 of a physical geology book. And it kind of shows you how common
138:42 sedimentary rocks are. You look at crystal volume, they're very insignificant.
138:47 if you look at land surface um they're very significant. So most
138:55 the time when we're walking, talking whatever, we're on sedimentary rocks.
139:00 so they make a very big part uh of uh the surface of the
139:06 that we interact with, which is we get a lot of resources from
139:11 rocks. Uh So it's 5% by in the upper crust, but by
139:19 , it's 75%. Often the only of geological events but mountains erode but
139:25 strata behind. And um here are uh the main things uh that relate
139:33 . Uh these were the three things was trying to get you to come
139:39 with composition, texture structure, three traits of sedimentary rocks. And all
139:45 these things relate to ferocity and permeability are critical to uh uh oil and
139:51 accumulation and production. And uh and why it's important to, to have
139:59 . And um I think it's important if you take a class in gen
140:03 systems or carbonates, uh that someone in and tries to connect the dots
140:08 the oil industry uh to make the more, more uh useful to
140:15 Uh when you, when you're doing or whatever. And so why are
140:19 interested in composition? OK. To with, there's two very different
140:26 Uh res classics and chemical biochemical And uh as it turns out more
140:36 even some of the things we thought chemicals are mediated by biochemical things that
140:42 going on in the water column So, biochemical is really important.
140:48 Again, uh it's uh you think it, you know, if,
140:59 you're an engineer, you're just thinking , carbonates and these are sands and
141:07 start, that's it. And they get it. Why, why do
141:10 think that um are so worried about is plastics, for example.
141:20 we could say it's mostly mostly just the sun because carbon incident and
141:29 what's a classic of a car What kind of class do you have
141:42 ? Just had a question? It's most time. Who likes, who
141:51 your friends uh grains from the, you guys, did you, did
141:58 mention Halabi or like and all OK. So uh we can
142:08 we can't have plastics in here. you couldn't just say plastic rocks and
142:13 rocks. They had to save to plastic. So these are plastic blocks
142:17 come from, from land forms of eroded and they can, they can
142:22 is metamorphic and sedimentary rock. If something was buried in the
142:29 is it gonna unless the, if , if it does, that means
142:37 unlimited about basic. So things often to be above base levels to get
142:42 plastic rocks and really uh important. it's a really important factor of the
142:48 of these versus the origin of OK. Think, excuse me.
143:01 , transport. Uh these often these be transported of course, if they
143:07 uplifted and eroded, but generally these of rocks form in the ocean that
143:13 live in. And uh uh transportation not a big part of their story
143:19 plastics. They're invariably gonna be uh one way or another and or both
143:28 , either chemical or physical and or . And we're also gonna be
143:35 And so a lot of times uh export, frontier exploration, we look
143:39 transport systems to figure out where uh sediments might have come from. For
143:46 , we go and we see something looks like a basin today, might
143:49 been a basin 10 millions ago, million years ago, 20 million years
143:53 , 100 million years ago. Uh we went back in time, where
143:58 those transport systems be? And where they reach the ocean and drop the
144:03 ? Because the ultimate um uh because water and ice transportation, it's all
144:11 by gravity, it slow down, uh plastic and end up being deposited
144:18 places that are and closer to the level. But when you reach the
144:22 level, they just fall around, a turbo and then I got a
144:28 deal of the shelter, it just on and starts sliding down the slim
144:32 , but it still has an origin from way up the mountain, stuff
144:38 that. This though the sediments come out of the water itself, whether
144:43 a lake carbonate or an ocean carbonate a gigantic sea carbonate, it comes
144:49 of the water mass, it's not into the water mass. OK?
144:55 , when it reaches that water the um the flow from whatever the
145:01 or alluvial system was basically comes to the brakes. Come on, it
145:06 , it's coming down. Gravity has it moving and moving and moving.
145:09 hits base level and that energy drops and it spreads out in a fan
145:13 then gets redistributed by waves and Ok. So, um we talk
145:31 now where to go these three composition, texture and structure.
145:39 So when we look at texture, of the primary aspects of texture.
145:48 . OK. And um anybody named of the other characteristics, one of
145:55 other text characteristics. So sorting, name another one. Yeah, go
146:16 and then um packing is in Now, some of those things also
146:22 to uh some special um but also so when we look at this,
146:30 a conglomerates, big things, uh , pointy, big things, sandstones
146:37 mostly rounded shales, or it can flaky rounded. Uh silt stones are
146:42 smaller. Uh And uh what's the between a shale and a mud next
146:55 ? Mhm. It seems like something's here. Um The shale is often
147:06 be clay and then, um lets is something between clays and, and
147:11 . So you get to 63 you go into silts, you get
147:16 to uh 4.5 microns, you get into plays and the play part of
147:24 because they always, um especially in green environment can almost never find anything
147:30 than 19 microns green environment because they're populated together. But uh uh something
147:37 a much stone, a silks stone be uh probably mostly if not completely
147:44 , uh shale would be mostly if completely out of play or a break
147:49 and a mud stone is some combination I'm not, I don't understand why
147:56 in the wrong order right now. they are. Yeah. Ok.
148:06 , so here we're looking at major minerals, quarts, of
148:09 in the classics is really important. are important, like minerals are
148:17 Uh, what's bad about field It's a principle. Ok.
148:34 Uh, I like to say quartz a tough nut to crack.
148:37 it's, it's not that susceptible to weapon even, it's not that susceptible
148:42 physical be. Spars are very uh to chemical. And even when they're
148:49 , uh, when you have uh in force bases, those fluids can
148:56 with the bars and you can start clay rims forming, uh, it
149:00 to break down into clay minerals uh, and those things can fill
149:05 the force space, create rims and sorts of things that ruin your process
149:10 permeable. And, uh then there's lot of accessory minerals, first grade
149:16 , heavy minerals. They spent a of time that they had a
149:19 but I have to see all sorts things. And uh good thing is
149:25 not that many, uh many minerals look at. Uh, there's uh
149:31 that we see, uh in terms uh heavy minerals, uh probably
149:41 in the things that are close to source of the a higher where,
149:49 the mountain ranges are and, and far away from the coastal plains.
149:53 well above normal wave base or uh level and, uh, but,
150:00 , as things travel farther and farther and further and further, you start
150:04 lose things. I think a really example is, uh, you have
150:09 that were close to the mountains, , like on the east coast,
150:14 will get a lot of heavy minerals the sands of the beach.
150:17 if you're far away from the like you are in the Gulf of
150:23 , um, almost all the, know, all the golf stars and
150:27 out and don't see anything. And from an academic perspective, it's really
150:33 because when you go and trench the Galveston, you don't see the in
150:39 um in the uh sands along the coast of the United States, like
150:47 South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia up a little bit in Maryland and
150:54 . Uh you trench, if you the beach, you actually see thin
150:58 that you can actually see the landing these pro because the of a lot
151:05 them have these heavy minerals and fall first when uh when they uh the
151:11 of the water drops off as they're formed. In other words, it
151:13 over like this and they drop out then the courts, grains will fall
151:19 and uh then you'll be able to , you know, really fine detail
151:24 of that. So that's just kind from an academic aspect. But the
151:28 thing about that is, is uh the, the ability and a uh
151:38 . Uh These heavy murals do and dense in the rock record and they
151:44 make really thin laminate, but also and burgers whenever you have crossed them
151:52 they can do it on a large . And even a bigger scale,
151:54 you have climate forms, a lot times climate forms will be bounded by
151:58 minerals and failed sparse and they'll submit up and they, and they'll create
152:02 barriers or baffles. Does everybody know difference between a flow barrier and a
152:15 ? Well, a a barrier mostly 11 thing it will be, is
152:19 continuous. That one might be for example, um it relates to
152:32 your reservoir too. You have to of be in the reservoir and figure
152:35 out. But if I have forms um and surfaces, the cement,
152:48 a bar. Yeah. Um something this that we see meditation wasn't continuous
153:06 things that, you know, they have to go like this,
153:11 know, that kind of thing to out. That's about that slows it
153:14 , that will slow it down because , you think, well, I
153:23 , it doesn't have to be shaped . Um does, does the arrangement
153:27 submit that? And uh you because if it comes to that is
153:35 out, I think the barriers. it's gonna be like I saw
153:40 uh somebody shut down and if we uniforms like this, they were all
153:51 . You might have really good permeability this direction, variability like this if
153:57 have something here. But in this , that direction variability become very and
154:05 multiple angles in those directions are important on, you know, the bed
154:10 be tilted like this naturally. But it's dipping, it's gonna change
154:14 um the attitude of it, it's gonna, it turned it into
154:18 a horizontal barrier versus a vertical OK. Other things that can happen
154:29 uh with sedimentary rocks is we can uh we can have actual rock fragments
154:34 it. And uh those are using coarse grain uh components. And uh
154:40 also get lots of things that can into uh cements and certain types of
154:47 forms of sports, of course, very soluble when you get below
154:50 about 5000 ft. Uh in, the, in the years, the
154:57 is at about 5000 temperatures. Uh start to get um soluble like the
155:04 silica from uh is extremely uh susceptible and uh you know, carbonates,
155:14 can turn into cements right on the . Uh You must have heard about
155:19 cementation, right? And carbonate and iron oxides, of course, uh
155:27 can see these all the time in and um and uh this number of
155:33 and of course chloride uh and the breaks down into uh nice rims and
155:39 sorts of things. Here is a picture here showing you chloride rims.
155:46 Here's a chloride rim. Yeah. uh you see the blue is always
155:57 be brassy. So that's where he here as a chorus. Oh,
156:03 that court's overgrowth. Uh So, know, you can get these rims
156:09 your ferocity, you can get, is actually blocking what looks like to
156:13 a pore throat. So that's gonna a big impact on permeability. So
156:17 lot of these things that go into and come out of solution, uh
156:22 in the rock uh can cause all of problems in terms of porosity and
156:27 . But by and large, when work with uh um virgins classics,
156:40 start out with a lot of primary . And then we have to worry
156:43 these kinds of things happening with depth Barret, usually the deeper they're
156:49 Uh The more we lose the And in addition to cements and overgrowth
156:56 uh and that sort of thing, else can happen to this ferocity with
156:59 burial compassion and compaction can be uh compaction happens relatively early on most of
157:10 continental shelves. I've worked on uh high resolution stratigraphy um somewhere around um
157:21 upper part of the lower Miocene. there's a, there's stuff is basically
157:29 that point is basically uncomplicated below that . It's, it's, it's uh
157:34 compacted. And uh if you look a time depth plot of uh what
157:38 rock accumulation rate is um OK, to be somewhat related to time to
157:58 you have to do continuous. This the time this is longer was
158:07 This is um you uh we see that looks kind of like this and
158:18 get uh just below the middle And uh so this is a real
158:24 rock accumulation rate. In other it's a small amount of time,
158:27 lot. Yeah, then you get like this, that one time and
158:34 as you go deeper and deeper, more and more like this. If
158:38 working in this section, you you, you change the scale and
158:44 looking at uh just the more recent that would be limited amount of compaction
158:54 . So there's a lot of there's a big break, it,
159:02 uh in a continuous section with a steady flow of sedimentation um in terms
159:08 volumes. Uh You almost always see on a lot of the continental
159:15 OK? Um Then here's the uh types uh major types of um sedimentary
159:24 . Uh There's limestones. Church salts is a real big one. Paul
159:30 a big one. I put this down here, throwing it uh a
159:34 uh type of uh in the marine in a certain type of uh non
159:45 uh environments that are Saline lakes, they're not, they're not marine,
159:49 they have marine life chemistry, hydro , they have a lot of chips
159:53 another thing that occurs uh with these kind of sediments is gonna be a
159:59 that's and uh and it uh for , a lot of uh bones and
160:06 like that that you see in the uh is another thing but uh Trona
160:12 happens in lakes that have a different path hyche pathways, two pathways.
160:22 coming off of uh masses of rocks in the world that can either be
160:28 that's enriched in, in uh calcium one that's rich in by carbonates and
160:34 ones that are enriched in by carbonates precipitate out all the calcium pretty
160:40 Uh Since there's no calcium left, don't get any appetite for like you
160:44 be, this is chip type But in the uh like like uh
160:52 because the calcium is gone, the doesn't precipitate out of the rock record
160:58 end up in the it's um this sorry, I guess I had it
161:11 because I had to, I had get on anyway. Um So what
161:17 was talking about was um this, set of minerals and this set of
161:24 is Trona. Does anybody know what , you know what? It
161:37 Not weird at all. He likes chloride. It's that in my
161:52 So my cousin, no, second time you have missed it, you
162:04 trouble. OK. So anyway, but this, this type of environment
162:13 tends to precipitate phosphate out. This leaves it in the water column.
162:19 are the three critical elements to the ? Right. Pardon. So this
162:33 , so this hydro chemistry and likes this hydro chemistry as opposed to that
162:39 of hydro chemistry, which some of are. Once it have runoff,
162:43 has a higher preponderance of the uh solute left once it hits the
162:51 and it takes all the calcium And uh and you have an abundance
162:55 uh carbonate, my carbonate, that water type. Um Also as the
163:02 is gone, you don't get, get appetite. If you don't get
163:07 , the phosphorus is in the water . So it's just like putting fertilizer
163:11 the ball. And so uh the leg deposits that have um Ito CS
163:21 the order of 24 26% to CS have this type of every single one
163:29 them is and the ones that they're gonna be this high. In
163:34 words, the combination of minerals coming the rocks into one light are enriched
163:41 . So to come out looking like system. And the other ones come
163:46 into this very different chemical pathway, is sodium B carbonate, which pathway
163:51 it uh and it uh sort of facilitates maintaining a high phosphorus level in
163:58 water column and therefore productivity just keeps and churning and churning. It's almost
164:05 little bit of phosph phosphate that gets into it. Uh, stays in
164:09 water column. Do you guys know famous, uh, lake system?
164:13 Lake system in, uh, in United States? Ancient Lake. Ancient
164:21 , Lake Bonneville. Still around. ancient is that anybody ever heard of
164:36 UTA Basin? Four Children? Um Have you ever heard of oil
164:52 ? Not shall oil but oil oil shell, a shell that's so
164:58 and rich that you can burn And most of it hasn't been buried
165:03 enough. But these are very, enriched lake sediments. The to CS
165:09 consistently, especially in a couple of formations over 24% toc and uh not
165:16 was it a sodium bicarbonate lake. But it also has um yeah,
165:27 uh formation nearby that was dumping into called the phosphoria formation. It's called
165:32 Phosphoria formation because it had a lot phosphate. And so we had this
165:38 of phosphate running into this lake and wasn't a and it wasn't calcium and
165:45 with respect to the uh it was in uh uh it was heavy in
165:53 , the and so the uh us that got in, there was never
165:59 out. It probably would have been out really quickly along the shoreline if
166:03 was a lot of calcium in the system. And uh there's huge lake
166:11 in China, which is why it important. People really started looking at
166:15 . There's some in Venezuela, there's San Jorge Basin in um in Argentina
166:21 a huge lake system. It only up to about 10% toc it's the
166:26 kind of lake system, but the accumulation rate was so high that it
166:29 it out. So composition can be important for a lot of different reasons
166:34 in these things. And um um thing that composition can provide though
166:41 is uh some insights on the tectonic and the paleo climate, um the
166:48 environment, potential digenetic trends. And course, uh bars not only do
166:56 turn into place and take away your , but you have felt it stands
167:02 you try to do an and turn into a gel and totally destroy
167:08 So places that have a lot of , you have to make sure that
167:11 don't do acid and uh somebody did in uh at Mobile and ran into
167:18 problems. And uh it's one of things that you just have to watch
167:22 for, you have to use a type of recovery method than trying to
167:24 an acid. And this is uh uh important diagram I like these kinds
167:34 diagrams because the general trend is but obviously specifically, it doesn't happen
167:40 like this every year. But in here we start out with primary ferocity
167:50 as it gets very, we're losing process. And uh this quartz one
167:57 have a kink in it somewhere around because uh cementation starts happening. Uh
168:03 about that thing which has to. what happens here, you see a
168:08 of compassion going on until you get to probably around this area. Then
168:12 starting to see more of this is you better compaction and the rest of
168:17 gonna be. Um But what do call it? The cementation that's taken
168:21 with them. And um the scopic are a little bit better. They're
168:29 . And then uh here's the Olympic . Uh These have felt spars in
168:33 . So there's a little bit Why do you think the Olympic sandstones
168:37 worse? Well, the, the , Paic sandstones usually have some forks
168:49 them. The uh in other this is naturally gonna be worse than
168:55 , but this has a lot of mines in it because it could have
168:58 igneous rocks in it. It could a lot of uh different things that
169:04 in the solution. And uh and and then uh to, to get
169:11 , you have to have things going a solution. Once you get something
169:13 a solution, you can have concentration will that. And so with
169:19 , these things just clog up faster there's more minerals that can be turned
169:24 uh cements and uh and rims and like that on the grains that uh
169:29 not uh that are not breaking up dissolving. And uh this is,
169:39 is another uh diagram that's uh you , sort of a basic one.
169:45 know that Bill Dupre showed you this . He and um here, of
169:53 is um just kind of showing you uh you're here, you're gonna have
170:03 problems with Arcos and, and this much uh goes beyond looking at uh
170:08 lot of uh rock particles in your , but it's looking at the main
170:14 pathways. One that's uh more clay and want to begin with. And
170:19 that's more uh uh Arcos that breaks into Glaze ridge. And as you
170:25 into here, you get it more more close. Uh If you get
170:28 away from the uh source, uh if you're close to the source,
170:33 , you're gonna have more of these that can uh it continued to become
170:38 and more segments. In other um we go here, you
170:50 if, if you're closer, if closer to the mountains, you're gonna
170:54 these kinds of things as you get and farther away from the mountains,
170:58 gonna have these kinds of things that uh pure. So if the things
171:04 grains that are moving longer and farther basically winnowing out through uh chemical
171:12 uh you lose these components that destroy porosity of permeability you end up with
171:18 things that are more quide rich uh this when you get to the coastal
171:23 . So uh if you're on the coast, your beach sands are gonna
171:27 some kind of composition like this, still has issues. If you um
171:32 get out to the Gulf of any sand that's on the beach right
171:36 , it turns into a rock, gonna have almost nothing in there create
171:43 and seashells. OK. So, sometimes uh the source of the,
172:07 the rocks because of this diagram basically because if, if I'm getting
172:14 that are sourced from this bunch versus two bunches, the quality of my
172:21 are gonna be better here and they're be worse and even worse there.
172:26 in um in a, in a that was very sand rich, but
172:33 had different compositions in the sands. was this place called the AC G
172:39 and in the AC G field, they had an issue um where are
172:46 of their sands coming from? How we look at a game and figure
172:51 the source of these sands? In words, this reservoir has, has
172:55 . This one does not. Why that happening uh in these different,
173:01 ? Why is one well not doing well as the next? Well,
173:05 is one sandstone that one layer uh cemented up and have poor porosity than
173:11 ones in another layer. And, , back when, uh,
173:22 uh, we're being deposited, we a river system coming in from
173:27 This is coming from the bulk and would be the cleaner sands because they're
173:32 from a mountain range way over So, they've traveled a long
173:36 They've had a lot of chemical and weathering. This is coming off
173:40 uh, not too far from, know, you have the Himalayan mountains
173:44 here, I believe. And uh also have the bar and uh,
173:50 got um, another car first and you get a big, but this
173:56 , uh here we're coming off the that's very close to a mountain
174:01 And I just told you all the range is right there, but the
174:04 patrons are here in this direction and coming off this way. And,
174:10 , and so this is close to mountain source, this is close to
174:13 mountain source, but it also goes a desert and this is uh uh
174:18 and um, a lot of rain what sort of things to the climate
174:23 different and it's a long distance and were the cleaner ones. And,
174:33 , from, uh, from the that we did there, I,
174:36 don't have any other diagrams but from , um, the analogs that we
174:41 , we were able to tell uh composition in terms of what the percentage
174:45 , of this rock type was combined with these different rock types at different
174:52 to come up with better sands versus sands that had less ferocity and
174:58 So, uh this is to try put it into context in terms of
175:02 oil field, there are places where the source of these rocks and the
175:07 and uh it can make a difference terms of. OK. So um
175:22 a big question. So why, are we uh interested in texture?
175:34 me, certainly can be. And sedimentary texture is gonna include um somehow
175:49 feel like these things got out of on the. But uh anyway,
175:53 grain, we already talked about this size and grain sorting particles shaped and
175:59 were packed in those are the In other words, if I asked
176:02 a test question on grain size, would be uh totally critical. And
176:12 these, these are uh sort of breakdown of brain sizes. And uh
176:21 I mentioned some of this but here's , here's silt and sand and this
176:27 , this is the sand is between millimeters 62.5 microns, 62.5 to 4.5
176:34 it is uh silk and below 4.5 split. And like I said,
176:39 a natural system, in, in ocean, uh clay particles tend,
176:43 to fluctuate and you can't find a uh that displaces more than the equivalent
176:50 uh of something that's, uh 1990 I just got out from some other
176:58 Santa, of course, is So here the Granules are getting
177:01 the pebbles are bigger and the cobbles bigger. And one of the reasons
177:05 , uh we have to worry um, the same size is because
177:12 some reason, this becomes one of most important ones in terms of car
177:16 systems. And I already pointed out as we uh we have high energy
177:22 move cobbles and boulders and pebbles and . Uh when these things move,
177:27 sort of flash events that are also a lot of uh the other particles
177:31 you see there of the smaller So the sorting becomes fit.
177:37 one of the things that's really uh is um in this relation to conventional
177:42 not conventional. Um We had this in the beginning, but here it
177:50 breaking it down and these are silk mutton and shale. 75% of what
177:55 are in sedimentary rocks. This is where I've worked on for the most
178:02 of my career, I've worked on to find these things for exploration and
178:09 uh a little bit of the time I've spent, I I looked at
178:12 and stuff and we get in this . And uh but for most of
178:17 career, we ignored this, totally . So, uh I think it's
178:24 to point this out because for 100 50 years, we were looking for
178:28 and gas from this and now we a way a tool, horizontal drilling
178:36 fracturing. Uh It's hydro fracturing, fracking or um natural fracturing. Uh
178:44 whole world has opened up into uh exploration plants. And this is why
178:49 don't think we ever really probably have worry about peak oil. Uh You
178:54 , maybe in the year of You know, if we go another
178:59 years on this planet, I'm pretty somebody will figure out a better way
179:02 make energy. But, uh but before that happens, I don't
179:08 we're gonna run out of work. , uh and so that's what I
179:17 is significant about this really simple cartoon this geology. But he said we
179:25 on this for years. Now. , we're open up to uh open
179:29 the shop to look at uh pine sediments. Ok. Yeah, I'm
179:43 confused as to why these, I some of my slides got moved,
179:47 , cut and paste and move something this should have come in the beginning
179:52 of the middle. Uh uh because the thing that follows this is uh
179:58 gonna be composition again. Well, it's gonna be OK that it's,
180:02 is OK. Uh The mysteries of technology. Um This is, these
180:15 some cartoons to show you um uh issue of sorting and the problems of
180:23 and, uh, you can see that might be well sorted.
180:27 this stuff all kind of falls Uh, you're gonna have pretty decent
180:31 throats and a lot of porosity you can see, uh, a
180:36 of the ferocity and for throats are be, are gonna be filled
180:39 uh, when this all gets compacted little bit. Uh, this is
180:44 or, uh, sorting and, , and here is uh very poorly
180:50 and of course, again, you have a few big pockets, but
180:53 gonna be separated and blocked off the throats will block anything. Um The
180:59 thing about statistics and numbers, Shell Company, uh spent probably 10 years
181:06 to figure out a way to do attempts. And what they found out
181:11 the more, the more points they , the better the sorting always got
181:16 mathematically, it just starts to average to one the same thing and,
181:22 , every rock has a combination of these six and then this is
181:29 at the particles and this is gray . And, um, and
181:35 we talked about that earlier and, , and here you can see,
181:40 , here's something that's equant, here's that's stating. Um, this is
181:46 looking at angularity, this is looking pitted textures and smooth textures.
181:53 uh, and here, of another way of looking at it would
181:57 , uh, here is spirit. This is decreasing roundness and this is
182:03 circus tension and those are things that . And here is just looking at
182:09 screens, I believe uh with, high spirit and low spicy and uh
182:16 so on. And uh course if have something like this and they,
182:21 they stack up like that, you a lot of frosty. But if
182:25 stack up like this, you have no frost and we've already seen
182:29 And that's why shape shape is one the most important aspects of texture when
182:34 comes to uh to um porosity and . What, what was the other
182:41 thing that we talked about? There shape? But what a, what
182:50 what about shape? And I kind explained it and when I just was
182:53 up there too, shape has a , I excuse me. Well,
183:00 , but the, the way it's . But uh uh and so uh
183:10 it's the, it's the, he said arrangements, it's packing,
183:13 the way it packs. OK. like, like if these end up
183:17 like this and they're able to maintain , that bridge, that's one
183:22 But if they go like that, another thing, if uh if these
183:26 line up in a certain way, can get, they can come together
183:30 some of that angularity opens up for and, and space, sometimes angularity
183:35 help you with, sometimes it can you. Um So uh there's a
183:41 to it. But one of the that you can see here in all
183:44 uh little diagrams is these uh especially screens, they have these uh different
183:50 and sizes. One thing uh that found in the uh University of South
183:55 was uh there was AAA there and a lot with grain shape analysis.
184:01 but he had in the maximum uh protection area of uh pork grains and
184:09 found that the pork strains from uh um this kind of relates to sources
184:20 on the trains and there's a here the river came down. Ok.
184:33 Do you remember remember I mentioned that a, it does it chemically or
184:39 weather very well, especially at So these grains are traveling down
184:45 Uh a certain and higher end harmonics really relates to um surface texture,
184:55 surface texture of the grains works grains one bath. Uh Here are distinctive
185:04 the service, these, these so if you come down here and look
185:09 the maximum production area of the you deal with a very serious on
185:14 high its gonna get a fingerprint. But this one would look like that
185:21 would look like, look like you figure out what the um the differences
185:26 in the greats and uh took this team Charleston, Harvard and along the
185:36 and of course, along the you have things that are getting
185:40 And there's also uh somebody in the here pointed out that uh there are
185:45 things that actually uh smooth uh things the ocean. And uh but you
185:51 a certain class of grain shades out that are distinctive from the one,
185:56 Ashley, the one Cooper rivers coming into Charleston Park. And so we
186:02 we did a study uh to separate in Charleston Harbor and we were able
186:11 figure out where we had a dominance green sands uh coming in uh by
186:18 . Uh They had channels there, and, but uh in an
186:24 but the ocean is over here while oceans over here and this is the
186:28 . Uh when they um pipes come , it brings sand in along the
186:34 , it's the train and it has saltwater get fresh and fresh. It
186:38 back out like this when the pipes out and stand on money. And
186:43 it's like in the train, uh almost like a con belt that just
186:47 bringing sand in. Engineers are spending of dollars a year dring these channels
186:53 then they uh they stretched them even and it made it worse why they
186:57 make it worse because the society was more sin and it was more combination
187:02 it was just worse and, and they still couldn't figure it out.
187:06 did a heavy mineral study and they out what was coming from these
187:11 They even said that they had certain humans have very few heavy mines out
187:18 . But you have some and they that in there but they couldn't,
187:21 couldn't uh account for 30% of the sediments that we need to develop
187:28 the dredging. And uh and it all coming in by and train the
187:34 and uh the same kind of thing be done with and uh like in
187:39 uh where we're doing game analysis, A analysis, we could also have
187:45 uh something for those. We figured what, what the traits of the
187:51 as well. So there's other ways we can do the source, the
187:55 kind of. And uh and uh grain shape analysis is just, is
188:00 another way uh um it's using grain instead of composition to figure it
188:09 And it, it, it's good it's, it's focused on courts because
188:12 is what we use, but is we're often looking for for the best
188:16 with the best porosity and permeability for says. And I, I'm not
188:22 go into this in too much Uh But here is um again showing
188:29 that the, whether we, whether have cubic packing or rhomb packing that
188:33 very important here is showing you what shapes with content and uh you can
188:39 a lot of the process to ability they fall down like that. And
188:47 here is um here's what we get sandstone, but here's what we get
188:55 a shale. Then you have these pockets of core space. And uh
189:02 is the big difference between, say what we're looking for in a conventional
189:07 and what we're looking for in an reservoir. And uh see here,
189:13 a lot of streaks of, of stuff in here. So there's cars
189:16 here when uh when they mature and into liquid, they create create additional
189:23 . And uh this is showing you a um uh I think this is
189:28 scanning electron microscope. It could be , but I look, I think
189:32 scanning and um there you can see sort of the network of porosity forming
189:42 carros are, are being um the matter is turning into a liquid and
189:47 as it becomes a little bit more more mobile. It actually creates more
189:51 and more permeability in the rocks uh the maturation process. Mhm So um
190:15 hinted at this but I'm gonna um think we'll break for lunch right now
190:20 uh I'm gonna take a look at and see if I shifted some slides
190:25 just to get it. So it more sense to me and it'll make
190:29 sense to you. How long uh guys need for a lunch break?
190:42 minutes or so or get an Ok, an hour is
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