VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 24 2023
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:16 Mhm. Yeah. Yeah. I think we went through the first
00:41 of slides on this lecture and, , basically appraisal is what we do
00:55 we discover something. You know, drill an exploration. Well,
01:00 uh the discovery, well, is exploration. Well, there could even
01:04 a test question on something so but uh there has been in the
01:11 anyway. So, um, you , when we, uh we
01:17 and we, we're trying to find viable prospect, you know, we
01:22 it out. We, they use blob map to try to figure out
01:25 what the reserves are, whether it's even trying to find something there.
01:29 risk it against uh a lot of elements of a play and, or
01:36 a reservoir, excuse me, a petroleum system. And, uh,
01:43 then, uh, and then that the amount of money that you could
01:47 and they have, uh we'll talk uh piece of tens and piece of
01:52 . In other words, what's the of hitting something? Um, getting
01:57 smallest thing always has the highest probability because we think of these things as
02:05 something that we hope is this but maybe it could be that
02:09 that kind of thing. Uh I have a real problem with the,
02:16 way we tend to do risk. , there's some more complicated risk algorithms
02:21 take a lot of these uh uh quite deterministic variables that are really important
02:29 , in terms of whether or not might or might not find oil and
02:33 . But nevertheless, we won't have to get into all that. Um
02:39 We barely have time to talk about probability, much, much less uh
02:45 more uh complex and uh um the, some of the statistics and
02:53 uh algorithms can be anyway. Um of the things uh that I always
03:00 to point out is that um almost a um a banker is gonna under
03:10 a field and these are some examples uh and I've worked on all of
03:17 things and other times they're over, appraised and of course, exploration is
03:25 over appraise things because they want to it drilled because that's their object.
03:30 they get it approved to be they move on to another project and
03:33 handed off to somebody else. And it fails, it doesn't matter,
03:37 got it approved. So it happens lot like that. Um I was
03:43 development. So quite often I picked things uh of both of these
03:48 In fact, uh I worked on field and I worked on that field
03:51 South Barcelo on 28th. And there's of examples in your book as
03:58 OK. So the main point, we get to this point is uh
04:01 trap volume and we're trying to map the reservoir in fairly uh close detail
04:11 we're trying to appraise it. Um more we drill obviously, and I've
04:16 you this before, the more we , the more we know, the
04:19 we know, the more we have update things. Um If you're handed
04:25 , well, you can't say I know how to map one.
04:29 uh you have to map one. , the data that you have from
04:33 well, and try to make geological of it. And you may have
04:38 seismic data and, and we were at some uh typical things where we
04:42 3d seismic two D seismic, we something that was like a faces change
04:47 could limit uh the size of a and that sort of thing. So
04:50 are the kinds of things we're looking . We're also looking for these things
04:54 called barriers. And uh when we into more complex reservoirs, we worry
05:01 things like baffles. In other there may be flow going through this
05:06 , but there may be a baffle that cuts across the field like a
05:12 plane and it would reduce flow in direction. OK. But it might
05:18 reduce flow in that direction. So an isotropy to uh rates of flow
05:23 a heterogeneity in it. Uh And , so we look at all these
05:29 properties and we try to, to look at them reservoir, well,
05:33 really good reservoir of course, is to have good porosity and good
05:39 Um anything less than uh a really reservoir which you know, might be
05:45 over 20% porosity and uh say, you know, 100 100 millis or
05:54 and permeability is, is probably gonna something that's a little bit less than
05:59 good. Um But then again, reservoir characterization is big down here.
06:04 is talking about uh you know, have these general uh attributes of,
06:10 a chunk of rock like porosity and . But, but what becomes important
06:18 what is the flow uh potential in direction? In other words, what's
06:21 ferocity per excuse me, permeability, South? What's the permeability East West
06:27 if it happens to be tilted and realize it was a north and
06:30 Um in what direction can we get best flow and produce oil and
06:35 And then of course, in the , eventually, we might uh be
06:38 to use that information for water flooding or any other type of sweeping
06:47 OK. So, uh OK, question there should be, where are
06:54 thin clients and clients? These are of the things we look for,
06:56 are the faults, where are the contacts? One of the uh things
07:01 faults that's really important is usually we major faults that may become major
07:07 And uh maybe at some time in history of the reservoirs, uh if
07:11 have multiple reservoirs, it might have a, a conduit. But uh
07:15 looked for major faults to kind of out the main trapping configuration. But
07:21 within that, we're gonna have lots other smaller faults that kind of compartmentalize
07:27 the total reservoir package that we And uh I think it might be
07:35 I just see this, for that mhm I get a lot out
07:44 this little acreage. We may have , a major bind uh bounding fault
07:50 here and there may be a fault . We kind of goes all the
07:55 down the play fairway since you already what a play fairway is. I
07:58 about it a lot. But uh know, we drove out here and
08:02 think we have like this, something that and uh but then we gotta
08:08 minor faults. It might come in this and it makes the prize a
08:14 bit smaller for each, each And uh sometimes we need three wells
08:20 something that's big. So it's not problem, but sometimes there might be
08:24 fault like this and maybe another one that one coming over here like
08:29 And uh this might not be a , but it might be a baffle
08:33 flow you to put the well in area. So that's why we look
08:37 the minor faults is to try to out the um configuration and the geometry
08:44 the compartments. And uh you can lots and lots of compartments and we'll
08:50 to that in a little while. uh but this, this again,
08:56 where are all these things? Where the pinch outs? Where is my
09:00 ? All the very important things? a diagram uh out of your
09:06 Um Here it shows you that you've some kind of closure over here.
09:10 do we know because this is uh These are all minuses instead of
09:16 . This is supposed to be sub so they haven't put the minus on
09:20 , but it would be minus. so 1300 it's gonna be deep deeper
09:23 1000 that looks like a nice four closure there. And um and they're
09:30 of putting here's the arrow in this , that one, that one,
09:33 one. And uh so you have in, in all directions four way
09:39 and uh and then you come over , there's nothing in here. This
09:43 a saddle, but then it looks we could have some structures over here
09:48 over here. What do we Uh We have a high but we
09:54 have any closure on that high the it's mapped. And again, if
09:59 don't have the data, you have use your geological imagination to kind of
10:04 out whether you have a situation like like that or like that. I
10:09 grow a well in the middle of and in the middle of that and
10:14 know what's going on in the realm either this. So it's really uh
10:19 uh often that we have some crude D seismic to help us see where
10:24 closure might be. OK. So , it's all about the limits and
10:32 keep repeating the same words over and again. But that's because each one
10:36 them remains a detail. Even uh closer we get in, the more
10:42 it gets. And uh it has lot to do with our economic decisions
10:46 we make down the road depending on we have compartments or not. Go
10:52 . Do you think that we can open is planes forever? But you
10:57 grow it some way. Uh but you could have one for a
11:02 distance. Yeah, I don't think would have one forever. Uh Also
11:07 sometimes you have um um the whole incline itself is dipping like this and
11:18 here it may be the closure and there there is no closure till it
11:21 something and conformity or something. And it's, it uh it's still not
11:25 be a, a trap. If happens to be a sandstone on top
11:29 that and conformity, there's all sorts uh things. And um I think
11:35 kind of why they, in this , they use uh very simple
11:39 But uh at the same time, conveys a lot of information, I
11:44 . And so um here's one, like we've been drawing and looking at
11:49 we were uh looking at the risk uh which included the top seal.
11:57 here's one um uh that has four closure to hear. Uh if,
12:04 this closure is being map based, know, if, for some
12:09 you know that there's closure here based well, data, you can project
12:14 out here. But if you have , then you would know it was
12:18 . And if I do this, get rhythm with it and maybe if
12:23 played some music, it would work . OK. So, uh
12:28 there's these spill points and we kind talked about that and we looked at
12:31 nice things. One of the things we try to figure out really quickly
12:36 that container obviously has sides. Four closure is really easy. It's uh
12:41 , that's pretty easy closure on And uh but there's one on their
12:47 and that is how is, what's bottom of that uh of that
12:53 And so one of the first things wanna do is look for the oil
12:57 contact. So when we're mapping out of these fields, we don't want
13:02 just guess that it's an average of number of feet of reservoir pick.
13:08 wouldn't really know. OK. At top of it, presumably, you
13:13 know where the bottom of it And we also know, you've also
13:17 that the deeper that bottom goes, higher that column gets, the stronger
13:22 seal has to be to keep, the force of buoyancy from uh going
13:27 a membrane seal or even sometimes fracturing seal. Ok. And here,
13:34 , here's, well, one, , well, two. And,
13:43 , you know, if, if really thought this was the way it
13:45 mapped, I would seriously ask someone drill it there first, not way
13:52 here out in the woods. You , you wanna, you wanna make
13:55 you find the prize first. but a lot of management is always
14:03 to get the size with the Well, and, and I,
14:05 I told you in, um, the nineties and late eighties, early
14:12 , I worked on an area where wheel wells were trying to do that
14:16 we actually got them to drill one the middle of the darn thing.
14:20 , uh, they were only missing few 100 to 300 million barrels of
14:24 . But, uh, that's why important to try to find that target
14:29 and they got drained for probably, , 5 to 10 years,
14:33 monkeying around trying to find how big was. Um, needless to say
14:39 it was discovered, some people weren't with me because it made them look
14:42 stupid. And, uh, that's why I didn't move over to B
14:50 anyway. Um, here we have first, well, we didn't get
14:56 the oil water contact and so they , oh my God, we don't
15:00 how deep it is. You don't what that oil column is. What
15:04 we do? Well, at least know the oil is there. Thank
15:07 . If you hit this one you might go, well, it's
15:10 very much oil is and uh and we're going. Uh so we
15:14 so we don't drill a second. so um there's a lot of reasons
15:18 focus on where you think the most porous, most permeable section
15:25 Use all of your geological insights to out why that might be the best
15:30 . If it's uh if it's something a river uh channel belt, you'll
15:35 it's gonna be complicated and you you may try to adjust uh where
15:39 put that well, relative to where think the channel belt happens to
15:45 Ok. Here's what I was talking um with things with um this was
15:52 mainly to talk about the gaps and but this shows you how highly compartmentalized
15:58 of these fields can be once you mapping out drilling on wells to begin
16:05 . These really thick ones are the ones. These are the smaller
16:10 And what do you think that, , that area right there on the
16:14 means this, these are the led . What do you think those simple
16:25 in the fall? What do you that means this is from, from
16:29 point of view. It's, tell us how to, it's
16:35 the what of the fault? The uh yeah, it's actually the throw
16:39 heave of the fall or the some people call it one and the
16:44 . But um this right here, I drill a well, here,
16:49 will hit that scene if I drill well here, I won't hit that
16:52 because it's cut out and this is greater the throw, the bigger the
16:57 , the bigger the area. And remember when, when you, when
17:01 on, when you're doing, you're the surface and you're mapping something on
17:07 surface. If I was mapping this on the surface, on a peut
17:12 surface, cut any different way, know, or whatever, I would
17:17 , you know, a fault, fault on a guy like this,
17:21 , maybe a little bit bigger. But when, when you're in the
17:25 and you're mapping, this is what think is one surface that surface moves
17:34 this and that whole area right there none of, none of the top
17:38 it and maybe not even any of . The, if you can have
17:47 big, but if the is you will have anything right, the
17:54 has a, has control over It's uh but it has a
17:57 But for example, here, most the faults are probably have the same
18:02 of dip to it based on the fields. And uh the dips may
18:06 in different directions, but the same um in terms of what the dip
18:12 . So usually the wider that is greater the area that you um that
18:16 missing on the formation. And so to make it look even more,
18:22 have, I have, I have question. If go ahead,
18:27 can you go to the previous You see those, those wells that
18:33 0 35 from B 27 on the ? Wait, wait, what,
18:40 do you think they drill those There are not more like in
18:45 like next to the fault, like , maybe to the west a little
18:49 more to the west where you Is there a wanted to drill
18:53 Here's what happens. Normally, normally you drill those wells, you don't
18:58 those faults are there and when you the well, you drill the well
19:04 uh you don't have a uh geophysics you and uh you don't have geophysical
19:10 or whoops, I forgot sometimes you even see these things on the
19:16 Uh That's when it becomes important to able to pick missing section in
19:21 So, um, they may not have known that fault was there until
19:25 the B 27 hit it. uh, you're right, you're
19:29 Based on the throw of it, would have hit it just below the
19:32 of the sand. Easy answer. like they are targeting some other surfaces
19:40 just the, the work of Yeah, that's possible too. But
19:47 right now, we're just kind of on one on one. Uh You
19:51 , but you're right, there could been a, a uh um a
19:56 wide open one but uh you don't a map like this after your
20:01 Well. Ok. And that's what's . Um You can't see all those
20:08 until you start drilling wells. So, uh here's a faulted section
20:18 . This, this looks like a diagram and um I often ask test
20:23 on it and no one can answer . But um, so if I
20:29 that well, right there, how is my gap gonna be? Is
20:37 gonna be this wide or is it be that one? Uh first one
20:47 second? Is it gonna be, it gonna be from here to
20:52 What is it gonna be from here here? This is closer to direct
20:57 . I think direct answer should also this one is, hits the top
21:02 the road side. So it should in a, more than a
21:09 Ok. So, yeah. right here. Yeah, and right
21:13 and that's how wide it. And that's the throw on your
21:18 Now, um, a lot of these faults move far enough that it's
21:22 that. And then, um, actual map surface could be as far
21:30 as however much of this you think miss and you've missed it all.
21:38 ? So it would be a much swath. OK? And of
21:46 if you have a um, thrust or, or reverse fault and this
21:53 really, but if you have a fault, uh you're gonna see repeated
21:58 . In other words, this section is just below here is the same
22:03 that section. So when I drill it, I will see that
22:06 then I will see the same section when I hit it in this,
22:11 OK. And lucky for you, not gonna talk about thrusts or uh
22:17 falls. It's i it, it's hard enough for me to get
22:25 to do a single normal. Uh , and always fully understand and I
22:32 some of the people in the class may have done it before or worked
22:35 things like this before are, are capable of doing it. It's just
22:39 it's, it's a hard thing with young students from the very beginning
22:43 uh, different ways to math So, here we have,
22:48 full sand, repeated, full salary you would see that in the
22:54 And, uh, oddly enough when like samples for fossils, they might
23:04 a lot of fossils here, but all of them, they get down
23:08 , they find some more of them are the same age as that.
23:11 that's kind of how they're able to that it's a repeated section when they're
23:15 looking at tops. Uh In other , the sloppier, they are the
23:20 obvious it will be, I always it when mistakes end up helping
23:26 OK. Um Here is uh just of the way um You can see
23:33 , it's in a two dimensional diagram trying to mimic what the three dimensions
23:38 look like. And I don't wanna in your way, but you can
23:41 what the throw is and what the is. The heat would be,
23:45 actual map section uh depending on exactly it is. Um And this can
23:52 impacted sometimes by the tip of the . If it's flat, it's a
23:56 simple calculation. If it's dipping a bit, you have to uh account
24:01 the fact that it's gonna be, throw is gonna look more uh than
24:05 actually is as a, as a itself just because the, the um
24:11 dip is gonna add to, to , this is longer for example,
24:15 that. And uh if you put like that, that's where you're gonna
24:19 it, it's gonna hit here and there rather than right there. Like
24:23 one's kind of just on the straight . And uh that kind of,
24:29 if you think about it, that's to uh doing field work and seeing
24:33 that are pena plane versus things that in the subsurface. When you get
24:37 the subsurface, things just start looking . And that's because it's three
24:42 When you're on the surface, you're mapping out two dimensions and uh and
24:48 to put contours to create a three uh aspect to it. OK.
24:57 uh there's the top of the sand the top of the sand, missing
25:01 surface that's mat is the top of sand and that's what's missing on the
25:06 . So you won't hit the sand the top of the sand and those
25:10 , you might hit part of the but not the top of the
25:13 In other words, if I drill well over here, um I'll hit
25:19 but I'll miss all of that to it over here. Likewise. And
25:24 um what, what you're mapping, the maps are, are a map
25:28 this and a map of that and a map of just the same.
25:42 . Well, yeah, that's, one of the ways that you show
25:46 and uh and what it is that real throw is, is, is
25:51 here down to there, OK? thrown it out and here's the
25:57 here's the heave and then here's the to it. And, um,
26:03 , and the exercise I'm gonna give is close to 45 degrees. It's
26:09 45 degrees, but it's close to . You're gonna have to calculate.
26:15 , but when you're drawing your if you want to go to 45
26:19 we used to do in the Gulf Mexico all the time on that just
26:22 make it easy. And uh and a simple trigonometry and of course,
26:29 you change, you change the um dip of the fault from 45 you
26:34 , 45 is gonna be the same each direction. So however much it
26:39 , that's how far the heave and throw are identical. And uh but
26:44 you want to figure out is uh the throw is on uh the top
26:49 the sand. And uh if you're really, really precise, it's
26:54 Um you know, it, if start to get to a number over
26:57 degrees or something less than uh say 40 degrees um or 30 35 or
27:06 like that, then you're getting to you need to probably know exactly what
27:08 dip is. OK. So the envelope itself in a very simple reservoir
27:21 the top of the sand, the of the sand and the thickness uh
27:30 this and the fat wedge that you from that. And um the bottom
27:36 helps you see uh the wedges that get on the edge. In other
27:41 , if I have a reservoir, we just, we just through,
27:51 this thing, but I'm gonna turn reservoir like this and look at it
27:58 cross section and there's that fault, ? And the sand is doing something
28:06 this, you know, what are doing something like this. Here's the
28:16 . And when I talk about wedges quite see the whole thing. I
28:22 uh a win here. That's half the reservoir. In other words,
28:27 I made this the same thickness, it would be um then I'd be
28:33 by half on here, but I'd be half on all of this.
28:38 in the Gulf of Mexico, a of times the dips of the best
28:41 not a lot. And uh the the depth, the more this line
28:46 up this way and you can get the point where you're almost dividing the
28:51 reservoir in half. Uh So, these wedges uh can, can um
28:58 you double the reserves that are actually without even knowing about it. And
29:04 I, I, I did a of diagrams uh like this if you
29:10 a 45 degree angle like this. uh and you have a flat line
29:15 it's a reservoir trapped up against this of just having just enough dip so
29:20 you can uh that you can trap . Um The fault wedge may not
29:25 important. OK. But imagine imagine if the best skipping and it's
29:35 to parallel to the fault dip, then that wedge can be enormous.
29:41 . So when, when I was characterization, Jeff R from uh Alberta
29:48 fault wedges aren't important and I like because they can be extremely important.
29:55 , an event like this, here's old water contact, it's not parallel
30:05 the ship of the bed. And it becomes a smaller component of the
30:10 that you have. But here, can see almost this entire thickness.
30:15 , here's the thickness, this is vertical thickness of it. Um It's
30:19 drawn perfectly because I did it with . It never would let me click
30:23 in the right spot. You I put it here and it went
30:26 there when I and uh there's ways override that, but I was in
30:29 hurry that day. So, uh , uh this would be the thickness
30:34 it if I did this area from to up there and said that's the
30:40 of that volume. I would be doubling the reserves and I'd be uh
30:46 way too much money maybe for OK? And then if we have
30:55 slightly dipping bit, you can see in other words is explosive parallel um
31:04 to uh you know, the, lower it is the more parallel it
31:08 to a flat plane and lower the greater on the amount of the
31:15 can just look here. In other , here's the thickness of the
31:18 but because it's tilted just a little , the wedge created by that oil
31:23 contact is not insignificant, it just going. Ok? And if I
31:30 a fault right here, the rest it would be half by that
31:38 Ok. If we have a vertical , what kind of oil but contact
31:44 do I have? There's nothing, a full thickness except it would be
31:54 , you know, the full times the the thickness of the same,
32:00 often think of the thickness as being vertical component, but in this
32:03 it would be horizontal. So you have all of this plus.
32:06 part of that went up to the at the top. So all these
32:13 that we worry about are important to extent in a, in a different
32:19 for every reservoir that we drill. Since we're working in the Gulf of
32:26 , most of the time, that's be the most important wedge that you
32:32 to worry about. That's the oil water contact wedge. And I
32:38 after 18 wells, um I know and I work with a lot of
32:43 , another um 45 wells in one and, and, uh, quite
32:48 few in another one. Ok. how many of you have ever made
33:14 contour? Anybody not make a contour ? You're not sure. Ok.
33:35 , I'm just gonna go through it , really quick and, uh,
33:40 lines of course, are equal value . So when we put 1300 on
33:44 , that's normally what we mean, 1300. Those of you that have
33:47 field mapping, you're usually 1300 would 1300 above zero. And uh but
33:53 we're in the subsurface, it's gonna one some day and is uh sea
33:58 or in many cases, it's the which would be the drill where the
34:03 deck is and, and that's gonna your zero point. But then
34:08 um when we did a subsurface where always hit the bush and we take
34:12 up and uh uh it to uh level. So whatever the elevation of
34:18 uh Kelly bus is is subtracted. . Um And with that, you
34:26 , when we make contour maps, uh primarily do it with structures,
34:30 then we also make is a or they call ISO core maps. Um
34:36 don't get into a big uh argument what's the difference between a, is
34:40 map or an ISO core map? know it's important. Uh If you
34:45 this funny Hi Beds and stuff, it could create lots of problems because
34:50 because then the ISO core is going be a lot thicker than the ice
34:54 of it. But uh generally what try to do is figure out what
34:58 thickness of that sand is from all well data that you have. And
35:04 and of course, if you if you hit a, if you
35:07 , if you have deviated wells, always have to uh correct it to
35:11 , D but TV D two vertical is not always the, uh the
35:16 thing. Uh You know, the of the bed and it sipping like
35:22 and the is, you know, straight up and down, straight up
35:26 down, this is flat DVD and S C will be the same.
35:30 if you do it like this, gonna be all. And I think
35:35 already talked about that in, in logging. OK. So,
35:42 so I, I kind of like diagram even though again, it's very
35:46 and just to be safe, they the minuses on it. So you
35:50 know the subsurface, you know, the plane. Um Here, here's
35:56 particular bad hair that stiffing. And what they're trying to show you is
36:03 , um this is how deep is , this is how deep is here
36:10 this is how deep is here and up there and what you need to
36:14 your head when you start mapping is , whenever you see the picture of
36:19 , the um structure corn uh contour , the horizontal plane, which could
36:25 a fault or it could be a . Um In, in the case
36:29 subsurface mapping, we're usually trying to the top of a particular bed.
36:35 uh and that's, that's what uh map. We don't map, we
36:39 map what we see if somebody came and just cut across like that like
36:44 were doing field work or if it on a cliff like this. Um
36:50 this is 3d all the way, the way down. And uh
36:56 here's another simple diagram to show you when the, when there's a change
37:01 depth and you might have been thinking this when we looked at dip
37:06 when there's a change in dip, the contours get closer and closer,
37:12 get a higher dip, you go a low dip to a high
37:15 the contours get higher and higher. words, a slightly tilting bit.
37:22 It takes uh you have to travel longer distance to go 100 ft up
37:29 . It's skipping more up. So travel less distance to go from here
37:35 here to get up to that one even less for that one, less
37:38 that one. And here you're starting see a rollover and it's starting to
37:42 back out again. And uh this just, this is in your book
37:50 . And um I think it's in book. I'm pretty sure it
37:54 Uh, normally I put a reference it's not in your book and
37:56 I've been trying to get the but this is also in the,
38:02 , in the tear. And, , but this is the 1990
38:08 in 1991 version, there's, there's a couple of, other than
38:13 it, it, it, they covered a lot of really important
38:16 . They missed a few but not and, and they do have some
38:20 in it, but by and large a, it's a pretty good book
38:25 um and this is just showing you , given a different type of uh
38:32 slightly different. Here's, yeah, um like an ellipsoid, here's one
38:39 just the curve of and it's just me what happens. Um Here it's
38:45 steep and it's starting to flatten it , flat out and flat. And
38:49 I think it never is exactly the they drew it, but it's
38:58 So here's another way of looking map and side view. Although um I'm
39:05 sure why this shoe had to go in the air over here, think
39:08 guy had curl toes curling upwards or . But uh but nevertheless, you
39:13 the idea, you know, this two dimension two dimensions and this is
39:19 two dimensions, but it's adding the of height uh and taking away the
39:25 of width or whatever, uh, you see down here again, these
39:34 lines of equal dead sub and, , they don't get to cross when
39:42 draw them across each other. You've a mistake. Here's another one with
39:51 , um, a nice saddle in and you can see the faint and
39:56 page behind it when I, when , um, scan this. But
40:01 a satellite in here, here's two and you can see that this is
40:07 similar to what the South 53 thing worked on. We had a high
40:12 and we had another high over here really here and missed the sands.
40:17 uh we picked up the acreage and farm and, and we, and
40:21 , uh we did really well except one of the highs. Uh the
40:25 were shelled out the gosh, we the sands were continuous didn't happen.
40:33 . Here's the thing that you Uh when you map depressions. Um
40:38 know, there's different mapping symbols. It's nice that they're showing you
40:43 Some people never bother to put those it because again, if your eyes
40:47 to it, you'll see the, depression. Um Whether one puts the
40:52 marks on it. And uh and course, so what do you think
40:56 colors would be if we did this color? What would it be?
41:02 do you think this would some, people do the, the red and
41:08 blue. They, so I think , you know, most, most
41:14 the time the standard thing is, know, blues are blues are cold
41:19 hots high, deep is blue, know, just like water.
41:24 uh, that's simple, but some actually switch it around. Yeah.
41:28 computer programs allow you to switch it which when you, uh, when
41:33 would go to joint interest, meetings or equity meetings, uh,
41:40 of the new geologists would come in colors that made no sense to
41:44 So we had to ask them what meant. And, uh, and
41:48 , of course, back then we didn't have that many colors,
41:51 know, we had a, we or, or gas at some peoples
41:57 come. Yeah. And sometimes sometimes was just to throw you off so
42:05 one of your big maps fell out the back of your head, out
42:07 front, someone found it, they know what you had. And,
42:13 , the trick is, is to sure you, you've either tied things
42:16 in the back or you have a with a trunk and then you can
42:20 the right colors. Uh It's it's amazing what a, what a
42:25 of the detective work was like back . Um, uh, now we
42:30 hack your computer and just get every , here is another one and,
42:34 , this is kind of what it look like in a structure. Uh
42:38 is John. We're coming up to north. I didn't put the minus
42:41 . I'm just trying to say you know, if you, if
42:44 don't want to take the time to the minus in there. So
42:48 you know, we're working in the circle, the higher numbers we
42:52 OK. Instead of shallow. And and there's, there's a good reason
42:56 it. Uh back in the we just have to draw all these
42:59 and, and get a chart pack put all the minus in the chart
43:03 . And uh some of us were have to be a minus sign,
43:06 like the saying, minus sign every we did it, I got really
43:11 at uh drawing until I hurt my . And um that's a long
43:17 But um uh all I can say if you live in New Orleans,
43:20 have these big cockroaches and if you to have an 11 ft ceiling like
43:25 did, I found that rubber bands really good. And so I would
43:29 like this, take one out just along. Uh After you've used that
43:35 band, you need to switch it before it breaks. So one day
43:38 sitting here and, and I had guy nailed, I mean, I
43:41 gonna get him and uh the rubber broke and hit me in the
43:45 took a chunk of my cornea out the a part of the cover to
43:50 . And, uh, if you've had anything, poke you in the
43:53 , you know, it hurts and screamed bloody murder and just collapsed on
43:57 floor and we had a, a living next door to us.
44:03 uh, this is just a little of friendly advice. If you hurt
44:06 eye, don't go to a Asian . So why not put in?
44:12 gonna be the wrong thing and this gonna take forever to years.
44:16 Because he's, he deals with different . OK? And that's all I'm
44:22 say. It took several months, ended up at a specialist. And
44:30 , were they laughing? OK. I walked around like this all the
44:35 , you know, one eye closed a patch on it and it messes
44:40 your three dimensional uh perspective. So , when you do these kind of
44:47 , you know, you start doing like this. Um It's always to
44:51 mapping like if you have a lot wells over here doing your well
44:54 you have a lot of wells over , you know, try to get
44:57 contours to sort out in this Um This, this isn't straightforward.
45:04 can see there's curves and uh some try to make it straightforward, but
45:09 gotta have to kind of think of a structure should look on. And
45:13 and that's where your geological imagination uh , is something that will help you
45:18 lot, the shakes. OK. , um, uh, and that's
45:25 you do. Now, once you here, you kind of have an
45:27 that this has to come like that somehow has to go like that
45:32 so on. And so, so you have a cluster together, work
45:36 the closest wells first before you move to the farther ones, a park
45:41 the ones that are far apart. here's the thing about contour style
45:45 you can see, uh this is , just line, but which one
45:50 those looks looks more real to every in this room and you like the
45:58 movie that's more realistic. I think depends on what you're talking about.
46:05 it the second? Because yours is as much as uh sometimes geology looks
46:12 lot like this. Now, this looks like uh incisions from a,
46:16 exposed surface, which it probably But, uh, but a lot
46:21 geological things have these emulating sites and we can all think of all sorts
46:26 examples uh that might do that kind thing. So, um,
46:31 we do some and when you get , so like the move because like
46:40 who like to see the, the , I, I know.
46:45 and of course, the computers like do the top version more often than
46:49 , than a human. So, , one of the things that you
46:54 tell with the data that we have . Unless you have something else,
46:58 don't know if they're all open up the sides. And, you
47:01 do we really have four away And uh with the data that you
47:05 there, you can't really prove four closure. And that's just,
47:09 just letting you know, but, know, you can't sit there and
47:12 , well, I don't know whether got four, you know, what
47:14 you looking for? Four way So you draw in the four way
47:18 in a way that looks reasonable. . And uh th this is I'm
47:25 gonna go into all these, but would appreciate it if you would read
47:28 because I will ask you questions about . Uh But there's uh these are
47:33 basic contouring styles and um parallel and space. Uh Really if uh mechanical
47:45 sort of like we're just connecting the parallel, you try to keep the
47:50 pretty much the same across the whole . There's a reason for that usual
47:54 is off an area where the regional isn't, then you blow that off
48:01 space. Um This is trying to parallel, but this one just automatically
48:08 that it is there and then um it, you're just trying to make
48:13 the uh the depths within your OK. And um and all of
48:21 examples that I see of these things and equal space and even a mechanical
48:26 look pretty much the same. uh, the way I learned to
48:30 it and it worked really well for . You know, I was usually
48:34 of 100 million barrels. I was no, no more than a,
48:38 , than a million barrels off, for a whole uh large structure.
48:44 , uh, but I would start mechanical and then start to add interpretive
48:53 logic. You know, you start in your head, why would,
48:57 would, why would this close your ? Why would it do this kind
49:02 thing? Um Sometimes when you're doing , you know, you have all
49:06 things that look like the straight line then one's off, the one that's
49:10 is kind of telling you that things going like this and, uh you
49:15 take that that fact in and use for the rest of your map.
49:24 . Here's a mis a mistake in book. If I only point out
49:27 few of them are, it would me a long time. But,
49:30 , um, if you get halfway these two points, it would be
49:35 there and that down there, you kind of see this is squeezed down
49:38 little too fast and, uh, you bring it right up in
49:42 it would be half. And, , I, um, one of
49:49 things that you can get is that can get, um, these dividers
49:55 have, uh, they're equal so they pull apart and have equal
49:59 distances. And uh those are really for, uh, for doing
50:04 Uh But you can also use a and just say, OK, if
50:08 pull this, if I stretch, I stretch this apart this far,
50:12 the next one should be about that . Uh If I'm trying to get
50:16 dip to be pretty much the OK. And here, um this
50:26 just showing you that, you sometimes you can have exactly almost the
50:30 kind of information you end up with that looks like that. Here's something
50:35 happens with, um, with computer a lot. And, um,
50:43 some extent, I'm kind of surprised this but, um, normally what
50:47 does is draw the circles around your points and, uh, and that's
50:52 dangerous and, um, I don't if the algorithms have gotten better over
50:57 last seven or eight years. uh, and I haven't talked to
51:01 lot of my graduates uh, recently it would have been before COVID.
51:06 But, um, but when they actually working, uh the hill,
51:13 they gave up on computer but what would do is use the computer to
51:17 and map, map their base, base map, their smells on
51:22 But they would always do hand concours they found that they were getting
51:25 better accuracy and results. And uh about uh 10 years ago I did
51:32 a guy do a Capstone project uh, I think the four,
51:36 four best mappings we had all four them here at the U of
51:41 at the time. And, none of them were closer than 25%
51:48 , yeah. No, but, most of them would be off,
51:54 , uh, 50% on one 25% on the other side because,
51:59 , I don't know exactly what it like now, but at the time
52:02 had a pop down menu and they pick which type of style they
52:06 And, uh, but again, , people that were actually doing this
52:11 and making money, uh, really to go in and do interpretive mapping
52:15 the, and they, they may , they didn't say this, but
52:19 guessing they might have done one of , uh, just to see what
52:22 looked like before they, uh, to put geology into it. The
52:27 styles that you're talking about on the side. Exactly those four styles.
52:33 there's a lot of similarities in all , um, to me, mechanical
52:38 you're actually, um, where am going here? You're actually, you're
52:46 trying to, between points on you're trying to get them, you
52:50 , the mechanically fit in the way supposed to, uh on another
52:59 Uh you know, parallel you might go, you would automatically go up
53:03 this and try to keep, keep things parallel. And then, uh
53:09 , um, if you did um, equal space, you try
53:16 keep the, the dip completely, , equal space, you're, you're
53:22 doing it like mechanical. But uh with the parallel and you're kind
53:27 going like this. So it may always be the same tip, but
53:30 , uh, but it looks like looks like it's almost equal space but
53:34 not the same dip all the OK? And, and uh no
53:40 how you do it, you're gonna up with a bit of an element
53:42 all of those things in, in map. OK. So, um
53:53 is equal space contour with regional dip between uh wells two and four.
53:59 you can see this is, this the one that's equal space. So
54:03 , it doesn't look like that. looks like this. You see how
54:08 , they're trying the, the dip is not the same as the dip
54:13 , but they're trying to keep these parallel and it's, it's only in
54:17 bends and stuff that you really notice of these differences. Now, this
54:22 the kind of tool that I have they're really expensive and I don't think
54:26 can buy a new one. So almost never let anybody borrow it.
54:30 I made the mistake of renting out least 20 books that I've never seen
54:34 . Um When it's a student, usually get it back, if not
54:39 uh the faculty number once when we a master key that just come in
54:43 borrow your book. And uh but so, um I have one of
54:51 so when I read the papers, really easy for me to check with
54:55 . Yeah. Speaking of which I'm try really hard to get uh uh
55:01 get your uh correlation exercises posted Um It's, it's not, it
55:09 take me long to do it. have just been so busy with a
55:11 of these other, uh, other we're trying to get to run.
55:17 . And then there's the interpretive contouring , and, uh, as I
55:23 , for this exercise, you mechanical you have good data and interpretive contouring
55:28 connect across data areas. I think , that's the safe, one of
55:31 safest ways to do it. But , if, if, uh,
55:35 when you're, when you're doing there's gonna be a, well,
55:38 looks a little bit off, off lines that's telling you the dip has
55:42 move up or down on either side it. And, uh, you
55:46 always take that into consideration too. . So we kind of went into
55:55 , but to me, uh, field that you're gonna be looking at
56:02 is the exercise that I'm, I'm to tell you what the, what
56:05 final exercise, your 15 point exercise a project is gonna be um,
56:13 gonna end up with a fault plane . And, um, I used
56:19 try to avoid that at all costs I was working. Does it take
56:23 long? But after I started teaching , I realized it's a really important
56:28 for people to, uh, to able to do when you have 3d
56:31 where they can do all the you can cut it anywhere you want
56:35 get a slice or map it on , on a top or whatever.
56:38 it really helps for me to kind see where the fault is relative to
56:41 top of the base. And um you're gonna, you're gonna do a
56:48 plane map from that, you're gonna the dip of the fault, the
56:53 and the direction and then you're gonna out the strike and um once you
57:00 out the strike, you'll pretty much which and, and do you almost
57:07 need the map? But it's a easier if you have, you have
57:10 put the map, you can put ball map in your surface map one
57:15 top of the other and figure out the, and that's why it makes
57:19 so easy. You can do all this without any, you know,
57:22 just with just trigonometric calculations, it's easy. Uh If you just plot
57:27 on top of the other and figure out that way. So uh we
57:34 talked about this And sometimes when I the lecture that we just saw before
57:40 , um, um, we have break in glass and then so I
57:46 of go over this again. But , here's the way this is full
57:50 and this is the water content. here is how you come up
58:00 uh, the fault plane map and to determine the strike and the dip
58:05 the fault if you already knew the . And unfortunately, um the strike
58:12 close to the east west, but quite. But some people go
58:16 you know, I know what the is. I only need two
58:18 I don't need three wells which is , but you don't know if the
58:22 is fault in the beginning. This , this is uh an explanation of
58:28 that came out, out of uh really good uh petroleum geology book way
58:34 we even had uh calculators. And I think it, it has heuristic
58:40 to uh to do this because um helps you actually see how this three
58:48 framework kind of gets put together with something that's like this and something that's
58:55 that. And you'll also see some things and I'm gonna ask you some
59:02 about the funny things. So here's you do with it. And uh
59:05 was designed so that even I we this and figure out and that's kind
59:16 what I did. I went through , pages and pages of this
59:21 I thought, you know, we be able to do this in
59:27 And so, um, the first is you, you're gonna take three
59:35 , you're gonna, this, this is gonna have a lot of
59:38 but I've given you the fault cut sometimes you don't know where it
59:43 And, um, based on what graded so far, you guys don't
59:47 pick all the falls, but uh not gonna hurt your grade. As
59:52 as you got one or two or , you get two because one was
59:56 , um, if you did one from the one that was given that
60:00 it. Uh Anyway, you need , you need three uh points
60:08 to calculate a plane, calculate a with two points to let you know
60:13 the strike is in the, you have something else to do it.
60:19 , um, what you do is had um, a well here,
60:24 well here and a well there and at the depths on these wells where
60:28 hit the surface. Which one is , the deepest? Ok? It's
60:36 the top. So, so it's this. So these, these here
60:44 then b is the highest one anywhere here. It just turns out that
60:49 one off the side happens to be to the over here. So that's
60:57 . So you're gonna get three wells it's not gonna, your your diagram
61:01 not gonna look exactly like this. remember um A is the deepest
61:09 P is the shallowest and C is uh in between. So first you
61:16 a line A B. Has anybody done this, done it this way
61:20 guys have? All right. that's good us. Usually when I
61:29 did you, did you do it field mapping A U of H?
61:35 . Yeah. Yeah. He must been paying attention because I had students
61:41 in from his class telling me it only takes two points. I'm
61:45 like can't do it. Well, glad you guys are. It's good
61:50 you guys know you might help somebody gets stuck. OK? And so
61:55 then you just draw this line out . Um The difference between this depth
62:03 that depth, draw a line out somewhere and um as well, do
62:09 draw it up here? Do I , don't draw down, we drive
62:16 north of this one and uh because the way it's calculated, if
62:21 if you go up a little bit , it changes the shape of the
62:25 angle and it, it balances itself . Um But if you, if
62:30 draw something that looks like my it will be easy. OK,
62:36 you connect those two. So now you created point D from taking
62:44 1000 ft thing and just kind of it out here somewhere and then B
62:49 B give you that side. So then what you need to do
62:59 do the difference between the um which , the shallowest and the middle
63:07 right? Thank you. So you the difference between this and this,
63:19 the difference? Mhm OK. And then you take it on this
63:29 you come out 400 ft and that your point E and then what you
63:39 with point E and it's not grown right. But you parallel you get
63:44 parallelogram or something and try to get , get this to be equal to
63:49 . So if, if this was , this would be, would be
63:56 like this. And, and it adjust your thing depending on where you
64:00 d in the first place. So all self compensatory. OK?
64:09 um but when you draw this it will give you point F and
64:13 you draw from point F all the to this. Well, it's not
64:17 perfect when I heard it, but was a uh a power point click
64:22 again. And um and so now have uh you have ABC D E
64:33 and you have that distance right What is this line right here?
64:39 your strike? OK. And I didn't quite get it normal,
64:45 it's close. Does it look normal the moment it almost looks like?
64:55 . So this gives you point out perpendicular to this line. I found
65:02 a if you point them, then take that 400 ft again and go
65:13 to end now. Um, because we're running out of time and
65:21 . I'm gonna tell you a little about this one. Uh, because
65:26 your map and your fault cuts and they are, this letter is gonna
65:33 . Yeah. Ok. So don't out. It's just farther away.
65:42 you are within the 400 we have skill in the, so we can
65:47 that like how much is the You know, as a geologist,
65:51 was taught from day one, a should always have a north arrow on
65:57 . I couldn't turn in a test in graduate school at U of H
66:03 years ago. If I forgot to an N on it, a whole
66:06 would be wrong. So you have have a North and you also have
66:09 have your skin, anybody that gives a map with a scale, hand
66:13 back to them and tell them I want it. And uh you
66:17 it's just the way it is. maps have skills. So this will
66:19 a scale. OK. Listen, for the like the between A and
66:29 just you just like that like, , see what what happens is if
66:34 bring it up a little bit your parallelogram will be different. And
66:39 it will affect this and it it will just adjust it and it'll
66:43 exactly in the right spot. You believe me, try it.
66:49 You know, it's, trust I did it, I did it
66:52 bunch of times to make sure it work in class. And,
66:58 and I thought I figured out an way to explain it. Um,
67:02 people have done this before probably have out. Ok. So,
67:09 getting back to this once I have strike, you know, the next
67:18 up here is gonna be parallel to and I can draw it on that
67:23 and I can subdivide this in It's sort of gonna start on my
67:27 playing that. OK? So your by map now, rather than you
67:32 there and you're trying to calculate the , how far the Congo is supposed
67:35 be just and this isn't perfect But if you do it as well
67:41 this is, even though it's not , it would work. Uh But
67:44 these lines across here like this so this is 2600 and that's 2000.
67:49 this would be um 2027. Excuse me? 25 24 23 22
67:56 2000. OK? And see there is the North arrow, there's the
68:03 arrow on there. OK? So you're gonna need, what you're gonna
68:11 this fall plane map for and when draw it, you need to probably
68:15 down. I know you need to it down further than what I have
68:19 you're gonna intercept some wells uh with depths on them. And you wanna
68:24 able to figure out where that surface , this crosses this thing. And
68:31 whole object again is to figure out point on the top, the top
68:35 the sand map and this point on top of the sand map that tells
68:40 the width in that direction, it you, it tells you the top
68:46 and the bottom end of the top your seat. This shows you the
68:50 end of the wedge to, yeah, this contact right here will
69:00 you at this point in that So it, it wouldn't be now
69:05 , your condors would get bigger and and bigger from your ice pack.
69:09 you get here and then they'd all the same and then they would start
69:12 smaller and smaller. And OK, is the map that you have
69:24 uh, there's one in there, always gonna be one in there that
69:28 no color. So you can make base map. And, uh,
69:33 you need to do is kind of a preliminary structure map of the
69:37 which is sort of a half moon thing. And, um, and
69:44 , you're gonna sort out where it the fault plane ma and what I
69:51 you to do you're gonna have, gonna have, um, wells north
70:00 , north of the fault and you're have structure north of the fault,
70:04 try to figure out where the fault first and contour everything south of the
70:09 first. Ok? Because once you that, that map, you'll be
70:15 to, um, put the throw the fault in it. When you
70:19 the throw of the fault in it that fault at every one of these
70:23 lines, you'll know that it shifts . Uh whatever the throw is the
70:28 and the heave, we're gonna assume the same even though it's not quite
70:30 same. Um It's gonna be 250 , I believe. And that'll be
70:35 add additional points that you can use your well points to figure out how
70:39 structure looks north of it. And is what this is doing here is
70:44 to figure out the closure on our . OK. So, and that's
70:52 you got there. You, you drawing these lines from your well data
71:00 1 22 100 excuse me, 2400 here. 2200 hits there.
71:09 And you can go uh just by it on top of it. Uh
71:13 you use tracing paper works, um you can um uh you know,
71:20 something on have a light in Mhm I have a um a tiny
71:28 table that I use which works really . Um, nobody uses them anymore
71:34 it's all done by a computer and have no idea what the computer
71:38 Ok. And then you end up this fault and then you measure the
71:45 equal to the throw to figure out the top of your fall. And
71:54 gives you data points all across In other words, this whole area
72:01 250. And, uh, I in the map that you make,
72:07 correct myself when I get there, I think it's 250 ft. Uh
72:10 will all be 250 ft shallower. , uh if this was minus
72:16 I would bring it up 250 which would be uh not 22 but
72:21 50. And that, that's a structure point that you can use for
72:27 surface. And then you figure that and it shows you how you know
72:34 you do, you can read And uh, and then I have
72:38 brief thing, um is a, are similar to contour maps, except
72:44 you're trying to figure out is equal instead of equal elevations. And
72:51 you can read that. And uh of in my earliest uh classes many
72:58 ago, I would have people figure the, uh the net sand and
73:04 just taking a look at this. You know, it's pretty simple what
73:09 net sand is and then what the pay is. Here's the oil water
73:14 . Um And I um but that water contact changes on your map.
73:22 uh and so you'd have to look it. Everybody had trouble figuring this
73:25 . So I've decided to uh what I did was make,
73:30 I hate doing this. I like use real data like the um correlation
73:38 I gave you. But in this , this is what I decided.
73:44 If you have 12 wells and you another one, you're gonna want to
73:48 your resume. OK. So you know exactly the right. Except in
73:52 case, I'm gonna, I'm gonna a re reservoir is a certain
73:59 The process is homogeneous. So that everybody gets the same numbers. If
74:07 figuring, if somebody's figuring out a net than the next person, I
74:13 to go through step by step every , every single calculation I want,
74:19 want to know upfront whether you got or not in the calculation. This
74:24 , I know I even made a I had uh the N S M
74:29 T guys make a 3D model of reservoir. So you could kind of
74:33 at it like this and I think just confused the hell out of
74:37 And uh I mean, u usually something, you know, real 3D
74:45 uh helps but uh sometimes it doesn't again, it's on a screen which
74:50 only two dimensions. And so that of throws your eye eye off.
74:54 , we had a 3d Beehive and or whatever you wanna call it.
74:59 , uh, the neat one that had was you put on,
75:03 special and the, the one that on the table was in a
75:09 Uh, the, the big one more for, uh, they use
75:13 for, uh, people from uh Houston, passing tools to somebody in
75:20 that was getting ready for a mission the table and was perfect with
75:26 as you would get this Michael Jackson and uh literary and everything and you
75:32 go like this and you could just it wide open and see what's on
75:36 side. It was amazing. Um still at the end of the
75:42 you have to calculate what's in It's really neat if you can see
75:46 . But uh it, I think when you work with the data,
75:50 end up understanding it a lot better . So that's what's gonna happen with
75:55 one. Now, here's an example of the book, the wonderful
75:59 And uh it's trying to show you of like here's a wedge over here
76:03 here's a wedge over here. It's thin bed that has a one,
76:07 it flat on the top and you kind of figure out uh how big
76:12 is like here's, here's the outer , here's the inner boundaries and it's
76:16 big. That is, but that's . OK? And it ends up
76:24 something like that. Now, here's one, this one looks almost exactly
76:32 yours exit first and then you can me why I'm right. Um You
76:44 how this is drawn. OK. map is drawn wrong play is a
76:57 and as well then no, forget that. The map is completely
77:12 Yeah, I think so. what do you think this is this
77:20 me? Looks like, I think you climb up a fault, you
77:24 it as you climb up farther, hit it as you climb up
77:27 you hit it, you go farther farther out, you're hitting it higher
77:30 higher. In other words, if have a curved surface hitting the flat
77:36 , what's the shape of the fault look like at Matthew in a moon
77:43 thing is a plane that's flat. intersection of a curved surface with a
77:51 is what kind of a line straight that? No, it's curved.
77:56 has to be curved. This has go like that and that goes like
78:02 . They all advance. Remember when drew these lines. Whoops, I'm
78:14 forward, see right there, see it hits. This is a plane
78:24 that plane there is a plane, can see it behind, there's the
78:29 and you can see that the contour hidden and it's a curve ball.
78:33 a curve ball. Remember I showed some 3d models of the Atlantic market
78:38 then you have these straight straight most of the faults are gonna be
78:43 straight plane planes, but they have to, they're not running down north
78:49 south. What you're doing when you down this structure, you're, you're
78:53 down against the fall so you're fanning on the edge of the fault like
78:59 . You don't just go like It's not just, you know,
79:03 not, it's her the only way this map would be correct as if
79:13 was curved in the opposite direction. , that fall plane would have to
79:19 curved away from it. Ok. there's how you get it. Uh
79:26 you get your oil water contact. what you need to do is,
79:34 , the top of the sand and the top of the sand against
79:38 You'll get up with this, it and the bottom of the sand is
79:45 be smaller and it's gonna look like . See, that's smaller than that
79:54 the oil water contact comes in, fall comes in as you go up
80:01 as you come down rather, and you go deeper, you're going down
80:05 fault. And so this wedge right or that outline, rather, the
80:13 sand outline is smaller than the top outline and it looks like that.
80:21 so this is, this is um, the oil water contact hits
80:25 fall and the, and the, the, the oil water contact hits
80:31 fall deeper and this is where the water contact hits the fault shallow.
80:37 go up to the top. Which part of that map? The
80:42 thickness? Oh, this part's This is the fault witch. It
80:57 intersects with the oil water content and so these lines are gonna kind
81:06 hello my I actually, yeah, you'll see little points. OK?
81:18 I'm not gonna read this for but this is what the uh mapping
81:21 overview is. You have to come with four products. I can tell
81:26 that you need a top sand. else are you gonna do that without
81:30 top seed? Uh the top sand the plane will help you see this
81:38 the oil water contact will help you it. Uh the oil water contact
81:46 the bottom and then the other section the fault will roll that one.
81:51 is all oil, oil water same as this map here, but
82:00 drawn better. Here is the oil water contact on the bottom of
82:08 sand. Here is the fault in oil water content on the top.
82:20 ? So once, once you get those things put together, um you
82:25 make an ice, an Isopack map uh just to make it simple,
82:32 is a Pa Mac of course, gonna have a fault in the middle
82:35 it and um can see here there's park, um it's gonna be your
82:42 and then there's gonna be a part gonna be Yeah. And so what
82:52 used to do was tell people to it like we did in the oil
82:56 was we take our contour maps and each contour line, we would figure
83:00 here. In other words, I figure out this area divided by two
83:06 in this area and divide it and this. And that will be um
83:14 the top would be divided and this be full. But an easy way
83:17 do it is the core is whatever the area is on this side
83:23 the area on this side is Bye bye. Yeah. The neat
83:30 about triangles is the triangle, this , a rectangle or a square.
83:37 if I did the square like this the half, so if I get
83:41 area divided by half and multiply it the thickness you'll end up with the
83:47 body. Um You know, you , you can do each increment.
84:02 . Yeah, you can do each like you know, when, when
84:06 uh when we used to deal we would use this and then we
84:10 do that and then we would do . And so you take the core
84:15 would be the core and you got wedge, here's the core, you
84:18 a wedge, there's the cord, had a wedge, it takes a
84:21 of calculations. Um just, just the core and then half all the
84:26 spaces. So how do you figure your area? OK. Well,
84:33 the formula and again, I'm not read it to you, but you
84:37 to come up with an area and gonna do the area an acre feet
84:42 you multiply it times of porosity um is a stand which is there's one
84:49 then you um then you do uh we have uh we're gonna have uh
84:57 out here. So what's your Mhm. It's gonna be one
85:08 right. Yeah, like the the water saturation is 10, your oil
85:12 will be 90. So you're trying figure out the volume of oil you
85:15 in this and this is all And uh it's a, it's a
85:19 Latrin oil and I even made it uh gave it an IP a API
85:26 of 30 one of the, one the lightest closter oils on the
85:34 OK. So another thing that we is uh you know, we worry
85:37 shrinkage and expansion at the surface. you calculate your barrels of oil.
85:44 give you a recovery factor and that factor includes uh then we produced this
85:52 uh with that volume, you're gonna that many barrel, that percentage of
85:57 . Uh, we take into consideration , um, the stock tank barrel
86:03 contraction uh, that we normally So it just takes one of the
86:09 out of it. And, here I was telling you to measure
86:15 50 ft contours. I want you , I want you to make an
86:18 map of 50 ft contours. But , I think it would be best
86:22 you just to, to calculate one area divided by head and the other
86:27 by one. And uh this goes uh some of the information. Here's
86:40 uh average porosity. This has all different things that you need. The
86:45 sand is 80% for all wells that you cal that way there's, there's
86:49 gonna be one net sand and uh will help you uh to get to
86:55 feet and this is out of your , just say it over again and
87:01 it tells you what to do. your well data, this gives you
87:05 the tops. Uh There's the three cuts you're gonna get. This is
87:10 fault line. And um and we have three wells with oil water contact
87:17 kind of help you set an oil contact, one's a little higher than
87:23 other one's in the middle. Take middle one, OK. Copy the
87:32 map and don't change the scale when copy it, make sure it's exactly
87:35 same size on an 8.5 piece of that, uh, that it comes
87:40 as there's the scale for you to out. Uh, there was a
87:48 when I told people some of the and they had to figure out the
87:51 , but I gave up on that and there's a blank again and just
87:56 all this stuff and that's how you'll it. And, uh, you
87:59 want to take a look at it or tomorrow and if you have any
88:04 in class you can ask me, , this is gonna be,
88:12 there's two ways to do what does have to do before the exam want
88:17 to have to do after the, like to do a little bit after
88:21 people go, oh, you you, so I, I would
88:25 to give you to at least a days after the exam so that you
88:30 first focus on the exam and, know, maybe in the meantime,
88:34 now and then you might be able do a little bit on that.
88:37 when it comes time to study I get to study. I don't,
88:42 , I mean, this is just way I, and some people get
88:46 upset about it but, but if you do just turn it in
88:53 , there's nothing wrong with turning it early and a few people know a
88:59 about how to do this. uh, you could talk to them
89:02 , if they're willing to work with and, uh, sort it out
89:06 . It does, it does also if people, um, get together
89:10 . And, um, what you're do is there's a four point you
89:14 to get a piece of graph paper 10 squares to an inch. And
89:19 you don't have it, you don't something in my office that can
89:22 uh, and then you figure out the area is based on the numbers
89:25 I gave you on that uh that , it talked about how to,
89:29 to calculate data. So um when you our exams process? Yeah.
89:49 , I think the end of the guys how, how good this over
89:58 will give me plenty of time to exam. Yeah. Uh document with
90:26 like like the, the shit you . Yeah, I will give you
90:30 study guide but I might do that . I might put it out tomorrow
90:36 uh and I'll tell you if we get to it, it won't be
90:38 it. You were saying like, , I have like a giant
90:43 engineer squares on the wide scale. of them are eighth of an
90:50 I also like, look at it see you said 10, it's 10
90:53 then you can just come down the and get some for me.
90:59 Yeah. Yeah. I found my , my two rolls. I got
91:03 off of a, um, I know, what do you call
91:07 A, uh, not a mass but, uh, you know,
91:11 thing where you do the X uh, for, yeah, you
91:15 don't remember. We used to have little machines, by the way you
91:31 see through it too. In it's, it's good to get a
91:40 of pieces of it so you can make some of your maps on
91:44
-
+