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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture04_0902
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00:01 just got to get it going. secondly, since I'm actually now recording
00:07 I can see the but lines going and down, the second thing is
00:10 of email me about the nuclear receptor on the last quiz or assessment or
00:15 I should have given you all I think there's two questions might have
00:18 three questions that showed up that Also, I've already received one question
00:24 the quiz that was for today or assessment that was for today. Usually
00:28 that after the class time just because can't make any adjustments and I might
00:32 . All right. So usually if like, oh, this question was
00:35 not part of the reading, just till after class and then email me
00:39 , hey, I'll give you guys back. I mean, it's less
00:43 the points more about you just Right? That's really what the that's
00:46 whole point. Right? So today going to continue on with where we
00:52 off, you guys remember where we off? We were talking about how
00:56 talk to each other, right? talking about different types of receptors.
00:59 we're going to finish that up. guys remember the general theme? Remember
01:03 had a receptor, It was bound a which turned on a enzyme that
01:09 be turned on another enzyme ultimately turned 2nd messenger, which turned on
01:15 Er, Right, and then causes stuff in science. Easy when you
01:19 it that way. When it's a easier when you're just using simple
01:22 So that's what we're gonna be looking . We're gonna be looking at that
01:25 then what we're gonna do from we're gonna look at how hormones are
01:31 derived. But the two different basic of hormones we're gonna see there's lots
01:35 different classes. I'm gonna break it into two different classes, make your
01:38 easier. And so in essence I'm to teach you everything you know about
01:41 in one lecture. So you don't to take the semester long course.
01:46 don't get credit for it, but get to learn everything. Alright.
01:49 then what we're gonna do after that we're going to do an introduction in
01:52 . If I'm fast enough to action , you guys remember action potentials,
01:57 like yeah, I remember that biology action potentials all over again.
02:02 we're doing everything all over again because taught you wrong, I'm teasing.
02:07 just all right. So these are receptors are at least a couple of
02:13 . Price. You can see what they have? They have a receptor
02:18 . Alright receptor region, receptor And what else do they have?
02:22 have a catalytic region in this particular ? It's not catalytic It actually binds
02:28 that is catalytic but it behaves like catalytic region. And so what we
02:32 have is we have something that when gets turned on turns on or activate
02:37 else directly. All right. It have the thing that's generally associated like
02:43 G protein. All right. And typically with the catalytic receptors you need
02:47 receptors There's usually some sort of dime that's formed and so that's one of
02:52 kind of the unique characteristics about So it's like one binds one
02:57 the other one binds the same hormone come together and they work together as
03:00 team to create the reaction. So is an example of one right here
03:05 so you can see here the Liggins two Liggins they buy into different receptor
03:09 come together that activates the kindness domain activates an enzyme which activates other enzymes
03:15 activate other enzymes which activate other enzymes activate other enzyme which do stuff.
03:22 , so you can see it's that sort of thing. There's no second
03:25 in this process because it's just protein protein activated protein all the way down
03:29 line. You guys heard of Some of you nodding your head.
03:34 the target of napkins, do you what it is? Map kindness,
03:38 . And you know the target of keenan says yeah matt kindness,
03:42 kindness. And then there's a kindness , kindness kindness. And then there's
03:45 kindness kindness kindness, kindness, I don't know if there's a
03:49 skinny, skinny, skinny, skinny but there might be Yeah.
03:55 . Well I'll just are simple people named for what they do and really
04:00 really what it is it's saying I'm molecule that activates the next one.
04:04 the molecule that activates the next one down the line. Apparently these people
04:08 not for thinkers and didn't really think maybe that might be confusing to keep
04:15 kindness over and over and over But at least you understand what it
04:20 . It activates the next kindness but that's the general process. And again
04:25 can look at here ligand receptor enzymes that's done All right. The only
04:30 missing from this is that 2nd All right, so it's not complex
04:35 hard. So when you start looking receptors that act in this way you're
04:39 okay, so it's just the two and two Liggins instead of one receptor
04:46 one leg. Now, what I to do here is it's we're not
04:52 but we're just kind of showing. all along what we've been doing for
04:56 most part we've been saying things turn things which turn on things it causes
05:00 effect. But one of the things can be done, one of the
05:06 is we can change gene expression in way. Alright, so again here
05:11 that g protein coupled receptor acting protein say it's an effect er right through
05:15 second messenger system cycle campy. What can do is get those catalytic subunits
05:20 goes into the nucleus goes into the activates the things and do we care
05:25 things? No but activates the things activates transcription factors, transcription factors turn
05:32 and turn off genes. So what doing now is I'm making or stop
05:39 proteins. So that's one of the that do alter gene expression. All
05:46 . Kind of cool here is using alpha, interferon gamma. If you've
05:51 if you caught covid or the you know what it felt like?
05:55 , remember that nasty achiness that generally over your body's really along your back
06:01 you kind of walk around going, feel icky. And then you want
06:05 just curl up in a ball and that blanket and tighten it around your
06:08 . So it just makes you feel comfy and cozy. That shakiness caused
06:13 that gene right there. That molecule there. I'm not going to ask
06:18 that. That's just that's a That's a that's a take home and
06:21 about, oh, you're filling a interferon gamma. I got it.
06:25 wanna know what you're interfering does it in its name? It interferes,
06:32 it? But what does it interfere its how cells tell other cells that
06:37 been infected with the virus. And what it's doing is telling other cells
06:42 what I've been infected? Watch out are on the way. And so
06:47 cells then put up their protective barriers prevent infection again, I'm not going
06:54 ask you about that. Just kind cool to know. Wait a
06:58 Are some of these guys working on for your papers? That's a sign
07:09 you learn. All right. so look at what we got
07:12 interfere here is interferon alpha binding to receptor. It has a tyrosine kinase
07:17 , activates, activates, activates the . Excuse me, Jax activates stats
07:22 buying to another molecule which act as transcription factor together, turns on or
07:27 off genes. Same process over here interferon gamma turn on or turn off
07:31 gene. All right now the reason say turn or turn off because typically
07:35 think of things always being turned on foster correlation. Always when things
07:40 But remember there are positive and negative factors. Right? Just as foster
07:45 is normally a positive signal but it be a negative signal. So,
07:50 just want you to be you like the next time you take like
07:53 molecular cell class or cell biology or and they start talking about all this
07:57 stuff and you're like I've never heard this before. You can be you
08:00 be the spark group like Yeah, , we got this Doctor Wayne tortured
08:04 for a semester. Mhm. Now when we think of gene transcription regulated
08:13 signaling the molecules, we think about through nuclear receptors. Okay, nuclear
08:19 are cells or receptors that exist both the site is all in the
08:24 They basically trans locate back and forth and over again, they're activated primarily
08:29 steroids but not exclusively by steroids. right. And so what happens is
08:34 have some sort of lipid soluble That's why I say steroid and it
08:40 works its way through. So here a hormone, here's a hormone they're
08:46 This one actually is a steroid. one is not gonna mean. And
08:50 it does is it kind of goes and it finds its receptor when it
08:54 its receptor in the side is all causes the nuclear hormone complex. So
09:01 said nuclear hormone, the receptor hormone to trans locate and then it usually
09:08 arises either as a homo dime er a hetero dime er again not so
09:13 . Which one does what? But basically goes in dime arises acts as
09:18 transcription factor on its own. All , So nuclear receptors act specifically on
09:26 expression. All right. They're the that turn on and turn off
09:31 All right, the other system, we go back and look remember when
09:37 looked at this earlier on today's to . So on Tuesday when we looked
09:43 this we said protein kinase does stuff can activate inactivate proteins. This just
09:50 to be one of the things that can do. All right. So
09:54 not just this exclusively. It's not exclusively. It's not this exclusively.
09:59 fact this is more the exception to rule rather than the actual rule.
10:07 for nuclear receptors is mostly the rule there is mostly the world. Do
10:12 think there's exceptions to the rule? course there is because it's biology and
10:17 don't we just screw with us anyone worked, done any research over the
10:21 receptor center? I mean I know lot of you guys do research,
10:25 know, the nuclear receptors and that's the building next to sec. It's
10:30 I mean, it's a nuclear receptors receptor research center in it's the RCs
10:36 our R. C. I guess Centre. No, No one.
10:41 , that's okay. Doctor Gustafson and team primarily work on estrogen receptor and
10:48 primarily work on estrogen receptor that does type of stuff. Estrogen receptor was
10:54 about 10 years ago to actually have a receptor version that inserts itself into
11:00 membrane blew everybody's mind All right, that's not how this receptor supposed to
11:07 . So, for everything, there's rule and then there is the
11:12 So, we'll deal with that not much. Okay, so what do
11:17 have lipid soluble licking ligand receptor complex location, gene expression. Whether turning
11:26 turning it off. Now the way can do this like all good
11:31 Just create a chart for yourself and kind of do the characteristics. I've
11:34 written them all out for you. does the membrane do. What does
11:37 like, Ligon has to be on outside. So it's always water
11:41 So, that's its permeability is water . So, it's probably going to
11:45 a protein peptide. Where's the receptor ? Memory? Second messenger system?
11:51 , no mechanism of action. Signal cascade, no cascade effect. Er
11:57 going to be usually going to be sort of pathway. So,
12:01 cascade, its effect er is going be gene transcription rate of response.
12:07 didn't talk about this greater response for bound receptor is going to be
12:11 very fast because everything is already there a nuclear receptor very slow. That's
12:19 . What's fast for cells. Anyone PICO second would be impressive. That's
12:27 that's a good guess. You're you're the right direction. It's the
12:31 right, So milliseconds slow would be . Okay, minutes to hours.
12:37 right, and just to give you understanding why I think I'll probably come
12:41 to see this light right here, pick that one. So, if
12:44 wanted to turn it on or turn off, there's probably a light switch
12:47 , Right? So, if I to make the room dark to get
12:50 response would be a quick response. ? All I gotta do is go
12:53 the lights, which it looks It's probably over there. Right,
12:57 , that would be an example of a signaling cascade through membrane receptors to
13:02 . Everything is already there. All wires are in the wall lights already
13:05 place. All I gotta do is the button, change the state of
13:09 is going on ready for the nuclear . I want to change the room
13:14 or not it's light or dark. have to build the light. I've
13:17 a wire the room, I got put the button in and then I
13:20 to push the button. Okay, in other words when you're dealing with
13:27 rate of response here, it's because are changing what's inside the cell because
13:32 changing gene expression. So that kind makes sense. It's a terrible example
13:37 I think it's a useful one where building versus I'm already dealing with what's
13:42 there if that makes sense. ma'am. Yes, so that's also
13:52 . Right? So if I turn on quickly, I want to turn
13:56 off quickly so I can get a response back. Right? So if
13:59 turn it on it's gonna be and turning everything off just as I go
14:05 . I saw the coolest video. was the dumbest thing I've ever seen
14:09 it's also the coolest thing ever It was a box and someone had
14:13 little tiny fingers in the box like fingers and what it did was you
14:18 you switch switches on the box and fingers every time you turn on switch
14:22 come out and switch the switch off there's like eight of them. And
14:25 you go to the fingers would come . It was the funniest thing.
14:29 was just like who is stupid enough plug clever enough. It's both to
14:34 this box and you go and look you get a stick and you hit
14:37 all on and all fingers come out funniest thing in the world. But
14:42 bring that up is because that's the at which they get turned off as
14:45 . So that's why it's fast. get turned on quickly things get turned
14:49 quickly. So you get a quick response nuclear receptors. If I am
14:54 RNA, it takes a while to that are in a converted into
14:58 Takes a while for that protein to its thing. But it takes a
15:03 time for that protein to disappear to . So, how long is the
15:07 in a nuclear uh nuclear receptor It's long, isn't it?
15:14 it might take just to give you example. I would dose rats,
15:20 gonna love my stories now, dose or mice with steroid. I can
15:26 a response starting in about five That's that's long for yourself.
15:31 But the response would last for hours days. Even up to a
15:38 In terms of the response that I'm for and I would do time courses
15:42 that. Trust me, that's not lot of fun. Go check them
15:46 minutes, 10 minutes, 30 minutes hour, two hours four. And
15:50 can just start multiplying outwards? All , Do it in the other
15:56 You put the stuff in. You it out right immediately. You're talking
15:58 right? You're just hoping that you it in there under five seconds and
16:02 can see a response already. that's the difference. Long explanation for
16:09 I'm probably gonna get to here in a second anyway. All right,
16:13 . So, uh endocrine systems, this stuff right here, we're gonna
16:17 back to many of these tissues later the semester, but just to give
16:21 a sense the endocrine system is not actual system. It's just a series
16:24 tissues that have a lot of They produce hormones. Okay, so
16:29 hormone by definition is simply a chemical by a cell or a group of
16:34 . The group sells directly in the , gets transported some distance away where
16:39 targets located and exerts its effect at very low concentration. What concentration.
16:47 , milliseconds, PICO moller. Remember came up with the number last
16:54 No, it's all right. Start you with these prefixes. Alright,
17:00 , there used to be a time you could say that's a hormone and
17:03 not a hormone. Um Those lines blurred a little bit because of our
17:08 understanding of how cells talk to each . So, there are some things
17:12 kind of following that gray areas. is this a hormone, is it
17:16 a hormone. And so we're not worry about that. But just every
17:19 and then you'll come across something like not sure if this is really a
17:23 . Just if it doesn't say hormone it. Probably not. I
17:27 steroids following the hormone category, but is what we're going to use for
17:33 understandings. So, first origin of , they're going to be secreted by
17:38 . All right. These are tissues derived from epithelium. All right
17:44 there can be individual cells. They be in neurons. So, it
17:47 be neuro hormones. So, this be neuro epithelium is what the type
17:52 tissue origin is, Right? Or is where it gets fuzzy. Is
17:57 immune system inside of kinds. And are a lot of cytokines. So
18:01 they hormones because you secrete them and can travel a long distance away or
18:06 can secrete them. They act in peregrine fashion. So, it gets
18:10 of confusing. So, we just of took that and said,
18:13 we're going to call them a different . We're gonna call them cytokines before
18:16 while. They were treated as All right. In terms of
18:21 There secreted into the blood stream. all hormones are secreted into the blood
18:25 . We have ecto hormones. Ecto outside. So the example that we
18:29 here is pheromones. Now, humans really have pheromones. We do.
18:33 we don't. All right. There's that we smell that makes us more
18:37 to other people or less attractive to people. All right. But we're
18:41 like rats or mice who really do on that sense of smell or dogs
18:47 cats for that matter. The sense smell. Right? And there's a
18:50 time ago. It's not so popular . But there is a while where
18:53 were advertising to men like hormones, where these pheromones and it's like women
18:59 fall all over you. All That's not how it works.
19:03 Yes. If you take a rat expose it to hormones. Usually it's
19:07 the urine of another rat. You can reset their estrous cycle.
19:12 right. If that's that's how powerful is. You can get a rat
19:15 go into Lord doses. Lord doses simply it's sticking his butt in the
19:20 , pulling its tail aside and hey baby, how you doing?
19:25 you. They will do that. mean, it's crazy to watch them
19:29 they start behaving in a manner that's you're walking around on p corn cub
19:35 . You know that's it. But do that now. How would humans
19:39 when you give them a hormone. right guys, when you go up
19:43 a woman and you're wearing these they're less likely to slap you and
19:48 go away is really how their response be. We're like, okay,
19:52 will tolerate or stand you being near for just a couple of extra minutes
19:56 see if I have any sense of towards you that's about it. So
20:02 you ever see an ad that says know what what's the what's the one
20:06 anchorman? It was like, You now you're like, oh yeah,
20:11 like panther, sex, panther, know, 90% of the time it
20:15 half the time. Something like It's it's it's they're all lives.
20:22 not going to do any good. right. So there are things that
20:26 excreted as well. Alright, targets can act locally. Not locally,
20:31 in the sense peregrine. Although there be that but generally speaking, they
20:36 at some sort of distance away. depends on where the location of the
20:40 cells are. So for example, the ovaries we have cells that produce
20:46 that then are distributed to the cells door. But those cells aren't responding
20:51 the androgen. What they're doing is taking the androgen and converting it into
20:55 . All right. So that might necessarily fall into the category of acting
20:59 but they're being produced side by All right. And then again the
21:05 nanometer, typical Mueller. So low, low, low quantities.
21:09 small amounts produce large responses. so here's a couple of different
21:16 I expect you to memorize those structures be able to draw them in three
21:21 . I'm just it's thursday. We a long weekend in front of
21:28 I'm just Gary. All right, I did this because what do you
21:35 with what do you see a commonality these three things or these?
21:38 there's three of them up there. do you see that's common about
21:41 The ring structure. Right. I I turn them specifically so that you
21:46 see that the ring structures are somewhat . All right. That doesn't mean
21:51 the molecules are similar. All It's just that they kind of share
21:55 kind of simple shape to them. now, hormones are typically classed in
22:01 ways. You can look at sources , you can look at how they
22:04 in other words. What type of are they binding to? You can
22:06 , oh, are they water soluble they lipid soluble? Or what you
22:10 do is you can say, let's look at them in terms of
22:13 . Are they peptides or proteins? they steroids or means? And I'm
22:16 to tell you right now, the thing you can do to learn hormones
22:21 to sit right here and deal with scalability question. All right.
22:26 it doesn't matter if you go take endocrinology class. If you learn that
22:30 rule is this soluble in water or it soluble in fats? You will
22:35 everything about that hormone. All And that's how I'm gonna teach it
22:40 you so that you can just walk of here going, I know all
22:43 hormones. All right. So, first is let's deal with the peptide
22:47 hormones which are water soluble. peptides and proteins are water soluble.
22:55 , what that means is that first we make them we're gonna make them
22:58 the in the plaza in particular because going down that track, right,
23:02 the Golgi. They get processed, , chopped whatever they get, packaging
23:07 vesicles. And then those vesicles are back until some signal comes along.
23:12 says all right, time to release hormone out into the blood. Then
23:16 vehicle moves to the surface. Release ketosis. The hormones down and out
23:21 the interstitial fluid goes out of the travels around the body. Goes through
23:25 the cells with the right receptors and to act. All right.
23:32 You were in particular, just near near there, near the surface.
23:37 going to just put those in Alright. Somewhere between the gold and
23:41 plaza memory. Yes, sir. like bingo. So, so there
23:47 periods of pulsing. So, all you young post teens. All
23:54 You're pulsing. Gonadotropin is like crazy now. Why? Because you're in
24:01 prime age of reproduction. So, body is pumping out tons and tons
24:06 tons of follicle stimulating hormone scrutinizing But it's pulsing it there's highs and
24:12 lows. Right? And so, these pulses that produce the signal to
24:16 you to release the mountain of the . All right. That's the
24:20 Now. How are you making Chugga chugga chugga chugga chugga chugga chugga
24:26 . So, it's all the constantly making remember, constituent versus regulatory
24:31 , Right? The regulatory pathway when I release it, constituent of
24:35 , I don't care when I release . I'm just always making and always
24:38 regulatory says I'm always making but I'm at specific times. So, I
24:45 that particular hormone because they actually refer him as the FSH and LH pulse
24:52 . Boom. Over and over The older you get, smaller pulses
24:59 . Yes, we'll get to that . All right. So,
25:06 storage release. That's the easy Right? Made in the Enterprise particular
25:12 scored up, released on signal Well, they're water soluble peptides and
25:20 are always water soluble. So, they go into the blood, which
25:24 primarily water, are they happy? they sad? Happy? I'm water
25:29 . I'm going to be in the . Who They just cruise around.
25:32 , there are things trying to choose up too much because that's how our
25:34 works. We don't want things to around for too long. But for
25:37 most part, they can sit uh in the water and be functional,
25:43 happy. All right, We say dissolved. Just means that they or
25:48 exist in the water they're not being by the water. All right.
25:52 , they do have short half And again, the short half life
25:55 a function of other enzymes coming along I don't want this thing sticking around
25:58 very long periods of time. All . Because you want the signals to
26:01 limited. All right. Now, truth is, is anything that you
26:06 to maintain for any sort of period life you can bind up to and
26:09 their half life. So, there molecules that are regulatory molecules that can
26:13 along and kind of protect. But the most part, they exist free
26:20 the blood. All right. That's we're going for now. How do
26:24 act? Well, they're water They can't penetrate through the plasma
26:28 So, that means they have to with a receptor that is stuck in
26:31 plasma membrane and has its uh in out there and accessible. So,
26:37 work with membrane bound receptors. All . That means once you bind up
26:46 it, you're going to get a response. Now, I'm just throwing
26:51 things up here. Nothing here for to memorize. This is an example
26:53 how we produce hormones is processing This is a pre pro hormone usually
26:58 broken down into hormone and some other that's useless and whatever. So,
27:02 an example. Here's another hormone or a pro hormone get your hormones and
27:07 useless stuff. What's the difference between hormone and pro hormone? Pro hormone
27:12 just the stage before you get the The pre pro is before you get
27:16 the pro. All right. So just adding another prefix to say it's
27:20 step earlier. Okay. Now, these two examples that they're using
27:25 This is pre pro TRH you process a couple of steps and you get
27:31 you don't know, trohs as thyroid releasing hormone, don't you know it
27:35 ? Well, you might a little later. We'll see might be
27:38 All right here. Pro opio Melanie , wow, It's a tough
27:44 Makes act th adrenal cortical tropic Protropin and beta endorphin. You at
27:50 have heard of beta endorphin. All , okay. If you haven't heard
27:53 other one, that's fine. But just one molecule gets processed in here
27:58 get us all those different things. of cool. And then they elect
28:02 one here's pro insulin chop it. get insulin. Here's c peptide useless
28:09 c peptide is used for for physicians go in to see whether or not
28:14 producing insulin if you're presenting is diabetic it will be in circulation. So
28:20 one of the things they use it . That's the only thing. It's
28:24 the useless fragged here is a visual of what I just showed you.
28:31 what's that. Sure, cheap printing receptors. What's that G protein coupled
28:42 . What's that? Another one Here's a pathway through cyclic GMP.
28:47 I said there's two major ones that should know. One through cyclic
28:51 M. P. And the other that activates. Um uh through
28:55 I pay see Okay, so those the two. This is the calcium
29:00 modular system. This is the Oh look, here's one. We
29:03 bothered learning with their economic acid. ? P. L. A.
29:09 all of these have that peptide And you can see parathyroid hormone,
29:17 , kyra tropic releasing hormone down here the catalytic ones. What do we
29:20 A and P. Atrial natural peptide tells you where it's made in the
29:25 Natural diuretic naturally from sodium diuretic from or your ISA's. So basically saying
29:34 out sodium insulin. You guys heard the insulin receptor? Right,
29:39 At least one face Not up and . That means someone's awake. Thank
29:43 . Growth hormone. Growth hormone checking side of the room. two heads
29:47 . All right, realizing I'm going be asking questions along the way.
29:52 . Oh, buying these types of membrane bound receptors. Mhm. In
30:01 , you have to memorize this? don't know. Maybe not depends on
30:05 professor. I love this pathway. I tell you guys story if you
30:10 . I see the faces when I this like damn it. Okay,
30:15 years ago. This very, very social justice warrior and UK was feeling
30:22 sorry for herself and she had a , very public voice and said,
30:28 know what being woman sucks. It being pregnant. Men need to notice
30:33 to be pregnant. So what I to do, I propose we give
30:38 progesterone so they can feel what being is like for nine months. And
30:44 read that and I laughed and laughed laughed and said this stupid woman never
30:48 a science course. Why? Because doesn't know this. All right
30:54 you don't need to memorize this. right. I have to know it
30:58 a lot of work I did was this pathway. Alright. But basically
31:02 it says, it says you should up there. These are all the
31:05 . Generally speaking that the body makes there in the top left hand corner
31:09 cholesterol wise cholesterol good for us because allows us to make all of this
31:13 fun stuff. Plus a couple of things. Alright, so cholesterol
31:19 The progestin is over here in the . The androgen is down here in
31:23 purple. I don't know what color is. The other purple. These
31:28 the estrogen's and then up there in other purple. Those would be the
31:31 core decoys and down here the Again, if none of those things
31:36 anything to you. That's okay. let me explain women the primary to
31:42 we think of when we think of are estrogens and progestin. Progesterone and
31:47 are the two primaries and men. do we think of? We think
31:51 testosterone which is an androgen now, this chart is showing you If you
31:55 at those lines, those lines that each of the individual hormones up our
32:01 and those enzymes are expressed very specific in the sex is all right.
32:07 so what we have here are enzymes say if I want to go from
32:11 cholesterol, tooth, pregnant alone, example, I have to have side
32:15 cleavage. All right. And then go from pregnant alone. Down here
32:19 hydroxy pregnant alone. I have to 17 alpha hydroxy. All right.
32:23 , remember what is the primary hormone man testosterone? It's actually there's there's
32:29 of them, but testosterone as we of. All right. So there's
32:33 for you in order for me to testosterone. What do I have to
32:35 through? I have to go through progestin. It's so if I give
32:42 men a bunch of progesterone, are going to be sitting there wondering why
32:46 ankles are swelling and wondering the No, they're going to make tons
32:50 tons and tons of testosterone. So plan was faulty because she didn't understand
33:00 like saying I'm gonna give a bunch women testosterone so they can understand what
33:04 like to be a grumpy angry mail the time because they would say
33:08 All I gotta do is use a bit of Roma taste and I can
33:11 make me semester dial, which is estrogen that you're most familiar with.
33:18 right now. How do I make these different hormones in very specific
33:23 Well, if I have the next in the chain that allows me to
33:27 to the next one and if I , then I stop wherever I'm
33:31 And each of the cells that produce have a specific set of enzymes to
33:37 me to go to a certain All right. So the reason men
33:41 here is because we don't have aroma in the cells that produce the
33:46 All right. We do have five reductase which makes us super testosterone.
33:52 is About 100 times more powerful than , which is awesome. All
33:59 Having said all that. And giving the little story here of why we
34:03 our science classes very seriously because we make dumb mistakes publicly in national
34:13 I'm telling you, I read that sorry, just like go back to
34:18 english class anyway, synthesis. How we make this stuff? Well,
34:24 a fact. Can we start Can you store fats and vesicles?
34:31 says we should anyone here want to with them throw rocks at him.
34:37 , I don't want them to throw at you. He's getting nervous.
34:40 like, oh man. All Remember what's inside the vesicles is
34:45 It's water. Alright. The membrane is fat. If I put a
34:50 inside that water, is that fat be happy? No, it's gonna
34:53 hightail it out of there as quick you can. So as I make
34:58 , I release steroids. Okay, you're thinking wait a second. But
35:01 fat cells, right? How do fat? How do I start fat
35:05 I have fat? And that's a question that we're not going to answer
35:09 . But it was it was a I'm not picking on him. He's
35:13 like out of my class. But it was it was it was
35:17 5050 chance. All right. So very different in the previous system with
35:25 and proteins. What do we We made them We stored them.
35:29 waited for a signal to release. steroids. We make them release
35:34 We don't care for signal. All . The signal is going to be
35:39 signal that says let's start producing at front end. Something that says let's
35:44 side chain cleavage so that all this happen. All right. So it's
35:48 different regulatory mechanism. It's all it's the production line. Not in the
35:53 line. Okay, So you've released steroid out into the blood. It's
35:58 fat. Is it happy now? gonna everyone want to disagree with
36:03 No, you're right not to disagree them because it's going into water.
36:07 so this now this little tiny former is screaming going where do I
36:12 where do I go? Help me me help me help me. And
36:15 body says I'm not gonna let you . And so this is where binding
36:19 come into play and binding proteins will along and they'll sit there and wrap
36:24 sweet little arms around that poor saddle molecule and say there there it's okay
36:29 hold on to you and I'll carry where you need to go. Now
36:34 follow all the rules that you learned love mass action or love mass equilibrium
36:41 something. I can't remember now my has already turned off but basically it
36:45 in a in a steady state between bound state and the unbound state.
36:49 ? And whatever the ratio happens to well we'll just keep it easy.
36:53 it 1 to 1. Right? if you have 10 molecules five will
36:56 bound five will be unbound. That sense. In a nice steady state
37:02 1-1 ratio. So that means there five molecules that combined receptors. And
37:06 when those five bind to receptors we have five bounce, what's going to
37:10 ? I should have used an even . That was better than this Let's
37:13 we start with eight. So 8 - four. So four get bound
37:18 . That means we have four that bound. So what happens is to
37:22 . So now we have to free bounds. That makes sense. That
37:26 So then those to bind up. now we have to bound.
37:30 what happens? One leaves now we've 1-1. One binds up to its
37:35 . Now we have one. what does this one do? Do
37:38 split in half? No, it half its time bound up and
37:44 All right. If it happens to out and find the receptor off it
37:50 . All right. So, transport requires a binding protein. All
37:57 In the previous state, binding proteins come along to help lengthen the half
38:03 . But that's its only purpose. right. Here, the the protein
38:09 sorry, the steroid cannot be transported a binding protein. Okay. And
38:14 actually are very specific. There's also their non specific like albumin, but
38:18 have specific ones. So, the binding protein, what do you think
38:21 binds corticosteroids? Or glucocorticoids? Cortisone. So and so forth.
38:31 binding protein. What do you think binds androgens? What do you
38:34 Estrogen binding protein binds estrogen's man. is easy when you think in terms
38:40 a biologist just slap a name on tells you what it does. All
38:44 now, what does it do? already talked about what it does.
38:48 hormone is lipid soluble. It's basically it's released from the binding protein.
38:54 those natural laws of chemistry and it can move through the plasma membrane
39:02 because there's nothing blocking it to lip . Right. It can go
39:06 Now, once it goes into the it's still unhappy again. And this
39:09 the good news is that there are there that kind of say uh I
39:12 you. And then it will help it to the nuclear receptor. All
39:15 , we generally ignore it. We talk about it that much.
39:19 what you can think is basically trans , finds its nuclear receptor and then
39:24 it finds its nuclear receptor, the receptor steroid complex trans locates and then
39:30 a gene expression your binds to as transcription factor and does gene expression.
39:35 right, here's a picture showing you that look, here's the steroid,
39:42 goes through the plasma membrane. Notice not even showing the binding protein.
39:45 not showing the transport protein here. then it goes and finds the steroid
39:50 steroid receptor trans locates creates a diner this case says, oh look,
39:55 make new transcripts. We get new . We get new proteins.
39:59 we get de novo protein synthesis. you never heard that word, That's
40:03 refers to de novo new new protein . Yes, sir. Right.
40:08 . So, when it's right, , so there are binding proteins to
40:14 transport it. So there we just them transport proteins. So, they're
40:17 typically named something binding protein, there's usually carrier molecules lack of better term
40:25 not or probably the proper term is . Right. I'm gonna make sure
40:32 get from here to there without getting lots of water. Right. That's
40:38 right. But notice that they've ignored . And if you're going to read
40:41 text, they kind of ignored as . Because it's a it's a complex
40:45 that is not fully understood yet. , sir. You know.
40:53 that's a that's a that's a fair . So, again, let's think
40:57 you know the light. Why is longer for me to turn on or
41:01 the light If I have to build . And the answer is because I
41:04 to build it and that's really what's on. So if the change in
41:08 cell is the presence of new proteins the loss of other proteins, it's
41:13 to take time for you to get . Right. So, it's not
41:17 for you to go from here to . The long part is all this
41:20 down there. Right. And you , you may be creating a pathway
41:25 isn't going to be turned on by else that could be the effect as
41:28 . That elongates it as well. right. Mhm. Now then we
41:34 a group of hormones that just screw the thing I just told you.
41:39 right. And so why set them ? So I say if I talk
41:42 the peptides and I talked about steroids I make peptides simple by saying they're
41:46 soluble. And I say steroids are . If you keep them lipid
41:49 we look at the means and okay, some are lipid soluble,
41:53 are water soluble. All right. and we just memorize which one's
41:58 All right. But once we understand versus water, they just kind of
42:03 into that category. So what are mean hormones basically what you do is
42:06 take tire seen or trip to fan then you modify it. And so
42:11 trip to fed. That's how we melatonin. Anyone here take melatonin.
42:15 . What an awesome, awesome I got four energetic Children at 10:00
42:22 night. three mg now tastes like out like a light. I mean
42:32 better than bourbon. So, they it when my grandmother was around hyperactive
42:39 have a sip of this. All , Alright, so melatonin is an
42:45 here. Let me see. We even have these are just tiresome
42:48 All right. And then we have , tyrosine. You can see here's
42:52 tyrosine amino acid. And what have done? We've just done some slight
42:56 here and there for the different molecules hormones easiest, here's your original tires
43:02 . And what we do is we another tire seen chop off the tail
43:04 them together. And that's how we thyroid hormone. These both are considered
43:09 hormone there's T three and T. fire oxen is the more commonly
43:15 Try both, irony is the more of the two. When we get
43:19 those hormones I'll re describe all this . But together that the thyroid hormone
43:23 look I mean it's basically tyrosine just . Have you guys heard of the
43:27 means double? Mean you've heard of ? Epinephrine? Have you heard of
43:31 you don't epinephrine uh you've heard of ? Right? That's adrenaline.
43:36 Norepinephrine. That's the step cousin right . Everyone kind of ignores her.
43:42 ? Or if you want to use adrenaline. That's it's other name.
43:46 . Um so how do we do ? Well cata cola means like um
43:53 they act like peptides. All These are basically binding to cell surface
43:58 . And if you go back and at the receptors that I just showed
44:01 one of them is the epinephrine Okay. If you go back and
44:06 at them. All right, So use the second messenger system, thyroid
44:10 is the weird wacky one. It's one that acts like a steroid it
44:13 to an inter cellular receptor. You ? So this is why I say
44:17 memorize those two because that's not hard you understand the other stuff. I
44:26 that's easier. Or you memorize everything it just screws your old world
44:32 So here's Karikomi action. Oh look just showing you different types of
44:39 Different types of pathways. So the thing to do again make stuff
44:44 How are they secreted? How are stored? How are they, are
44:47 lipid soluble or not or water Doesn't matter which one? How are
44:50 transported? Whereas the receptor located, the mechanism of action? What's the
44:54 of reaction? You can just throw up there ready for me? Oh
45:00 , go ahead. If there is , it's usually as a single
45:09 The question if you didn't hear is it's a membrane bound receptor is usually
45:13 , the answer is yes. Because you're dealing with is a signal transaction
45:18 , which is literally like knocking over very, very quick. Okay,
45:23 , ma'am, dose dependency. Try mg. Try 15. Actually,
45:32 honestly, I don't know. So gonna be times you're going to ask
45:36 a question that has to do with medicine. Remember I'm a PhD that
45:41 in the groin region, reproductive So there's a lot of things I
45:48 just say right up front. I'm like other professors. I know there's
45:51 lot of things I don't know, . Everyone, another professor thinks they
45:55 everything and that's one thing I do that I don't know everything. So
46:01 in particular pathology in particular is where fall short. We had a friend
46:07 did, who had a child who a little bit more hyperactive and was
46:11 taking the normal child dose had to up that dosage. Yeah, I
46:17 know. Maybe they were really resistant the idea of rest. Yeah.
46:23 right. I'm gonna screw with your now. These slides are made intentionally
46:28 be sort of confusing to make you and slow down. All right.
46:34 that's the purpose. They're not that . All right. But you'll
46:39 So, hormone action why we give a whole course on this stuff is
46:46 there is some confusing. So first , you can have a single endocrine
46:51 that you'd say. All right, got a gland here. It can
46:54 more than one hormone. It doesn't produce one hormone. It produces many
46:57 . And we're gonna look at the pituitary, It produces six different
47:01 Great, thank you. So, I have to go one thing and
47:04 makes me do six things. So complex. But we can also have
47:09 case where we have single hormone produced more than one gland. Uh
47:15 I mean, it's not just this , It's that one too,
47:19 Okay, some out of Staten Island's is example. Single hormone can have
47:23 than one target cell. You mean doesn't just act on one cell.
47:27 , it acts on lots of cells acts on muscle cells, liver
47:30 Fat cells and tells them to do specific things. So it's not just
47:35 here's a signal going just to that . It can go to multiple
47:40 The rate of secretion can vary over . Alright, circadian rhythms is an
47:46 . If you look at uh the of quarters all over the course of
47:50 day, it starts off really low as the day goes on it gets
47:53 high. You go to sleep. crashes in the middle of the night
47:56 you. All right, Menstrual cycle an easy one. When you look
48:00 estrogen, estrogen starts off low at beginning of the cycle and then it
48:04 rapidly and then it crashes and then rises up again in a unique kind
48:08 hump. All right, so there's ways or different rates of secretion depending
48:16 what's exerting the regulatory mechanisms on top it or what that hormone is there
48:20 respond to single target cell Can be by more than one thing.
48:30 Here you can think of this as and brake type thing. They're usually
48:33 opposite responses but not necessarily. What trying to show you here is opposite
48:38 . So hepatic cell can be influenced insulin, insulin, insulin or
48:45 Yeah. Oh man. It's gonna a long semester for you guys.
48:50 telling you. All right, insulin say, hey, you know,
48:53 that sugar and stuff that's running out and and proteins or amino acids and
48:59 . Those things you should be putting storm up glue guns going,
49:03 no, no, burn it, it. All right now because we're
49:06 desperate need of getting this fuel So, they're having a different or
49:11 response. Progesterone and estrogen on uterine during pregnancy. Yes, sir.
49:17 hormones produced the same same response. going to see the answer to that
49:23 yes, but it's dependent upon the that are downstream. So, time
49:29 . Is it okay. Time out we're gonna come back to this in
49:32 two lectures. All right. Maybe the last lecture before the test.
49:36 right. And what we're gonna we're going to be looking at the
49:38 system. We're gonna be looking at transmitters and how they respond or neuro
49:43 . And so, different neuro for example, can act on different
49:49 and different with obviously different receptor types they are gonna be buying their
49:53 But it's the pathway, you the enzyme enzyme enzyme, second messenger
50:00 er, that stays the same. it might be all the stuff
50:04 So, the idea is, is cascade that becomes important. Not so
50:08 the the hormone receptor that's important. So, in some cases,
50:19 So, it will probably never be same. So, you won't have
50:23 cell that will have two systems to in the same way on the same
50:27 . But you could have two different act on different cells in the same
50:32 to get the similar response. All . I think I'm saying that
50:37 I may have bungled my words in brain. All right. So when
50:43 get to that, I'll point it again. And you can wait.
50:45 didn't say that three days ago or days ago and I'll say is your
50:49 and then we can go from I don't know my french. Do
50:53 say that correctly? You accuse I don't know. Obviously no one's
50:59 french here or you didn't pay attention got your credits. Um Another
51:04 So I'm saying progestin and estrogen. progesterone is all about sustaining pregnancy.
51:10 is all about getting the baby out out of the uterus. Alright,
51:15 during pregnancy, progesterone levels are higher estrogen and that basically prevents contractions.
51:21 at the end of pregnancy you kind get a swap in terms of the
51:26 of estrogen progesterone. And so the estrogen levels are one of the things
51:29 help induce or allow for the contractions take place. So that's just an
51:38 of two things working in opposition to other. And basically what's interesting is
51:43 suppresses the production of the estrogen estrogen suppresses the production of the progesterone
51:49 . So it's kind of this literally between the two of us who is
51:53 to dominate in the uterus during Um that can be a hormone or
51:58 depending on what system you're looking So norepinephrine is secreted by the adrenal
52:02 out into the bloodstream. So that's we call it a hormone. But
52:04 everywhere else it's being uh secreted which primarily the sympathetic post gangly Tomic
52:10 Uh It's being secreted as a neurotransmitter it's acting from cell to cell.
52:17 again it's a nomenclature thing that describes . And then lastly we have organs
52:23 are exclusively endocrine. The anterior pituitary example which we're gonna look at exclusively
52:28 . That's all it does is produces and put them into the bloodstream.
52:31 you can think of things like the is the ovary, the stomach.
52:35 are structures that have other functions. ? Would you agree that stomach has
52:39 function other than producing hormones? And so it is an endocrine organ
52:44 it's not, the heart is an organ but it's not. All
52:49 so there's all this dichotomy that you . Oh wait no that's the last
52:54 . That's right. I thought I one more that was really confusing.
52:56 gonna be a little bit later. some other, so there's this dichotomy
53:01 exists in the endocrine system that makes a little bit more complex but they're
53:06 so complex that it's like overwhelmingly complex have to make you say there's no
53:11 and fast rules like one cell. hormone type thing is what I'm trying
53:15 get out. Um This is what like to call biology. Math.
53:23 So In the real world, in math. If I take one and
53:28 it to one, what do I 2? But C in biology,
53:31 I take one and add it to , I get 11. You see
53:36 11. Right? You you guys disagreeing with me. Like like I'm
53:42 . Let me just show you. . So this is what this is
53:45 . Um basically what we're looking at is synergism. What I'm just
53:51 its complementary. It is um complementary feminism I think is the word I'm
53:57 for. And basically what it says some of the effects is greater than
54:00 sum that you'd expect. Right? so this is what this charges over
54:04 . Look if I take thyroid hormone inject it into a rat and just
54:09 it thyroid hormone, There's no reproductive in the rat or the mouse.
54:14 just basically nothing happens. But if give it steroids, FSH and LH
54:18 will get some development. But it's gonna be delayed and it's never
54:22 All right. So, you could here looks, these are important for
54:28 development, but they it's not This by itself can't get reproductive
54:32 But if you put it all you get it all together actually,
54:36 permissiveness. That's probably why I have up there. Sorry now I'm thinking
54:40 I'm thinking down here, here's Here's glucosamine, here's cortisol. Each
54:44 these things, in terms of affecting glucose have a small effect of raising
54:49 glucose. Epinephrine of of the group probably the most powerful. Would you
54:54 with that? Just looking at the of those three epinephrine and cortisol.
54:59 . Look what happens when you take look on an epinephrine, You double
55:04 amount of epinephrine. All right, that's not 11 dr Wayne. You
55:08 if I have two and add two , I get four. But remember
55:13 is not to I mean this is , much lower. You should expect
55:16 down here. The additive effect of two things is greater than than what
55:21 expect if I had all three Look what happens goes through the
55:25 Didn't one Plus 1 does equal Thank you for laughing. You're making
55:34 day. The rest of these these jokers over here, they're just
55:38 just shut up and teach. Yes, sir. It's Mhm.
55:48 . Right. Yeah. Mhm. having a hard time hearing and I'd
55:54 to say it with me drinking. you were talking about permissiveness, Is
55:59 so so go ahead. Start So I can try harder circadian rhythm
56:05 affect them. Oh once the circadian problems it affects everything. Mhm.
56:15 . So so there's a lot to said and if I just cut you
56:21 . I apologize. Right. I just say I'm gonna finish my thought
56:25 um I'm watching the clock cause I I'm falling behind too. Um so
56:30 regard to the circadian rhythms, the . There's not just the clock hormones
56:35 we think of, like melatonin and now see this is, I'm
56:41 but there, there's, there's a of proteins that are regulated by those
56:46 that then regulate other things, which other things, which regulate other
56:50 And so, by interrupting your normal , your normal circadian cycle interrupt these
56:58 that are desperately trying to stay on . Right? And so I think
57:04 you're, what, what you're trying get at here is that that can
57:07 a very, very disruptive mechanism. absolutely true. But that's true for
57:11 of these hormones, you disrupt anything it can cause widespread effect. All
57:18 . Can I scare you guys a bit because it's fun scaring millennials.
57:22 guys are millennials, right? Are guys the next generation? You guys
57:27 to come with something better than Because I'm like, I'm like,
57:31 gen X and I mean, that sounds cool, gen x. It's
57:35 we have superpower, you know, can picture um, I can't even
57:40 of his name now. Deadpool doing ex horse. You guys didn't see
57:49 two, did you? Yeah. right. I should warn you
57:53 Every time I mention movie, write down, go watch it one
57:57 I had a girl in front row literally she had me several years,
58:00 was used to me. And so was like, I'm just writing them
58:02 down. And I said you have distribute to the class because,
58:06 No, for your own sake, for your own advancement. See the
58:12 with having youtube and netflix and You have no shared cultural experience as
58:17 group. I mean you kind of , but you don't like if you
58:20 listen to people like us, we to movies and we've all seen the
58:23 same movies and so it's like we and laugh and laugh and everyone thinks
58:28 insane and Deadpool to just go watch . Some of you are gonna be
58:32 offended by it. And that's It's written that way so that you
58:37 go, oh yeah, it's okay be offended a little bit. But
58:41 , he has a thing X I don't remember where I was
58:44 I almost fell off and killed Yeah. What was I gonna
58:50 Oh, scare you. All. right. So this is based on
58:58 . My observation. No scientific evidence . All right. So that means
59:06 walk out of here going, that's of a spooky ghost story and I
59:11 believe in ghosts. Okay. So young women get on the pill very
59:17 on when they reach those reproductive 14 years old, 13 years
59:23 So and so forth. And they on birth control for a very long
59:27 because no one wants to have kids they hit their thirties when it's far
59:30 late to have Children. Sorry, didn't say that level again. I'm
59:35 teasing, throwing things out there to you All. All right. There
59:39 been several women that I know personally have observed that they get off the
59:45 . They're like, well who ready kids to get off the pill and
59:48 can't have kids. So they go do all the different things and eventually
59:52 to IVF and then they're able to kids after all that. Why?
59:57 you've disrupted the natural menstrual cycle and natural regulatory elements because the body just
60:03 you've got it. I'm not gonna about it now. Is this absolutely
60:07 ? What did I just say? , there's no evidence for this.
60:10 don't walk out of here going I to get off the pill, I
60:12 go down. No, don't do . That's not what I said.
60:17 recording this. Yeah, so I'm telling you all right. But it's
60:25 interesting. You know, So for , my next door neighbor who was
60:29 gynecologist, mind you, they went had went through the IVF treatment had
60:35 because usually implant to eggs, And it's so good nowadays that you
60:40 actually get both to work and then just figured well we're just infertile because
60:45 know, we tried forever and we to go IVF and then they got
60:48 within a month after giving birth or months after giving birth because she wasn't
60:52 , which is a whole another And then they had what we would
60:56 an irish twin. You ever heard Irish twin? It's a child that's
61:01 within 12 months of the child before All right. It's a derogatory
61:07 right? Probably english going, look at those irish breed, like
61:13 . That's another irish twin. All . Yeah. People have been insulting
61:19 forever. All right. But that what happens is when you go through
61:25 , right? Your body has a flow of resetting itself and re regulating
61:30 . And then at the end of , everything gets reset and it starts
61:34 things over from scratch, right? birth control? You're interrupting the natural
61:39 of I got I didn't get so I'm going to reset the
61:43 I didn't get pregnant, I reset system when you're on a specific types
61:47 birth control. It's basically I'm pretending I'm pregnant, pretending like I'm
61:50 pretending like I'm pregnant, pretending like pregnant and if you do this for
61:53 14, 16, 20 years, do you think your body thinks?
61:58 that you got it under control. got it figured out now again,
62:04 don't know, I'm not a But I studied this a lot and
62:12 made some observations. So take it what it's worth there. I'm some
62:20 yours now, so they're scared. be scared. It's just a ghost
62:26 antagonism basically when two hormones affect, the opposite effect of each other.
62:31 , permissiveness, Synergism, antagonism. . Was this in order to get
62:36 reproductive about? You have to have thyroid hormone to allow these things to
62:40 what it does. That's what I trying to get out. So there's
62:42 permissive. This is synergism. No for antagonism, But we've already described
62:46 basically. two hormones that Antagonize Another. One wants to go this
62:50 , one wants to go that They fight for each against each
62:54 I've got to get through these and not at all gonna get through action
62:59 . I can already feel it right . I failed you. All.
63:04 . Pituitary gland. Oh, this where I get really confusing. That's
63:07 . This is the one I wrote confusing on purpose. Not they're not
63:11 stuff. It's a couple slides. right, so this is the pituitary
63:15 . So here's your anatomy for the . All right. This is a
63:17 tiny structure that hangs from the bottom your brain, just at the back
63:22 , top of your palate. All , that's where it's located. When
63:26 go into rats, we basically drill hole and we can suck that sucker
63:30 , basically make it stay immature So there's two half of it.
63:35 have. This is the forward side the anterior side. That's the posterior
63:39 . So this lobe is referred to the anterior pituitary. This is referred
63:43 as the posterior pituitary. They have origins. Argo different names. All
63:49 . So this is glandular in These are axons or neuron. Excuse
63:56 . The axons of neurons located in hypothalamus that extend outward as neural
64:01 All right. So that's why they're very different Now. The hormones that
64:07 being released are going to be controlled up here in the hypothalamus. This
64:10 the hypothalamus. Alright, so the that control the anterior pituitary are released
64:18 neurons up here in the hypothalamus into bloodstream and then they travel in the
64:22 through a vascular link down to the in the anterior pituitary in signal to
64:30 what they need to do. All . So it's still a distance but
64:34 pretty close distance. Right? When dealing with the posterior, what's happening
64:40 is remember the neuron cell bodies are here in the hypothalamus. These are
64:44 axons. And so they're releasing out the post the posterior pituitary.
64:52 They're not stimulating cells, they're just them themselves. All right. So
64:57 actually the hormones themselves are being produced here and they're being released out through
65:02 posterior system. Now this portal system we describe. That's what this
65:07 This vascular link. It's just this small capillary bed that sits between the
65:14 structures. So, I know we learned that there's a lot of chicken
65:19 egg stuff in physiology right? Where have to explain something even though we
65:23 discussed it yet. So with the system or with the vascular system,
65:27 general organization of vascular system artery to . Too vain. Right now there
65:34 different sizes, but that's basically the artery, capillary vein. And so
65:38 we have here is we have vein vein again. Right? So it's
65:45 to what you normally expect. All . But there's a reason why we
65:49 this or reason why this little portal exists is we want to direct the
65:54 specifically to this tissue without it being throughout the rest of your body.
65:59 just to give you a sense of the distance there is probably about this
66:03 . Right? And so we're talking couple of millimeters of blood From here
66:06 here. Your whole body is roughly males, 5.5 L, females you're
66:11 to about 5l of blood. So a lot of dilution. Whole body
66:16 of dilution. So the idea is at least focusing the hormone in a
66:23 way to this tissue. That's only very short distance away. So that's
66:26 we have a portal system. ma'am. Yes. It's to get
66:32 stuff to where it goes before it circulating through the body missing. So
66:36 example, you have a portal system the stomach and the liver.
66:40 So as you're digesting materials, those can go from um you know,
66:47 the from the stomach basically they come or from the digestive system straight to
66:52 . And so you can go through kind of go detox, taking all
66:55 stuff out, taking all the bad out before it starts going through the
66:59 and causing problems. All right. the hepatic portal system. It's probably
67:05 common 11 we are probably more familiar . All right. So this is
67:14 I just explained. The neurons for posterior up here. Axons are traveling
67:19 their cells. These cells up here regard to the post your pituitary,
67:25 easiest easiest structure we're going to learn to hormones. That's a precedent.
67:31 . They're actually related to each The difference is a couple of amino
67:35 and they're very short molecules to begin . And most other organisms, there's
67:39 one molecule, they do the exact thing. We just got lucky.
67:43 we have to. All right, the nuclear up here either produce
67:49 like this one right here, I'm gonna make it up this one right
67:51 produces vasopressin. That one produces That one will never produce vasopressin.
67:56 will never produce oxytocin. But even they're in the same nucleus, they're
68:01 all the cells in that nucleus, gotta be careful. Nucleus is a
68:06 of cells in the nervous system. those cells in that nucleus aren't going
68:11 produce the same hormone. So they're of it's a mixer match.
68:16 And so the two nuclei is what called super optic or pair of
68:20 We're going to challenge you here because told you biologist name things for what
68:24 do for what they look like. is for where they're located. So
68:28 do you think? Super optic means above optic I it's actually not the
68:34 itself. It's the optic nerve. , above the optic nerve.
68:39 here's the hard one. Pair of para cross or near next to.
68:45 not just a but it's that All . And then ventricular physical.
68:51 So there must be a ventricle someplace the brain that it's right next
68:55 And that's exactly what that is. right. It's a pair of ventricular
68:59 we're going to see the ventricles when get to the brain and the next
69:02 . All right. So those two are where both the oxytocin and vasopressin
69:06 being produced. Best presidents. A names. Your book likes to use
69:09 over and over. And arginine So frustrating when it says that adding
69:14 extra word is just don't waste my . All right. But the reason
69:18 that arginine becomes really important in distinguishing oxytocin and vasopressin, but the other
69:22 is really easy is a th anti hormone. All right. What does
69:27 diuretic hormone do. Anti wow, can't hear people. Sorry.
69:36 Hold it stops you from diary. you're so polite and say they said
69:41 it keeps you from paying. Thank . I mean you got the right
69:46 . It prevents diary sis diaries. is the fancy term for going to
69:51 bathroom, Right. Isn't fancy But like, yeah. All
69:58 So there's localized signals that basically stimulate that cause that release the anterior pituitary
70:04 the one that's a little bit more we have what are called tropic
70:09 Sometimes you might see trophic with an . In there. That's okay.
70:14 hormones are not little tiny things with umbrellas and give you a sense of
70:18 and happiness. Trophic is a hormone regulates the secretion of another endocrine
70:24 Okay. And you can see in names which are not spelled out
70:27 but I'm gonna tell you, I there's a whole slide where all that
70:29 is. So you can go back look at it if you need
70:31 But growth hormone, thyroid stimulating adrenal, cortical tropic hormone, follicle
70:39 hormone and legitimizing hormone. You can even in their names that they have
70:43 sense of stimulate, stimulate, stimulate stimulating something else. All right.
70:48 then it produces one hormone that's not tropic hormone which is prolactin. All
70:54 now. This is I guess I it up. I don't know.
71:00 in another study basically two factors can it. So hormones up here which
71:05 regulating or releasing hormones. So there's ones that are inhibiting hormones basically regulate
71:12 production or the inhibition of the tropic or the other hormone prolactin. Or
71:18 could happen is that the target gland specifically for the tropic hormones are going
71:22 come back and act at this level say, hey uh you produced
71:27 you don't need to produce more of . And so it's a feedback loop
71:32 the targets tissue. So in terms what we do, we say,
71:38 anterior pituitary is the master gland because controls everything right? But in theory
71:45 in actuality these are really kind of . It's growth metabolism, reproduction.
71:49 if you play, if you have sort of role in that you're probably
71:52 regulated through the anterior pituitary. All hormones really only have releasing hormones with
71:59 exception of these two proactive and growth , they have both releasing and inhibiting
72:04 makes it really confusing. Right? one's acts as a gas, one
72:08 as a brake and then in terms functionality which will come back again over
72:13 over and again. But just so you know him now I may ask
72:16 question, what does this hormone Proactive his milk production. Alright.
72:22 plays an interesting role in immune system we're not gonna worry ourselves. So
72:26 think milk production. FSH follicle stimulating LH is uh a hormone that causes
72:31 unique change in the female reproductive Both of them are active in both
72:36 and females. And both are very in both systems. But what they're
72:40 is they're acting on the goan That's the ovaries and testes.
72:44 collectively they're termed gonadotropin bids. See trope in part the trophy regulating the
72:51 ads. All right, thyroid stimulating surprisingly regulates the thyroid. All
72:58 I mean, shocking. Right. , cortical tropic. It's the adrenal
73:05 plays a role in regulating the hormones secretions from there. Finally, growth
73:11 . The easy thing to think of growth. But it also plays an
73:15 role in metabolism. Alright. Which of makes sense of growth. Is
73:21 metabolic rates, you know, to for growth. That's where that's coming
73:27 . This is kind of the big of specific cells produce these specific hormones
73:32 the tissue produces all of them. each individual cell only produces 1
73:38 Even these two. It says good a trope. But one producer FSH
73:41 produces LH this tells you what their targets are. I'm not going to
73:45 you that today. All right. Here's posterior pituitary and what those
73:51 I don't even know if I even , but that's press and basically it
73:56 with water retention. Um And oxytocin a major role in regulating smooth muscle
74:02 , uh contraction specifically uh in the during um labour memory gland during uh
74:14 . And and some other context which get to a little bit later.
74:18 don't want to distract you all. I think this is the last
74:22 then I'll let you guys out of and we'll deal with this stuff on
74:26 after you're arrested. And and I'm goofy. I don't know if that's
74:32 . All right, so, what showing you here is a model and
74:36 , this is a model that if learn this model for the pituitary
74:40 you've learned all the uh the uh hormones and how they're regulated. And
74:47 what it says is look for a feedback loop. We're gonna have a
74:50 than a target and that's the hormone the hormone comes back and regulates at
74:54 sensor. All right, But in system that we have is we have
74:58 hypothesis for the anterior pituitary, we our target. And so what we're
75:02 is that the hypothalamus plays a role regulating the anterior pituitary to produce its
75:08 , that hormone acts as a negative loop of hill upstream. So that's
75:13 that is right there. Right. hormone then also has an act action
75:18 acting on the target. In this adrenal cortical tropic hormone acting on the
75:23 cortex, adrenal cortex produces its hormone is cortisol, there's other hormones that
75:29 regulated through here. So the cortisol as a negative feedback back to the
75:34 pituitary to block the production of th right, so that's a that's a
75:39 negative feedback loop. That would be short short loop. But then it
75:43 has a feedback all the way back to the hypothalamus, which would be
75:46 long loop which basically says um not am I going to stop you here
75:51 above me. I'm gonna go to boss and have a word. I
75:56 thought about it. It's the Karen hormones. I got what you I
76:03 you all the laugh. That is . Mhm. All right. So
76:07 what the long tube there's also what called an ultra short feedback loop,
76:11 I don't think we're gonna need to with it. So, does this
76:14 loop makes sense? All right. , if you know this, you
76:18 know how all six of those hormones being regulated in the anterior pituitary.
76:27 , you guys have a great day you already packed up and running out
76:30 here? Yeah, sure. Let stop the
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