| 00:01 | Oh, yeah, welcome. Um that volume is. Ok, just |
|
| 00:27 | by my mouth. If it's too , it'll be like blow you |
|
| 00:31 | Um All right. So let me next week, he's gonna bring you |
|
| 00:37 | for a while a week. Uh let's finish up uh Unit two, |
|
| 00:44 | is what we're currently on. Uh thing and Thursday, I don't |
|
| 00:51 | it's uh we only have a little left to do on Thursday. So |
|
| 00:55 | don't know if it'll take the entire . So, uh but we'll |
|
| 00:58 | So basically we're leaving the photo Parts Of part two is basically gonna |
|
| 01:07 | here. OK. The rest of stuff will finish up. Uh |
|
| 01:13 | we probably get into maybe a little of photography. But um at the |
|
| 01:17 | . So, so then next no classes, of course, then |
|
| 01:24 | we start the next unit when we back and um then of course the |
|
| 01:30 | later that week. So, um . Uh oh The Black work |
|
| 01:37 | The unit quiz. It's the one of, you know, where it |
|
| 01:42 | and we have a week off during middle of the semester. Uh I'm |
|
| 01:45 | just keeping it open. So we what, 10 days. So it'll |
|
| 01:50 | open this Friday and then instead of due on the Monday, which will |
|
| 01:57 | the middle of the spring break start it, it'll just be due the |
|
| 02:01 | week. So the 20th. So, um, but a a |
|
| 02:07 | this, the, the remaining unit will be at the same time frame |
|
| 02:10 | days, but this one is just for that reason. Uh the smart |
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| 02:16 | 14 that's also not due until after break. So um that catches us |
|
| 02:22 | . OK. So uh so just little bit of a recap, |
|
| 02:27 | So it's kind of put this all the context here. So, so |
|
| 02:32 | , we are, so these well, 13, 14, |
|
| 02:37 | It's pretty much metabolism, right? so we started with uh metabolism. |
|
| 02:43 | how you folks, right? Ferment uh or with fire, right? |
|
| 02:51 | , uh the stages, right? energy from oxidizing molecules of your |
|
| 02:58 | Um then to pate, that's the in the lobe, right? With |
|
| 03:01 | fermentation we can go um and then as we as we're doing the |
|
| 03:09 | the process is occurring, we're capturing along the way in the form of |
|
| 03:14 | T P. In some cases, some cases, the N E V |
|
| 03:19 | D two uh is captured. Um we then uh we're taking those electrons |
|
| 03:27 | red, right? So um taking electrons to electron transport came. And |
|
| 03:34 | kind of what we're focused on in in 14, right? So last |
|
| 03:39 | we talked about reduction potentials, And so the molecules are a part |
|
| 03:45 | the the reduction process, especially the in that in the electron transport |
|
| 03:51 | right? It's all about keeping flow , right. And so keeping electron |
|
| 03:57 | going, so we can maintain that proton gradient, right? And so |
|
| 04:05 | focus on that at the start Kind of that process, not super |
|
| 04:11 | , but it's kind of a little of a overview of it. And |
|
| 04:14 | course, there is an actual example an E coli and its membrane and |
|
| 04:21 | enzymes involved in respiration for it. . But that represents, you |
|
| 04:27 | ours don't look that dissimilar mitochondrial right? It's uh works functions in |
|
| 04:32 | very similar way. Um But of , an E coli can have different |
|
| 04:38 | many bacteria can have different options, ? It's not just like us is |
|
| 04:42 | much aerobic respiration, right? That can do ferment, some can respire |
|
| 04:49 | , some aerobically. It it all on what they can do. So |
|
| 04:53 | reduction potential remember was about the I know think of that as the choices |
|
| 04:58 | can make in terms of combining, ? Don are molecules that are gonna |
|
| 05:03 | up electrons and accept those that threat the end of the process to draw |
|
| 05:08 | to them towards them, so to . OK. Keeping the flow |
|
| 05:13 | right? That's key. And um so it's all about the air, |
|
| 05:19 | ? Strong donor up front, progressively , accept those as you go toward |
|
| 05:26 | end, but that keeps the flow . OK? And so we look |
|
| 05:31 | uh and so if you look at table, this is kind of more |
|
| 05:34 | less the demarcation right here. But these are more positive reduction |
|
| 05:43 | I'm sorry backwards. These are more negative reduction potentials here positive here. |
|
| 05:52 | ? So if you have a more reduction potential, you're a better |
|
| 05:56 | right? Um likely a better donor electrons than being an acceptor if you |
|
| 06:03 | a more positive value. OK. the ones up here, right, |
|
| 06:08 | are more negative, they're better as . OK? The ones that are |
|
| 06:14 | positive are better as acceptor. And that's what you live together, donors |
|
| 06:18 | , right? And so um so that the the relationship between delta G |
|
| 06:25 | and reduction potential, right? And by combining a strong donor, |
|
| 06:32 | you know, like the strong you combine that and, and collectively |
|
| 06:38 | off energy right? Ability, And that's what this is essentially then |
|
| 06:45 | sustains the the proton grading, That energy, that's where the energy |
|
| 06:50 | the electron transport system, that's what's , right? That's the energy that |
|
| 06:55 | protons. OK. And then uh course, we're gonna get something with |
|
| 07:01 | because the protons will go through a P S and that's what we're gonna |
|
| 07:03 | of start with today is, is process the, the pro rating and |
|
| 07:09 | A T P s and how that ? Ok. Again, not getting |
|
| 07:13 | detailed on it, more kind of what it looks like for the |
|
| 07:17 | Ok. And that's it right Well, we'll start with that, |
|
| 07:26 | , ok, so let's look at proton Motor Force. Ok. We'll |
|
| 07:32 | a little bit about it here and , you know, in the past |
|
| 07:35 | of years, uh it just uh have to do the, but uh |
|
| 07:40 | did when I show the education that up the components that make up the |
|
| 07:45 | motor force. That's delta P. . And so uh two components, |
|
| 07:51 | ? So um uh there's an electrical , if you will the charge |
|
| 07:56 | there's one part, the um P difference because we're dealing with a pro |
|
| 08:01 | . Essentially P H is a function the T uh higher concentration. So |
|
| 08:08 | goes hand in hand. And so charge to recall, I mentioned before |
|
| 08:13 | this negative charge in the cell, is very much what ours are the |
|
| 08:19 | way and pretty much all other cells the same way and it's really due |
|
| 08:22 | the, the proteins in the OK. Um Proteins for the most |
|
| 08:27 | , yes, some are transported but there's a lot of proteins in |
|
| 08:30 | cell that will stay there and, and then the P H inside of |
|
| 08:34 | cell, they typically negatively charged, ? That yes, you do have |
|
| 08:38 | had and other ions uh that But largely it's the proteins in the |
|
| 08:45 | that, that provides negative charge. so, um so with the proton |
|
| 08:53 | , OK. And so the electron system which is supplying the air to |
|
| 09:00 | these protons out. OK. Um create a gradient of course. And |
|
| 09:05 | because it's hydro lines, we create a difference in P H outside and |
|
| 09:09 | the cell. OK. And so um so that's where this part of |
|
| 09:14 | equation comes from, obviously P H the delta, right, that's the |
|
| 09:20 | to the charge difference. OK. so the there and there, |
|
| 09:31 | And so um so if we look uh hypothetically right, a P H |
|
| 09:38 | of uh 75 in size 65, no, this is gonna be range |
|
| 09:43 | that's, that's not a but so was a one P that's a P |
|
| 09:50 | of one, right, 7.56 point difference to one. OK. And |
|
| 09:55 | we'll kind of just plug into values . OK. And so the attraction |
|
| 10:00 | two fours, right, high concentration right high out here, low |
|
| 10:09 | that's one. OK? Because they gladly move down the gradate diffuse down |
|
| 10:15 | gradient if you give them a OK, then you, of |
|
| 10:18 | you have the charge attraction positive that draws. OK. But you gotta |
|
| 10:26 | them a way to commit because being charged molecule, it will easily pass |
|
| 10:32 | . Remember, so you got to them the conduit and that's this right |
|
| 10:38 | , right? So they'll flow through pro uh A T P A s |
|
| 10:41 | A T P symptoms. OK. that will result in the release of |
|
| 10:47 | . So remember the, when micros down the gradient, they release energy |
|
| 10:52 | the process, right? And we use that to um to make a |
|
| 10:56 | P. So remember a T P takes energy to do that. The |
|
| 11:01 | comes from protons going downgrade, releasing . So that remember back on start |
|
| 11:09 | about all this coupling energy releasing with required. And that's what we're |
|
| 11:15 | right? Um And so uh these I'm gonna show you just, just |
|
| 11:24 | illustrated purposes of these, these OK. Um And these are typical |
|
| 11:30 | for uh bacteria. Uh I think of the E coli as most many |
|
| 11:36 | are. Um but the typical charge you see is something in this range |
|
| 11:45 | . Um The uh And of it fluctuates because of the charge internally |
|
| 11:50 | can change while root for that you know, you have a range |
|
| 11:56 | . Um Delta P H can change obviously, but just kind of using |
|
| 12:01 | numbers we can plug in. So our delta P H one, |
|
| 12:07 | Uh We're using Upper and lower this is the lower range there. |
|
| 12:13 | then this is just the upper range 50 same delta P H. So |
|
| 12:18 | , just to show you kind of is what we're looking at. If |
|
| 12:21 | taking electrodes, you get somewhere in range for a health functioning bacterial type |
|
| 12:30 | that and so of course, things disrupt this. You all P |
|
| 12:37 | you can alter this, uh you um uh by uh by affecting the |
|
| 12:44 | H, you make the, you this, you can make this |
|
| 12:49 | right? That can be effective, ? If you begin to not |
|
| 12:53 | they have no difference that affects the the uh charge, you can have |
|
| 13:00 | that you can, that are called , that will disrupt the charge uh |
|
| 13:07 | the outside and inside at two will the delta sign in. So you |
|
| 13:11 | affect both these parameters and in doing obviously affect the total output here. |
|
| 13:18 | . And so obviously, a healthy wants to kind of maintain this |
|
| 13:24 | obviously, because that's what enables it ultimately, right, produce a T |
|
| 13:30 | S, the proton force, right what allows it to produce A T |
|
| 13:36 | S. So you try to keep normal range, so to speak. |
|
| 13:41 | , same as we do, This because all this applies to us |
|
| 13:44 | well. OK. Um so uh the, let's look at this, |
|
| 13:51 | the ATP- eight, right? Same OK. So this is actually a |
|
| 13:59 | motor, right? It does OK. And does so as protons |
|
| 14:06 | through it as you see here, . And so in through here and |
|
| 14:13 | out like so you see over OK. And so as it |
|
| 14:17 | it's big part of this to this pro complex zero. And F |
|
| 14:27 | the F zero is embedded in the . OK. The F one is |
|
| 14:35 | on the inside. So, and will move back. And so what |
|
| 14:41 | happens is look at a little animation in a second. But the this |
|
| 14:46 | here uh the rotor, OK. there turns and it has a |
|
| 14:53 | it's not cylindrical. It has kind a teardrop shape like sub OK. |
|
| 15:00 | it will turn right. And as turns that little point as it moves |
|
| 15:09 | the, the protein, it basically binding sites and the protein as it |
|
| 15:15 | , OK. There's like three binding for AD P and phosphate. |
|
| 15:23 | 123. OK. As it OK. So as it exposed, |
|
| 15:31 | ad P and phosphate A T P four. And um that, that |
|
| 15:39 | this protein rotor rather moves, you see it here, it'll alate open |
|
| 15:45 | then close that to the energy of P. Yeah, it only moves |
|
| 15:54 | you have protons. So OK. that's the basis for this. |
|
| 15:59 | So let's um look at that real . So here's an animation and uh |
|
| 16:07 | course, you can see the protons the outside and uh inside. So |
|
| 16:16 | difference, right? And protons and two uh major parts of it, |
|
| 16:22 | ? One is embedded in the membrane then the, so there's our uh |
|
| 16:33 | of we're gonna split it in part kind of see the inside structure. |
|
| 16:38 | . And then close up here, think it's gonna show you the |
|
| 16:44 | So you see how it moves as flow through. And then you see |
|
| 16:49 | phosphate coming in here. A as long as that thing is |
|
| 16:57 | And and of course, there's multiples A T P in the membranes. |
|
| 17:00 | obviously, not just one. All , there's uh I don't know the |
|
| 17:03 | quantity, but there's definitely lots of things embedded in the membranes. |
|
| 17:08 | And so here we'll take a look cross section. So here's that |
|
| 17:14 | OK. Um And Biden's sites open prospect come in that kind of energy |
|
| 17:25 | form the A T P and then as the move opening up spaces. |
|
| 17:34 | just keeps going right P phosphate come A T P out but all fueled |
|
| 17:39 | this proton gradient. OK. And remember how it's all connected right proton |
|
| 17:47 | . Why do you have that? you have electron transfer system uh progressively |
|
| 17:53 | accepting electrons and energy use protons. have that because you have a |
|
| 17:59 | right, a source right of then you have electron carriers that bring |
|
| 18:04 | to electron transport chain and then you a term acceptor and it keeps the |
|
| 18:10 | going. So it's all, it's connected. So uh just that's a |
|
| 18:14 | way to kind of think of it a story if you will, |
|
| 18:17 | The story of the proton gradient. . How is it? Can you |
|
| 18:21 | you walk it back in your How it all connects, right? |
|
| 18:25 | does it begin? Where does it ? Right. So um the uh |
|
| 18:30 | we're looking at quantitatively um the numbers how much energy you get right |
|
| 18:39 | in this case, in the remember those form these um uh form |
|
| 18:46 | during way to power the and then prep style, right form in A |
|
| 18:55 | , we form a V two in CRE um And so we get a |
|
| 19:01 | P back from these when they become . So I think again, these |
|
| 19:06 | values for eco but they're not far from, from other types. And |
|
| 19:14 | uh for each proton pumped, Um I'm sorry, uh eight protons |
|
| 19:22 | pumped out for each and a DH . OK. Each mole. And |
|
| 19:28 | you get one ATP for every three that come back. And um you |
|
| 19:39 | att for N D eight oxide about to be more precise. Uh If |
|
| 19:47 | , if your is less because they , there's only one pump associated with |
|
| 19:52 | N DH has two proton pump So that's a little bit less, |
|
| 19:57 | yield of A T P. So, um, then, uh |
|
| 20:03 | gonna tally up everything here on the slide. Um, the, |
|
| 20:07 | the point to make now is that don't get the, the, you |
|
| 20:12 | do a paper exercise and, Ok. This is how much total |
|
| 20:16 | T P si should get. Uh, and, but the bacteria |
|
| 20:22 | use all that to make a T right? And see what I mean |
|
| 20:26 | we get to that slide. But one thing to mention is because |
|
| 20:30 | you know, four, we all all our time on disease causing types |
|
| 20:38 | bacteria and viruses and others. And typically have evolved pat pathogens have evolved |
|
| 20:46 | use of a sodium pump rather than proton pump. Sodium ions are, |
|
| 20:51 | predominant in our tissues in our, our fluids, sodium ions. And |
|
| 20:56 | uh bacteria pathogens that infect us. kind of evolved uh the ability to |
|
| 21:03 | sodium as, as uh for for their um a uh pump sodium |
|
| 21:08 | out the protons out as part of respiration system. OK. Halo. |
|
| 21:13 | course, that's obvious, right? , they live in high salt. |
|
| 21:17 | it makes sense that they would have system based on salt rather than maybe |
|
| 21:21 | protons. OK? Um But the mechanism is the same, right? |
|
| 21:27 | creating AAA sodium motive force, I you'd say it's a proton motor |
|
| 21:32 | but it's all the same, same . OK. So in terms of |
|
| 21:36 | everything up, OK. So for real big restoration, right? So |
|
| 21:43 | acceptor, we have uh right. so we have uh and so it's |
|
| 21:51 | by phosphorylation, substrate level phosphor. . So this all takes right, |
|
| 21:58 | the energy monitor from all stages. level. Phosphorylation is pretty basic, |
|
| 22:05 | ? We just have an intermediate in in the pathway that's as a phosphate |
|
| 22:09 | and it gives it to eight A . It's a couple of times. |
|
| 22:16 | . Phosphor, we're gonna take all like cars, right? And then |
|
| 22:21 | gonna use our previous equation. It's tell us what to get, |
|
| 22:26 | So those 1088-27 To to the right? So Our 30 total now |
|
| 22:38 | mitochondria You get something like 37, from all posts. Um uh bacteria |
|
| 22:48 | even though theoretical yield is 30 The more realistic what they get is |
|
| 22:56 | like in the I'd say 18 to give or take OK? Because they |
|
| 23:05 | , they use the proton gradient for other than just to make a T |
|
| 23:11 | , right? So you, you ever get the full. Yeah, |
|
| 23:15 | use it for motility, right? little flagellum to transport molecules in and |
|
| 23:20 | . So it's used for other things making A T P. OK. |
|
| 23:25 | it's why it's typically somewhere in this range. Ok. In terms |
|
| 23:31 | a, so, um, and I'm not gonna ask, I'm |
|
| 23:39 | even asking you to memorize the actual of these things here. Ok? |
|
| 23:44 | you should know, you know what's that you do, you, you |
|
| 23:48 | getting, what's the, er, getting out to be staged? I'm |
|
| 23:51 | necessarily fixated on the absolute numbers. ? Um, so any questions |
|
| 24:00 | about the A T P A or force or anything? OK. |
|
| 24:08 | So let's look at the team of , but anaerobic respiration we look at |
|
| 24:15 | a bit. OK. So let's . This is a quick question. |
|
| 24:21 | . So which one represents anaerobic So we have this, this, |
|
| 24:28 | is basically a sulfur cycle. So you see our organic sulfur |
|
| 24:35 | OK. Up at the top So that's a term we'll talk |
|
| 24:40 | So, assimilation basically means um to it in, it becomes part of |
|
| 24:46 | biomass. So if you assimilate which you do pretty much buy the |
|
| 24:52 | you eat. OK? That you using that sulfur to, to make |
|
| 24:57 | with, right? So you're assimilating , OK? Um Decomposition. Of |
|
| 25:03 | , what is, what happens when organic material is broken down? |
|
| 25:06 | Releases things. Um And so, we're focused really just on the bottom |
|
| 25:13 | here, right? A ABC. . So we have so in a |
|
| 25:21 | H two S, all right. so she and that's elemental sulfur is |
|
| 25:31 | ? All right. So we're going , beep this and then this back |
|
| 25:37 | this. OK. So the question , which is to anaerobic respiration. |
|
| 25:45 | remember, all right, if it , think of what you use for |
|
| 25:50 | respiration, right? And think of might be, there's some sort of |
|
| 25:55 | going on here. OK. That's , is um respiration, right? |
|
| 26:05 | have a terminal acceptor, terminal acceptor this in the process, right? |
|
| 26:10 | certain molecules that are fitted that are for different roles, donor versus |
|
| 26:18 | right? OK. Got one. . 3, 2, 1. |
|
| 26:35 | , you answered a you are OK. Big sigh of relief. |
|
| 26:45 | . Yes, this is restoration. . So because we are a respiration |
|
| 26:55 | the travel acceptor becomes reduced, And, and so we look back |
|
| 27:01 | this thing, I do all the , right? Electron transport chain, |
|
| 27:07 | ? Here's a membrane, right? we have a donor or a |
|
| 27:12 | right? This becomes um this is form that becomes oxidized, right, |
|
| 27:19 | oxidized. And then here terminal right? Reduced, right? |
|
| 27:26 | oxidized becomes reduced as it picks up , right? So the so the |
|
| 27:34 | form is one that's gonna be in more oxidized form. OK. That |
|
| 27:42 | reduced. OK. So here we sulfate if we're gonna redraw it like |
|
| 27:47 | do this, OK? This would sulfate And reduce the H two s |
|
| 27:59 | ? And so it would be a gas respirations acting as a terminal |
|
| 28:04 | right? The other part of the it could be right? That, |
|
| 28:09 | is oxidized to this and then this . And that happens for sure. |
|
| 28:20 | . That's Lioy, right? Oxidizing two S elements of salt. |
|
| 28:26 | that's troy, those are sources, are more reduced, that's a more |
|
| 28:32 | molecule. It has electrons, it give up you, you oxidize those |
|
| 28:36 | , right? Ones that are thinking it as don't have room for |
|
| 28:41 | right? So they receive electrons that reduced and those are what they typically |
|
| 28:46 | acceptor. And so we're gonna really in interrogation, we focus on nitrogen |
|
| 28:52 | sulfur molecules involved in those roles because very common. Terrestrial environments is very |
|
| 28:58 | to have uh nitrogen, having different as a acceptor or as a donor |
|
| 29:05 | in the marine environments, sulfur as , as a um accept it or |
|
| 29:11 | . OK. But different forms. . Um There any questions about |
|
| 29:18 | OK. So we're gonna dive into a little bit here. OK. |
|
| 29:22 | here is, and what we can . So we can respire both uh |
|
| 29:30 | . Of course, there is oxygen acceptor. Um they can use different |
|
| 29:36 | , right form hydrogen and a DH suckin eight. Um and respire anaerobically |
|
| 29:46 | different, with different uh except terminal . OK. So it's, it's |
|
| 29:51 | versatile. It can also ferment if has to, of course, it |
|
| 29:56 | bother me this stuff. But um know what, what uh again, |
|
| 30:01 | it, what it would like to in terms of donor An acceptor, |
|
| 30:07 | , is what's energetically favorable, Of course, it depends on what's |
|
| 30:11 | to it, but it will, will combine what's most energetically favorable to |
|
| 30:15 | the most energy out of it. but of course, obviously was something |
|
| 30:22 | than 02 and so nitrate is a common terminal acceptor among those that a |
|
| 30:31 | this table don't normalize it uh in notes, but I just wanted to |
|
| 30:36 | you that nitrate has many different oxidation . OK. So nitrate at the |
|
| 30:44 | of most uh oxidized OK. Organ mole at the bottom. OK. |
|
| 30:54 | Most, OK. So uh if a bacteria and you're a lit |
|
| 31:03 | right? Make something like this to , right? One of these, |
|
| 31:10 | ? Because you can oxidize those in forms, right? Respire with something |
|
| 31:20 | down here, right? These would terminal acceptor. That is right? |
|
| 31:27 | so uh with sulfur compounds, several they from what up it becomes. |
|
| 31:39 | which is something you want to It's a to use that as an |
|
| 31:45 | source. OK. So there's a of these molecules in terms of their |
|
| 31:52 | state, OK? And their use restoration, right? Donor or |
|
| 32:00 | OK. It's all based on right? And so um so |
|
| 32:06 | in terrestrial environments and certainly some uh in terrestrial environments, um nitrate |
|
| 32:17 | It's very common or you'll find uh they may have, they'll have |
|
| 32:24 | they may have nitrate, nitrite E does. Uh I don't think there's |
|
| 32:29 | one bacteria that will have all of options as a term acceptor. |
|
| 32:34 | Uh So the term is similar right? So that's gonna mean the |
|
| 32:40 | uh if something is produced, use it and hang on to |
|
| 32:44 | it becomes part of their bias. . Dissimulator process is the option, |
|
| 32:49 | ? It doesn't hang on to If it exits the cell, others |
|
| 32:53 | use it, but it's not hang to it. So it's a dissimulator |
|
| 32:57 | . OK. And so in dissimulator , which is what's going on as |
|
| 33:04 | go this way. OK. Eventually leaves right? The gas, it |
|
| 33:10 | the ecosystem, OK? As we're from left to right. OK. |
|
| 33:15 | so, so also nitrous oxide and oxide are gasses. They, they |
|
| 33:20 | leave the uh the environment. And hence the signatory don't hang on to |
|
| 33:26 | that are doing this. OK? so again, this is all this |
|
| 33:30 | be respiration, anaerobic respiration, You say night trite as an acceptor |
|
| 33:36 | N trite from nitric oxide. These all forms of anaerobic respiration. |
|
| 33:43 | Now we are uh next part we three, we look at the |
|
| 33:51 | So I'm just gonna mention here briefly three sides uh of the cycle or |
|
| 33:58 | . It's called Um the N two ? Um comes in to the en |
|
| 34:06 | comes into ecosystems through fixation, Uh the, the most the heaviest |
|
| 34:16 | to that are bacteria that have associated plants that we call symbiotic nitrogen |
|
| 34:22 | OK. And so this brings in into the environment. OK? And |
|
| 34:29 | other nitrogen is brought in and two brought in by the fixers that then |
|
| 34:35 | ammonium. OK? Now, bacteria use that as an energy source for |
|
| 34:41 | nitrate, nitrate. OK. So a little trophy. And then this |
|
| 34:46 | that's the anaerobic respiration. OK. this is only run, operates through |
|
| 34:53 | bacterial species, right? So it's critical process um especially for photo tropes |
|
| 35:01 | other auto tropes, right? Because rely on this for their nitrogen |
|
| 35:07 | nitrite nitrate ammonia. OK. And , you know, of course, |
|
| 35:13 | indirectly re live because we oftentimes eat things that eat the plants. And |
|
| 35:20 | , um uh but you know, cycle is absolutely critical for life on |
|
| 35:26 | earth and we'll explore more of that spring break. But uh for |
|
| 35:31 | we're just focused really on the aerobic part of this, right? Which |
|
| 35:34 | over here. OK. And the we'll focus on li OK. But |
|
| 35:39 | what we're looking at right now. that side of the triangle. |
|
| 35:43 | So, um OK. In terms sulfur, that's really it in marine |
|
| 35:51 | because sulfur is at higher concentrations in marine water length. Uh uh |
|
| 35:58 | terrestrial environments, sulfur is like I think it's, it's much higher |
|
| 36:03 | that in um marine water. And you'll see these kinds of activities predominantly |
|
| 36:09 | marine environments. OK. And so , here's the different oxidized form. |
|
| 36:17 | typically bacteria may that do, this have a couple of these types, |
|
| 36:21 | all of them. OK. So is sulfite um is a very common |
|
| 36:28 | form of reparation and what you'll see these thermal vents. So very common |
|
| 36:37 | the um uh the depths I think a thermal vent as a volcano |
|
| 36:43 | OK. And it's going off giving different types of elements. Iron |
|
| 36:51 | sulfide, hydrogen gas co2 and these are matures. Um So you have |
|
| 36:58 | hierarchy of, of types, Obviously, it's gonna be very hot |
|
| 37:04 | sp out hot gasses a lot of . So hydrothermal, the mouth of |
|
| 37:09 | work very hot, they're progressively uh to types of the than OK. |
|
| 37:17 | then you have these metabolic activities, ? Um Where they're using these raw |
|
| 37:26 | , right? As energy sources, little trophy. OK. And they |
|
| 37:31 | these uh for example, this can used for respiration, right? Anaerobic |
|
| 37:39 | um as you see here, And so it's when we have these |
|
| 37:44 | of feedings, if you will, different metabolic types, we call this |
|
| 37:50 | , right? Because uh aerobic resps using this produced by LIU for its |
|
| 37:58 | . So they kind of like, uses the stuff made by the |
|
| 38:01 | right? They're all kind of feeding . So this activity can be quite |
|
| 38:07 | , especially around these thermal vents. ? And so much so that you'll |
|
| 38:13 | a symbiotic relationships between bacteria that do activities and um multicellular types that are |
|
| 38:22 | here. So one of them is these things, they're called giant tube |
|
| 38:28 | . OK. And around these thermal , these can stretch for like football |
|
| 38:35 | , soccer field, that dimensions that loaded with these, these worms, |
|
| 38:42 | . And the their full though the that carry out these metabolisms. So |
|
| 38:49 | so they're auto that are producing, co2 producing organic molecules and that's what |
|
| 38:55 | worms feel. So around these you have a lot of activity going |
|
| 39:00 | and, and these worms um uh proliferate because they have these symbolic relationships |
|
| 39:07 | these bacteria internally, the food and bacteria grow the high densities. And |
|
| 39:12 | they of course benefit and they themselves . So there'll be like fields of |
|
| 39:17 | things around the storm events. So again, all based on this |
|
| 39:22 | of metabolism to a large degree. . Um So the uh so |
|
| 39:32 | in uh I um and others, see a hierarchy of these different |
|
| 39:43 | right? So at the top, surprisingly, right, aerobic respiration, |
|
| 39:50 | ? Oxygen is gonna be present, know, at the upper, at |
|
| 39:54 | highest level, it's at the of course, OK. But then |
|
| 39:57 | we go down progressively less oxygen, ? And then you're gonna have, |
|
| 40:02 | you're gonna have differences in reduction potential here, right? The more negative |
|
| 40:10 | here, right? And the more , the more anaerobic it is and |
|
| 40:17 | can uh those that do field work this and you can uh first probe |
|
| 40:23 | can measure reduction potential. So you get an idea of how anaerobic particular |
|
| 40:28 | is. OK. Let me give an idea of the types of microbes |
|
| 40:34 | there in terms of their uh respiration . And so so as we go |
|
| 40:39 | , you see detro fires and then like the manganese iron, OK. |
|
| 40:45 | so importance about these metal, the metals are involved in terms of being |
|
| 40:50 | internal acceptor, these can form um provide forms of the element that are |
|
| 40:59 | not able to be taken in, ? In other words, it can |
|
| 41:02 | too, too insoluble in water, ? And so when you form these |
|
| 41:08 | these forms of the metals like hold on like this, this one |
|
| 41:15 | this one, that's a more easily form of iron that others in the |
|
| 41:22 | the area can use. And so activity is helpful for that reason, |
|
| 41:26 | ? Can provide not these elements to that wouldn't otherwise be able to use |
|
| 41:31 | . Um methano at the bottom. this is a process that's very, |
|
| 41:38 | sensitive to oxygen. OK? Um a process that uh not only in |
|
| 41:45 | environments but in, in uh you see this um they, |
|
| 41:51 | they uh raw materials are things like and hydrogen. OK. H |
|
| 41:59 | And they're often, these are byproducts things like fermentation and other metabolic processes |
|
| 42:06 | on around them. And so they this material form methane. And um |
|
| 42:13 | , they're gonna be at the deeper in the sediments to be away |
|
| 42:17 | oxygen. But they get these, get these other materials from other activity |
|
| 42:21 | on around them and that's how they fuel their own metabolism. And so |
|
| 42:26 | not uncommon in uh in large landfills you'll see pipes sticking out of the |
|
| 42:32 | , right? But they're trying to rid of the methane, right? |
|
| 42:36 | Instead of having to build, build , right, potentially, potentially |
|
| 42:41 | they'll burn it, burn it And so the activity comes from the |
|
| 42:45 | that are in, in these uh these areas. And so, |
|
| 42:50 | so again, it's a restoration that looking at here, right? For |
|
| 42:57 | , uh these are the terminal ok. And are becoming reduced. |
|
| 43:06 | . And so, uh what they're is as sources is something else we're |
|
| 43:11 | focused on that. We're just looking the rest part, ok. Um |
|
| 43:19 | the dress part one of four, me just have a question about |
|
| 43:30 | All right. Um So we're gonna at imagine the sulfur again, but |
|
| 43:37 | it's gonna be in the context, of the sector, but as an |
|
| 43:42 | source. Little Trophy. OK. I have a um the uh a |
|
| 43:48 | that kind of shows the continuum of nitrogen sulfur compounds and their roles |
|
| 43:55 | in different roles. So here in next part, we're focused on Liter |
|
| 44:02 | . OK. So remember it's the thing as chemo Auto Trophy. |
|
| 44:06 | And um so if you look at organic materials for energy, OK. |
|
| 44:16 | you see uh here, right? oops, sorry, as you see |
|
| 44:22 | . Uh one more time right OK. OK. You gotta mess |
|
| 44:30 | me. I try these. So I reduced iron, um H |
|
| 44:37 | S ammonia. These are sources for OK. So they're gonna be a |
|
| 44:43 | , right? And um The, they're doing that, remember, |
|
| 44:50 | This is your energy source, You gotta have this, right? |
|
| 44:56 | carbon, right? Carbon-based life. why they're right. They fix |
|
| 45:02 | right? They get the energy by these things and respiring. Uh and |
|
| 45:10 | using that to fix CO2. So that's why tropes are typically chemo |
|
| 45:16 | . OK. And so um uh genesis kind of a little bit different |
|
| 45:22 | , right? It uses, it reduces CO2. So um it uh |
|
| 45:30 | little bit different but we'll, we'll about that in a second. |
|
| 45:34 | And so, um so again, we look at, we look at |
|
| 45:42 | right? Because some of them are to being oxidized for what the lipe |
|
| 45:47 | use and others are suited to be acceptor for respiration. OK. |
|
| 45:52 | and you're gonna see how it all together here. OK. So with |
|
| 45:57 | , OK, with a trophy um uh so I to my, to |
|
| 46:12 | OK, certain bacteria, this is , that's the bottom. If you |
|
| 46:16 | that triangle is the bottom wrong. . So this um this process is |
|
| 46:26 | by one type of bacterial species and one is done by different types. |
|
| 46:31 | those two are, are differentiated, don't have bacteria that you both, |
|
| 46:36 | split into two groups. OK? Now, this activity can be |
|
| 46:45 | OK? Because you're forming uh acidic , right? Nit trite and nitrate |
|
| 46:53 | acidic, right? Nitro acid. For example, yeah, uh that |
|
| 46:59 | alter for P H of course. so where it's an issue is in |
|
| 47:05 | areas where you're fertilizer right off the , you put way too much fertilizer |
|
| 47:11 | than what's needed. OK? And is rich in ammonia. OK? |
|
| 47:18 | sulfate, very common ammonium nitrate And so then you're the presence of |
|
| 47:25 | ammonia excess ammonia in the soil will reduce the growth of nitro farmers, |
|
| 47:33 | ? These guys here, OK? love it, right? They're gonna |
|
| 47:37 | it up. And so that's when get an excess in P H as |
|
| 47:44 | result because of the amount of end produced. This these end products. |
|
| 47:49 | so that can't alter the whole P which can be detrimental. So, |
|
| 47:54 | are very particular about what they require terms of P H. So um |
|
| 48:01 | oxidation. So very often in uh say uh uh when we are excavating |
|
| 48:10 | different types of uh or uh like , for example, um uh |
|
| 48:17 | uh sulfur metabolism often causes problems. so here is um of and one |
|
| 48:28 | the things about sulfur metabolism is the of things like that sour gas, |
|
| 48:34 | acidic. OK. So it's it's fairly common that if one is |
|
| 48:42 | sulfur compounds, that they are typically um acidophilic, which means they can |
|
| 48:50 | in acidic conditions, right? That's be if you, if you do |
|
| 48:55 | kind of metabolism, right? Producing of acidity, you better be able |
|
| 48:59 | tolerate it. So that's why there often acidophilic types of bacteria that do |
|
| 49:04 | . OK. And so sulfur oxidation the presence of iron, right? |
|
| 49:10 | can lead to corrode, right? , it's uh it's, it's that |
|
| 49:14 | it's both it's also iron, iron using sulfur. Uh In this example |
|
| 49:19 | we see the um this is actually what fools gold is. That's |
|
| 49:27 | OK. And that is oxidized to . And that's part of the in |
|
| 49:32 | mines, whether, whether they use ore. Uh this is one of |
|
| 49:37 | byproducts. So uh so um uh these areas generate a lot large amounts |
|
| 49:46 | sic acid, the water can be P H zero in these, in |
|
| 49:50 | areas. So obviously, that's an hazard. Yeah. So these, |
|
| 49:54 | kind of waters must be contained by that are doing the excavation. Uh |
|
| 49:59 | it get, this gets into like water streams and whatnot nearby, definitely |
|
| 50:04 | cause uh to light, you So, so, um but |
|
| 50:12 | so uh things like um bridges, other kinds of iron uh where iron |
|
| 50:18 | used to for a structure that typically , especially if it's in uh going |
|
| 50:24 | uh water and the structure is So we're all aware of rust, |
|
| 50:30 | ? Iron oxidation in the presence of right near we all see rust, |
|
| 50:35 | know what that is. This is kind of oxidation is happening a |
|
| 50:41 | under, under in the water in sediments for these structures are laying down |
|
| 50:48 | embedded in. And so does aerobic of iron by these types of bacteria |
|
| 50:54 | . It can basically the destruction of structure enhance than that. So, |
|
| 51:00 | again, it's all just redox you can iron, it can weaken |
|
| 51:06 | structure, it's it that it's making up. OK. So um so |
|
| 51:12 | is kind of the continuum of these and where they play a role, |
|
| 51:18 | . So with nitrogen, right, look at growth. So which one |
|
| 51:23 | assimulate the the component? Right become of the OK. Ammonia is the |
|
| 51:33 | reduced form that it is from to . So restoration comes in kind of |
|
| 51:45 | the turning point, right, the molecule. So at this point |
|
| 51:50 | then is where we can now have forms that can be used as a |
|
| 51:56 | set that you become reduced. and then of course, we can |
|
| 52:04 | the loop right here. So now we're looking at the nitrogen |
|
| 52:10 | right. So if we have one is, is this right over |
|
| 52:16 | this is the next part and then the third part. OK. So |
|
| 52:21 | just different roles for the different forms nitro similarly, but sulfur. |
|
| 52:27 | So we have observation uh so sulfide sulfur to so faith in man at |
|
| 52:41 | point, different, more oxidized forms reduced as part of respiration. |
|
| 52:47 | So that's kind of the whole And so of course, you can |
|
| 52:52 | uh we began with H two S our ending with H two S. |
|
| 52:57 | . Um So, uh so I of how these things all fit and |
|
| 53:02 | they're used. Um Now, So this last bit is a little |
|
| 53:11 | about hm idea of trophy is an OK. That you see among a |
|
| 53:22 | of petrol types. So you look it and you go OK. That's |
|
| 53:29 | . It can only be. Li OK. Well, technically, |
|
| 53:33 | . OK. This right here is um is certainly if that's being used |
|
| 53:42 | an energy source, that's Liro But you see the activity in, |
|
| 53:48 | the in varied types of bacteria, just lit but in heros E coli |
|
| 53:54 | this process. OK. And so it is for good reason because it |
|
| 54:00 | a lot of energy oxidizing H two you a lot of energy. |
|
| 54:04 | So this equates to a big negative G. OK. And so not |
|
| 54:11 | , various spectral types have utilized OK. And so you see here |
|
| 54:17 | different examples right here is um using uh oxidizing H two. So I |
|
| 54:27 | do that uh using uh H all right um in this capacity |
|
| 54:36 | right, to form succinate, So that's an organic, you |
|
| 54:39 | organic, an organic constituent fate suint with this inorganic material here is another |
|
| 54:50 | , right, mineral and organic. that's when this hydrogen trophy, it's |
|
| 54:55 | of somebody that's own box. You to realize that it's an activity that |
|
| 55:01 | see, not just a approach, it can be seen in, |
|
| 55:04 | in other types of bacteria. And yes, on its own that this |
|
| 55:10 | is technically li atrophy or we call hydrogen trophy because we see it different |
|
| 55:18 | . OK. And so uh methano Genesis, OK. And co2, |
|
| 55:30 | . As a uh uh to reduce , all right. And um using |
|
| 55:37 | oxidation of hydrogen. And so uh activity, it only in a is |
|
| 55:45 | in the, in that group, . And um met me itself is |
|
| 55:53 | very potent um greenhouse gas. Much more so than co2. |
|
| 56:00 | The source of this is actually from , right? They all the cows |
|
| 56:04 | planet Earth, right? So this going on inside one of their stomach |
|
| 56:12 | are full of these methano that are this gas. OK? Uh |
|
| 56:19 | it is balanced out, right? methano genesis um produces methane methano |
|
| 56:26 | which is right here can utilize that actually oxidize it to uh CO2. |
|
| 56:36 | we can do that to the. it kind of balances out the, |
|
| 56:40 | uh product. So um the is not just in wetland environments but in |
|
| 56:48 | and other in other environments. uh but again, the danger there |
|
| 56:53 | really the methane production and the, the greenhouse gas effect that you, |
|
| 56:58 | got. So um any questions? let's look at this question. |
|
| 57:08 | So a bacterial species, let me that. OK. So bacterial species |
|
| 57:17 | , that can grow once applied in energy source and carbon source consisting of |
|
| 57:24 | two CO2 and nitrate. All What, what labels could you put |
|
| 57:32 | that, on that guy? What will all fit on that one? |
|
| 58:23 | I cut down from 28? You're sure, but you know that two |
|
| 58:49 | them absolutely fit that. You know you gotta pick right down. |
|
| 59:05 | Yes, too much. All So um that tells you auto |
|
| 59:14 | Um This can tell you that, tell you that. All right. |
|
| 59:23 | , this tells you that. so, yeah, so they, |
|
| 59:28 | all fly. Ok. Um All . So let's talk a little, |
|
| 59:38 | bit about sort of, I'm just go into this one here, which |
|
| 59:46 | the, this one by Terra Just that one ever. Um, |
|
| 59:54 | go to the other ones next But what I wanted to mention |
|
| 59:58 | uh, sorry, photo, your I'm assuming is the what we call |
|
| 60:05 | right, the the way plants and photosynthesize is what you've been exposed |
|
| 60:13 | Uh So, so remember photo on trophy and photo hitter, trophy. |
|
| 60:20 | . And the operative term, the term here is the hetero trophy, |
|
| 60:25 | ? It still has to metabolize Complex organic carb sources to get the |
|
| 60:34 | . OK. Uh Photo photo heteros have the additional capacity To be able |
|
| 60:40 | use land to get 80 people. , but again, it still must |
|
| 60:46 | , you must give it some kind complex organic source for its carbon. |
|
| 60:52 | . Um Trophy. No CO2. what it uses. OK. And |
|
| 60:58 | you can break this down really into base and non chlorophyll base. |
|
| 61:05 | Chloro base can be chlorophyll like we've in plants and algae. It can |
|
| 61:10 | an Sao bacteria or the bacterial which is what we see in the |
|
| 61:18 | in what we call the anoxic So remember that water, right? |
|
| 61:25 | , algae santa bacteria this form All right, water is being used |
|
| 61:30 | form 02, right? That's what call it oxygen, it forms |
|
| 61:35 | right? The other kind of photo trophy in this category uh uses these |
|
| 61:42 | of components as an electron tropes. , water is the electron donor in |
|
| 61:47 | and algae and sata bacteria and um types of photo chlorophyll based, they |
|
| 61:54 | these kinds of compounds, right? so that does not lead to fiction |
|
| 61:59 | ox. So we call that kind and oxygen photo, OK. And |
|
| 62:06 | a completely different type, right? really this one down here. |
|
| 62:13 | The bacterial adoption based OK. That type of photosynthesis, that's what we'll |
|
| 62:20 | on first. But let's look at couple of, let's look at this |
|
| 62:24 | here first. OK. So which the following is not applicable to |
|
| 62:33 | all like all types of phototropic, not applicable at all, stop |
|
| 63:25 | OK? It's count down from 21. OK. So um |
|
| 63:49 | they all possess some type of right? So whether it's chlorophyll or |
|
| 63:59 | else. OK. So that's The absorption of the light leads to |
|
| 64:07 | . OK. So that's true. then of course, the the the |
|
| 64:13 | of it is to convert the chemical , right? A T P and |
|
| 64:17 | P H what have you certainly, not this, right? Because you |
|
| 64:22 | photo hetro photo hero. So uh certainly ac and D are applicable to |
|
| 64:30 | of them. OK. And so and so the chlorophyll based um has |
|
| 64:40 | course, bacteria, very simple Um the um the different. So |
|
| 64:48 | of the things here is the, um photos, right? And so |
|
| 64:54 | is where H2O in plants and um allergy and santa bacteria uh that the |
|
| 65:05 | of water provides the electrons um or like H two S are similar in |
|
| 65:14 | types of photography. But in bacteria first, they don't have that, |
|
| 65:20 | no photos going on. OK. completely unique. And so it looks |
|
| 65:25 | this. OK. And so but this is found in uh in |
|
| 65:35 | arch in the, in the a they found in that there are bacteria |
|
| 65:43 | are in, that are in the environment, they are quite as |
|
| 65:47 | So no, which if you recall , Mansi um how the eye |
|
| 65:55 | you have red molecule in your, your eye very soon. OK. |
|
| 66:03 | uh How, how it works here the system. OK. And so |
|
| 66:10 | uh bacterial adoption, you find the adoption is like the bacterial version of |
|
| 66:17 | . OK. And it's based on things, OK? There's a protein |
|
| 66:24 | that's bound together with the retinal molecule see there. OK. So they're |
|
| 66:32 | command bonded to each other. And so they absorb green light, |
|
| 66:39 | ? So whenever you see a body water, what these things are |
|
| 66:45 | it appears purplish reddish, purplish pinkish of color. That's because their land |
|
| 66:53 | packed full of these and they uh green light, which means they reflect |
|
| 67:00 | that kind of purply redish color. . And so um the light absorption |
|
| 67:07 | occurs, retinal absorbs light, And then that uh twists around that |
|
| 67:18 | right from sis to trans, It basically it turns right there and |
|
| 67:24 | can see the orientation of this amino lysine changes. And so because it's |
|
| 67:33 | to that um protein, but it now it changes following up from |
|
| 67:39 | So too does the protein, And the result is to knock out |
|
| 67:45 | proton as that happens. OK. protons are pumped out as light's |
|
| 67:52 | OK. And then, but, the thing is there's no, there's |
|
| 67:56 | electron donor fueling this process. It's involving photons of light, not even |
|
| 68:02 | , there's photons of light being That's the energy, there's no donor |
|
| 68:07 | electrons to the system here. It's light. OK. Light absorption is |
|
| 68:12 | turns that bond. Um And then mo the protein changes shape, not |
|
| 68:19 | photo. So it's all just photons light energy. There's no nothing fueling |
|
| 68:24 | with electrons here. OK. So unique in that way. Um And |
|
| 68:30 | um those that have this, OK trucks OK? So they have this |
|
| 68:37 | a way to generate a T P because what's not shown here, that's |
|
| 68:41 | part of the mechanism is a T S, right? The whole came |
|
| 68:45 | most is pretend of force that we about earlier. Um It's just that |
|
| 68:52 | this, that's pumping up proton, , not electron transport like that. |
|
| 69:00 | ? But there is an A T A associated with this and that's how |
|
| 69:03 | produces a T P. OK. that is uh yeah, you see |
|
| 69:08 | here. OK. And so it's basically a light driven proton, |
|
| 69:14 | of course, it's a hero. it still requires a crop, organic |
|
| 69:19 | and all, all that growth with as we talked about before. |
|
| 69:24 | So um thought would be uh like of the first photosynthetic systems that |
|
| 69:32 | I think this predates May a um , the based system we'll talk about |
|
| 69:40 | time but um is a pro based protocol tied to a T P A |
|
| 69:46 | and still photo head approach that that . OK. Um Any questions, |
|
| 69:54 | all I was gonna do today So we'll pick it up, finish |
|
| 69:57 | up on Thursday and that will be for the |
|
