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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Feb 15 2023
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00:01 OK. I have the recorder on , I can't say bad things about
00:07 or computers. OK. Uh This where we left off. And um
00:19 of the things that I was pointing is as we left, we were
00:22 about growth faults and how significant growth are in uh in the oil
00:28 the oil industry, in terms of production, the whole, the whole
00:34 yards essentially. Um And this is an example on the coastal plain of
00:40 . And uh this is down dip and depositional. This is up dip
00:47 and, and depositional, but uh this is pointing to the
00:52 coastline and this is pointing up towards Baca's fault zone and uh and the
01:02 up there and, and even uh even have enchanted mountain. So uh
01:08 have sources in the um in the direction, uh accommodation space to the
01:15 . And so uh as this was developing these things actually filled in uh
01:22 there were growth faults that were active deposition was occurring, which is why
01:27 up dip side closer to the source thicker than the down dip side.
01:32 the accommodation space was forming over here this axis, the accommodation space is
01:39 on this axis. You can see it's kind of slowing down. Uh
01:45 also it could just be because time frozen because this is the modern
01:51 And uh but we can see that the history of these faults, they've
01:55 active for a long time. They've growing for a long time. And
02:02 I think an important thing to remember terms of two Dimensions of a three
02:08 mass of rocks is that this one thickening over here. The one below
02:18 should, the one below that should the one below that should same thing
02:23 over here and every one of them there tends to be, it doesn't
02:30 to be up depositional dip or structural , but it tends to be uh
02:37 to the point where one of the , the um the hanging wall block
02:44 filling in thicker than the foot And uh if I were to drill
02:51 something here and stop, I might know that it expands over here.
02:58 if I drill the well uh somewhere , like say over here and I
03:05 this and saw the expansion in this bed or whatever, I would know
03:11 expansion is probably to the left side the screen or in this case,
03:16 up dip direction. So it's so seems like a really dumb simple
03:21 but it's really important because um realizing that these uh depot centers, for
03:30 , this is pretty much would be Depot center in this block. The
03:33 center in this block at that here is the biggest depot center here
03:38 thins in that direction. Uh When in a basin, it takes a
03:44 for it to develop, it takes long time for these sedimentary sequences to
03:48 deposited. And so for long periods time, whatever's going on here is
03:59 by whatever's going on over there and gone over here impacts what's going on
04:03 there. So if for whatever I have data showing that this bed
04:08 thickening in this direction. And if had more section and a bed above
04:12 was thickening, I would automatically know one should be thickening too. And
04:19 that relationship uh was a real simple that was taught to me in my
04:25 , the early parts of my And it's uh it's proven to be
04:30 useful in terms of predicting uh For example, if you drill a
04:36 really close to the fault like you're gonna lose some of the section
04:40 you might not notice that it actually . But if you know that this
04:45 has been moving and somewhere else, , you know that this section is
04:50 and a section above it is you know that in spite of the
04:54 section in that fault. Uh This has to be thickening because the beds
05:01 it and above it have been And even in this, well,
05:05 be able to see if this was deposited longer and there was a section
05:10 it. There isn't, in this case, uh You would see thickening
05:13 here and you would come down and thickening in the, in the younger
05:18 . Um, uh If, for example, you somehow drill like
05:23 , you could see thickening here relative a weld over here and so on
05:28 so forth. Uh This is, know, this is only two
05:33 if I had a three dimensional I could probably explain it to you
05:37 little bit better. But, but um when net to gross increases in
05:45 direction in one bed, it usually in the same direction in the other
05:50 and you can uh almost all the count on it. Another thing that
05:56 doesn't impact this class but impacts other that I teach is that the rock
06:01 rates uh in any one geo geographic going down are pretty much the same
06:09 a long period of time. And that's an important thing to know in
06:14 of depositional sequences. OK. So kind of looked at uh uh uh
06:28 uh extensional basins rather. And now gonna look at convergence settings and uh
06:33 of course, um a good number those can be listed as arc systems
06:39 Portland basin type uh settings. And a uh an arc system and although
06:48 obvious something uh here is going on terms of compression and some, some
06:54 and over thrust and that sort of here. Uh The accretionary prism and
07:00 uh of the strata as uh the crust is, is diving into and
07:08 a continental mass, a lighter Um and it could happen continent to
07:15 too, but excuse me, ocean ocean or continent to continent would be
07:18 Himalayas. But you get these uh features and of course, behind the
07:24 arc uh uh because of the flow uh the magma that might have caused
07:29 of this and reacted as as you getting this plate sinking down here,
07:35 You can end up with some back extensional uh features. So the four
07:40 of course is the compression side. can also get a extensional or tension
07:47 over here. And the main faults we look for with compression stress,
07:58 They're gonna be a stronger S1 in direction or sigma one rather. And
08:09 what's so different about this in terms the forces at play from a normal
08:24 , you know, in a, a normal fault, this thing called
08:29 stress, which it is is not be as strong. But what,
08:36 would make this block fall down instead go up. Come on. I
08:50 you guys can, can speak Do you want me to ask somebody
09:01 ? What's the difference between this fault uh in a normal form in terms
09:08 really the energy of the stress? , so are you asking like what
09:23 causing the compression of stress or is like what is causing that hang?
09:28 wanna go upwards or? Well, what the picture shows. So,
09:32 , that's what I'm asking. That's what I'm asking. Why is why
09:36 that block going up instead of Like it would in a normal
09:49 If it seems too simple, it be, I mean, just because
09:56 compressions coming from, OK. So have rather than vertical load of
10:05 you have lateral compression stress, It's coming from the side rather
10:11 and it, and it has to stronger than the force of gravity to
10:14 this because it's actually pushing against it it, this is sliding upwards instead
10:19 downwards. OK. OK. and so with a normal fault,
10:26 thing would be reversed and the hanging would go down and the football would
10:31 in position. And so, uh don't know if you can see
10:35 Um but the uh the block would , the hanging wall block would drop
10:42 than raise up. And that is primarily the Sigma Sigma one in that
10:49 , would really be gravity and that when you have to stretch it
10:53 And when you look at these simple , it makes all of it quite
10:58 , I think because if you imagine that the world is based on these
11:04 blocks. Uh This length is the part of this block. And this
11:13 thing right here is the shortest part this block. So this, this
11:19 and this level are trying to get . In other words, the shorter
11:23 of the blocks are trying to match the, when the hanging wall drops
11:29 , the longer interval, uh tries match up with the longer interval of
11:36 . And it doesn't have to go the way down here. But
11:38 what's happening is you're stretching the And so that when the crust
11:46 uh it has to stretch because it to stretch. Gravity pushes this block
11:52 when uh the crust is being uh the block has to go to
12:00 shorter elements. And therefore, uh compression or the lateral compression has to
12:07 stronger than the force of gravity, would allow it to drop, it
12:10 it up and it actually shortens the . OK. Here is just uh
12:18 you an obvious one uh in the record and it's a nice one because
12:23 shows you that things can change. fracturing of course, requires uh a
12:31 medium. And here you can see at, at some certain depths,
12:35 was ductal. And so instead of it bent, but up here,
12:42 more brittle. And therefore, from point further, it broke. And
12:46 don't know if this was uh two or um if uh you know this
12:55 first when it was warmer and then was more stresses and then this happened
12:59 . Uh But, but if, it did uh what, what I
13:03 we're seeing here is we have we're to a thermal and pressure uh regime
13:09 uh the rocks here and their composition that pressure and temperature are ductal.
13:14 as you get above it, uh same or similar rocks are more brittle
13:21 they fracture. OK. And uh the difference of course, between a
13:28 reverse fault and a thrust fault and reverse fault, of course is low
13:36 . But what's the big difference between two slides in terms of these kinds
13:43 links that I was talking about looking this dimension. One's a lot longer
13:56 the other or wider. Yeah, a, it's a much more
14:01 And um in other words, this be uh a limited amount of presty
14:10 . This is a massive amount of shorten and this often uh would be
14:16 result of uh rather than compression stresses , overcoming gravity. But significant uh
14:25 type stresses that you might see in a collisional area where uh two
14:30 are coming together Ok. And of , when this happens, we get
14:36 load on here and this load starts push down the basin in front of
14:42 . And, uh, you get kind of thing that looks something like
14:46 and, um, this is out , uh, the Allen and Allen
14:52 . Um, some student borrowed my and I, I, I don't
14:56 I'll ever see it again. uh, but it's a really good
15:00 geology book that uh actually gets into how structure interacts with the petroleum
15:08 So it's a, it's a really , it's a really good structural geology
15:12 and it gets into petroleum systems on of it and uh very good
15:19 brothers and uh and very good uh not the greatest illustrations but uh but
15:25 get the point across. And of , this is showing you some simpler
15:30 thrusting and this is a little bit uh complicated where you had a significant
15:36 and then a later thrust that actually caused something to dip down uh outboard
15:48 this basin in the four deep. uh and uh creating it, creating
15:52 another uh four deep essentially or piggyback as they call them. So it
15:57 be very complicated and you see how things are stacked up and basically uh
16:03 like this gets stacked up on top another one or underneath another one and
16:08 one gets stacked up on top of . So we're talking about hundreds and
16:13 thousands of kilometers of rustle shortening. so pretty, pretty significant.
16:22 One of the things that I think important for, um it's, and
16:30 is out of your uh book, either uh um first or second
16:38 it has this in here. And basically, it shows you how you
16:42 get the main 44 basin up here you can get additional piggyback basins that
16:47 smaller. And as an expirationist, know, of course, the for
16:53 is gonna be the biggest and you that as you move along the trend
16:56 this direction, you're going to get and smaller bases. Another thing that's
17:01 to understand is that the orientation of basin uh is gonna be uh parallel
17:07 the thrust and uh and it's gonna potentially elongated in like here. But
17:17 down here, uh here's here, is showing you this one, the
17:21 down here will also be elongated out in the for basin. Uh But
17:28 as you, as you progressively go this direction, uh they tend to
17:35 oftentimes get smaller and smaller. In case, if you can't see it
17:40 it's showing you um uh in mega , not thicknesses. But uh but
17:46 you can see, uh from this , you can see that they do
17:50 smaller and smaller. So they, tend to be uh linear and parallel
17:55 the thrust and uh and they uh to get smaller in terms of depositional
18:03 as you go back into the compression basis. And that's kind of uh
18:08 to remember if you're drilling out here somebody starts drilling here, you
18:12 they're going for a smaller prize, it might be still economic and to
18:18 here. So, uh when anybody develop this, they would find something
18:23 . And of course, exploitation would them to try it here and see
18:28 that works. And then of if that's, that's still got enough
18:31 reserves, maybe you might try the one. So that's kind of um
18:36 you might exploit a trend that you out here in the for basin and
18:40 into the piggyback bases. OK. not gonna talk a lot about it
18:46 uh because again, I've, I mostly in an extensional uh regimes uh
18:53 terms of the uh the basin Uh another type is transform settings which
19:00 trans tension compression and, or And uh these are a number of
19:10 here where you get sort of a the, the offset on the transform
19:19 is moving and it sort of leaves , an open space in the middle
19:24 forms a lot of these, these and smaller uh um uh basins of
19:35 type. And uh so this trans one, in other words,
19:41 it's sort of uh moving in one on one side, moving in one
19:46 on the other side. And something being left open in the middle that's
19:49 dragged one way or the other. such that this is getting pulled
19:57 So they're called pull apart basins. of course, I had a note
20:00 here. The ridge Basin is one these two, which is uh 9
20:06 uh deep in the Miocene. And here it is. And uh This
20:13 does come out of Allen and Allen , they've got a newer audition since
20:19 . And uh you can see here when this thing uh pulls apart,
20:25 creates an enormous amount of um the freshwater but saline, well, not
20:33 water, but saline. Um non would be the best way of putting
20:39 . It is sodium fluoride dominated like uh like the ocean. And because
20:46 that and the fact that the rock rate is so great, the rock
20:51 uh rate will dilute any organics. there? The fact the fact that
20:55 was a sodium chloride dominated lake instead a sodium bicarbonate lake, uh it
21:04 have filled in. Excuse me, um appetite would have been precipitated out
21:09 the water column, making it harder algal growth to uh explode and uh
21:16 eutrophic and develop into significant uh accumulations , of uh Carris, uh which
21:31 if it did, it would be by this. So there's uh one
21:35 the questions when I was uh working the uh global C basin project in
21:39 I was in charge of it. I would get is this basin is
21:44 . It's full of good sediments. got shales, it's got sandstones.
21:49 doesn't it have reservoir rocks in Uh The rapid deposition could have impacted
21:57 maturation if there were carros, uh it was a high rate of
22:02 this amount of uh sediment accumulation might have uh diluted it too much.
22:08 the fact that it's uh sodium chloride fresh waters. Uh It, it
22:14 not produce as much uh phosphate in water column or, or uh keep
22:20 in the water column. And uh algal production was, was also
22:24 . So there's a lot of good about this basin in terms of why
22:29 it a good lake basin like the basin? Uh But one of them
22:34 , it's the wrong chemical composition. . When we look at small
22:41 which of course is really important. of course, these fractures are filled
22:47 with cement and uh various minerals and it could be a calci. Um
22:57 , I can't really look at it enough to really identify what the mineral
23:00 myself. But um this is showing that at one point in time there
23:04 fractures here and um this isn't an melt or anything. And these uh
23:12 fractures were filled in with cements. at one point in time, they
23:17 a lot of this shale with channels porosity. Like I showed you in
23:22 cat scan uh the micro C T uh earlier. Uh So there's uh
23:29 aren't roots or anything like that, they're natural fractures that could have made
23:33 a lot easier for uh uh not additional porosity to exist in the
23:40 but the ability to the surface area here would have allowed the draining of
23:46 the rocks around those fractures uh might extend out. The draining may not
23:52 out very far. But uh the to remember is that surface area is
23:59 gonna increase production in a fine grain and the more fractures you have and
24:04 longer your well bore is the more area you will have. And um
24:12 course faults quite are often aren't as discrete or uh distinct as we
24:20 to draw them on maps and uh in cross sections. Uh so a
24:27 of times they could be uh complex zones of failure. And uh and
24:34 this is just kind of showing you , what it could look like.
24:37 this is from the Shepherd book. one of the other things about this
24:41 that uh something like this probably provides maybe not a barrier but a baffle
24:49 flow across here. Uh Here we see uh cataclysmic zones in, in
24:57 . And we can see shale smear this shale smear um makes me think
25:04 gonna have a bagel. Uh the smear and not schmear is uh is
25:14 would block flow right here. So has fractures that couldn't uh potentially enhanced
25:22 and permeability. But here it uh it may have, there's some cementation
25:26 it, create a baffle, but we have something that's actually creating a
25:31 . And uh when these uh faults uh quite often for them to
25:37 they have to dilate. And if dilate uh then there's gonna be some
25:43 flow across the whole boundary of This for example, is a growth
25:47 and it started to move. It's drawn, like drawn like a growth
25:51 because you can see the, the are relatively the same thickness. Uh
25:57 a small block diagram, but it tell you a lot, an awful
26:00 about what I was telling you earlier . Um If you see a side
26:04 growing, it's gonna impact all the above it and below it because it
26:10 is a process that takes a long . OK. And here's uh uh
26:17 where you can see definitely see gouge over here it's missing. So I
26:22 , this is in the rock record you the same kind of thing,
26:26 could be porosity. And so you have something uh for example, if
26:30 wasn't completely cemented up. Uh You have a reservoir rock here that could
26:36 and leak right through this baffle here that could drain, get through this
26:41 and up into and fill this And if the source of the
26:45 if this was a sandstone and was in the past, oil and gas
26:51 have uh could have been a conduit bring it from the source, from
26:55 to here to here. And it be, this is a small
26:59 but on a large scale, this of thing happens too. So when
27:02 faults move, um they do it there's some sort of energy that helps
27:11 it and uh fix a trophy. know, when you vibrate uh
27:17 they automatically go into dynamic di And sometimes uh that's why you can
27:22 fault offsets. And of course, can often do that uh in soft
27:27 too, which is why they become dangerous uh things in California where you
27:32 soft sediments on very hard rocks that transmit uh vibratory waves into uh soft
27:40 that can, can go fix a and start flowing. OK. And
27:48 uh the last slide I think is up on this and I was gonna
27:53 to keep up on my desktop screens , just lock me off again.
28:18 yeah, and so um yeah, where we're at. So anyway,
28:37 just want to point out in the diagrams, I'm gonna give you um
28:43 fracture orientation, for example, in . And this was important in unconventional
28:50 the direction that you have to drill . And we'll look at this a
28:55 bit more detail later, but sometimes because of your acreage, you can
29:01 run your laterals in one direction. If you had an elongated north
29:08 bit of acreage, um in other , the long axis was north,
29:15 , the short axis was east and . Uh you couldn't drill long
29:21 east and west, you'd have to in north and south. So this
29:25 sort of a moot point in many . But when you can um um
29:31 that well, more perpendicular to the uh natural fractures, you have a
29:39 chance of interconnecting a lot more fractures increasing that total surface area that
29:45 that you thrive to obtain to get flow. And uh this points out
29:51 of the uh if you go into area and you see some fracture
29:56 uh what it's trying to point out the fracture patterns uh may be the
30:01 of several different uh stress regimes because happen through time and uh often they
30:09 , but it can happen. And and so that's what this all
30:15 And so that um you know, you, if you have a fracture
30:21 that's related to one set of stress , it makes it very easy.
30:27 If you have a, a big that you're drilling and you don't have
30:31 north, south, east west constraint a southeast or northwest or whatever.
30:36 And you can drill them in any you want, then you know,
30:40 favorite thing to do would be try drill them for the most part perpendicular
30:44 the natural fractures. And so uh blocks are trying to show you uh
30:53 the normal faulting stress regime would be uh in a uh extensional system.
31:03 uh based on one of the discussion that I asked you, you can
31:07 here here, see here that the one is uh just red axis.
31:13 of course, that is the force gravity essentially. And um when this
31:22 is uh worked or stressed, it to uh extend and when it extends
31:30 is going to cause uh most of motion to happen. And so these
31:34 can fall down into whatever uh stress voids that are created. And um
31:43 of course, oftentimes the the types fractures uh that you get are gonna
31:51 perpendicular to the stress field that's responsible them. And so the major uh
31:59 motion is gonna be related to And then as it's flexing, uh
32:05 weakest one is gonna break in this . And the second weakest one uh
32:10 gonna be uh not very prevalent in . And you can see here that
32:15 have skylights on it along there, um to this stress bill right
32:26 And you can also see that, this uh wants to go up and
32:31 , but it doesn't um because of way uh things break at angles.
32:39 so it slides down, here's uh same sort of thing uh going on
32:47 a reverse faulting stress regime or uh this diagram, it looks like a
32:53 and you can see the similar, similar relationship between the S one S
32:57 and S3 and uh and just keep eye on study these uh things on
33:05 own. Uh So that you can of get an idea of what it
33:10 uh looks like but seeing something like , uh you can tell that some
33:16 the major fractures uh are gonna you know, plain or this way
33:22 perpendicular to that, that would be uh the weakest uh is you can
33:31 , you see again, very little to the sign sigma two.
33:36 but the sigma one has got these these things related to the actual uh
33:42 motion that's, that has to Um It doesn't do anything for things
33:48 crush right into each other. So have to have this diagonal offset uh
33:53 motion to happen in the crust to , Same with this one here.
33:59 then this is just the same thing on its side and this is a
34:03 faulting stress regime. Uh where you also see uh where the major faults
34:09 gonna be relative to that stress. then to the Sigma three, you're
34:15 get a relative stress uh in response the weakest thing, it's perpendicular to
34:22 axis. OK. And uh if ever in a, in a situation
34:35 that's going on, hopefully your company have a structural geologist to help you
34:41 it. It does make a good question. But those three diagrams,
35:03 . Moving along to with what we scheduled to start, um, let's
35:10 looking at basic logging tools. And course, um how many have you
35:20 uh sat on a, a, rig where they had one of these
35:25 line tools uh active. I excuse me. I did.
35:35 And uh has that been often or a few times or Uh like three
35:42 4 times? OK. And uh you ever, are you ever uh
35:49 on a site when they're doing M D tools? Yeah. OK.
35:56 while drilling. That is OK. that's gonna depend on the pipe and
36:02 bottom hole assumably through the drill OK. So, uh a lot
36:12 this is going on now, especially we're doing um um laterals.
36:20 it's a little bit harder to drop lines down. I know uh we
36:25 deviated wells with wire line when I uh when I was doing this on
36:31 regular basis and things often would get and it was a lot of uh
36:40 difficulty in, in getting the, um wire line assembly down the
36:47 But uh there were ways around it I might mention mention a couple of
36:51 , but uh this is part of whole, the dull downhill drilling
36:56 Uh Uh There's uh a lot of ways they do it. I think
37:02 of it's hardwired now and, I haven't been on a rig,
37:08 , that had this type of uh capability. Uh, but it's,
37:13 , it's, it's taken a long to advance and, uh, and
37:17 course, with unconventional, it was to advance very quickly. So there's
37:21 lot of new tools, tools out that I've never worked with. I
37:25 have heard about them. Ok. Anyway, uh, all logging tools
37:33 , uh a number of purposes and foremost one is to do uh formation
37:43 uh over the whole length of the , or at least the part of
37:46 , well that you're interested in many if you're drilling a relatively deep.
37:51 , you're not too interested in what's to the surface because you're drilling,
37:56 know, you're gonna be drilling through and sands or limestones and, but
38:01 of what you'll be passing through in of fluids are aquifers and you really
38:05 wanna, um, uh, find that much about it unless you're drilling
38:12 water wells. And uh and I did a lot of work with
38:16 wells on the east coast or I say the South Carolina, North Carolina
38:23 . And uh some people think the coast is just, just up in
38:26 England, but the east coast extends the way to the tip of
38:31 And uh anyway, um uh the of course, that are important with
38:37 terms of formation evaluation is gonna be things porosity, permeability, uh
38:44 rock, density and velocity and gross , the formation. Um Obviously,
38:53 helps to have at least two wells do some of this uh dip logs
38:57 help a little bit that'll be in next lecture. And uh these other
39:03 are very important and a lot of kind of uh put all well logs
39:08 something related to this. And um when we look at what's in your
39:14 , and I, and I think I don't know if you're reading the
39:17 , I hope you are uh because explains a lot of these things in
39:21 detail than we have to talk about class. And uh part of learning
39:26 , is reading and listening. I'm trying to help you. Listen
39:32 uh and I'm trying to give you uh that might not be in the
39:36 but uh wire line and after drilling uh is one thing and then M
39:46 D on the drill stem, all that sort of thing. Some
39:50 the real common things is temperature log it really helps to know what the
39:54 hole temperature is for a lot of . Uh, also understanding,
40:02 the well gauge or the width of well, does anybody, uh,
40:06 think you've, some of you've had , why is the caliper log really
40:10 to run? I think a Caliper will tell you if you have any
40:19 or cave ins, that kind of . It, it essentially tells you
40:24 wide your, your, uh, is, doesn't it? And,
40:28 , and so, uh, if a wash out, it's gonna be
40:31 than it should be. If it's filled in cave in or something,
40:35 gonna be thinner and, uh, sort of thing. And,
40:40 it's really critical when you're doing, , wire line logging because of
40:46 if you have a wash out, , and you're, and you're in
40:49 , well, that's deviated at 65 and not lateral, uh, it's
40:54 enough. Uh, if you have small tool and a big enough wash
41:00 , uh, another issue might be the tool would just fall right into
41:04 and get stuck. And, when you stick a tool in
41:07 well, it takes drilling time and drilling, um, the,
41:13 the tool pusher gets really upset. guy that is, uh, in
41:17 of the drilling, uh, aspect that well, gets pretty upset.
41:22 uh and so you don't want that happen uh when uh what, what's
41:26 thing that if you have a wash , what could that also uh
41:33 It can give a basic implication about solution. Excuse me, it can
41:39 us a basic explanation about the Yes, of course. Yeah.
41:44 of course, a shale might be little bit harder to wash out.
41:48 normally, if the formation, uh know, if you, if you're
41:54 through unconsolidated sediments, it could just sand falling into uh into the well
42:01 uh the flow. But to get wash out, you have to have
42:04 little bit of flow into the well the formation. And if it's
42:10 for example, if you hit an pressured section that washout could be dramatic
42:16 uh and it could cause uh problems your mud balance, the weight of
42:21 mud that's holding, holding down the . So washouts can sort of be
42:27 uh an indication of problems that you're have further down in the, well
42:31 the pressure regimes get higher and the between uh the mud that you uh
42:39 mud weight that you have at a depth might be uh be getting higher
42:43 that and the formation if you hit of these things. So it's uh
42:47 a, it's a good thing to an eye on what's going on with
42:51 , uh, your well bore. your well bore is well maintained and
42:55 pressures of the mud and the formation well balanced, you normally have
43:00 a much cleaner, uh, well with nice mud cake on the sides
43:04 everything is working the way it's supposed . When you get a wash
43:08 things are not always working well. , uh, as you go deeper
43:11 get into greater pressure regimes and uh possibility of higher uh pressure gradients across
43:20 a formation, then you um you , you need to start becoming alert
43:24 keep an eye on uh pressure kicks stuff like that. Anyway, uh
43:30 another tool that goes down and it's it helps to have things under control
43:35 you do this. But there's, a whole list of different things,
43:38 repeat formation, the formation mal the modular dynamic and uh whoever made
43:47 tools first gets the easiest acronyms, you made the tools, uh you
43:52 , like a lot of times Schlumberger the best acronyms and then um uh
43:58 of the other companies would have to in and uh like dress or Atlas
44:02 somebody like that. A lot of have merged together. Uh They would
44:06 to come up with different acronyms for same tools. Another thing that you
44:10 do in the well bore with, uh with wire lines and uh and
44:15 pipe is um uh sidewalk courses. . And, uh, we're not
44:23 , in this, this lecture, not gonna talk about uh, conventional
44:28 or standard chores or split spoon chores that kind of thing. But
44:33 we'll kind of get to it a bit. Ok. Uh So the
44:39 , uh, your book divides I guess I got past this.
44:43 are the three types of tools that book likes to list. In other
44:48 , there are tools where their primary is rock mythology. There are tools
44:57 their primary purpose is porosity and And then there are tools where the
45:07 uh thing is fluid identification. And think that it's uh heuristically or um
45:16 of intellectually important to understand why people lump these particular tools in this,
45:24 in these categories. So I think need to try to think of it
45:27 that terms. Uh I remember I a lot of petro physics courses when
45:31 worked for Mobile. And uh I got really good at it because
45:37 picked up everything quickly back then. uh I was glad when I didn't
45:44 to keep doing it, I guess some reason because it's uh it's a
45:48 , little bit like being an accountant , and believing in deterministic models.
45:53 , I often think there's a lot fuzzy reality in, in nature and
45:57 always have trouble with things that uh to be done with incredible precision and
46:03 are wrong even though they're using incredible . But all of these tools,
46:10 almost none of these tools measure exactly it is. They're supposed to be
46:15 . They measure something that reflects uh things like the rock logs,
46:22 , rock logs. They're not telling not like you would be.
46:27 that's a sandstone. That's a They're trying to figure out a way
46:31 determine if it is a sandstone. would it respond with this tool that
46:36 have, if it's a shale, would it respond with this tool I
46:40 and likewise, with process and they almost never me measure exactly what
46:45 is, they're supposed to be explaining because of that, there's a great
46:50 of fuzziness in the interpretations. Um you went to artificial intelligence, uh
46:59 would work if you limit it to basin at a time because each basin
47:03 gonna have a completely different set of and uh and have a completely different
47:09 in how these things respond correctly and they re uh respond incorrectly and how
47:16 in concert with the other tools help see things uh that you're trying to
47:22 out in the well. So it's really uh it's developed by engineers and
47:27 that think in a very deterministic But at the same time, it's
47:32 important to be like a geologist that a lot of things on the concept
47:37 what what it is you're trying to out. And uh and concept is
47:43 simpler than deterministic models. It's, much more uh brain intensive than uh
47:51 uh you know, just running an . OK. So anyway, uh
47:55 we got to that. And um the first thing we're gonna talk about
48:00 are gonna be rock tools. And course, uh one of the most
48:06 rock tools is the gama. And the log was initially designed to help
48:17 between mud versus sand. And it relate to perm, it does relate
48:25 porosity. Uh You know, this obvious uh porosity indicator because we know
48:34 muds are often fine grain and plates uh silicate plays. And uh and
48:44 their arrangement, if we find muds sands, uh we should see a
48:50 uh strong indication of something that could sealing and something that could be porous
48:59 perm. OK. And uh when look at a Gama log, we're
49:06 at the total, but there's also spectral Gama loue that breaks it down
49:12 uh element and the main elements that us this natural gamma radiation that comes
49:21 of the rocks without us putting anything there. Uh It, it's a
49:26 measurement of, of total gamma response , and then uh it has uh
49:33 spectral gamma can discriminate whether it's predominantly potassium or thorium. And these,
49:40 different things can tell you where the are coming from. And so a
49:45 of one uh often as marine shales the predominance of these other ones relate
49:52 source rocks coming from something other than typically uh well, well weathered marine
50:02 that uh that are very rich in and uh in silicates that absorb the
50:10 . OK. And this is just you a typical Gama log and uh
50:16 blown up part of it just to get a better look at
50:20 And here you can see a sale you can see the sandstone.
50:28 when the gamma ray is high, tend to call that hotter or,
50:34 uh when it's slow, we call cooler. So because these uh marine
50:39 have more organics, the uranium count uh very predominant and very high.
50:47 so you get a hotter shale. Typically the marine sandstones have less organic
50:54 in them, less uranium. And they're cool. And so that's what
50:59 see over here for the sandstone. see here that someone's den alithia may
51:06 on cuttings. I don't know. what is this trying to tell
51:22 what is that spot right there? to tell you, it says sand
51:29 , radioactive Sound. Um If, they were radioactive sands, it would
51:38 unlikely that it would be just one , maybe the whole thing would
51:41 But what it's trying to tell you that um we're going through a sand
51:46 as we get cuttings through it, may be thin partings of shale.
51:51 when I look at a cutting I never see anything with a lot
51:54 shale, but it's all jumbled up those cutting samples. And basically what
51:59 is telling me is that there there are sand or excuse me,
52:03 shale stringers in here, there's shale in here. Uh that must be
52:10 rich and are causing this to Uh When, when we're looking for
52:15 , we do find hot sands and sometimes when we're not looking for
52:19 we find it too. Um sometimes for the right reasons. Uh When
52:28 when uh I did a lot of on the coastal plain of South
52:33 uh I worked with a number of in uh one of uh one of
52:39 uh masters students. I was working a phd, one of the masters
52:43 had to log down depositional dip and structural dip from the uh the A
52:49 plan or the Barn Barnwell bomb It's known by both names. So
52:54 they uh did a lot of um grading of uh uranium sources for World
53:04 Two to develop some of the first and it was built in a
53:08 It was uh it's been a catastrophe since. But one thing a lot
53:12 people don't realize is that those fluids migrating down to in some of the
53:18 . And, uh, the chemical most worried about are some of
53:22 uh, heavy organic minerals which are carcinogenic than the uranium itself in most
53:29 . And, uh, but with gama log, they drilled into some
53:34 sands and shells and picked up a hot sand, uh, that shouldn't
53:40 hot and it's because the fluids coming the bomb plant and, um,
53:46 research area got closed down really Uh But anyway, uh that does
53:51 in this case and this is something find that's extremely difficult to get anybody
53:58 had a petro physics course to understand that when you look at these
54:05 these, these squiggles are telling you . They're not, it's not just
54:08 calculation that I need to make, gonna tell me this is Sam,
54:12 , this little signal, it's full information without ever pulling out a calculator
54:18 a computer. And this is showing right here. The sands are probably
54:25 clean here. The sands are very here. There's something going on in
54:30 . So my net pay would have be diminished because of that kick.
54:35 I get up into here, I see that I've lost whatever might be
54:40 , my sand cut off and here this because there's, there's a dramatic
54:46 . Let's see if I go like . You know, here we're in
54:50 shale unit. If I made my sand cut off, which is
54:54 an easy thing to do with the is to come up with a shale
54:57 off. But uh but this, would probably be a good sign.
55:02 I've got nice clean sands over nice clean sands over here. This
55:06 of the sand, not only this of the tip, but also all
55:11 here, uh would be an area we might have a little bit of
55:16 issue. And so if I'm trying do that sand in net pay in
55:24 area without even having a petro physic board or a calculator or a computer
55:33 could do it for you. Uh can eyeball this and say this whole
55:39 is not paid and I would remove on the scale of this, it
55:45 feet. It's really weird for me see feet on a um European
55:49 but I'll go with it and you see here this is 250 ft
55:54 So, um, you know, are pretty, pretty thick sands.
55:59 you'd have to probably uh pull out you know, 10 or so feet
56:06 net pay on this, this inflection here. That might be less than
56:11 . But you've got all this going as you get off the shoulders down
56:15 shoulder and up that or up that and down that. And anyway,
56:20 and here you can see uh the lines or the organic content uh is
56:28 higher. So even this shale uh be a little silty here and a
56:34 bit silty up there. But it's uh uh probably a pretty uh sea
56:41 ceiling thing through here. But if go down here and look at the
56:44 and I can see these things are hot, see all that, we
56:51 all these hot spikes and these really spikes, uh many times will end
56:57 being flooding surfaces where uh a certain in a pair sequence or a
57:05 we had a high, a high uh which uh increased the amount of
57:10 shales versus any other types of silicates um and clays and, and uh
57:17 sand size particles. OK. So we have a nice, the Nansen
57:22 course, is a really nice thick . It's got an obvious shall break
57:27 it. Note that it's not much than this, which isn't detected in
57:31 cutting sample. Notice also that the response time on this is pretty
57:37 . You can see a lot of going on over short intervals. You
57:42 , there's a lot of activity, to speak on this log as it's
57:47 down a hole like that. And um a lot of uh chalk
58:00 look exactly like this except they just going and going and going and you
58:04 see any difference. So it's a difficult thing. OK. So,
58:10 here we can see uh something going where um here we have a whole
58:17 , a whole size problem. So aren't exactly uh sands, but they're
58:23 to look like sands. Here, have really high spike in the
58:28 And so these would probably be uh sort of flooding surface, uh maybe
58:34 maximum flooding surface, two maximum flooding or two flooding surfaces related to what
58:39 call a pair sequence. And uh here you have a nice clean sand
58:45 uh along with that, this is total gamma and this, this up
58:51 would be uh the elemental gamma uh you uh high levels of uranium.
58:57 can see the uranium is really high and it's high here. Um They
59:03 different variables to measure these things which it sometimes difficult to work with.
59:09 a direct comparison is not as useful as the ratio as you go up
59:13 down a well in determining the abundance one of these things versus the
59:19 Uh But this is just kind of you again, the response of a
59:23 log is pretty active. And uh you get these uh nice sharp boundaries
59:29 you have a good clean sand. again, this is, this is
59:34 uh a marine shale. It is Cambridge clay, which is, which
59:39 a world class, if not the class um source rock in the on
59:45 planet. Uh almost anywhere in the . You go, if you hit
59:50 of this age, you will hit clay, uh that's organic rich as
59:55 as it's in a marine sequence. uh uh I mean, you see
60:00 in Australia, you see it around Caspian Sea. Uh You see,
60:05 see it in the North Sea. You see it off the coast of
60:10 the United States and in some places uh in, in the South
60:17 but much more rare than the North . OK. So we just looked
60:25 the rock tool. That's the one most predominantly used, one that historically
60:30 used as spontaneous potential. Um I've a borehole geophysics cursed me for teaching
60:40 about uh S P logs because in words, we don't use them
60:46 But I know, I know we and, and one of the most
60:49 things though, whether, whether anybody an S P log or not,
60:54 If I was in, in I would certainly be trying to get
60:58 P together with gamma because the difference the two tells you something about the
61:04 which is not a rock property, the fluids inside the rocks. And
61:10 so that becomes important there too. And it, it again is a
61:15 shell discriminator. And uh one thing could mention about the Gama log is
61:23 and the S P log is that logs were developed primarily in the US
61:34 in uh in great earnest. And therefore, it focused on shell
61:40 shell sequences in the Gulf coast. uh it wasn't designed or intended to
61:49 us with uh carbonate sequences. But is a useful tool. Sometimes when
61:54 do it in carbonate sequences, sometimes overuse them and carbonate sequences, but
61:59 can be used. OK. And , of course, you're working uh
62:05 legacy data or, you know, an area, for example, the
62:11 Basin is a hot area right Most of the wells that were ever
62:14 there, I have S P And um just because somebody wants to
62:19 arrogant about an S P, not as good as a gamma log is
62:22 reason to throw out all that data drill new wells so that you have
62:26 logs. Uh It's kind of a statement. And uh so anyway,
62:32 think that's an important thing to And uh um unless you're working primarily
62:41 development, uh you're gonna need to something about S P loss.
62:46 and if you're doing development in the Basin or some place where a lot
62:51 the data in those areas is from we were doing conventional and SPS were
62:57 in every one of them. Uh really, really want to have that
63:01 and the ability to interpret it. . Remember I was pointing out the
63:07 response time on the Gama log, can see this is really slow.
63:12 We're not getting things that look like that's nervous or, um you
63:19 another way of looking at this, looks a little bit like a seismic
63:24 on a GEO phone. Uh because responding quickly uh to that gamma influx
63:32 the uh so detectors tend to be to and, and this is just
63:38 that's very hard uh to get at fine scale. And uh and of
63:45 , it's the natural spontaneous potential in , in the system. And so
63:49 you can see here's like a silt . Here's a Shelly sandstone, here's
63:53 good clean sandstone. Here's a, nice clean sandstone. Here's a big
64:00 , but you know, they're called Isle sandstone and isle sandstone. Um
64:08 do you think this one might be a little bit? Maybe it's not
64:27 clean as the cleanest descent. It's between. OK. It could be
64:31 little bit clean. But look at , this one looks, this one
64:36 like it's a clean sandstone too. at the little blip, there's,
64:41 a couple of um but here you A Pretty Good one Here. And
64:47 course, this is your static S or the maximum S P that you
64:52 on the wheel. So this is best you can do for whatever
65:00 This is a, a relatively this is switching back to meters.
65:07 , um This is uh probably what that? That's 1950, that's
65:15 it's 25. So this is at 10 m, you know, so
65:19 30 ft sandstone. So it's a 11 of the things that several of
65:23 things that affect the S P log if the bed is thinner, the
65:32 response is less than the static S . In other words, if this
65:37 sandstone were thicker, it would come the way out to the static S
65:42 . There's actually ways to calculate, know what it should be. So
65:47 thickness and this again is because the time isn't equipped, you can't move
65:51 enough to get here before it starts dwindle back down because of that.
65:57 you can see the flanks of both these kind of curve off like
66:04 This one, this bed is a bit thinner than that one. Uh
66:08 bed is much thinner. So you see the response even though it's trying
66:11 tell you it's not a shale uh , before that signal gets to boom
66:18 the tools move to another part and in the shell as it's coming down
66:23 . So it's lost it. So started picking up the signal and
66:26 It's in another shell here. You , you're, you're picking up the
66:30 and all of a sudden you start up the sand and, and you
66:33 into here and it's almost all the and then you're starting to pick up
66:38 the impact of the shale coming up . And uh so bed thickness has
66:42 impact on it, but this is pretty thick sand. It's not as
66:46 as that. This one is definitely thick than this and it got to
66:54 S P. So if this is clean sandstone, This is a thicker
67:00 . Uh If you look at the , it's trying to show you that
67:03 one might be a more porous, know, the the dots are,
67:08 uh spread apart here. They're really laminated. So there could be some
67:13 in that. So there could be recognition of a little bit of
67:18 And there's one other thing that it be though. And uh this is
67:22 showing you how it works. You a volt meter, it goes down
67:26 with an electrode uh and it's picking up uh recording what the uh with
67:34 spontaneous potential of the current is across interval. And so it's, it's
67:40 the whole interval, not just necessarily limited one. So it goes from
67:43 to the next. And uh and of the things that causes it to
67:49 is the, the typically uh more beds. Oh well, uh be
68:00 the larger anions relative to the smaller um uh that are getting out into
68:09 shell, you're gonna get more in . And of course, this is
68:13 mud filled borehole if this is uh saline section. In other words,
68:20 coate water saline from uh from an source, sodium chloride dominated. And
68:28 is fresh water, this, this system works really well. And uh
68:34 uh negative response is what you're seeing with the chlorine uh um being dominant
68:42 terms of how it impacts the And uh it always bothered me uh
68:52 uh the chlorine um atom of is smaller than a sodium atom.
69:01 why, Why is the chlorine the 1? And the reason is,
69:04 because chlorine uh an has that extra which makes the whole uh and I
69:17 bigger then the sodium iron which loses um to be positive, it has
69:30 lose an electron. So it's a thing. In other words, the
69:33 one is the smallest, the blue is the biggest and chlorine is the
69:38 one. Sodium is, and that's it works. OK. So uh
69:45 um and so that relates to uh the chlorine signal pops up and it
69:51 negative in the sands and why it's positive in the shales. OK.
69:58 here we have uh uh showing you , the mud is greater than the
70:09 in the well bore. So this response is reversed to what we
70:13 in the other diagram, right? here we see negative in the sandstone
70:20 in the, in the shales. it's switched around the shells are
70:27 the sands are positive. This basically uh fresh water. Ok. If
70:36 come over here and we have something the salinity of the water, in
70:46 case, the salinity of the water , is limited, you know,
70:50 depth when you typically, when you with depth in a well facility increases
70:56 depth. So early on uh at intermediate depths, uh you might
71:03 here, this is shallow, getting freshwater here. You're getting uh something
71:08 the coate water is almost the same the salinity of the mud. And
71:13 can also happen when you, if use marine water for your mud,
71:19 uh you'll see something like this until get into the section where the um
71:24 extremely elevated. one thing Petro Physics don't teach is that uh you can't
71:32 an alternation of freshwater sandstones and saltwater along the coast. And that coate
71:40 can sometimes be captured in the rock as that as that ancient coast
71:45 Another thing that happens is the uh the alkalinity goes up and it
71:50 sodium bicarbonate versus sodium chlorine. This work. It sort of reverse triggers
71:59 and it acts and it acts exactly it's freshwater as opposed to uh as
72:05 would in a, in a nice section when you're getting over here with
72:09 sand baseline and a shale baseline. of all these things that could
72:15 the tool is remarkably useful uh especially you get deeper into the, well
72:19 you're interested in the formations. And this salinity is higher. Uh San
72:26 Basin uh was a uh an ancient enriched basement basin rather uh the Custer
72:36 that really uh confused the heck out geologists for a long time until
72:41 they realized that this, they knew had, in other words, they
72:45 parts per 1000 of, of uh . They had a lot of uh
72:51 dissolved solids or solutes as they call . And uh but it wasn't sodium
72:58 chlorine dominated, it was sodium and dominated and they ended up with a
73:02 like that. Ok. So, so here we have um a Gamo
73:11 side by side to an S P and uh some other things going on
73:18 um you can see that um uh looks pretty healthy here. It's a
73:27 bit coarser here can see there's a bit of a, a depression in
73:32 leg here, but you can also sort of a slowdown. It doesn't
73:35 dramatically into a nice clean sand and of that response time. But most
73:44 this is probably the fact that there's in here and oil, uh the
73:50 of oil can impact um the uh negative response. In other words,
73:59 uh it's gonna look a little bit uh coming through here uh because there's
74:07 in it displacing uh that clean sandstone the, with the um with the
74:18 chlorine uh fluids in it. And sometimes a suppression of this is a
74:26 of, you can see there's some of it in here and um it
74:31 like they have perforations here and here here. So they're producing all
74:35 So this all has all has oil it. But you can see that
74:39 seeing some uh hindrance of the static P. In other words, there
74:46 no oil in here at all. probably would have been out farther and
74:51 probably would have been blocky looking like , maybe even a little bit
74:57 but there's oil in it and that's the S P response that we would
75:01 see from sandstone. OK. The one coming up is fluid tools.
75:12 remember this is uh the S P the gamma are supposed to be rock
75:17 . But the difference between this S log and this Gama log can actually
75:22 you a hint uh that there might fluid hydrocarbon fluids in there instead of
75:28 water in that sandstone, that's gonna the response that you would expect.
75:39 . And here, uh we see three main types of resistivity logs and
75:48 lots of combination logs and all sorts things these days. And um as
75:56 put all of this information into uh algorithms that are available. Now,
76:03 of this information can actually be sorted and calculated uh without you doing anything
76:09 all. But uh it's important for to understand that these different tools that
76:13 looking for sand and shale are actually to different things in the rock.
76:20 have nothing to do with the rock , but they have something to do
76:24 the, with the properties of the type which affect uh either the
76:30 the natural gamma output or in the , the S P uh the natural
76:36 potential we get from the earth. like a big battery. Ok.
76:46 uh normally formation letter is conductive, and gas or not. Um even
76:58 water, by the way, is but nothing like marine water. Um
77:04 look at our logs, you might the sense that uh freshwater isn't.
77:11 uh we all know that you don't uh plugged in appliances in the bathtub
77:16 it fresh water definitely is conductive. uh and then also, um uh
77:25 what we're normally looking at is, a discrimination between saline waters and oil
77:30 gas and oil and gas are definitely Uh conductive uh two currents formation matrix
77:40 for the most part is not unless had an awful lot of grains of
77:44 minerals or something with the metal ions anions in them. And uh also
77:55 clay binds Caines and ans and reduces current even though there might be a
78:01 of bound in con conductive food. other words, we know that shales
78:06 have porosity but not permeability. And this is telling us to some
78:11 when we're looking at this, one these fluid tools, we're seeing an
78:16 of permeability as much as um the that they're is water isn't water.
78:25 when we're looking in a porous uh but is very conductive oil and
78:33 are not clay may not always Sometimes if there is permeability in that
78:39 , uh there can be some uh additional flow that we might not
78:47 OK. Uh And these two uh uh log types that we tend to
78:53 at, uh we're gonna have the resistivity. Uh Then we can have
79:03 logs and dual ladder logs. There's sorts of configurations that we can come
79:07 with uh that have a usefulness. of the things that the lateral log
79:14 does is it um it has an setting a current out and then you
79:20 that up as it comes back. this uh it creates Uh two different
79:28 here uh from these guard electrodes that push this in and push that
79:36 so that it goes farther into the formation. And lateral logs and,
79:42 different types of lateral logs are, usually what we use to uh to
79:48 um uh deeper into the thing. also because it's focused like this,
79:54 get better bed resolution. And then course, the induction logs can also
80:00 us in, in a slightly different uh to get farther out into the
80:05 . Uh Some of these tools now uh some of the newer tools that
80:10 following these same principles, the different actually can go deeper than uh than
80:16 m. And when we talk about , I'll be pointing out what some
80:20 those are. But these are the basic tools that we use in
80:25 . And again, the, the why it's important to understand the basic
80:28 is because a lot of data that collected in the past, particularly in
80:34 basins like the Permian basin where we everything decades ago. And all the
80:40 are gonna be these old standard It's important for you to understand how
80:44 operate and how to recognize pay versus pay sections, sands versus shales,
80:51 the influence of carbonates and other things that might have an impact on reservoir
80:57 and distribution of your reservoir bodies. uh with uh with that, I'm
81:06 , it's, you're supposed to go your next class if you have
81:11 And uh and um I'm still a , you may not be able to
81:16 , but I'm still just a little off. But I think between now
81:19 the weekend, I'll be in good And I, I think there's about
81:25 uh 80% chance to a 95% chance be in class on Monday. Um
81:31 definitely feel a lot better than, I did on Monday. Monday.
81:36 I, uh if you recall, mentioned that I, I started out
81:40 a little bit off, um, stress of, uh, talking to
81:45 blank screen, um, hasn't bothered that much uh today. So,
81:50 hopefully I'm feeling, I'm feeling much and, uh, with that,
81:58 gonna stop sharing and uh wish you uh a good rest of the
82:04 Uh I do wanna point out that loaded up a lot more uh uh
82:11 slides and uh I'm gonna be uh up some stuff on the uh uh
82:20 exercise, the simple log exercise uh you'll be doing and I will be
82:27 your uh papers which so far have very interesting reading. I, I
82:32 like to really comment on grades until get through all of them. Uh
82:38 uh I do appreciate the opportunity to able to uh force you guys to
82:44 something in script instead of uh picking or D as an answer. Uh
82:50 shows uh a broader uh depth of of uh your intellectual abilities. And
82:57 and it's something that I definitely appreciate when you get the chance to do
83:02 . So anyway, with that, got, uh we have seven people
83:06 missing today. I don't know, were more people earlier I think maybe
83:14 had to wrap up but, is Juan there? Yes, I'm
83:19 now. One, uh, you're one that, that, uh,
83:22 , the email got dropped on? , yeah, but I had received
83:26 email yesterday. So I think, , while I was formatting things,
83:32 it dropped a uh AJ off the of your name. Ok. Makes
83:36 . That was the kiss of Ok. Ok. Ok. And
83:39 apologize for that, but I was to fix that. Ok.
83:44 Well, uh, anyway, have good rest of your weekend. Get
83:46 your next class if you have one , uh, good luck with
83:50 I really appreciate you guys. And , um, uh, if,
83:55 this was pre COVID, I was so worried about getting people sick,
84:00 pre-covid, I never worried about Now I worry about, you
84:03 there's R S V, there's there's all sorts of things I don't
84:08 you to catch and, uh, think, uh, with an overabundance
84:15 , uh, of caution, I , uh, I'm doing the right
84:18 by, by doing it this I'm not trying to, uh,
84:22 your, uh, in class experience any shape or form. But,
84:26 , unfortunately it happens and, again, I apologize for that but
84:31 , I really, uh, I don't even want somebody to get
84:35 cold from me these days. but, uh, whatever I had
84:40 a little bit worse. Than It definitely wasn't R S V because
84:45 had that before and that's that, really bad. So, uh I
84:50 talk to you all later and uh see you on Monday with a smiling
84:55 and I'll get to see your smiling again too. So take care and
84:59 , have a good weekend. Excuse , professor. Sure. Yeah.
85:03 I actually tested positive today for I'm not sure when or how I
85:10 exposed to it. So until my comes back negative, I'm going to
85:15 um isolating. So I may miss class if it is in person.
85:23 OK. Well, let me tell what I'm gonna do and that's what
85:27 been trying to do. And um I think if you remember on Wednesday
85:35 uh who, who is that speaking ? Doesn't matter? Uh Daniel
85:40 Ok. Anyway, the uh I'm be streaming the classes. This is
85:47 I do for the professional program so we can do online and also uh
85:53 online courses for online students now. we will, I will be in
85:59 . I will be uh streaming like was in class. Uh One thing
86:04 forgot to do was to turn on recorder. So when we get started
86:08 Monday, if you're not in you know, raise your hand
86:13 you can break in and interrupt anybody me. Let me know that I
86:18 turn the recorder on. Ok, . Yeah. So, uh,
86:22 I'll make a big deal about it I turn it on. So if
86:24 don't, if you don't hear turn it on, uh,
86:29 uh, uh, go ahead and it off. I mean, tell
86:33 to turn it on rather. thank you. That'd be great.
86:37 . So this is, you unfortunately COVID helped us figure out how
86:41 do this. Yeah, that's, true. And, uh my,
86:46 the professional program, the record, recordings were a study tool and
86:52 the people we've only had out of and 75 students, I think maybe
86:57 200 we've only had three people get Os, but every one of the
87:01 that got four Os went to looked at the tapes or not
87:06 but the recordings looked at the recordings they read the book and,
87:11 so I, I see these as educational tools, the more you can
87:15 the better. But if you have fall back on this for uh health
87:20 or any other reason, like you put on a log on a well
87:23 something, the recordings are gonna be . Yeah. Um, I also
87:29 to ask a, uh, maybe personal question but my, my father
87:32 a petroleum geologist as well and uh, he worked in the North
87:36 out of Aberdeen and I remember you told us that you worked for
87:41 He was curious if you had potentially with a man named Bill Zim
87:47 uh, who was, I guess Mobile and he ended up working with
87:51 , um, in the North Sea the time. Yeah. No.
87:56 , that name doesn't sound familiar. mean, there's a lot of names
87:59 , uh, usually when I hear I'll remember that I knew them
88:03 uh, that far back. uh, when I worked for
88:06 I was all, uh, Gulf Mexico. Ok. And,
88:10 when I worked for Amico is when did the North Sea. And,
88:14 , and, um, if your worked for, um, Arata
88:19 we might get in an argument. , no, he wasn't, he
88:22 with them. But, uh, I, I pulled the wool
88:28 am he? And they said I a presentation to him after I was
88:34 when I was in the, uh, in the a, in
88:37 and they really didn't like my interpretation the Scott field. And, and
88:42 course, it's because they, they lying to the courts. And,
88:47 , when we finally discovered oil, kind of Said everything that they were
88:51 the courts for 10 years was a . Wow. And, uh,
88:56 so that I'm sure they've all they were all trained to,
88:59 deny all this crap, right? mean, that the Amico guys were
89:07 afraid of the guys that they uh, they were doing,
89:14 all sorts of statistics to calculate what of bullshit they would tell them the
89:20 time they were in court. my days. I mean, it
89:23 just, it was like they're not focused on the problem. They're focused
89:27 how to respond to the lie. it was, it was just,
89:31 my God. And, and, , never mind. I'll, I'll
89:36 you more later. I'll let you and I hope you feel better
89:38 Uh, thank you. Thank Can I ask you a question
89:41 Yeah, of course. Did uh, were you able to get
89:45 immunizations in the past? Yeah, , I'm, um, I'm fully
89:50 and, you know, even the because I have a family in the
89:54 that I visit and I, I have been able to visit them unless
89:57 , you know, unless I had care of that. So, this
90:01 my first time, my first time it. Um, so,
90:06 it's, uh, a lot of are like the last Mohegans that,
90:10 , never got it. And, , but anyway, uh, I
90:15 you feel better and, um, , um, I usually test myself
90:22 just because of classes and, uh, and, uh, and
90:26 usually, uh, well, I've negative. So, uh,
90:29 and I have to be really careful , you know, I have lots
90:33 family and, and, um, know a lot of, I,
90:37 know a lot of cowboys that won't immunized and scares the shit out of
90:43 and I, I really appreciate it , uh, you know, I
90:45 you feel better as well. So, anyway, uh, I
90:50 you get better and take care uh, and I will see you
90:54 way or another on Monday. sounds good. Thank you.
90:57 uh, and it's, and I'm gonna be totally focused on making
91:01 you get the experience you need if what's going on. Sure. Thank
91:05 very much. Sure. All bye. Take
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