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GEOL6351-Basin Modeling - Day6 10-08-2022-PM
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00:02 Right, Okay. So what we're talk about now, our pull apart
00:12 or strikes the basis. And I'll tell you what the difference between those
00:16 . And so that is the last of sentimentally basin that we haven't talked
00:20 yet, but before there we go . So, this is already preparation
00:27 the test. I need to clean up on my screen. Right?
00:35 gonna sketch a pet remote output Simon, horizontal access depths on vertical
00:50 . And on the right side I'm gonna sketch the Strat column just
00:56 Patrick does that for us. So here at the top we have a
01:03 , then we have a conglomerate, we have a shoe layer and then
01:10 have another sense though. So maybe is what our study graphic problem looks
01:18 now. So I hope by now all understand how this geo history that
01:25 gives us works. So it says it's the sentinel layer, for
01:31 was posited this time. The shield have been the positives over here,
01:46 maybe over here and the sandstone over . So, we all get this
01:50 how this works, right? No thing that isn't very clear from this
01:58 and it isn't very clear from Petra figures is as this formation is buried
02:05 and deeper, It is being So, if you would look in
02:13 lot of detail in the to the plots, you would see that every
02:19 becomes thinner slightly thinner over time. that's the compaction. So that's what
02:25 wanted to um Talk to you first then this here, this is the
02:32 of deposition. So these sediments were between this point and time and that
02:41 in time. We get that correct? No. When we sketch
02:55 subsidence curve of a basin, when sketch a subsidence curve of a
03:00 I take usually this deepest line because is normally the one directly above the
03:09 . So maybe this is the granite here. So I basically look at
03:17 formation that is part of the sedimentary . That that is the deepest
03:22 The deepest one that we that you find in the basin or maybe the
03:26 one you have data from. But you're looking at the lower most um
03:32 layer in the basin. That makes . Right. So if we make
03:36 plot of time versus sub science for a rift some and I sketch something
03:42 this, then it's this context basically I'm sketching over time. Yeah.
03:52 if I would sketch this one it would show up or something like
03:58 . So that give, it doesn't us the insight, you know,
04:01 the entire base basin. Right? we really want to go back to
04:05 one here. Okay, so this here, we call the geo history
04:16 history and again, that is the curve that I've been sketching here.
04:26 you? Or history or burial And so this GV history or burial
04:32 curve That is the curve that we directly observe from a straight column.
04:38 can literally you know you could stood by hand. Right. If somebody
04:42 give you a strata graphic column like you could and you would know between
04:47 H. S. D. Sedimentary have been deposited. You could make
04:51 sketch like this. Yeah it's not precise because you wouldn't probably do compaction
04:59 it etcetera. But it is basically very simple principle now. So this
05:04 history of burial history information comes from world data. So strata graphic column
05:10 be wild data. Sometimes geologists collect data in the field or a
05:15 So this is fairly well known. will go ahead. So the curves
05:22 we've been drawing for the geo history the barrel history. They have you
05:29 a steep initial part and then it of tapers off. But most of
05:38 plots from petra mod are the They're shallow and then steep. Can
05:45 explain how that works? Yeah. the examples that I gave you in
05:51 . So the first one that's based California, right, Merida curve looked
05:59 this? Remember that? So it's because of the tectonic history. So
06:08 particular basin had a lot of subsidence you know in very recent times around
06:15 million years or so ago. Um other which other example are you referring
06:26 ? Um What? No I mean think most of them that most of
06:29 burial history's, most of them have like steep and then shallow. But
06:37 of these petra mont examples show it shallow and then all of a sudden
06:42 gets steeper on the right side. I'm wondering am I missing some other
06:48 not connected? And that's just I'm . I just don't understand. I
06:54 . So. They're not collected. this year is a four art basin
07:00 these foreign basins, we know now have a random shape. So another
07:06 basin could be like this almost, know, they are shapeless. So
07:12 the center you can basin that we at was a forward base in other
07:17 ? That we looked at Anadarko basin example. Um I forgot what it
07:23 like, but didn't they do make this? So, so, you
07:30 , the ones that I'm sketching here the different types of basins, um
07:36 march in, maybe feel drift active . They all should look like this
07:43 steep, shallow. And that is same as a platonic basis.
07:47 Because you need to start out with that creates a basin before you dump
07:51 sediments in it. However, the basins are completely the opposite. There
07:57 is. So they start out slow then become fast. Does that answer
08:04 question? What are those reflected in petrified models that we've been building.
08:13 , we haven't done the petrol model a four lands. Well, you
08:20 , the Anadarko basin is a foreland . So you should see something like
08:25 in Anadarko basin subsidence Cruyff. So not this beautiful, right? This
08:32 be pure for land basin, but you look at the Anadarko basin,
08:37 has um, and we started with earlier this morning, it starts out
08:42 like this, then it does something this and then it does something like
08:48 . So this here, that's the basin, part of the history of
08:54 Anadarko basin. And then after that was some shared information in the Anadarko
09:02 . It's resulted in another rather fast of um subsidence and after that,
09:08 basin basically hasn't done much. It felt far field plate tectonic forces,
09:14 that is about it. So if did one for a rift basin,
09:23 , it would show like an initial burial and then it would taper
09:29 correct. Okay, alright, okay, I see that's the
09:32 That's, that's what's got me mixed because we just haven't, we haven't
09:36 the same on both of them. that's why we just got, so
09:40 have been from a foreign land This one here, right, and
09:45 a fore arc basin, it's just really weird shape and in our particular
09:49 it has the steep drop off. will tell you something else though.
09:53 you you may, you may be in these groups. Um we just
09:59 some writing space since I can erase . So, If you like look
10:08 geo histories of basins that have been in the last 20 million years or
10:13 and maybe are still active today. you would plot many of them many
10:19 types of basins. So time here that's here, many of them,
10:27 doesn't matter what the shape is This geo histories and then this this
10:38 going part always happens around the same . I'm gonna try to sketch it
10:44 . Oh, and then if you at when this time is, this
10:54 in the last six million years or ? If I noticed well by
11:00 if I remember correctly. So in course of Earth's history, there have
11:05 phases where it looks like there has , has been more sedimentation in sedimentary
11:14 . Whether that has to do with or with tectonics or some other
11:20 I don't know, but many back curves that you, if you stare
11:24 a hundreds, you see that many , you know, a phase of
11:28 subsidence in the last six million years so. So that is something that
11:34 may have noticed. Um maybe even looking at a lot of subsidence curves
11:42 wanted to tell you this. I've never understood by that is the
11:46 . Um, and I've never read explanation for it, but it's,
11:49 pretty interesting. Okay, now this a mess you can remove this and
11:59 sketch one more thing. So we here our geo history curve, whatever
12:06 looks like, and remember that to from a geo history curve to a
12:12 subsidence curve. We do back stripping and then we end up with this
12:20 work erv So back stripping is the the calculation that we do to bring
12:27 there. And then why are we in these tectonic subsidence curves?
12:33 they directly tell us something about how basin was formed. So you get
12:37 clear picture of the accommodation space that formed by the tectonic process or the
12:43 cooling or whatever that was going So, there's several reasons why people
12:48 to notice. And that's why we've those methods. Okay, if there
12:54 no more questions about this, I'm make a start with pull apart patients
13:01 strikes yet basins. So pull apart and strike slip bases both form along
13:09 slip falls. The situation is a bit different. So, let me
13:16 if I have it here. I'm first gonna go start with this
13:21 point and then I'm gonna go back this. So we're gonna talk about
13:25 apart basins and strike slip basins. strike slip falls, are these faults
13:32 move crystal blocks parallel to one So here, you see two crystal
13:40 , this crystal blocks block moves in direction with respect to this crystal
13:45 The thought that you find in between a transform fault if it cuts the
13:53 little sphere or it is a strike fold if it cuts the crust.
14:01 , so a transform fault or strike fault, they both indicate that parallel
14:07 of the crystal blocks. Questions about . Alright, so a different way
14:16 sketch this is um a map So we're looking here of a
14:25 a map of a region and in we find a strike slip faults or
14:32 transform photo doesn't really matter that much the story. This crystal block maybe
14:38 in this direction and this crystal block moves in this direction. So this
14:43 how we often indicated, we often actually with half an arrow indicating that
14:50 crystal blocks are moving in opposite direction respect to one another. Now take
14:57 look at this, so you're looking at a piece of crust, just
15:01 sketch it a little bit in three that has two strikes at fault.
15:06 this material over here moves in this with respect to this material here that
15:13 in this direction with respect to the over here, you get it
15:18 so think about what happens at the , the tip of the strike slip
15:25 , so just like normal faults, slip faults. Don't go on
15:30 They have an end to it to about what happens at this stage,
15:34 move this material in this direction and you are pulling in this direction.
15:45 you can hopefully imagine that you could up a strike the basin right
15:54 if you're pulling all of this like , that crystal material and you're pulling
16:01 of this in this direction, I imagine that this is a place that
16:08 kind of start to stretch. Would agree or not? Yeah, so
16:16 would be called a strike slip It forms along a strike slip fault
16:28 it can form just on one side the strike slip fold, dependent on
16:33 that movement, how the crystal blocks with respect to one another. So
16:38 is called a strike slip basin. . Um and these basins are very
16:45 . So often when you look at slip falls, you see a basin
16:49 this. These basins aren't very so there may be a few kilometers
16:54 10 kilometers or so, they may very deep quickly, but they are
16:59 large in you know, lateral Alright. Now, I'm gonna talk
17:06 pull apart basins and then later we're gonna come back again to the
17:10 basins. So pull apart basins, have as characteristic that there are very
17:19 , very narrow. Let me sketch for you. So, they form
17:25 along strike slip falls, but they form along a set of strike slip
17:31 . So you need to have two or more to form a pull apart
17:35 . So maybe here is one fault cuts across across the the crust.
17:41 this is one strike slip faults. maybe here we have another strike slip
17:46 that cuts across the crust in the of this sketch. Maybe this crystal
17:52 moves in this direction and this crystal moves in that direction. If that
17:59 , this material here and this material will be put towards the front and
18:05 rocks here and these rocks over there be put towards the back. So
18:10 this area here, you will have region that is under extension under
18:17 You see that we pull this in direction. All this material material is
18:25 in this direction. This is one slip forms, this is the other
18:31 slip forms here at this step over these strike slip falls, we have
18:40 zone where we are extending or The cursed makes sense or no.
18:51 that is one way to form a apart basin because this basin is associated
18:57 these two strike slip faults. We it a pull apart basin. So
19:01 would be called a pull apart And it's literally, you're pulling apart
19:06 curse. You see that you're, , you're pulling on this side,
19:10 pulling on that side. It's literally is happening now, if this fault
19:15 there and we would be doing We might end up a a strike
19:23 basin. This would look differently. maybe here around this tip. So
19:32 material will be put in this Let me see. Um Yeah,
19:41 here and that would be called a slip basin. So pull apart
19:47 they involve two falls or two segments a strike slip, large strike slip
19:54 segment, or transform fault segments strikes basins, they're associated with 11
20:00 Now, there's a different situation in you can find a pull apart
20:05 So sometimes the strike slip falls are , you know, segmented like this
20:11 shorter segments. But maybe sometimes instead doing that, they do this.
20:19 there's a band in them, it's . That bending. We sometimes call
20:27 step over step over or bending. if this block moves in this direction
20:38 this block moves in this direction. can imagine that here, you're gonna
20:44 the crust and this could be the where you would form a um a
20:52 apart basin. Does that make Now, when the bands in the
20:59 has a geometry like this. So pull here, you pull here and
21:04 you stretch in that place, we that a releasing band. It's called
21:12 releasing events in strikes, it Now, I'm gonna show you one
21:18 example that is we keep everything the . But what we're going to change
21:23 is the plate motion. Right? now we're gonna say that this plate
21:31 in this direction and this plate moves that direction. What is gonna happen
21:51 ? Mhm. I feel like it straighten out maybe um Would it be
22:04 strike slip basin straightening out? That's really good step. A point to
22:11 about. And I'll talk about that little bit later. I'm actually thinking
22:15 something much more simple. So if moves in this direction, this moves
22:19 this direction. You know what you get here, compression here. These
22:25 are gonna bump into each other. see that? Mhm. So um
22:31 call these bands if it looks like , we call that a restraining
22:39 And you may form here something like , you know, a small compression
22:45 feature may be a small um thrust a small rich or a small mountain
22:53 . If this is a larger So, we're not concerned with that
22:58 it doesn't form a basis. So not our problem. But it can
23:01 . That's why I want to tell that. Okay, we're gonna go
23:06 to the pull apart basin. So apart basins, they are always alan
23:12 in shape, sometimes really extreme. not so much, but they're typically
23:18 and I'm showing here, you hear very nice satellite image from Nasa.
23:25 here is the now river and the river delta now refer delta and this
23:38 this is the mediterranean. Do you you recognize it and malta is here
23:45 island. I think it's called All right. So here we have
23:51 actually it's a little bit more like . There's Israel, do you see
23:56 idea what the name of the sea ? It's very famous at sea.
24:09 , so in this, go Yeah, in this figure is the
24:21 I'm showing it to you is because shows a beautiful basin which is located
24:29 . It's hard to see but the apart vacation had debt see in it
24:39 may have heard of the dead So the dead sea is this elongated
24:44 inland sea? It's actually a lake it's very salty. Right? So
24:49 can float in it. Um that's this pull apart basin. This
24:56 I'm not sure. I think it has a strike slip component that I'm
25:00 familiar with it. Anyways, this what I want to show you.
25:03 is where we are here. I will come back to this
25:08 So what's going on here? We two crystal blocks that move in opposite
25:12 with respect to one another. There strikes, it falls and between those
25:18 slip faults or maybe these are even falls between them. A pull apart
25:23 has opened and that is called the sea pull apart. Alright, let's
25:30 back to north America. So what going on? If you look at
25:34 fault systems or strike slip faults on continents, they it is not one
25:40 one very long fault, it's the as with normal faults. They are
25:47 strike slip fault zone consists of many falls and that's what I'm showing in
25:53 figure here. So you're looking here SAn Francisco and you're looking here at
25:57 SAn Andreas fault zone, the red alliance that you see on this
26:02 they are fourth segments of the strike fault zone of the SAn Andreas fault
26:08 . So all these thoughts are some are longer, some are shorter
26:16 together they make up the SAn Andreas zone. Yeah, so this is
26:21 typical instead of it being one line which you often see the people on
26:26 map, it is actually a series shorter fault segments. So I'm just
26:31 remove my own drawings so you can it clearly, you see that.
26:35 sometimes you have a little bit of before between the tips of the
26:41 Sometimes you have more space like you there sometimes these four tips are
26:48 You see that here you see that they're not overlapping there. Under
26:54 You see that here and here is an example of an under lapping fault
26:59 . And let's see if we see else. Sometimes it looks like the
27:03 of default. These faults are almost each other like this one here,
27:07 not really under lapping, not really . So the reason I mentioned in
27:13 is that this step. So whether fall tips are touching each other or
27:20 , whether they're offset what they look , that has a large effect on
27:24 shape of the pull apart basin that gonna form. So we'll see that
27:29 a little bit. So in other , we have the shorter fault segments
27:34 between the segments are about, we step overs and sometimes people call these
27:40 bands but it's the same idea. you basically step from one fold to
27:44 other. So you call that a over. Now pull apart basins form
27:50 the step office if this moves in direction and this moves in this
27:53 This area here will be under We start to stretch it and we
27:58 a pull apart basin questions so far . So the strike slip fault from
28:07 surface, looking at the strike slip from Matthew looks like this, it's
28:12 looking like what you see towards the here, you know, it has
28:15 bend in it and on both sides pulling on it. So you,
28:20 start to stretch it on the right . I'm showing with red segments of
28:25 strike slip faults with a space in . We call that a step
28:30 So both cases may result in the of a pull apart basin questions.
28:42 , I'm gonna go one slide back this slide doesn't really show a
28:46 but say that this is about 100 or so. So that gives you
28:53 impression of how far these tips of falls are separated from each other.
29:00 between here and here, business like , maybe it is 20 km or
29:06 . You see that between here and , maybe it is 10 km um
29:14 between here and here, maybe it 30 km or so. So that
29:21 you an idea of what the risk a pull apart basin will be.
29:25 a pull apart basin forms in this is gonna be its width between
29:32 point and this point and this is be its length. You see that
29:38 pull apart, patients have a width a length. That width is really
29:42 by how close these strike slip faults together and the length is dependent on
29:49 much you start to stretch it yes or width and length. But
29:54 a look at this. This is typical for a pull apart basin 10
29:59 20 km wide. That is often we're talking about. They can be
30:03 km long though, but they're not to be very wide. Right?
30:08 this is a very schematic geometric figure shows what the pull apart basin looks
30:14 at depths. So pull apart basins our access are always topographic depressions.
30:22 that means the surface is always Um Often you find something like the
30:28 sea in it, right? A with very high salinity. Sometimes you
30:34 find just a layer of sediments, a salt layer, like what we
30:38 in Death Valley in the western S. That's also a cooler part
30:44 . So the reason that that is case is because these pull apart
30:47 they subside very rapidly and there's not settlements available to fill up these
30:55 Now, if you don't have too settlements available to fill up the basin
31:00 you have a lot of subsidies, create really a depression at the
31:04 So that is why these pull apart always are at very low elevation.
31:09 , I think that that's valleys even sea level, correct? So it's
31:14 um really, you know, really . So because these pull apart basins
31:22 not very large, you can see to pull apart basin just maybe 10
31:27 wide and 40 km long. Or , there's also another, not a
31:32 of water flowing into them. So what you see is that if you
31:36 a lake in it, like in Dead sea, that you start to
31:39 up that lake, you start to the lake. And that makes it
31:44 the salt contents go up enormously. that is why in these polar bear
31:49 , you can have these lakes that so high in salt content that you
31:53 actually float on it. So, reason of that is just tectonics
31:59 Alright, so these pull apart basins bounded on their sides by two parallel
32:04 headphones. So we have one. is shown here. You see that
32:11 one is shown here on the other . So to strike slip faults.
32:15 then in between them that pull apart forms. Now, I've also sketched
32:20 three cross sections through that pull apart system. Let's first take a look
32:27 a a prime. So it puts across this pull apart basin. This
32:32 is one strike slip fault. It's this strike slip fault. This here
32:37 the other strike slip fault. It this strike slip fault. People think
32:42 they need each other at large which you can see there and here
32:46 can see the basin that has been in with sediments. You see
32:53 So such a basin is typically, just gonna give you a measure and
32:58 later we can see there's a whole of course, but say 10 km
33:02 or so. And then this depth be and you may be surprised Can
33:10 be something like seven km can even more than that. 12 km or
33:15 . So they are put up our that are as deep as they are
33:21 . It's pretty spectacular. Now if look, let's take a look at
33:26 . C prime Next. So that through this pull apart basin from the
33:29 to the top. So see here at the bottom and see primes here
33:35 the north at the top. So have a very complex structure as you
33:39 see a lot of 14 going Also within the pull apart basin.
33:43 are sediments or even folded sediments that find in the pull apart basin.
33:49 length, it's anywhere from tens of to hundreds of kilometers. I'm just
33:56 say tens of kilometers. Okay, there's one more transact shown and that
34:06 B. B prime here. And you look at that transact here in
34:10 center, you say, see it just shows one of those strike slip
34:15 segments over here. Any questions about ? All right, let's move
34:25 So, this is from the allen Allen book. So, this is
34:28 book that you have the pdf of it has some very nice figures of
34:35 apart basins that I wanted to show . So, in these figures,
34:38 vertical access is to wait time, we know now is a measure of
34:45 . So vertical axis is actually depth . And then the horizontal skill is
34:51 here in these figures. All The red lines here are false.
35:01 you see that the at depths, thoughts are a little bit more complicated
35:08 what we sketched here. You see it's not as simple as what you
35:12 here or here. So, I wanted to make sure that you know
35:15 so often we call these flower So you can so you know if
35:20 have a bunch of flowers looks like , right? That's what this is
35:25 to. So, flower structure, see very nice one here. And
35:29 nice one here as well. So is very typical for pull apart basins
35:35 strike slip fault systems. Questions about , right? There's a figure that
35:47 um shows pull apart basins in a bit more detail. And this figure
35:54 actually from johnny who johnny who is a professor at University of Houston in
36:00 Earth and atmospheric science department. And johnny is somebody, you know they
36:05 right, alright. I just wanted mention that. So he's a very
36:14 professor in the department in this. , sorry about that. Yeah,
36:18 is actually my my sponsor in the because I survived by appointments every
36:24 So some of the department has to their neck out. Great. So
36:32 this, this is the same He's really smart and I really like
36:37 lot of his work. So this what I pull apart basin looks like
36:41 a little bit more detail. So see it is much more complex,
36:47 ? This block is moving in this . You can see from the arrow
36:51 . This block is moving in this here, you can see one strike
36:56 fault and here you are looking at other strike slip forms and then in
37:06 that we see the sedimentary basin. , you see here a little bit
37:11 detail all this yellow stuff, these sediments and the sediments have been deposited
37:19 this sedimentary basin. But you also the words deeper, center here and
37:25 center here. So what I will you in a little bit is if
37:28 look at the strike slip at these apart basins in a lot of
37:33 you see that they often have places developed much deeper where you deposit more
37:40 than in other places. So in particular case, this here is a
37:44 where a lot of sediments accumulate and as well. And in between you
37:49 like what we call on intra basin a place with less sediments. So
37:54 is fairly typical for these pull apart furthermore. And I'll come back later
37:59 that as well. What we often is when these pull apart basins become
38:04 . We start to see this here the center of the pull apart basin
38:10 this is called a cross basin strike fault zone. Now, what's
38:17 hey, what you brought up a minutes ago when I asked you,
38:21 know, what is gonna happen with situation, you have, you
38:24 this shape here, these two branches the strike slip fault zone and you
38:29 , well, maybe it's going straight and out, pull apart basins tend
38:33 do that and that is how they . And you can see that the
38:37 of that right here. So here have one strike slip fault here we
38:42 another strike slip faults. And you imagine that if you start to develop
38:46 little bit of a strike slip fault , that connects basically these two strike
38:53 faults that you straighten out the strike faults. Do you see that start
38:58 connect those segments and over time he it out, The clue is,
39:03 um johnny actually drew that correctly into sketch. This new strike slip faults
39:09 is forming here, touches these strike faults, not at our current
39:15 but a little bit further back. here and here and so because it
39:21 touch here and here, but a bit further back, the entry zones
39:26 a little bit of straightening of that . So you were correct, the
39:32 would want to do that right. could take much less energy to have
39:35 strike slip photos just straight and So these bands, the earth earth
39:41 to get rid of and it does like this. And so you can
39:45 that if they're, you know, start out with a um pull apart
39:51 here, that at that point in when you start forming such a cross
39:57 strike slip fault zone. This original apart basin item may come to an
40:02 or it will change but you something will change right? And then
40:07 start to connect those segments of the fault zone. Any questions about
40:18 All right. The strike was a apart basins. They have a typical
40:24 we call length to width ratio. again, if this is one strike
40:30 fault, this is another strike slip and a pull apart basin forms here
40:35 year would be the risk of a apart basin and this here would be
40:41 length. And if you plot how and long these pull apart basins are
40:49 a plot that you can see here the left length on the vertical axis
40:54 with on the horizontal axis, you some kind of relationship between them.
40:59 see that. So, what it means is if you have a strike
41:05 fault system that has a step over . The larger the step over is
41:14 larger the pull apart basin that you eventually make, which makes perfect
41:21 Questions about this. All right, brought a few other figures of pull
41:29 basins that are from the Allen and book. So just to give you
41:32 idea so you can look at a of them. So, this is
41:38 one that we looked at earlier north here, you would find the um
41:46 , it's not true, I'm gonna back. Hey, so this one
41:51 this one here? This C. . So that's a polar bear base
41:55 I forgot that. I completely So here it is the C.
42:01 . So here's the red sea And this is the goof of a
42:05 here. So transact through this pull basin is shown here. No it's
42:13 you know I wasn't wrong. This this it isn't the left one.
42:19 actually this one here not this So it's this one that turns into
42:24 dead scene. Sorry about that. confused twice. Okay so that that
42:30 would be right up here basically. ? Okay so vertical transect through this
42:40 apart basin maybe around here looks something this. You have one transform faults
42:45 here. The dead sea transform then have on the other side transform faults
42:50 are not as well developed. Their here, they're not pure transform but
42:54 actually what we call transformed normal extension fault. So they have a large
43:00 component in them And then take a at the scale this here all these
43:05 here these are the the sediment layers fill in this um pull apart
43:13 So this is shown to scale. this pull apart basin is less than
43:17 km wide and if you would know depths here you would know that it's
43:23 than 10 km deep. So it's as deep as it is white which
43:27 really, you know, that's very . Right? We haven't seen that
43:30 yet. Okay, here's another So, this is also from the
43:35 and and and book with a vertical through the pull apart basin.
43:38 this, this pull apart basin it looks slightly different. But here
43:43 the center, the deep part, can recognize the pull apart basin in
43:48 this transform falls over here and another zone that is just outside of this
43:54 over here. All right. So transform faults and then the strike slip
44:03 and pull apart basins that form between . Can you explain now how these
44:09 apart basins form with this information? would you explain it? Um to
44:21 slip faults adjacent to each other, pull apart, yep, Megan.
44:27 you agree? Would you add something that? Yeah, that's what even
44:31 was thinking. And then now you an idea of what they look like
44:37 depth, right? They're deep, narrow and they're deep and they can
44:41 very complex fault systems at depth. right, these are tectonic subsidence curves
44:50 a pull apart basin. Um So many of them have sketched included some
44:59 the names of the river basins. to give you an idea, let's
45:02 towards the left this basin here. basin is a pull apart basin in
45:08 . It's not it's not very but it's a real pull apart and
45:13 you look at the time scale here the depth scale here, you see
45:18 these pull apart basins, it's like bottom falls out from under them.
45:23 see them, you see that so silence is so fast, it's almost
45:29 vertical line. Here's the death valley California selenium block is in California.
45:35 Los Angeles basin is located underneath Los . And we find here, the
45:43 of California, is this one The gulf of California is another pull
45:47 basin. There's many pull apart basins the gulf of California, mama basin
45:53 isn't well known one that's a little further south in the caribbean, I
45:59 the salton trough here is in southern as well. So what do all
46:05 tectonic subsidence curve for strike slip basins pull apart basins? What do they
46:10 in common silence go with posture. is very fast, Right? And
46:23 the other component of the curve? other characteristic, It seems like they
46:32 kind of die at the end. they all live very shortly. So
46:38 pull apart basins, they form, start to form and most of them
46:43 10 million years, they're they're they're dead. So they form
46:48 they subside rapidly, they're very elongated and then they die out.
46:54 they're dying out. We talked about a few minutes ago when you start
46:58 connect the tips of the strike slip zones with such a through going newly
47:04 strike slip fault, you basically end development of that original pull apart
47:09 you straighten out a little bit the slip fault system and you pull apart
47:15 development comes to an end now. these pull apart basins are short
47:22 they're deep, they're narrow and they very rapidly. So what is shown
47:28 these curves is what we call tectonic . Right? So, it doesn't
47:33 have the sediment loads added to So, you know, take a
47:36 at one of these base and say Los Angeles basin, if you would
47:40 the sediment load to this, this would do something like that.
47:45 Saying it's the Salton trough, it's deep. Same with these other um
47:51 slip basins and pull apart basins. questions about this. All right.
48:04 these pull apart basins developed into sea floor spreading segments. So most of
48:08 time they're short lived, but sometimes in the gulf of California, they
48:13 all the way to sea floor Now, I'm gonna show you a
48:18 of examples. So, here is Death Valley pull apart basin, the
48:23 creek fault zone in the north and Death Valley fault zone here in the
48:27 . So, this here is a slip fault this year is a striking
48:32 . This is the pull apart basin has developed in the center we call
48:36 pull apart basin that is just shaped a shape like this, a Z
48:41 or if it's reversed an S. pull apart basin. Another example,
48:49 Vienna basin. This one is located north of the alps in europe.
48:54 Austria, here is one strike slip , here's another strike slip fraud.
49:00 fault block moves in this direction, four block moves in that direction.
49:05 shape of this pull apart basin is . This is not a Z shape
49:10 an S. Shape. This is like almost a warm boiled off
49:15 You see that elongated, almost The colors of this pull apart basin
49:21 you the sickness of the basin in . And you see that there's a
49:26 here where a thicker settlement power is and a center here where a thicker
49:31 power is present. So we call depot centers and in this particular case
49:42 talking about dual depot centers. So people centers, one here and one
49:49 . Alright. Another example of the sea basin. It is shown towards
49:55 left. We have to strike slip and then a series of other boundary
50:01 that have a lot of strikes, movement. And in between this
50:05 this pull apart basins is actually really forms alright. To pull apart basins
50:15 in different shapes. We have S c shapes pull apart basins. We
50:20 rum boiled those shapes pull apart basins then we have fully developed pull apart
50:27 , so SRC shape here towards the , were boiled or shape here in
50:32 center and towards the right, you see an example of a fully developed
50:37 apart basin that went all the way continental breakup. And that is this
50:42 here of the caribbean. So we one transform for the other transform faults
50:48 in the center you see, you for spreading, which you see here
50:52 well, and you see that. this may happen. Sometimes you can
50:57 that you are gonna pull so much this pull apart basin that you're gonna
51:03 able to break up the continents. about this. All right. So
51:12 the development to see for segments and just want to show you the example
51:16 the gulf of California. So, we see here this here is the
51:21 floor spreading rich where one plate moves this direction and this plate moves in
51:26 direction. You can see a spreading rich, tiny, tiny,
51:31 , tiny, tiny, etcetera, short spreading riches. So the short
51:39 riches, Those are the ones that from pull apart basin. So,
51:43 see in the black lines here, old strike slip faults that have now
51:48 transformed falls. And in between them pull apart basins opens. Well,
51:54 these are your strikes, it falls you extend like this like this.
52:01 can imagine that here, this is you pull apart basin opens. It's
52:05 kind of a rift zone, But then one that is um you
52:09 , a little bit different in And you can imagine that if you
52:13 that you form continental break up here that you see for a spreading center
52:19 going to be doing that. Does make sense? Maybe not.
52:28 that makes sense to me. Yes. So if you pull
52:35 if you pull enough on this and this, you're gonna break this
52:38 right? And then you're spreading, if you're spreading center is gonna be
52:42 , that you see here. Right. Okay. So what are
52:54 apart basins? The width is determined the false separation. The length is
52:59 by how far the faults are apart the amount of stretching that takes
53:04 Sometimes they develop into C. For systems. Two examples are the gulf
53:08 California and the Cayman trough in the . Often their shortlist shortlist can be
53:13 million years, sometimes even shorter than . A few million years length width
53:19 is highly variable, but in if you stretch more, you make
53:23 longer. And so you do find relation also, we have seen that
53:30 they're usually deep compared to how white are. So their narrow rights narrow
53:36 deep, and then their elongated in and then they form in between the
53:45 slip faults or the step overs or in the strike slip fault system.
53:52 right. Um So that is indicated . So, remember that when I
53:56 you yesterday and and a few weeks , how rift basins form.
54:01 first you form these shortfalls that larger on, start to connect. The
54:07 is with the strike slip fault So when you have a crystal block
54:11 moves in this direction and and Alana in this direction, you start out
54:15 forming shorter strike slip faults and then ones that are favorably favorably oriented to
54:22 to connect. So maybe this becomes longer strike slip faults and maybe this
54:28 a longer strike slip faults. And you end up with those segments of
54:32 strike slip faults in between which you form, you know, either a
54:37 apart basin or if the plates move a different direction, you can form
54:42 a little compression zone or rich or like that. Alright, I have
54:48 , I've taken here results of a computer model to give a little bit
54:53 insight into the power these pull apart form and what you see here is
54:59 crystal block. That is the bluish and there's two strikes that falls one
55:04 and one here. Now, what's happen in the computer animation is that
55:09 crystal block will move in this direction this crystal block will move in that
55:14 . And what you will see is this location here, a pull apart
55:19 will open and I'm gonna just directly to it. So what we're looking
55:28 here is from above. We're looking that model. So I was just
55:35 you this picture here. So um next pictures that I'm gonna show
55:42 we're gonna just look from above onto happening here. So you see one
55:47 slip faults and you see another strike fault. Basically if you're looking at
55:51 map of the area, just gonna past here because we don't need to
55:56 this notice and this is where we up, here's one strike slip
56:02 here's the other strikes, it this block will move in this
56:11 this block will move in this direction then here in the center this is
56:17 our pull apart basin reform. It what we call dual depot centers.
56:23 closer to here and one closer to . You can see here the edges
56:28 the pull apart basin. You see everything that's colored blue is the
56:32 Everything that's colored yellow or green would an uplifted site of the basin.
56:39 let's see what it looks like. yeah, so you're moving here to
56:46 blocks. I need to remove this . I'm so sorry as you can't
56:50 it. I'm just gonna go back the beginning. So this block is
56:53 in this direction, this block is in that direction. See now you
57:03 a pull apart basin in between these left phones makes sense or no.
57:13 , so this happens again. This happen like in five million years or
57:18 . So you can be completely done such a basin in something like five
57:23 years. Um So that goes very . They developed fast that deep.
57:29 subside very rapidly. That's basically Now, there's a couple more things
57:35 I want to tell you about this apart basins that that is important for
57:39 remainder of today. So they're deep they subside rapidly subside fast very
57:52 I have to say. So with information in the back of your
57:58 these sediments that are in the pull basin and then become sedimentary rock.
58:04 you think that these sediments in this population are generally gonna be hot,
58:14 . It's a and thinking they are to get hotter faster. Why would
58:24 happen? Because sub silence increased. really I mean, my um result
58:32 the increase in temperatures between them and might get faster. Solar, would
58:40 agree, Hayden? Um I would say that because it's happening fast is
58:46 it would be cooler because maybe it's having time to heat up. That's
58:52 case. That's exactly the case. these basins remember that subsidence curve,
58:57 basically a vertical line, right, little bit of a slope. That's
59:01 fast they are. So compared to , a rift basin would be doing
59:06 , it's really super fast and you foreland basin would be doing that.
59:11 it's really, it's like the bottom out underneath them. So because of
59:16 very fast subsidence, the sediments in basin do not have time to heat
59:22 . So you can drill in the and you can get to cold temperatures
59:29 deep that so these are cold But then there's something else. There's
59:34 component that is really important and that wanted to tell you because it goes
59:40 towards the rest of this afternoon to So there's something else because these sediments
59:51 subsiding the basis, subsiding so rapidly sediments in here, they have to
60:00 rapidly. Yes. So we uh know, you form the basin,
60:08 rapidly pull pull basically the base, base of the basement of the
60:14 you pull it down, sediments are deposited locals very fast in five million
60:20 . You have a basin that is km deep. Now then set him
60:38 when that happens, when the water is in the force that escapes
60:44 Oh hold on. I see my connection is not good. Can you
60:49 hear me? Okay, so let's over. So we have very rapid
60:56 writes very rapid subsidence and then we settlements being the positives here that are
61:03 very very quickly and so they need compact. But this confection is associated
61:12 a loss of water, you poor fluids, water is gonna escape
61:17 settlements. So when that water escapes becomes groundwater, so it's groundwater that's
61:30 flow in these sedimentary basins. deeper in the sedimentary basins. And
61:36 were right about that deeper in the basins is always called a warmer,
61:41 , And closer to the top. some of that ground water will start
61:45 pick up warm water um that it , you know, deeper inside the
61:51 and it's gonna bring that up. this can be very vigorous groundwater
61:58 So we call it groundwater circulation. in these um pull apart basins or
62:08 slip basins, this can be an process and what that that groundwater circulation
62:14 do. It can bring up hot , warm water that it finds deeper
62:20 the basin. So it's gonna pull worm model to shallower depths in the
62:26 the basin and these warm water we recognize them as geothermal systems.
62:38 that make sense? Geothermal systems? So do thermal systems. They have
62:47 in um some of these pull apart strike slip basins very successfully, including
62:53 ones in California. Let's talk a bit about the sediments that enter these
63:01 and about the petroleum systems. So sediments in these pull apart basins,
63:06 could they come from one balls are going towards like this and they get
63:17 by the surfaces and that's how I'm , get filled. Exactly. So
63:24 sediments, they come from surrounding right rich rift shoulders, mountains that
63:29 eroding and they find their way into basins. So a lot of these
63:35 are conglomerates. In other cases, example, the Dead sea in Israel
63:44 Valley in California, you see that basin is filled with a layer of
63:49 that may dry up. So you imagine that you also find evaporates in
63:54 sedimentary basins, evaporate rocks or salts these sedimentary basins. So, um
64:07 of these sedimentary basins, they may petroleum systems. So that is something
64:13 you could find in a strike slip prod apart basins, but for the
64:19 , they will also get a lot interest because of the geothermal systems that
64:24 in them. Questions. Alright, I have a lot more here that
64:33 don't need to know, you're gonna over this 11 more time. This
64:37 deepens from the sides. Um I going to go back to this
64:42 I haven't shown it before, but gonna show it to, you
64:46 So, you see here three all three panels have to strike slip
64:51 . So, you're looking here at met fuse of the surface and these
64:57 from computer simulations, Sorry, computer towards the left, you have these
65:03 slip forms, you see that now it, you see some short of
65:10 and they are mainly colored, you understand them as colored in red.
65:17 , I'm gonna show you something. start with the left figure, one
65:23 slip faults, another strike slip And here you have a lot of
65:27 lines that are basically shorter strike slip . These could all start to
65:34 And then when you get what you do there is you can lengthen this
65:39 slip faults. Do you see We see the same here, one
65:47 slip falls, another strike slip These little red lines are a short
65:52 slip faults in the making you see here, right? And you see
65:57 here. And if these strike slip would form, it would connect this
66:03 to this and maybe this one to , or maybe the other side would
66:07 out. So after some time this slip faults may look like this.
66:15 that. So that is one reason this food apart basins, they die
66:22 so quickly. Um you know, start to connect the strike slip
66:25 it for separate, you start to them to each other. Maybe you
66:29 them and the whole system comes to end towards the right. This is
66:37 last thing I'm gonna say about this to write, it seems to strike
66:41 falls that seem to be overlapping a . Right? It's this one
66:46 and it's this from here. They in this entire area. Such a
66:53 . You can imagine if you start stretch it like this and like,
67:01 , what is it doing and like ? You can imagine that you're gonna
67:08 up this pull apart here and that can become a sea floor spreading,
67:14 after continental breakup, this moving in direction and this here moving in that
67:22 . Okay. Questions about this pull basins. Okay, then, what
67:29 gonna do, because you're basically at end of them, what I'm going
67:33 suggest is that we have a short and then Yeah, go ahead.
67:40 right, pull apart bases are just rift bases. The the But what
67:47 you're saying is that these are experience are a feature of transformed boundaries and
67:58 necessarily divergent boundaries. Right? In opinion, these are rifts,
68:05 Because you stretch them and you extend . So that's why it's a
68:09 but they're just a shear zone or transform boundary of a strike slip
68:15 Yeah, that's how I would describe . Right? Yeah, that's
68:19 You know, I just I the term pull apart basin is
68:22 you see it used in a lot different ways. I mean, I've
68:26 seen like the such an atlantic ocean called pull apart basins, which I
68:32 is just really weird. But anyways, it's a phrase you might
68:39 might see that phrase used in a context as well. Shut up.
68:52 enjoyable here. Yeah, but they're . They're in a weird location,
69:12 know, switched between these strikes So, Okay, let's have a
69:20 minute break or so. And then gonna talk more after the, after
69:25 break about modern topics related to petroleum . And then we're gonna go over
69:31 summary of all the basins at the of this afternoon. Okay, see
69:36 in 10 minutes or so. Alright, we're gonna change the topic
69:47 little bit and talk about, but lot of people are talking about these
69:54 in terms of energy, energy security the United States energy transition. You
69:59 have heard those terms renewable energy. , I'm gonna address a few topics
70:05 in the first topic that I'm going address is that is related to heat
70:10 basins and that is geothermal energy. , do you both know what geothermal
70:17 is? He just radiated from the So, in geothermal energy, what
70:28 basically do is you pump up groundwater is warm and the worms the
70:36 you know, that is in that holder, you use for, you
70:40 , driving a turbine or creating electricity directly warming a house, something like
70:46 . So, you make use of natural heat inside the earth.
70:52 you can imagine that one of the where people are going to find geothermal
70:58 called waters is in sedimentary basins. is place number one. And that
71:04 because in these sedimentary basins we have layers being deposited, there's groundwater flow
71:11 some of the groundwater brings up holder from larger depths. So sedimentary basins
71:16 very important in geothermal energy. The that people are looking at. Um
71:24 it's basically all basins but basins that are have mainly been focusing on would
71:30 pull apart and strike slip basins, also basins that have some folk in
71:35 um such as continental rift zones. let's go over one more time.
71:41 thermal, you know, the thermal of sedimentary basins and the temperature of
71:48 basin. So I'm sketching here the of a sedimentary basin. So this
71:52 is the crystalline basements, the bedrock . Maybe this is the surface of
71:58 sedimentary basin. And in here we layers of sediments whatever they look
72:06 So these layers of sermons they right, and then they compact water
72:12 released and this is part because part the groundwater circulation and I don't know
72:24 it looks like, but maybe it something like this. Who knows what
72:28 looks like? So this groundwater circulates the permeable sedimentary layers in the sedimentary
72:36 . And as you can see this a way to redistribute heat in your
72:41 basin. Right? You can imagine at large depths here the temperatures of
72:46 sedimentary rocks are fairly high. We that they can easily get above 100°C.
72:52 this water that comes comes up can fairly warm. Water can be really
72:57 boiling temperatures. Furthermore, we saw the sedimentary layers, they heat up
73:06 because of that heat flow. Right. The heat that is coming
73:10 larger depths inside the earth as the is cooling and as new heat is
73:16 generated in the crust and some of minerals that make up the crust,
73:22 that is an important contributor to this as well. Now, another component
73:30 maybe you're looking at a sedimentary basin some magnetism magnetic behavior. So some
73:36 that magnetism maybe forms a dyke maybe still hot, still is intruded somewhere
73:42 your sedimentary basin. Maybe there is volcanic activity and a lava flow.
73:49 um at least locally such as sil dyke can heat up the rocks enormously
73:55 well. All right. So, we're thinking about geothermal energy again,
74:03 basins are a really good place to because we have sediments right, sediments
74:07 porosity and permeability, if we're lucky we have groundwater flow and then we
74:12 heating up of the sediments. that is one reason why people are
74:17 at sedimentary basins. Okay, so energy still today does not make up
74:25 large portion of our energy demands in United States. And the reason is
74:33 to do with economics. So it not cheap to get geothermal energy to
74:38 hot groundwater out of the ground. so I'll tell you a little bit
74:42 about that in the next few minutes that is a reason why this has
74:47 been developed more in many places on . So you can imagine that,
74:54 about that. Um that's uh, know, if you geothermal energy,
75:01 not gonna pay like four times as for that energy as what you would
75:05 for hitting your house with gas, example. So economics is always important
75:12 deciding what will people spend their money if they're thinking about heating the house
75:18 driving a car or, you whatever we need energy for geothermal energy
75:23 not cheap and or often not I'll show you why, and that
75:28 probably a reason why it hasn't been more widely. So let's talk about
75:36 energy resources. So there's different types geothermal energy resources. There's hydrothermal
75:44 one to low temperature and co produced and three enhanced geothermal systems. 1st
75:54 is, I think, mostly So, what is the hydrothermal
75:59 So in many places on earth, as sedimentary basins, you may have
76:06 flow. The rocks are permeable and could actually pump up heat groundwater,
76:12 groundwater hot groundwater from the subsurface, it up to shallower depths and use
76:18 to generate electricity. If you can that, then that's not extremely
76:24 And that would be called a hydrothermal . So it's naturally occurring, naturally
76:30 means that the rocks have permeability and can use the ground water that flows
76:35 the rocks and that is hopes and that up to the surface and generate
76:42 . The second type of geothermal energy is what we call low temperature and
76:48 produced resources. So what does this ? This means that we have a
76:54 in place with premiere pro works but temperatures are not that high And
77:01 temperatures are not that high, so say 150°C or less, but it
77:06 be much less than that, then can use that hot water directly maybe
77:11 heat greenhouses or to heat our homes something like that. Yeah. And
77:19 these um uh systems, electricity generation probably still possible co produced resources.
77:30 be, we were drilling for something and holds groundwater warm groundwater came to
77:35 surface. Now then it's the third geothermal energy resource and that is what
77:43 call enhanced geothermal systems. So what going on where maybe looking at a
77:49 somewhere where there's not a sedimentary there are, there's not good
77:55 The rocks are hot, but there's ground water flowing through them that we
78:01 pump out. So what do people any guesses hot rocks that are
78:11 we don't have permeability. Then we to make use of the heat.
78:15 would she do? You may concentrate create a way to pass the
78:24 So what is this called freaking, people have been doing this in geothermal
78:31 for decades. So what people basically , they find a hot rock in
78:36 subsurface. They drill it, they it, they pump ground or pump
78:41 through it to pump the water up it's heated up and then you have
78:44 water. So you can imagine that is very expensive. It's not much
78:52 than rolling a whole well board for petroleum reservoir. Right? So that's
78:59 expensive. That is if that is you need to get your hot
79:04 Yeah, so you can, you imagine there's places where the hot water
79:08 there, we can just pump it of the ground and it's fairly cheap
79:12 that goes all the way up to geothermal systems where we need to frack
79:17 rock basically. Now this is a you might be interested to look
79:23 It's called Open E. I. it has for example, information on
79:28 the geothermal areas on earth, the that are currently in use and the
79:33 that could be utilized. And so is a figure that I took from
79:38 website, so you can see the areas are all around on earth,
79:44 not randomly distributed as you can So let's talk about this, let's
79:50 about this place here. This is , you may have heard of Iceland
79:58 is a hot spot in the ocean , There's a lot of focus is
80:01 there and as a result of that a place that's very high ground water
80:07 . So Iceland is one location that been identified for geothermal energy. The
80:13 is going on here. This looks the middle of the ocean point,
80:17 it's actually similar situation to Iceland. a place with a lot of folk
80:21 is um very hot rocks that we make use of. Let's take a
80:27 at these places here. These places associated with the East african rift
80:32 So rift zones, as you know often volcanic. These sediments may have
80:37 heating up this groundwater flow. So make very good geothermal systems etcetera
80:44 If you look at North America, see that the geothermal systems or the
80:49 geothermal areas are mainly in the western . S. And that is because
80:54 western U. S. It's the with a lot of new tectonics.
80:57 lot of broken is um the sedimentary . Right. The Rio Grande
81:02 the basin and range province. We that in the western us. What
81:08 be going on here. Why do think we have fewer thermal systems
81:21 Yeah, it's Alaska. Right, . Yeah. What's going on
81:28 Do you know this? Just note now there are some geothermal, there
81:39 many jews are most resources. do you have an idea what's going
81:44 there. It's a line of volcanoes here and this, this is a
81:53 arc. So this is a subduction , the North pacific ocean and the
81:59 plate is abducting underneath Alaska there. there's a lot of volcanoes and you
82:04 imagine around volcanoes you may be able develop a geothermal system. How about
82:11 one here? Is it Hawaii? , it's a Hawaii. Yeah.
82:23 Hawaii is also a series of volcanoes on the ocean floor. So you
82:28 imagine that that has people's interests as . So anyways these the locations of
82:33 geothermal systems that is directly related to what's going on in terms of
82:41 Volcanism and sedimentary basins. Alright, a close up of the western
82:48 And just looking at this map, can already sketch out where the Rio
82:55 the rift zone is. I simply these geothermal systems. You see
83:04 All right this year. So earlier we sketched the outline the basin and
83:09 province rights. You could almost do using this map. Pc that's based
83:15 a range province, it's a rift . There has been a lot of
83:18 in the past. Today it's a zone. There's a lot there there's
83:22 Yellowstone area. Super volcano here in western U. S. We have
83:30 this is the volcanic arc. Those that you have in Oregon and
83:36 They are part of a volcanic arc again? They do the trick.
83:41 . So you can recognize here again importance of tectonic sedimentary basins in geothermal
83:50 . Now, the other thing that hope you recognize is the following.
83:54 we talked about geothermal energy, we about drilling, we talk about finding
84:00 good reservoir um that we can pump groundwater out. We talk about sometimes
84:06 right to create permeability. Those are terms that you need in the petroleum
84:12 as well. So there's a lot knowledge that is interchangeable. So many
84:19 engineers that I know are um, going to work in the geothermal energy
84:26 you have to drill, you do same type of research, right?
84:29 for you, you build a you complete a well, you're you're
84:33 need to know where you're gonna drill deep you need to pump water in
84:38 particular case out. So there's a of common ground between understanding petroleum systems
84:45 understanding geothermal systems. So keep that mind as you're thinking about your
84:53 right. Um, petroleum geology backgrounds really nicely to a geothermal energy
85:03 Okay, this map is a map shows in the colors the most favorable
85:11 for geothermal energy in the United More reds is more favorable, more
85:18 is not favorable. So, take look at that again, we have
85:23 the rift song in the western This area here in southern Colorado,
85:29 an old volcanic zone. There has some volcanic activity in this area here
85:37 the western Basin and range province. lot of rifting, a lot of
85:42 activity, some volcanic activity here This place here in southern California,
85:51 that pull apart basin. The Salton pull apart basins again are places where
85:56 have a lot of ground roller flow geothermal and hydrothermal systems may develop
86:03 So in other words, you you the relationship again with sedimentary basins,
86:09 these black dots, They are identified sites with temperatures higher than 90° or
86:20 . Questions about this. Alright, compare that map with this map
86:27 I've not shown you this map This map shows the heat flow that
86:32 coming out of Earth's surface of the States. You can't really larry to
86:39 , but I'll tell you blue is , very low heat flow. Red
86:45 very high heat flow, oops. , the sort of skill goes from
86:52 Low to read high all the way . Now these um areas where we
87:02 high feed flow are again the same where we have volcanism where we have
87:08 rifting. So you see that these all related to each other. So
87:13 take a look the United States, see very high heat flow here in
87:18 Rio grande rift and then in a of colorado where there has been volcanic
87:25 in the past, we see very heat flow in the basin and range
87:29 of the western US where there's a of extension, we see very high
87:34 flow here in the cascadia volcanic volcanoes as we have in Oregon and
87:43 , you see very high heat flow the Yellowstone area. And then there's
87:48 couple of pockets in the United States the heat flow is higher as
87:54 So it's those places with higher surface flow where we would go and look
87:59 geothermal energy, you understand that those are related, right, high heat
88:04 , probably better chance for um for good geothermal energy resource. One,
88:11 want to point out again, is in southern California, this red area
88:16 , that's again that pull apart basin salt and 12. Right, let's
88:23 a look at the hydrothermal systems in little bit more detail. So these
88:26 the best ones. Right, What say of these systems is that the
88:30 system is in place. And what mean with that is that we can
88:34 into a rock into a reservoir, that has good permeability, porosity,
88:40 is present is flowing through it. basically, the only thing we need
88:44 do is pump it out. Here's example of the coast. So geothermal
88:49 and it is in southern California and is in that salt and 12th,
88:54 is that pull apart basin in southern . So this is what it looks
89:00 . So this is a really successful system. So the only thing we
89:06 to do here is drill and pump that hot groundwater. Okay, then
89:13 take a look at the other end the spectrum enhanced geothermal systems. So
89:19 are places where we have hot but we don't have permeability and there's
89:24 fluid flowing through the rock. So we need to do there is we
89:28 to frack the rock rock fracking. with the rock fracking fracking of the
89:33 creates folds, right small fracture and small faults in the subsurface. So
89:40 create, in other words, So what you can do then is
89:45 can pump cold water into the ground the hot rock in the hot
89:50 It flows through these cracks from one to the other side on the other
89:55 , we pump it out again and we have hot water coming to the
90:01 . So what you need for geothermal is you need heat in the subsurface
90:06 you need fluids right water for fluid bring that heat up. If you
90:12 have heat, you're not gonna do because you're not going to heat up
90:15 rock in order to make it right? But if you don't have
90:18 , it's not the end of the , you would need to freak the
90:21 , pump water in, let it through the rock and then pump it
90:25 again. Questions about this. So the first one we reviewed the hydrothermal
90:37 once you kind of use all of resource and there's no more water
90:43 Could that then become a geothermal system all of a sudden? Now you
90:46 start pumping water in there. Where it's hot? Yeah. So
90:51 what you're bringing, are you bringing something really good? So you see
90:55 what can happen here? What if use all that water for energy?
91:01 you pump up the heat, the water from the underground, bring it
91:05 the surface, you create heat right create electricity and then you don't really
91:10 what to do with the water. maybe by the time it's cooled
91:13 you dump it in the river and gone. So you know what the
91:18 is drinking water? So people also drinking water out of the ground.
91:23 you can imagine drinking water doesn't need be hot, right? So we
91:26 pump it out at much shallower But we have people have a need
91:31 many types of of water for many of purposes. Geothermal energy is one
91:37 them, but we also need drinking . We need water for agriculture,
91:41 need water for a lot of other we do in industry. So this
91:45 just one way to use world Yeah, but that's a very good
91:53 . Yeah. So you can imagine there comes a point in time where
91:56 will have, you know, you the water pressure so much did you
92:00 to pump it up anymore. So then you need to change your
92:04 Yeah, that's a good good So in case of enhanced geothermal
92:12 this reservoir, which permeability isn't Right. So we need to create
92:16 and we created by freaking the So this is a problem if you
92:22 the rocks you may have heard freaking , the rocks may reduce may may
92:28 and induced seismicity. You know what seismicity is the seismic gap?
92:41 D be increased Greeks, you produce , right? And those earthquakes may
92:48 small and they're all underground of But you do produce earthquakes. Many
92:53 these earthquakes, they're very small. when an oil company freaks well you
92:59 , you normally don't feel it, can maybe measure it but you can't
93:03 it because there's really small earthquakes. , you can also imagine that when
93:09 start to freak well that sometimes you create a bigger fault or maybe you
93:15 around because you pump fluid on the pressure in the subsurface and it just
93:21 another fault that was already there and that bigger. All the fault that
93:26 already there is starting to slip and create a bigger earthquake. Well this
93:32 seismicity from geothermal systems is actually larger that of when you when you drill
93:41 petroleum and you would create a reservoir petroleum. So these these earthquakes,
93:47 events are larger. That has to with how much pressure you need to
93:53 a reservoir for geothermal system. So larger. So this this this induced
94:01 , you can really feel it at surface in some places. So it
94:04 be magnitude four or even five. that is a problem that we need
94:09 take into account. Right? So these enhanced geothermal systems, you will
94:13 to frack the rocks and that may seismicity, earthquake events that are so
94:20 that we can fuel them and potentially can do damage to structures. So
94:25 something to keep in mind. any other questions about this,
94:33 Now I'm gonna show you a couple general graphs which you see on this
94:39 on the horizontal axis is the year at 19 fifties towards the left and
94:46 towards the right. And then these colors show you where we get in
94:50 U. S. Or energy from the last 70 years or so.
94:55 , as you can see the lower color, the brown um is um
95:02 can see it here towards the Cool. So in the United
95:07 just like in other places on Initially we got a lot of our
95:12 from coal. So coal can be to generate electricity for example. So
95:17 electricity net was for a long term on coal. Now coal is a
95:23 polluter, right? If we burn , that's a big polluter. So
95:27 recent years, people are trying to away from that. Now, you
95:31 also see that a lot of our has come from natural gas and that
95:38 , that portion has increased. So gas can also be used to generate
95:44 . For example, Then in the colour, we see nuclear energy.
95:51 nuclear energy, the percentage increased a . Right in the late 19,
95:57 know, from the 1970s to about . And since then it has been
96:03 constant. The green swathes here that renewable energy. And I'm going to
96:09 a little bit more about that in next slide. So we noble energy
96:13 not cool. It's not petroleum, not natural gas, it's not
96:20 So it's basically everything else. And the top here is says petroleum,
96:26 it's actually oil, because natural gas this blue color here. So oil
96:31 used barely these days to generate, know, energy electricity for example.
96:40 , let's take a look at the figure. So, this figure shows
96:45 the electricity generation from renewable resources. in the past, it was mainly
96:51 , right? That was burns to electricity for electricity nets these days,
96:58 renewable resources are becoming more important. let's take a look at that.
97:03 blue big area that you see here the bottom that's hydro electric energy and
97:10 percentage of that has not really increased the course of time, it fluctuates
97:15 little bit from near career dependent on much water is available, but it's
97:20 stable for a long time. On of that we see biomass. So
97:27 is also sometimes used to generate So biomass, you can imagine that
97:35 is competition with our food, You know, if you use grains
97:40 example, to generate electricity, we eat those grains for animals,
97:46 come to eat those grades. So doesn't really, you know, there's
97:51 a side effect to that. The color is geothermal. And as you
97:56 see even on this graph, geothermal a tiny, tiny sliver. So
98:02 interest from the government and Department of to make that a bigger part of
98:07 pie going forward. But for now is very small. Wind is shown
98:12 in green and solar energy is shown yellow and you can see that solar
98:17 wind really did increase in the last . Questions about this. All
98:28 so where's the future going? People looking and this is, this is
98:34 the way at the developments technical developments getting geo super critical geothermal energy.
98:41 , you can imagine if you're close an active or recently active volcano temperatures
98:48 even be higher than, you a few 100 degrees. So for
98:52 we need to develop new techniques and is currently going on. So,
98:57 can imagine that that is where some the interest will be in the
99:02 Now there needs to be an improvement drilling wells for geothermal energy. If
99:08 is so expensive, we can't miss , right. We can't just drill
99:12 oops, wrong location, it's way expensive for that. And for
99:16 people use data analysis and machine learning and I'll tell you a little bit
99:21 about that in a few minutes. third step should sound very familiar to
99:28 . It's called Play Fairway analysis. just like with petroleum systems petroleum
99:35 we really try to understand right. try to understand what happens along the
99:40 , whether the source was matured or permeability is of the reservoir rock
99:45 etcetera. So you understand the whole , the same techniques are now being
99:51 for geothermal energy. So people need know where, you know what depths
99:56 reservoir work is, that you should , you know how much groundwater is
100:01 , but it's the temperature etcetera, . So that is something that hasn't
100:05 done much in the past, but is going to be doing, be
100:09 on going forward and you can imagine what you learn here um in this
100:15 that you can use the same knowledge geothermal energy and then the last one
100:22 hating you address this already, it's Resource management? What are you gonna
100:28 ? How are you going to develop field geothermal fields? How long is
100:32 , that's gonna give you water? you need to change to pumping in
100:36 later and heating it up and pumping out again, etcetera? So we
100:40 that resource management and that has not done much nearer questions about this.
100:49 . So what I hope that you out of this is um the insights
100:54 you can use a lot of the that you learn in this program for
101:00 systems as well as for petroleum So if the petroleum ministry is gonna
101:08 down, don't be disheartened, you have the right background to be
101:15 for many other ways of getting energy the future. Not that that's gonna
101:20 because we, we will need petroleum very, very long time and I
101:26 your whole life, you will need . But anyways or this may be
101:30 interest that you developed or you oil companies are becoming more and more
101:35 companies as you know, so oil also run wind farms and they have
101:40 farms and so to have like a , you know, see yourself in
101:45 broader perspective, right? How your knowledge can be applied to um
101:52 forms of energy as well. That's I was trying to tell you with
101:56 . Yeah, absolutely. Thank I think a lot of the big
102:00 are looking at geothermal and other types chasing after this stuff already rare earth
102:07 and helium and all kinds of So they're way ahead. I'm
102:13 do I think nuclear energy is also of the things which is happening.
102:20 , so it's um at Los Alamos job, one of the tasks that
102:25 have is to develop these new ways energy rights and um so the United
102:34 government is putting a lot of money , you know, getting the
102:39 development and deploying the techniques and this about everything, it's about geothermal nuclear
102:46 course about fracking right, still freaking and exploration and production problems related to
102:52 oil industry. We're also still doing , but also for example hydrogen.
102:57 you may have heard people talk about hydrogen economy and uh so that
103:03 it's starting to develop already and also little bit more about that after our
103:09 . Um but what they all said is going on, you know,
103:14 is building a hydrogen factory. Um major oil companies are all looking,
103:21 either already having geothermal wells or they they're making them, but I said
103:29 run wind firms Hayden. Yeah, we talked about how hydrothermal and geothermal
103:38 I'm missing one. Um what was ? The enhanced systems. Okay.
103:47 and then I was gonna ask with , are we still allowed to
103:53 Is that still going on or? Yes, I think it's still going
104:00 . So in in Colorado um you where geothermal systems energy systems were developed
104:10 few decades ago, this resulted in couple of very large earthquakes or
104:16 you know, compared to induced seismicity you freak a well in the petroleum
104:21 . So some of these earthquakes had know, magnitudes four or five,
104:25 you can really feel them right and can do damage. But yeah,
104:29 is as far as I know, is still going on, I felt
104:36 it got put on hold or something while back but you know, I
104:40 know a lot about it. Um don't know a lot about the meter
104:45 people are never happy when you say word fracking, nobody's gonna jump up
104:50 down, which is very understandable. ? So yeah, it's not
104:56 It's used thermal energy. It's usually cheap but you know, there's a
105:00 of heat in the earth. So can imagine more people interested in
105:04 Yeah. Okay, how about a break and then after the break,
105:09 gonna talk more about this new Machine learning and um you know where
105:17 is going and then after that we do a review of all the sedimentary
105:23 . Sounds Good. Alright. See in about 10 minutes or so.
105:36 before we go off to the I wanted to spend a few minutes
105:43 about some of the terminology that you a lot these days and that is
105:48 machine learning, big data. So any of you know what machine learning
105:56 ? What people mean when they say learning big data artificial intelligence that kind
106:06 the use of algorithms to kind of basin modeling almost. Yeah but much
106:13 complex. Yeah. What's the goal that? What's the goal of these
106:18 ? What's the goal of machine learning or artificial intelligence algorithms, data
106:28 Yes he tried to um the point is that today um data sets have
106:37 so large dependent on each other complex you can't often find anymore relations between
106:48 parameters which is looking at your So you can find a relation between
106:55 know I don't know months of the and for example temperature right? So
107:06 all know that in the northern hemisphere a little bit warmer in the summer
107:11 in in the winter. So those we can understand and we can find
107:17 data now we can also do that the there's a third component. So
107:25 have like an ex excess a Axis and a Y axis going in
107:32 third dimension. And maybe there's a between I don't know months of the
107:40 and um temperature and you know people shorts whatever. So you can imagine
107:53 you can get relationships like this, can understand maybe there's a cloud of
107:58 points that goes like that in three but more than that you come there's
108:05 way to fish allies or see So today, for example, if
108:12 looking at geothermal energy, you're looking temperature, pressure, ground,
108:18 permeability, porosity, and maybe a other series of parameters, depths of
108:25 , um that you would be, would need to look at to pinpoint
108:30 the right location where to drill and what depths to go with you will
108:35 have to start pumping and blah blah . So when all these relationships become
108:40 big, too complex, Too many , too large of a data
108:44 That's when people have developed what we machine learning methods. So those are
108:50 more advanced methods of trying to uh find patterns in data or relationships between
108:58 that we could never figure out by looking at the data basically. So
109:03 let the computer find those patterns Now, I'm gonna give a a
109:11 of very simple examples without going into just to show you where we can
109:19 machine learning quantum computing. Maybe another that you've heard of methods and then
109:25 I'm first gonna go uh to this here. So machine learning methods are
109:32 used in computational world to speed up and to recognize patterns. Let's first
109:41 about recognizing patterns. So we just that discussion. So, for
109:45 you see here on this map towards right a portion of the Western us
109:50 and arranged province, we've seen it . Around here is the colorado plateau
109:57 this here is that great valley in . So this gives you an idea
110:02 what we're looking at now. What see on this map are wells that
110:07 been drilled by people um mainly by industry and by you know, water
110:16 . And then the colors of the tell us the temperature of the water
110:20 was found. Black is low, is louis medium temperature and red is
110:27 temperature. Now you see manuals um different colors, so three different colors
110:35 . What's not even in this plot things like permeability, depth of the
110:41 or different depth layers where there's a for geothermal energy um and all other
110:48 that may play a role in geothermal . So it becomes immediately very difficult
110:53 figure out. Okay, where in thousands of well, should we go
110:58 then, how did should we Where should we complete? Well,
111:02 know, how, how long is system going to be in place?
111:07 that information is not in here. this looks already as a messy.
111:12 for those kinds of problems, you use machine learning also, what's not
111:18 here is figuring out, say you money to complete two wells for geothermal
111:25 , where would you put them if have such a large area and you
111:29 so many potential places where would you , where would you put your
111:34 So for helping with those decisions, can use machine learning methods. So
111:42 machine learning methods we have a, know, a mathematical algorithm that the
111:49 uses to find patterns in data relationships are difficult to um to understand by
111:57 . And I'm showing here an example refers or relates to geothermal um geothermal
112:03 energy towards the left. You can a matrix arrester that shows the significance
112:12 of a certain parameter to the geothermal . So everything that is red colored
112:19 a strong relationship between parameters that points a good location for a geothermal well
112:28 that's orange is a little bit less but still good. Yellow is okay
112:34 . We wouldn't go now take a at this parameter. So this this
112:39 that you see towards the left. you see different many different you know
112:44 in here and then the column towards left shows you some of the parameters
112:50 people have started to look at. example people have done ground to other
112:55 and sample the groundwater from the country the contribution of these elements. People
113:01 measured heat flow, we've seen the flow map right. People have looked
113:07 the bottom hole temperature of these water that have been drilled everywhere, temperatures
113:13 other places, other geo thermometers, like the hydraulic gradient, the flow
113:21 says Nous city depth to basement, thickness falls intensity blah blah blah.
113:26 can come up with a million things you might think may be important in
113:32 a geothermal geothermal spots to drill. how do you know which of these
113:38 gives you the best information or do need to look at a combination of
113:42 ? So by using these mathematical formulations these mathematical algorithms, we get information
113:51 what parameters may be really important. again this is just an example.
113:56 here this red books shows that for specific problem and I can't show the
114:02 of what is there. But for specific problem, temperature at 250 m
114:08 may be your best indication of being a healthy geothermal system. It may
114:15 everything else and all other relationships that in here. Maybe this age
114:22 maybe this column shows something like um density or so, how many faults
114:30 have. And then if you combine parameter with this parameter and you look
114:37 where both are for example high, might find the best spot. So
114:42 are relationships from this small portion of attribute matrix, you can already see
114:49 you know, this could take you lifetime to do by hand,
114:52 If you will do this by it would be a lifetime. A
114:56 program, a machine learning algorithm can this. I don't know how fast
115:02 one runs maybe in minutes. So gives us a lot of information to
115:06 about. And it may show us that we would never have thought of
115:12 that it was difficult for us to how important they're able to be.
115:19 back. Yeah. So yeah, just presented our heat flow prediction using
115:29 learning, which is a which is category or type of machine learning.
115:36 even two weeks ago at the image . And when we were working on
115:41 stuff, uh Nyla is she's the who's our was our machine learning
115:47 You know, Nyla? Right. what what we learned very soon was
115:55 I mean the algorithm is gonna produce no matter what you put in
116:00 So it's really critical that all those , all those data that you jump
116:08 it um are good. So I um that's one thing that I was
116:17 kind of smacked in the face. was like you if your data,
116:21 you're putting in the wrong data, still gonna produce results. It's just
116:25 be the wrong results anyway. But you can go very wrong right with
116:31 . Um If you don't know what doing, you know, you need
116:35 what you say, you need to about the data that go in their
116:39 quality, what are you really putting there? Because this computer program doesn't
116:44 right? It's just giving new patterns and to the computer program,
116:49 doesn't mean anything. You know, need to be able to figure
116:53 It's going to produce results because otherwise would crash, Right? So it's
116:56 to produce results. And um you I mean there are some what they
117:01 it performance indicators that give you some of how well your solutions are.
117:09 but you know, it's really critical what you're you have to really think
117:16 is the physical meaning of what you're all the time. It means while
117:23 get my head around it and to what it was doing. And supervised
117:29 is like the simplest form of machine to It's a very it's a very
117:34 sort of control. So what that is you you basically um you learn
117:47 computer program or your algorithm, you what patterns to look for in a
117:54 . So you get so much basic that it's gonna move forward based on
118:00 basic information that you felt right. so if you start off wrong,
118:05 can create very interesting things that have meaning. Yeah, it will
118:11 it will produce incorrect results. And you don't really have your head around
118:17 what the physical meaning, what the all your parameters you could go,
118:22 could go astray pretty quickly. I completely agree. Um I'm gonna
118:30 back and start here. So one of machine learning is that's what we
118:36 talked about. The machine, the program machine learning algorithm or data analysis
118:42 can find patterns in your data much than we can. And so we've
118:48 this for a long time already. ? So um you may have heard
118:53 the following. So we have everywhere earth seismometers that pick up earthquakes if
119:00 occur. And we have trained basically recording and our analysis software to recognize
119:07 is an earthquake. So what should safe? Right? And keep for
119:12 and what cannot let go. So that that type of, you
119:17 learning your computer how to recognize patterns done for a very long time.
119:22 that is nothing new. But today is used all over the petroleum industry
119:28 in earth sciences, I'm gonna give one more example. So the block
119:35 you see towards the left is a of rock and the scale is in
119:40 . It's 200 by 200 by 200 . So imagine this is a gigantic
119:51 of rock in the subsurface this here green hole that's a horizontal well that
119:59 been drilled and these disks here are franks. If you do a freaking
120:08 , you frank every so many meters so and you create a whole sense
120:14 um fractures. And so you can here a portion of a computer grids
120:21 surrounds this well board that has been and then further away from it,
120:27 can see here in the rocks, these colored planes. The bluish colored
120:33 fractures that have been formed further away the well war as a result of
120:40 fracking. Now to run the code this. Go to does this.
120:47 happens on about 1.5 billion notes. that's a gigantic dense um computer
120:59 And you can imagine that if you to simulate fracking with a computer code
121:04 understand how fractures form in the subsurface how petroleum flow in those fractures.
121:11 can imagine you need to solve a range of equations. You need to
121:15 equations that describe the stress and the , how fractures form and how fluid
121:20 through it than how that fluids response reacts chemically, which is surrounding host
121:26 , blah blah blah. So this this is complicated work. So for
121:33 kinds of calculations these days, what often do is we use machine learning
121:40 that are slightly different from the techniques we have talked about so far.
121:45 , these machine learning techniques we use follows, we say for example,
121:50 , um computer program, we're gonna here and you're gonna calculate stresses for
121:56 . Now, the computer program will to calculate stresses and it may find
122:02 or gradients that it's that it's recognizes based on the gradients of patterns that
122:10 finds. Um It will write its codes to basically fill that in and
122:16 next time step when you freak it . And it kind of knows based
122:21 physics what should be happening. So is a machine learning technique that basically
122:27 your own computer, you know, coding language to write codes as the
122:34 program runs along. So it basically it learns to recognize physics, for
122:40 , the temperature gradient or a pressure which are often very predictable right in
122:45 subsurface. You've seen this through this course. I can just sketch temperature
122:50 depth and it does something like this maybe something like this, but the
122:56 is right there. So it makes of these patterns that it can recognize
123:00 are based on physics for example, flow and then the code writes parts
123:06 its own code as it is calculating that means that you can run a
123:10 like that with 1.5 billion nodes and these complex calculations and maybe a matter
123:16 a few days. So that's an difference with what we've been doing in
123:22 sciences for decades, right? For . This would not have been
123:25 But now with machine learning techniques, can actually work on problems like
123:31 So that is 11 application of machine techniques. So one is clearly recognizing
123:39 , patterns in data and the other is helping us speed up calculations by
123:45 physics that are going on and writing own quotes as you go along.
123:52 there's a third term that you may heard of and that is quantum
123:57 So today we do our calculations on that have like ones and zeros rights
124:04 the digital memory and doing calculations today is research going on in quantum
124:13 So that is a whole different type computing in which one little um,
124:19 know, memory part cannot just be one or a zero but can be
124:23 between zero and one. And so requires the development of new um
124:31 whole new computer systems from the chips to the bigger machine and it also
124:37 us to rewrite all our computer codes that rewriting is based on you
124:43 the new ways of doing calculations forming memory etcetera. So this is
124:50 this is not as far as far yet, this is really in a
124:54 phase, but if this is gonna and you are both young enough that
124:59 is going to happen in your hopefully um you know, maybe 20
125:04 from now, 15 years from now have will have unbelievably more faster and
125:11 computations and computers than we have So in order to jump on board
125:16 15 or 20 years from now, scientists are already developing, you
125:22 software that can you make use of future quantum computing capabilities so that when
125:28 rolls out we actually have software available calculate it flow or whatever your the
125:35 is that you're interested in. So the other thing. The other term
125:38 you may have heard of any questions this. So um many petroleum companies
125:50 energy companies are hiring machine learning experts big data experts. So those are
125:58 who have learned to work with very data sets or very complex very large
126:05 models. And so for the company work with these large data sets.
126:10 you can imagine that a petroleum company tens of thousands of wells with
126:16 You know, each will will have related to permeability, porosity, temperature
126:23 , go on and on. So are enormous data sets. So you
126:27 imagine that oil companies are investing money hire people to work with these data
126:34 and see what else you can learn it. Questions or comments or anything
126:42 that man. All right, okay I'm gonna go out of this power
126:56 . And what I'm actually gonna do come from a pool up one of
127:01 first power points that I showed in first weekends because it is so
127:09 And um we're gonna go through it quickly and uh we're only gonna stand
127:17 with things that you need to uh to know again for the for the
127:24 exam. Okay, here it It's going to be an unpleasant
127:30 I'm just gonna tell you. So gonna go over this power point and
128:01 we have a short break and then gonna go over all the sedimentary
128:04 So let's go start with this petroleum power point again. So this is
128:11 figure that I showed before and it that I'm gonna go back. It
128:17 the oil window the gas window temperatures are where the source work would be
128:22 warm to generate any oil or Any questions about this? So where's
128:30 is the guest window below the oil now because of temperature correct?
128:38 So when you start to mature carriage you first form the heavy oils and
128:42 light oils and then the gasses. ? All right. I'm going to
128:49 quickly go over this because this is important. Alright, petroleum system
128:53 We talked about this. So it's to realize every time you do petrol
128:57 voter petroleum system elements are and if are in place, so we need
129:01 organic rich source rock. So we to think about this. Always
129:07 Do you have a good source work good potential source work present? So
129:11 rich material could be for example what find is shields or metro. Now
129:18 source of must have been heated not too much, not too little
129:22 enough to reach the oil window or the gas window, there must be
129:27 reservoir rock in this reservoir far rock have good porosity and permeability. The
129:33 rock must be be sued by a rock and there must be a trap
129:38 reservoir and sealed together must form a . Now there's one more component to
129:45 and it is time. So this petroleum system needs to be in place
129:49 the time this first rock starts Questions about this. All right.
129:58 looked at some of these classification There's many out there. We didn't
130:02 talk about it because it's not really for this class. But sometimes people
130:07 about young shadow oils. Young shallow tend to be heavy and viscous.
130:12 anybody explain that? Because it's not hot? So it's um more cooled
130:25 . It's not as, I don't , making it more thick. So
130:32 thinking about the correct lines. do you have anything to add?
130:40 thinking that it is. Let's come to the deep oils. Like the
130:48 places have less feet. And that the reason the crude oil might
130:53 There is something called the support point the cloud point where they actually become
130:58 uh how a coconut oil becomes when in a cold temperature, like something
131:05 kind of thing. And but in old lee poison, it has enough
131:10 to melt it. Event get more business. So you're right, you're
131:17 right? So young Shadow oils, depths, it's not as worm
131:21 The carriage in may just start start . There's a long molecules, they
131:25 to break. The new molecules that are shorter their oils but are still
131:31 long, So long molecules, viscous . And also this is heavy
131:38 So literally heavy, high density um as colder temperatures and therefore fiscus the
131:45 deep oils temperatures have increased, you , so much. Right? If
131:49 deeper into a sedimentary basin, your molecules have broken down to smaller and
131:56 pieces. So your fiscal city is in, your density is lower.
132:01 . Excellent. Alright. Who wants explain this figure? I'm gonna ask
132:16 differently, Hayden, how about you the crude oil curve And mechanized?
132:22 gonna explain the natural gas curve, , you can start oil curve shows
132:31 um at around 65° is what you to start creating oil and once you
132:37 above 150 you start burning it Just shows your oil window. How
132:46 the natural gas curve? Which is complex. The density of the gas
132:52 much less than oil. So the are different. And when it is
132:58 , that is the reason it is formed in the oil window. And
133:01 remaining portions of the graph, it the permission of the biogenic gas when
133:07 and the gas. So where does gas form? I don't know much
133:17 it. So do you know Um No, I don't. So
133:26 know what biogenic gasses? It's a word for rotting rotting leaves and rotting
133:31 . So it's basically near the surface the earth, right? So if
133:35 in the lake, you know if I don't know if you've ever had
133:38 chance to look at the bottom of lake, you know the black rotting
133:43 , they create biogenic gas. The gas is always messing. So if
133:49 find methane, if you drill you methane, methane can have both a
133:54 origin and a you know petroleum It can be a petroleum Karajan origin
134:01 you find anything else as saying propane , whatever that would always be related
134:09 maturation of Karajan. But methane, know that's marsh gas, right?
134:14 forms also in you know, everything rolls on the water basically will um
134:20 will create biogenic gas. Yeah. mechanism was a good explanation.
134:30 It looks like biogenic gas doesn't really a temperature to be um formed,
134:36 it can get too hot, Yeah. So this this biogenic gas
134:43 , this happens just right at the , right right below the surface.
134:48 if you get warmer than that's that gas. Um So that's that organic
134:55 . It's it's you know, it go from organic materials becoming pete if
135:01 have a lot and then it becomes . Right? So but there's a
135:06 in time when you you know you longer talk about leaves, which we'll
135:10 about peace basically. So there is consonant to it, correct?
135:15 we're total organic carbon. So this an important parameter for source rocks,
135:21 ? We want in source rocks the carbon or T. O.
135:25 To be a high number. And is also a number that you included
135:29 petra moz For the source walk. are some percentages. So weight percent
135:35 a larger you're looking at a good walk. If you're doing a patrol
135:40 model and you are working with a rock that maybe has one half to
135:48 total organic carbon, you really need think about, you know, if
135:53 would actually be producing enough petroleum um this to be a petroleum system.
135:59 think about that. All right. talk about the source works. So
136:04 source works not only need to have organic content high total organic carbon
136:09 O. C. But they also to have found or met the right
136:14 right to mature. So, we for that paleo thermometers. The bottom
136:20 temperatures only tell us something about the day paleo thermometers. Tell us something
136:27 the maximum temperature that our source rock found in the past. So what
136:32 the paleo thermometers that we are talking ? Which ones have you seen in
136:37 past weeks? Which Patrolman's Yeah, fit tonight reflex since and transformation racial
136:52 viral assis. Yeah. So we chemical paleo thermometers and biological paleo some
137:00 and this paleo thermometers give us the temperature that the source rock has.
137:05 chemical paleo thermometers includes for example So we take a sample of the
137:11 rock. We take it to the , we're gonna heat it up and
137:15 what happens. So when we start it up at low temperatures, the
137:20 walk will will free the free hydrocarbons were already formed. And then we
137:26 the temperatures and then the hydrocarbons that already formed from the caribbean are going
137:31 be formed. And we can measure as well. So that gives us
137:35 measure of maturity. And so if source work is immature then we say
137:41 this ratio is small. If the work is mature, we say that
137:45 ratio is large and this is called transformation ratio. So this is the
137:50 of oil or gas generation. So it's zero there's been no reaction
137:57 And the source rope is completely If it is one the all the
138:03 in the source work has been matured there's nothing left. So he talks
138:07 peak transformation ratio is something like .5 so. Um so if you have
138:15 high transformation racial values you're you're looking the gas window or dry gas
138:21 And if you have very low transformation values. You're looking at the early
138:25 window. Questions about this. Right make sure just the hydrogen index.
138:34 this is also another parameter that you to include in petra moats. And
138:39 this is also a maturation index that index is constant with depths unless or
138:46 in your source work. Unless your work has started to mature. If
138:50 source work has started to mature, hydrogen index decreases. So the hydrogen
138:56 is the amount of paralyzed organic compounds the total organic carbon. So
139:02 if you start to mature your source , you remove from it from it
139:07 potentially paralyze herbal organic compounds. So number becomes smaller and therefore your hydrogen
139:13 becomes smaller. So a hydrogen index depth curve may look something like this
139:20 index on the horizontal axis, depth the vertical axis. You can see
139:24 a long time. There's nothing going . But then all of a sudden
139:28 see these data points go towards the , your hydrogen index numbers decrease and
139:34 is going on. So from a like this you can see at what
139:39 hydrocarbons are being generated. But in in your formula it's times 100.
139:45 that racial times 100. Right. why you have these values of like
139:53 and 800 here. Yeah. All right. We also looked at
140:09 paleo thermometers and this is for example it reflect since. So this is
140:13 method that has been around for a long time basically by the coal
140:19 the coal people to understand how mature coal is right, the more mature
140:24 coal is, the more heat it when you burn it. So that's
140:29 very important parameter in the coal And people realize to recognize the shiny
140:35 . Of course coal increases when you from P to emphasize and it's that
140:41 of lights that you can see in nous that tells you how mature your
140:45 is. In other words, how your source rock is. So this
140:50 shows you how you go from a peat all the way to brown coal
140:57 hole and emphasize. So again, first thing that happens in the swamp
141:04 that there may be some rotting of and plants creating biogenic gas. So
141:13 and as your organic material is compressed new layers are added on top,
141:19 is pressed out and you start forming layer of peat. If that pete
141:24 being buried deeper and deeper, it to compact more. Its chemical composition
141:30 a little bit and you start to brown co or late night buried deeper
141:37 deeper. Chemical composition changes a little more. Now the last water is
141:41 out and we have disco or black . And then finally, when this
141:47 is still very deeper and deeper, may form a metamorphic rock that maybe
141:52 changes again in the in the composition the packing of this code and reform
142:00 now going down this line here, actually increasing the amount of heat that
142:07 would produce if you would burn up amounts of this call. All right
142:17 , it looks also at this biological thermometers, veteran nights in rest like
142:24 . So we have here the oil and the gas windows and then we
142:29 veteran it reflected, shown here towards right. I'm not gonna ask you
142:33 learn these numbers by heart, but basically have a a range in which
142:42 um Karajan is more mature, where see that you have a veteran night
142:48 that reflected basically. So don't learn by heart, but because you can
142:54 look it up for it. But about value of 0.6 to ₹1.5 and
143:01 oil window and above 1.5 we will in the gas window going to graphite
143:19 . I'm Gonna Skip This one. gonna go to this one.
143:24 who would like to explain primary migration secondary immigration of petroleum. Uh,
143:36 gas is transported from the source shop the reservoir rock. And secondary migration
143:42 when from the reservoir Crockett's transported into cap rock and ready to be expelled
143:49 exploded. Almost right prior immigration is the source walk into the surrounding
143:57 Secondary migration is towards the rest of book. If it gets out of
144:03 restaurant work, we would call a migration. Should you break open the
144:07 of our No. Do you I don't know, going over that
144:15 more time? I don't think I understand the difference. Okay, let
144:24 , I mean, sample sketches. right. So family migration is from
144:55 source walk into a surrounding work. Hayes, this may be a carrier
145:07 . So maybe a bad it's good . And from here it can flow
145:15 maybe uphill like this. Who knows , how these layers are doing.
145:20 maybe it can go all the way . This is called primary. This
145:32 called secondary. This will be called . Okay, then there's a
146:00 Okay. Say that this is your book and this is where your oil
146:06 accumulates. So the reservoir may actually the pressure becomes so high that it
146:14 break through the cap rock and then can have migration again like this and
146:20 sometimes it's called territory. Okay, you. That makes sense. If
146:40 the reservoir sits right on top of source, Is that primary or secondary
146:48 . Okay, so if there's no of your bed, then it's
146:50 Still primary. It makes me think something else. I'm just gonna talk
146:58 something else. Don't worry about the here. Here's a source rock.
147:09 her first work is an organic rich starts maturing. Hey, what happens
147:20 oil that starts to form or the that starts to form? never leaves
147:24 source walk. Now. What is on? Um Could it be considered
147:40 reservoir rock if it's not able to or anything? Um So how do
147:47 call this? It's a resource isn't it? I'm just gonna write
147:56 down because I think you all know that's that's what they do.
148:05 unconventional the whole er tech stuff. . So if I were an oil
148:13 , what would I do? I drill well and I would make her
148:19 so well in the source book and would start to freak it and by
148:26 it, I would create permeability and would allow me to get this oil
148:33 of this tight source work. Makes sense. Yes ma'am.
148:42 okay. Oh not serious. But just that's all questions about this.
149:03 . All right, we're about to five minutes break or so. And
149:12 we're gonna go repeat all the bases we're gonna go for that. Okay
149:42 . Alright let's start. So I'm write down the name of the
149:48 the type of basin. And you're tell me everything you know about
150:04 He wants to start platonic basin is called less sag basin. It takes
150:16 lot of time to get from like the basin structure and uh Excellent.
150:37 the sub silence is also ready slow to other bases because it takes a
150:43 of time to form and that's what don't know. What about it?
151:04 about this go for shape and that sole sir shape. If you look
151:12 a for good transect right shallow. do sediments come from? Rivers?
151:32 . So um transport. It's in rivers or maybe if they are in
151:40 shallow layer of water um you know , you can have something like that
151:45 well, shallow water. Let me that regarding the depth around the order
151:51 km deep plus revise a few 100 . Not all but most most of
151:58 they're typically on the order three or km across in terms of their
152:07 So pretty large. Yeah, they're . Not not related to plate
152:17 their evolution and formation and nobody knows they really form. Okay, well
152:31 and I think we know how I think I think I know how
152:35 form. Yeah, there are a of models. Yeah. Anything
152:52 I don't think so. I don't so either. Let's sketch a tectonic
152:59 curve. Well we all agree you to start off with something, we
153:11 know what it is, but something some little accommodation space and then it's
153:18 filled in over the course of So something like this three million years
153:30 whatever. Right next type of Who wants to start? How do
153:48 form? Um continental separation followed by of the crushed. Um They have
154:06 subsidence and eventually they cool off. that's due to continental separation about
154:25 How long did they form? It's to come? They're not so
154:39 Maybe it did, yeah, And there are a few kilometers of
154:48 and some hundreds of kilometers of provide a big continental bridge fund. Where
155:15 the sediments come from? So are . How this, Yeah, not
155:42 anything else you can think of. is that volcanism happen? Um,
155:50 , I'm kind of thinking of that side where we had the three
155:53 Um, is volcanism kind of there or is that not until the mid
156:01 very good question. I think in rifts, volcanism, is there initially
156:08 mythic volcanism to, it's, it's , it's uh, igneous rocks that
156:15 high in iron and magnesium, they're from beneath the little strip. They're
156:20 like the balkan ism in island arcs continental arts, it's a different.
156:26 are there kinds of volcanoes. So think that this cross section rights that
156:33 done a million times. This will the mojo, this will be the
156:38 straightest industry boundary. So that melting here. So in the esteem o
156:49 below the rift and that is what a gist can find very clearly in
156:54 , you know, in the composition those magma's. So yeah, that's
156:58 typical for these. Anything else you think of. Okay, let's sketch
157:11 subsidence curve. So let's sketch one a rift zone that is currently
157:23 There is. Right. How about field riff song? Let's sketch that
157:39 well. So that may look like like this. Right. Alright.
158:09 would like to start talking about It is the age of the basins
158:29 the sediments will be deposited. They some structural history to um They're the
159:25 places on the planet. They can as deep as 18 km I
159:37 The bengal Bengal fan base and that's I think that's like 18 km.
159:56 . Anything else? There could be of kilometers long, A few 100
160:09 wide. They can sit atop a or magmatic crystalline crust. Sorry.
160:27 , shut up. I'll let you do this. Right, let's catch
160:36 in. All right. Next It spawned by the continental collision.
161:12 it also called us the flex jewel . It's kind of initially slow subsidence
161:26 by rapid subsidence. That can be few kilometers. Yeah, it has
161:53 typical flexible the information. Right? wave, the motors here.
162:02 You kind of have like a secondary sometimes. Yeah, just this piggyback
162:08 , right, That could be Yeah. So it's a system actually
162:13 basins. Now. One thing you talk about I think or if you
162:20 it. I missed it. Is they actually the sequences course and
162:28 which is like the opposite of like beall systems, which of course and
162:32 . Is that right? I Yeah, that's correct. We did
162:37 about it. I just didn't I say it like that. Remember
162:41 I sketched this in the exercise, had this wedge the gap and then
162:52 said, you know, deeper this is a photographic column marine and
163:05 this terrestrial, Right? What they saying, deep marine sediments, this
163:16 be sediments very fine grained, Very fine grain this shallower towards the
163:29 . Now you can be looking at sands to course the grains, the
163:34 , grains of course flu feel that include pebbles, conglomerates. So you're
163:41 looking at very big brains rocks So what he's referring to that you
163:48 that horse inning upward and then and if you look like at a passive
163:55 or a rift in March, those downward as the basic pro grades out
164:01 your right. Isn't that right? It's the course the let's sketch it
164:11 . He usually riff that march in you know, sediments. This is
164:15 continent here, this is the So a refer may transport sediments right
164:22 this direction and the positives here and later when the marching subsides further or
164:30 the ocean flows over it further towards land started deposit sediments here that are
164:35 finer grains, fine grained material coming of the ocean basin. So this
164:41 finer grains on top of coarser So that is what the deal is
164:47 about. So this mechanized. Did learn this in the sediment ology
164:56 The portion variation. And that's what talking. No, I'm talking about
165:03 course inning upwards or coursing downwards. like that terminology like that.
165:09 I heard about it. But I in the settlement ology class, they
165:15 just focused more about the uh, organisms which have carbonates and rather than
165:23 the rocks. Alright, I So sometimes sediment ologists, they talk
165:30 so we talk about the basis in class. Right. But sometimes sediment
165:34 , they like to talk about these like coarsening upward sequence or something like
165:40 . So that tells you something you know, the water level if
165:45 was involved or below water and then thickness of the water layer over time
165:50 that basin. So it has a . Right. And so we didn't
165:54 name it like that, but it it's like hidden in in this information
166:03 . So you're you're absolutely right about . Yeah. So it's very typical
166:08 these patients. Anything else you can of? Asymmetric shape? Very
166:26 I have a lot of them no . They're pretty prolific. There's lots
166:43 oil in these basins. So let's about why that is so why is
166:51 all that organic material collect. So they start out often deep marine,
166:58 ? When they first being firmed, don't have enough settlements to fill them
167:01 with marine layer, which creates organic shields so often at the deepest part
167:10 the basin, you find those organic shields which can become perfect source work
167:15 on then we have that shallowing upwards waterway becomes sinner and Sinner and we
167:22 to um we start to deposits maybe , you know, different settlements on
167:29 of that and maybe even so reserves the world were all I mean most
167:42 patrolling produce was from foreland basins until started really extending offshore drilling. And
167:49 technology then passive margins took over, . Take a look at this.
167:58 . So why is this useful these ? They give us the perfect sequence
168:03 defense. Right. The first give the ceos that I recommend the source
168:07 rocks and then on top of that gonna deposits the sand stones and the
168:12 for us, which can be perfect rocks. So they basically create such
168:17 petroleum system for us. So that a reason why they are so prolific
168:31 . Right. How about these formed ? Yeah. So the firms in
168:51 the volcanic arc. Right. And creature Neri, which in that subduction
168:57 area. Thank you. Um So four side of the ark and that's
169:26 it is named, correct. So always in this location basically.
169:33 What else can you say about You can't really make a subsidence current
169:51 . It's complex. Right. Anything ? They're not that deep. Where
170:07 this come from? The volcanic the accretion airy airy area. And
170:19 also marine sediment export. We say else about them. I think there's
170:39 a few areas where they are very . I mean the Great Valley is
170:45 was like I said offshore Peru and um but I think other places,
170:51 guess tobacco trough the southern part. There's tons, there's lots and lots
170:59 four basins that there's no oil and . And they can be I mean
171:06 sizes, they can be all kinds different sizes that could be tiny.
171:13 , they can be any size. just it's really it's it's because of
171:19 yeah it's it's a trade off between convergence of the absolute convergence between the
171:26 plate and seductive slab. The amount sediment it's receiving the convergence rate.
171:35 mean it's just a lot of a of variables that control how they
171:42 I mean they're just and then sometimes in southern along the southern coast of
171:52 , there's there's an enormous strike slip uh producing like a what they call
171:58 four art sliver. And that's just things even more complicated there. They're
172:06 so heavily involved with to play relative motions. They're really complicated areas.
172:19 But I don't want to say, just um let's talk about this.
172:24 they all just says, you some of these four are bases.
172:28 don't produce anything, there's more places earth, right? There's risk basis
172:32 produce any, don't produce anything. a risk of margins that don't produce
172:37 or not very much. So what be going on if you are in
172:41 sedimentary basin and for some reason it not produce any oil or gas.
172:54 trying to think of a scenario you know, maybe you wouldn't have
172:57 lot of organic content. Um, , I mean, I think that
173:08 might be a long shot, don't ? I mean, I think the
173:10 problem is it's just it's all There's just no way to capture
173:15 I mean, some basins, you know, they all they chase
173:20 our Strat Strat pinch outs because there's structure. Yeah, so,
173:31 yeah. So the point is, , there's a lot can go,
173:34 gonna go wrong, right? We're lucky if everything is in place and
173:39 , well, you can think of million scenarios where things go wrong and
173:48 may also be a factor temperature too or too high. That has been
173:52 in some basins as well. So is an important one. If you
173:56 have a good source work, it's gonna work. This is a very
173:59 one as well. Yeah, it takes no, sorry, can
174:08 say that again. And if there no organic matter correct? Yeah,
174:14 you're not gonna do anything. So kind of what we were just talking
174:29 . But on the other side of volcanic park, yes, a rift
174:51 the inside of a volcanic arc. these are rifts, right? So
174:57 they can go all the way to up. Um but they're basically
175:02 so we didn't really treat them separately anything else. Um They're often in
175:07 marine environment. So you would have very good source rocks. Some of
175:12 , they are very prolific. So a lot of production going on in
175:16 of these back arc basins. Can say anything else about them? They
175:22 bigger. Anything else? I think , with regret that the tectonics is
175:38 key thing is that there there are extension, all basins that often produce
175:44 floor, but they're sitting over subduction . So that's that's the key thing
175:51 , so it's it's different than a land because the land is continental,
175:56 back arcs are typically on the other of an ocean ocean uh subduction
176:03 I mean there are parts like I thinking Nicaragua, there's some some extension
176:10 the behind the arc and it's kind like a backyard or I guess maybe
176:15 altiplano in Bolivia is might be considered of a backyard continental region. But
176:24 think that most people think this phrase arc basin, people are typically talking
176:30 sea of Japan and all those basins rim the western pacific and of course
176:37 in the lesser and the leading edge the caribbean and the Scotia plate.
176:43 anyways, yeah I think that people what people tend to think. I
176:49 yeah sometimes the group of California is as an example for Becker basin as
176:58 . So in this class I treat as risk spaces. So you know
177:05 if the area right whether it's a plate or tectonic plates, um it's
177:10 rift close to a subduction zone which assume would affect maybe volcanism, maybe
177:17 motions but by itself it's an extension base. And so it is a
177:22 basin but in a different environment basically they may all get go all the
177:32 to continental breakup. So then you have a rift in March in in
177:35 backyard basin. So um yeah, in that sense it's nothing special.
177:44 if I would go back to guests the gulf of California is a is
177:50 does I mean where's where's the there's is this is there a slab is
178:01 where's the slab? This is the seduction song, That's the old one
178:09 that's not but there's nothing there Right. Old volcanic arc. But
178:17 but the Gulf of California is only three million years old. Right.
178:20 mean it's it has to do with a seduction zone to the south of
178:27 beneath Mexico. So I so I would never consider the group of California
178:38 Becker basin. But I do see in the location where the former back
178:44 may have been and maybe that's I don't know why it is
178:52 I'm not even going to speculate, many people say, Yeah. And
178:57 they find, didn't they find um some Grenet IQ rocks beneath the
179:04 spreading center down there and the just to the very southern end of the
179:11 of California that me, I can't who was doing. Some people at
179:16 and they find like they dredged it they drilled into some gran it's
179:23 right, Yeah, yeah. In the spreading center. I
179:28 it's amazing. I mean, how that, anyway? Yeah.
179:36 So for this course, you treat basins as risk basins. So that's
179:41 category that they fall under. And let's take a look at this figure
179:46 see where they would fit here. backyard basins. Would you draw a
179:52 curve? And if so, what it look like? Kind of like
180:00 rift in nation? Yeah, maybe somewhat different because they are in that
180:06 on the backside of the seduction Right. But I would, I
180:11 know how they're different. So I still call them rift or rift in
180:16 and or maybe feel drift if they've out, I wouldn't know how they
180:20 be different, but I can imagine because you're in a subduction zone
180:24 Maybe there are things different to But I wouldn't really know how they
180:28 be really fundamentally different from rifts. , there you any suggestions. I
180:40 view these back arc basins as little ocean basins. I mean, almost
180:46 of them produce ocean floor. I , you know, even the little
180:50 lau basin at the, you right, uh where Tonga is,
180:56 mean just above the Tonga subduction I mean, even that little thin
181:02 , skinny things, I mean, think they all produce ocean floor um
181:08 a subduction zone. So you have and but you were explaining earlier about
181:13 back. Yeah. The slab, it happens is the slab is rooted
181:18 the mantle. It's not gonna go . So those plates above it
181:25 they're gonna break. And where they is at the arc because that's
181:30 There's like, you know, it's . So that's the weak part.
181:34 why they break where the our Yeah, right. The last
181:49 it is formed when two slaves actually of them moving in one direction or
181:57 in the opposite direction and the sediments be the fragments which are eroded in
182:06 process. The subsidence school is very . But the basin is going to
182:14 pretty soon. The format to step right of the strike slip fault
182:31 He said they subside rapidly, The sediments are cool. We could
182:54 the same thing for rift basins and basins though. Right? Yeah.
183:00 you subside rapidly, that's what can . Yeah, but these subsided,
183:06 pull apart basins, the structural basis really, really fast, much faster
183:11 we can find in a normal rift . Okay, yeah. So they're
183:17 deep right? To get these depths quickly and they're short lift basin as
183:27 here, like there are approximately correct. And so when you look
183:36 the strike slip fault systems, they look something like this. You can
183:40 one here, you can have on etcetera. Now, anything else that
183:46 want to say about these basins? think we may have said that they're
183:51 longer than they are wide. So they usually are alligators.
184:07 Okay. Can you, can you an example of a pull apart basin
184:18 a location? Did we say? have some, like in the Anadarko
184:28 , there's parts of it that maybe maybe, maybe, but there are
184:34 examples just valley, just valley, sea. Salton sea. So,
185:00 interesting is, look at these Right, let's see, that's really
185:05 that these these basins are there so , dry their holes, you
185:12 cold at night during the day, in the summer. Little rain,
185:17 water. It's interesting that they have names and it is because of how
185:22 tectonics work. Right. We understand now. Yeah. Okay, let's
185:27 back. Give me an example a nasty environment down. I have no
185:35 . I was just always, What's like? Is it very very
185:39 isn't it? Yeah. So it's the desert, within the desert and
185:44 you have this dead lake there with salinity and you're always standing there in
185:50 plus degrees. Have you been down many times? Yeah. Ah So
186:00 doesn't mean the price basically. You go there in the weekends which
186:07 you know your boat, you wouldn't there. It's horrible. So
186:14 Were you involved with any of those surveys that Gary fleeced it down
186:19 All those big. No, I used to live in southern
186:24 So that's when I came out there . Alright. Right. Back arc
186:32 . Give me an example of a basin. We haven't talked about it
186:35 maybe you know, one just mentioned girl again, just mentioned the gulf
186:46 California. Sorry, let's do it wrong because so many people don't like
186:55 . So I'm gonna make it like . Okay, So which is a
187:02 one guess in Japan. See the of Japan is great. Yeah,
187:18 the she coco basin. Fairy surveil basin that I don't know how to
187:26 the Okinawa. Okinawa trough. I them all. Um The Granada
187:33 The Scotia sea basin. The um there there's a little tiny one just
187:40 board of the macron subduction subduction Right. We need to put Saudi
187:47 . There's um, there's the, do you say that akash up
187:52 And I don't know the Bering I mean, some people think that
187:57 a trapped, that's a trap It's not really like spreading.
188:07 I wouldn't say so. I the Fiji, the north Fiji
188:16 that's like a that's like a triple backyard basin. It's really weird.
188:27 ? So the reason why I'm, gonna go over these examples, what
188:32 thinking about is during the final I'll give you a map of the
188:38 and we're gonna try to find Okay. So just for you to
188:44 an idea of where they are right art basins. Let's give an
188:55 We talked about California. Great, great family. Yeah, Excellent.
189:07 and basis examples. Uh, there that one that was in the Middle
189:19 we talked about. I think yeah, excellent. I'm calling name
189:34 him. Elaine. There's so many the United States. These are important
189:44 know. There's, for example, D. J. Basin in
189:48 the raton basin in Colorado. There's on the west sides, um,
189:55 the Rocky mountains, for example, p in space, in so many
190:04 here in in north America are for basins. Um, and a dark
190:12 , Not to forget. Anadarko basin in pennsylvania. Near the Appalachians.
190:22 one? Sarcoma. Yeah, it's a long trend with, yeah.
190:31 . Yeah, enormous. For Canadian, you know, there's the
190:45 inboard of the Andes. Those are a string of foreland basins, you
190:52 , So if I'm gonna give you map of the world and we're gonna
190:56 about foreland basins. Um So you basically point towards the size of all
191:03 ranges. Right? Because this former . So the ones that we're talking
191:07 here are east and west of the , east of the Enemy's, north
191:12 the alps, south of the south of the Himalayas. So you
191:17 the picture here. So the Himalayas very interesting because there's a foreland basin
191:23 both sides. One to the south called the peripheral for land. Where
191:29 we would, I mean geometrically related the slab. We would think that's
191:32 four arc area but it's a big sitting there so that it's actually they
191:39 it a peripheral for land, Yeah. Yeah. So the is
191:45 truly amazing. Yeah, there's four on both sides. Amazing. Alright
191:55 margins. Give some examples of rifting . Did we discuss a particular
192:14 Gulf of Mexico, both sides of atlantic oceans. From the north
192:20 central atlantic and south atlantic all around except the northern part and western and
192:38 Australia. Yeah. East china east sea, there's so many they're
192:48 I mean anywhere with. So think it this way there's no if there's
192:52 a plate boundary but there's a Ocean boundary that's a passive margin.
192:58 a rift and passive margin. So truly enormous amounts. Uh and
193:06 those are places that we're looking for and gas rights, truly enormous um
193:15 numbers of of worship margins, very areas in western and eastern, Eastern
193:23 . Those are passive margins. Right wrist basis. Let's talk about
193:32 couple of X. F. Ones in africa. That's that's the most
193:44 one. It's very active. So you, I know that people arm
193:50 over whether the rio grande rift is or not. You think it's
193:54 Right. Yeah, it's extending with a millimeter per year. There's active
194:00 . So I mean that's kind of tip off right there. Active
194:04 Your seismicity, there's extension we Yeah, it's very active.
194:12 It's just, it's just the extension very very slow, isn't it?
194:17 millimeter per year? That's not much than parts of the east african
194:20 So yeah. Right platonic basis. talk about some examples. Cooper
194:36 Excellent. It's in Australia. How about the North America one.
194:49 basin is an example or the michigan Illinois basin, Illinois basin and annoy
195:02 . Yeah. Questions. Congo basin africa the basin in south America.
195:23 , basically all those continents have critical somewhere on top of them.
195:36 Right so what I would suggest that spend your time on the week,
195:42 course it's the paper. Right? make sure that you don't leave to
195:47 last moment, Next week sunday. and so I would write something almost
195:52 day if you have a chance. for the exam preparing for the exam
195:59 pretty clear right? You need to all these different types of sedimentary basins
196:04 then you need everything related to So things like subsided curves, where
196:09 the settlements come from? How does mode work? Can you explain the
196:13 figures? So those are the things will be asking? Okay. Right
196:24 this 11 more thing that I wanted do today. Um I'm gonna stop
196:33 and so I had an idea for friday afternoon. So next friday afternoon
196:41 I am not going to discuss a material because we've gone for all the
196:46 , you know the basics, you the heat, you know the basics
196:49 the petroleum system and platform us. I would like to do is I
196:54 like to schedule with you um one one Q. And a sessions so
197:04 be maybe an hour each and then I have a chance to figure out
197:09 your strengths and weaknesses are and you a chance to ask last questions about
197:16 or maybe the paper or whatever. we could do that friday or we
197:21 do that saturday, whatever works best your schedule and my schedule. We
197:26 plan for that. Would that be for you? Yeah, that sounds
197:32 . Alright. I think we'll be for me because saturday I have.
197:42 . How about your deal for you optional? I I um if I
197:53 get out of it I'd like that lot. You can get out of
198:00 . Right. Um So Hayden, you prefer friday or saturday, friday
198:10 okay with me? Alright how would make him friday? Alright so I'm
198:19 suggest the time and you just say or no. Um Hayden, how
198:27 noon for you? Sure. So I think my can you guys
198:57 me? I think I'm back. Ma'am. Yeah it's not going very
199:05 today. Could you do Friday at p.m. Yeah. No.
199:21 So what I will do is I send you both and um an invitation
199:27 friday. And then on friday you a chance to ask more questions and
199:33 a chance to figure out you know there's anything that you're missing and then
199:37 we can also talk about how to for the exam the week after.
199:46 . Right so till that time if have questions and you think you know
199:52 shouldn't be waiting till friday with Please don't hesitate to email me or
199:57 me a text message or so. thank you. All right well I
200:04 you have a good rest of your and I'm looking forward to seeing both
200:09 you on friday Hayden at noon McKenna one p.m. Okay. Sounds great.
200:16 you.
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