| 00:09 | okay. Yeah. Mm hmm. folks, welcome. Uh can everybody |
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| 00:21 | me? Okay. So I don't the wireless mic, but actually I'm |
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| 00:27 | of getting used to kind of like when this thing that keep up |
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| 00:32 | so, so I sent out the this morning, that's the typical kind |
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| 00:38 | thing. You'll get Mondays and um kind of, this is what |
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| 00:44 | do. This is what's coming This is what's going on. So |
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| 00:47 | just make a note of that. Let's see. So this week is |
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| 00:53 | chapter one monday Wednesday turning point the for turning point. So I'm willing |
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| 01:02 | um to do it following today's So I figured there'd be a lot |
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| 01:07 | people that would have, mhm. the clicker and Redford and renewed |
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| 01:13 | what have you. So I'll upload um tomorrow. Okay. So look |
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| 01:19 | those on blackboard now, a couple things to let you know, is |
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| 01:27 | uh well, before I talk about , there may have been a, |
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| 01:33 | head count on an official role increased a couple, so that maybe some |
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| 01:40 | have added since last Wednesday when we're . Uh that's you, uh if |
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| 01:48 | don't have access to blackboard yet, you just like literally just enrolled today |
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| 01:52 | yesterday or something, um you will access in a day or two, |
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| 01:59 | a day, but you can always me, I can send you the |
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| 02:02 | and relevant stuff, but if you wait a day, you'll have access |
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| 02:06 | everything. Okay. And if if you weren't in class, on |
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| 02:11 | , we haven't really covered any content is the first time recovering content? |
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| 02:15 | lecture was kind of the course but regardless of anything you see up |
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| 02:23 | , hear me say or anyone else that matter um uh is recorded, |
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| 02:29 | you'll never miss any information. So you can't make it to class, |
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| 02:35 | always have that resource. Okay? So back to my, I don't |
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| 02:41 | to talk about was okay? So clicker and mobile app. So um |
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| 02:46 | it's always it's always 41 for the you have the handheld one, but |
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| 02:51 | mobile app always make a note of session I. D. That will |
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| 02:56 | every time. Okay? So but going to put it in one set |
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| 03:00 | start a class and not not every there's a question. Okay but that |
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| 03:04 | change lecture lecture. Okay? Um I was mentioning I'm going to upload |
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| 03:11 | points tomorrow so you can at least that um I'm using my clicker. |
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| 03:15 | working. I'm seeing my points. . Nothing counts, you know, |
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| 03:19 | next week. Um But remember that know with the with this attendance policy |
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| 03:26 | you have a lot of leeway you can miss A number of days |
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| 03:31 | still still be okay in terms of points. Okay? Remember? And |
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| 03:35 | because because the attendance clock doesn't really until next week either. Right? |
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| 03:39 | it's like remember right? 16 out 16 out of 24 days to |
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| 03:46 | So anyway um Okay so for the subscription status. So if you uh |
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| 03:55 | this is what this is what I . Okay and that's not what you |
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| 03:58 | on the blink. So what I is this so uh this is something |
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| 04:02 | blacked out the names but this is where they when you see numbers, |
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| 04:07 | have an active account, it's they renewed subscription etcetera. Okay so I'm |
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| 04:12 | all the points that they have The one with the star. That's |
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| 04:17 | that's somebody that hazard hazard clicker and app uh is is working. It's |
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| 04:26 | points okay? But I can't see and I can't see them until whatever |
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| 04:32 | is, whether it's really has to registered and or license renewed. |
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| 04:39 | One of one of those combinations. . Once that happens then the asterisks |
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| 04:47 | become points, whatever the points are are revealed. Okay, so it's |
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| 04:51 | like you're using clicker, right? and the points aren't going to where |
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| 04:56 | are and just I just don't know they are yet until like I |
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| 04:59 | renewed license register. Okay? So and it's also because the uploading the |
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| 05:07 | all occurs through turning point, I hit a button and it and |
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| 05:11 | does it. Okay. So but don't they don't transfer points that are |
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| 05:17 | this with the stars, right? to be you know, fully registered |
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| 05:21 | renewed okay or unexpired. And so uh that's those are the points that |
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| 05:28 | that you'll see, okay, the that have yeah, black since |
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| 05:35 | they'll see their points. But you won't see your points if you're one |
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| 05:38 | these in this group. Okay? you don't have a thicker yet. |
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| 05:43 | . So just to make note of . So if you look tomorrow and |
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| 05:46 | don't see something and you know, right quicker. You know why? |
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| 05:50 | . So all right. Um, , so talk about that. All |
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| 05:58 | . Any questions about any kind of syllabus administrative. Okay. So before |
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| 06:06 | of the lectures, I've condensed on one slide because I'm not gonna go |
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| 06:14 | these, but you'll see that there's learning objectives that precede each of them |
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| 06:20 | notes check. Um, so you as kind of a died maybe uh |
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| 06:28 | you've gone through chapter one and you you, you know, pretty well |
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| 06:32 | use it as a checklist or And kind do note that the exam |
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| 06:37 | shoot, exam one reviews ordered. right. You can I would definitely |
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| 06:41 | consulting that as to what you need know because that's and today we're gonna |
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| 06:47 | about in terms of kind of the perspective of microbiology. We talked about |
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| 06:54 | scientists and whatnot. And always get question which of those guys do you |
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| 06:58 | to know. Right? So always at the exam review sheet. I'm |
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| 07:02 | holding that in front of me while an example. Okay, so it's |
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| 07:05 | on that, it won't be on test. Okay. Um okay, |
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| 07:10 | today, uh we're gonna start with this chapter overall is kind of the |
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| 07:19 | what why where of Microsoft to become or less just kind of an intro |
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| 07:25 | of things. We just kind of touch on today and Wednesday on some |
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| 07:30 | those will go into more detail later the semester. Okay, But today |
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| 07:35 | this this this week kind of as overview. This kind of the this |
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| 07:39 | how we define what microbes are. are some of the gray areas in |
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| 07:43 | of microbiology, uh some historical these kind of things is what we'll |
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| 07:48 | do this week. Okay. Um the black sort of the first weekly |
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| 07:55 | comes up Uh this week and it only be on the topics that are |
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| 08:02 | one topics. Okay, so um this question is from last class, |
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| 08:09 | don't need to answer this. So talked about this. This is the |
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| 08:13 | question I think from last lecture. um so by looking at the |
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| 08:20 | you know, particularly when you look , but here you can eat higher |
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| 08:25 | energy source. They they informed dormant that survived thousands of years. |
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| 08:31 | They can breathe using things other than , which right? Um they can |
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| 08:37 | very fast. These are all features really speaks to the success really of |
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| 08:45 | , right? They have been around than anybody else on this planet, |
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| 08:50 | ? And you can only survive for billion years and be successful if only |
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| 08:54 | you're doing something right? Right. of all that thousands and hundreds of |
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| 09:00 | species have died since uh since life . So bacteria are and archaea are |
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| 09:08 | a evolutionary success story. There's reasons that. Okay. And so as |
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| 09:14 | go through this first unit in we will hear some more some more |
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| 09:21 | if you will. Right. They have more more of them on it |
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| 09:27 | on your body than you do your self back. You think about you |
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| 09:32 | , they've been around humans have been for six million years. They've been |
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| 09:38 | us the whole time. Alright. they're not just sitting there doing |
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| 09:42 | Right? So, these microbes and your bodies you could think that as |
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| 09:47 | of your genome really. All All the chromosomes and all those microbes |
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| 09:54 | are sitting side by side your skin and your gut cells and your |
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| 10:00 | you don't have pretty much only have own cells in your brain. You |
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| 10:03 | have bacteria floating around there. But know, if it's an infection, |
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| 10:07 | ? But for most of the parts the body, right? So they |
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| 10:10 | with you and it's not surprising that do lots of things for you many |
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| 10:15 | apart and we don't even know But um but outside the body there's |
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| 10:22 | that um that we can't deal with bacteria drive many um aspects of what |
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| 10:30 | call geochemical cycles. Like the nitrogen the second of nitrogen. Um They're |
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| 10:36 | for that, you know. what's the big deal about that? |
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| 10:40 | . Well, a think about one the what are the what are the |
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| 10:44 | that contain nitrogen? Right. DNA ? Right. So organisms have to |
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| 10:49 | these things to make these molecules and in different of these kind of |
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| 10:54 | Elemental cycles particularly bacteria provide that. . And so you may not be |
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| 10:59 | direct beneficiary of all you are microbes your body. Certainly do that for |
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| 11:03 | . Um But the fruity reliance requires things like whether you you know |
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| 11:09 | uh the cattle, right? They grass, they rely on that. |
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| 11:15 | and of course indirectly you do as . So microbes are in this principle |
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| 11:21 | that for that reason. Okay. handful of soil, right, billions |
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| 11:27 | microbes and not right. Um What know about how the basic DNA |
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| 11:36 | protein synthesis things. We probably paid grant these were all figured out and |
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| 11:42 | out using bacteria using viruses. Um of course biotechnology use them exploit them |
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| 11:51 | many different purposes to make different types proteins for us to to um biofuels |
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| 11:57 | all kinds of things. Okay. um so and you know, even |
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| 12:04 | we know lots of stuff about microbes in terms of precarious? Only a |
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| 12:09 | small fraction have we actually and then culture and we'll talk about how you |
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| 12:15 | this culture and techniques. So there's lot we don't know. There's certainly |
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| 12:20 | lot we do know. Okay. there's actually ways to study uh superiors |
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| 12:26 | having actually culture and we'll mention that well. Um So certainly we always |
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| 12:33 | the attention are the bad boys. ? So um we're all of course |
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| 12:41 | sick of hearing of covid everyday. . Um and whenever there's other infection |
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| 12:47 | , right, these big news understandably . But those that are bad are |
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| 12:55 | our doors but they're small. The ones that are good far outnumber |
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| 13:00 | ones that are bad. Okay. you know if you learn anything of |
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| 13:05 | is a couple of things is that you because this course is periods and |
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| 13:12 | right, 90 10, 85. . We are not gonna spend very |
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| 13:19 | time on your materials other than for purposes at certain points. Okay. |
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| 13:24 | hopefully you come out especially going, , I didn't really know bacteria could |
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| 13:27 | all those things and archaea and how they are important to life on this |
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| 13:31 | . Okay. And uh and and know we do expect that in the |
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| 13:38 | quarter of course on medical micro talking diseases and things but we spend much |
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| 13:45 | time on more of the good stuff call it. Um So so this |
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| 13:53 | question mark. Why don't you get successful right? To kind of keep |
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| 13:59 | kind of semi rhetorical questions. Just it in the back of your head |
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| 14:03 | we're actually gonna go through this unit . And you will see a different |
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| 14:09 | which will um bring that that that Show us why they are so |
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| 14:15 | So adaptable. You may think of Just really basic. The reason why |
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| 14:22 | are so successful would be one. you might put on that list anybody |
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| 14:33 | have averted the roast metabolism. That's sure. That's why you can find |
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| 14:36 | in all different parts of the Because they can reside in areas where |
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| 14:41 | they can metabolize things and use it energy that we can certainly that's |
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| 14:46 | One more. Yeah, reproduction. not the soul. But one is |
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| 14:52 | one of the more important things because basic evolution. Right. How do |
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| 14:58 | how do you measure success revolution of with it? With life? It's |
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| 15:03 | always reproduction like what's the next generation a successful reproduction is producing offspring? |
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| 15:11 | those offering and then also successful? are they able to reproduce? |
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| 15:16 | So that's that's what it's all And so um having a very high |
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| 15:22 | rate. Okay. Can enable it be in some cases very adaptable. |
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| 15:30 | bacteria can of course grow humans producing generation let's say every 15, 20 |
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| 15:39 | . Right, approximate. Um In same 20 year time span. Well |
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| 15:47 | take it too far. Let's Um let's say a bacteria company was |
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| 15:51 | generations in about 8-12 hours under optimal . Certain strengths It would take us |
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| 16:01 | plus years to produce 20 generations. ? So the point is you can |
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| 16:06 | I realized I wasn't gonna change in and arc your populations um because they |
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| 16:13 | also mutate at a higher rate than do. Alright, mutations accumulate. |
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| 16:18 | can see all those mutations beneficial or they back? Right. Because it |
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| 16:23 | be so fast. Right. You be able to find an actor |
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| 16:28 | Okay. Um so and those you know, beyond just very diverse |
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| 16:36 | which they have grows very fast and some other things and we'll talk about |
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| 16:41 | as we go through this unit. . So uh so I kind of |
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| 16:47 | down yeah, by basic things. , we'll cover these three today. |
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| 16:54 | , so kind of the basics of you define my life there. And |
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| 17:01 | much as we'd like to put kind all biological topics into, they fit |
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| 17:08 | this or that. There's always great . There's always Gerry era and everything |
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| 17:14 | fits the definition we want, Doesn't mean necessarily conform but we just |
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| 17:20 | to be aware of how it's a bit different. Okay. And microbes |
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| 17:25 | no different. Um Obviously they've changed Need to collaborate on that right |
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| 17:31 | Uh and then some some instrumental microbiologist past your coke window Grodsky had their |
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| 17:41 | in in developing ways to study the carriers. And then that was like |
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| 17:47 | springboard to to learn all kinds of stuff in different areas of microbiology as |
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| 17:54 | see. Okay. And then we'll about the next time we'll talk |
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| 18:01 | So brodsky was kind of the father microbial ecology if you will. And |
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| 18:08 | that kind of put certain microbes in context of how important they are recycling |
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| 18:13 | lot of these elements on earth. kind of what they discovered. Um |
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| 18:18 | then we'll talk about the classification of . Okay, so but that's for |
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| 18:24 | time. So what isn't what isn't a micro. Okay, so let's |
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| 18:31 | if you have you were quicker mobile . Uh This one is shot. |
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| 18:39 | is this here's my trend micro graph covid? Is this a microbe? |
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| 18:50 | , let me uh clock here. we go. Okay. Isn't particularly |
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| 19:08 | questions as we go through the semester have questions of varying degrees of difficulty |
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| 19:13 | you will. It's always accepted to with your neighbor if you want. |
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| 19:19 | . That's that's always fine. two heads better than one right or |
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| 19:33 | . Good to see our headcount in . Okay, 61. Alright |
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| 19:42 | Okay. Yes. Yes it is microbe. Okay. So viruses are |
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| 19:54 | they might well that might do occupy a gray area. Right? Gray |
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| 20:01 | on their lives or are they not ? Are are they lies. Just |
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| 20:09 | them living things. When would you living things? Mhm. What does |
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| 20:17 | virus allies? Yeah. And causing ? It's not You want to get |
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| 20:26 | rash? Mhm. Excellent. that's that's really the just Right. |
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| 20:33 | so it's for the virus it doesn't the same. So a We always |
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| 20:39 | viruses a a sailor were not Okay. But they're microbes. Because |
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| 20:46 | basic definition of microbes you need a to see. Okay. At the |
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| 20:50 | basic. Okay. But viruses are as you said in the context of |
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| 20:57 | . Right. And that in itself have to have a host on host |
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| 21:01 | . And that's when they're reproducing. . That's when they're producing the |
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| 21:05 | So no obviously argue. You reproduction should be the central one of |
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| 21:13 | central um parameters of what we call that's alive. Right? And but |
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| 21:22 | other cells, like viruses rely on host right? For for their |
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| 21:29 | right? Uh But you can't be on the outside itself. Like you |
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| 21:34 | outside the cell, they're really kind that suspended animation. If you |
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| 21:38 | Right? The viruses could be sitting certainly sitting on that on that. |
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| 21:42 | a door knob. But that that on the door gets elementary. |
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| 21:48 | There's certainly viruses on there for Um How how long it would be |
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| 21:52 | varies. Okay. But while in state they're not causing anybody not |
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| 22:01 | So it's not until you get it inside its host so that it then |
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| 22:06 | can become alive, so to Okay. So what about um This |
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| 22:13 | this isn't a clicker question. What this 1? Okay so I blew |
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| 22:19 | up. Hopefully it's actually a anybody a is that a microbe? You |
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| 22:29 | a microscope to see it. But one of those things that's kind of |
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| 22:31 | the in the gray area again. so this is actually a cross section |
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| 22:36 | tissue from respiratory tract. Okay. those are what they call silly |
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| 22:43 | Those are kind of cilia that are of projecting we call it. We |
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| 22:48 | about it at the end of the mucus affiliate er escalate. That's |
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| 22:54 | That's correct. And that's what keeps uh you know constantly moving, keeping |
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| 22:59 | particle and things you know getting them of your throat. So you don't |
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| 23:02 | into your lung. Uh So these don't really consider microbes. Right? |
|
| 23:08 | microbes um have the most part. ? I can't say 100% for everything |
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| 23:17 | on the whole they are um able survive on your own right? Your |
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| 23:23 | cells that make up your body. can't survive outside the body. |
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| 23:28 | They exist as typically exist as part a tissue, right? With others |
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| 23:33 | them all around uh to be organized organs. Right. Um But microbes |
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| 23:41 | live on their own generally. Microorganism live reproduce. Have all the properties |
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| 23:46 | course that all cells have. they can have certain arrangements if the |
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| 23:55 | maybe part of a larger entity like in chains like streptococcus or clusters like |
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| 24:02 | staphylococcus or what happened? Right. not uncommon. Um Now the size |
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| 24:10 | . Right. So you should be you know, viruses can the the |
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| 24:17 | differences between these things? and so you see here the 1-10 microns. |
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| 24:25 | your and bacteria viruses are going to certainly much smaller. Okay and again |
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| 24:35 | these things there is there can be . Right viruses occupied that Uh .02 |
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| 24:42 | kinda gonna be the small end that's of rabies virus are that small. |
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| 24:48 | On the larger end .9 micron. I heard nanometers that's Ebola is a |
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| 24:54 | among the large But it's even those are called giant viruses. And these |
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| 24:59 | be a one uh micron or even than that. Okay, we'll talk |
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| 25:04 | those in the next year. Um even pro carriers can be on the |
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| 25:09 | and they can there can be a that's actually smaller than micron but for |
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| 25:14 | most part they fit within these Okay, now um representative type. |
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| 25:20 | I will talk more about this next . But you think the microbes are |
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| 25:24 | to be in in the kingdom's thinking the text on. Right. So |
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| 25:32 | Park Ista. That's your focus zones allergy. Um, kingdom fungi. |
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| 25:40 | things like yeast, for example, molds that fit the micro definition. |
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| 25:46 | , uh, the the pro materials nothing but microbes in there and then |
|
| 25:52 | . Okay. Generally not kingdom, kingdom, plant, kingdom. |
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| 25:58 | but the other groups. Yes. viruses. Um, so if you |
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| 26:05 | at the science of ranges, you about, I just mentioned it can |
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| 26:08 | extremes of sizes within each group of and small. Okay, good. |
|
| 26:18 | a still exists that is that Hey, one nanometer point. |
|
| 26:26 | one. My friend. Could you the cell? That's that small. |
|
| 27:06 | , mm hmm. Okay. Quite . 50. Um, um, |
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| 27:20 | said no anybody. Why do you no? Yeah, I'm sorry. |
|
| 27:34 | . It's so small that what wouldn't inside it. Yeah. Right. |
|
| 27:39 | that's Yeah. So it's it's too for things like we can see the |
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| 27:44 | nanometer range is right. They're So what's small molecules adam? So |
|
| 27:51 | water could fit in there no But then again, begin to get |
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| 27:55 | right lipids proteins and right chromosome. aren't things that are going to fit |
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| 28:02 | about what anatomy yourself? Um, there were such a thing. |
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| 28:07 | Uh, that's what viruses. That's know, they rely on a host |
|
| 28:11 | so many functions because their timing and can't fit many of these things into |
|
| 28:16 | into their cell volume. Okay viruses generally contain ribosomes, right? They |
|
| 28:21 | a very small. Do you So as a result you know they |
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| 28:26 | on the host for a lot of because they are small and they can't |
|
| 28:29 | a lot of these things. Uh But you wouldn't you would not |
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| 28:34 | that you could find the cell that gonna be that that tiny. |
|
| 28:37 | Just can't fit the things that life in there. Okay. So when |
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| 28:42 | talk about again, I refer to of some sometimes some of these things |
|
| 28:46 | be contradictory. So um this first cells. Right? So these the |
|
| 28:55 | I mean these are microbes okay. they can on occasion get big uh |
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| 29:03 | and exceed their normal size. Maybe visible to a degree. Okay. |
|
| 29:08 | it has to do with some kind with with a metabolic feature. So |
|
| 29:11 | it's a metabolic feature that enables them get occasionally get big. Right? |
|
| 29:15 | mean there's a lot of microbe because their state where they haven't done this |
|
| 29:19 | of metabolic process there there, you fit that definition. But and so |
|
| 29:24 | one here called file margarita. Um has a vacuole inside cell that fills |
|
| 29:31 | with gas actually with nitrate. And I'm writing it down but you |
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| 29:38 | need to worry about doing so. nitrate gas and it uses that. |
|
| 29:43 | talked about the bacteria. There's some can use things out of the oxygen |
|
| 29:47 | breathe. They can use nitrate to . Very common among many anaerobic bacteria |
|
| 29:53 | do that. E coli can do . And um the the uses energy |
|
| 29:59 | ? It's part of electron transfer We'll talk about all that stuff in |
|
| 30:03 | next unit but uses nitrate and at same time it uses sulfur compounds as |
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| 30:09 | energy source. So it oxidizes sulfur reduces nitrate. It's like we um |
|
| 30:15 | eat sugars and other things and we oxygen in the process right? We |
|
| 30:21 | oxygen, reduced that to water and we fuel the electron transport chain with |
|
| 30:26 | things we eat sugars and proteins and . Alright this guy just does it |
|
| 30:30 | sulfur and with nitrate. Okay. the nitrate gas can fill up an |
|
| 30:35 | role so you can store it and it when it's under starvation conditions. |
|
| 30:40 | ? So it has a store of there and so it will blow up |
|
| 30:43 | basketball too so big that it becomes that. Okay so you'll see this |
|
| 30:49 | of anomalies. Okay the now biofilm not a microbe and but a biofilm |
|
| 30:58 | a nation of millions and millions of that are coming together to form this |
|
| 31:07 | structure. Right? And biofilms as learn are all about a surface whether |
|
| 31:12 | a pipe, whether it's teeth, , plaque and biofilm, shower curtain |
|
| 31:19 | get some grungy stuff on there that's a biofilm. Okay. But it |
|
| 31:24 | a lots of growth of lots of . Okay so we get much bacteria |
|
| 31:31 | together. They come together they form visible structure. Okay. Um the |
|
| 31:39 | animals. So there are certain animals actually this is what's called a water |
|
| 31:47 | . Okay these but these are They are multicellular creatures. Okay this |
|
| 31:54 | to be kind of small. Okay viruses we mentioned viruses are my |
|
| 32:01 | Okay so um it's uh So it just keep these things in mind as |
|
| 32:08 | used to sit and think about. what's the microbe that they certainly most |
|
| 32:12 | going to fit that definition that we microbes but they're gonna be some you |
|
| 32:16 | to make me think think think extra right viruses are 50 category but some |
|
| 32:20 | these other things don't. Okay. is on the plate. Right. |
|
| 32:25 | your lab doing cultural work and in true. Yet A cell that's on |
|
| 32:32 | on a plate. Okay. When begins to divide after about 12 or |
|
| 32:37 | hours you will see a visible colony a plate. Right? Because lots |
|
| 32:42 | those cells are grown important to call . Okay so the colony itself is |
|
| 32:46 | micro but it's made up of certainly of microbes. Okay. Mhm. |
|
| 32:52 | Alright so a little bit about Okay. As it relates to |
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| 32:59 | Um So the of course unknown UNknowingly how you use the phrase normally or |
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| 33:10 | for centuries of course we've used microbes for production of different foods, beer |
|
| 33:16 | wine. She's other products. Um know for a large portion of civil |
|
| 33:25 | civilization, we've had to rely on things like wine and beer rather than |
|
| 33:34 | made a lot drinking lots of different beverages are common throughout human history. |
|
| 33:40 | and and and those being the go drinks wine, beer need things like |
|
| 33:47 | rather than what they do. You why what could happen with water that |
|
| 33:56 | have happened with Good Wife, Look the source, what did he get |
|
| 34:06 | ? Right. So water treatment wasn't thing they believe become a thing until |
|
| 34:16 | late 1800s maybe. Okay. Um correlation between O water you can make |
|
| 34:24 | bad and sick. Right. Well found that. Found that out. |
|
| 34:27 | , which is why they switched Okay, let's take this water |
|
| 34:31 | make something different with it. Hence fermented beverages and things like that. |
|
| 34:37 | those fermented beverages, the end products typically acidic and that that in itself |
|
| 34:44 | inhibit growth. Right? So that's of a preservative in a way. |
|
| 34:48 | . So I found that they had luck drinking that than just straight water |
|
| 34:52 | course depends on the source, you with the source of water. But |
|
| 34:57 | but anyway, so it certainly affected that the plague killed uh spanish flu |
|
| 35:06 | the early 19 hundreds and so So no doubt they have had an |
|
| 35:10 | positive and negative. So um so to so then too discovery. So |
|
| 35:20 | Hook and okay so the main difference that people always ask her who was |
|
| 35:27 | and who's second? Right. So Hook was first in terms of the |
|
| 35:32 | to use a microscope. Okay but looked at I called him more of |
|
| 35:38 | macroscopic observer even though I was using microscope because he was looking at like |
|
| 35:44 | like bugs under a microscope like fleas and plant tissues and these kind of |
|
| 35:50 | . Okay was the first to actually what we call microbes. Okay He |
|
| 35:56 | bacteria. He saw different types of means. Okay so he gets credit |
|
| 36:03 | that and he was able to do simply because he had a much more |
|
| 36:06 | microscope 30 x. 2030 X. and had like 10 times that. |
|
| 36:17 | so 200 to 300 X. Ok is what you need to be able |
|
| 36:21 | see bacteria although they will still be that medication but nonetheless um the uh |
|
| 36:29 | call him the described the sometimes the of microbiology in some cases but regardless |
|
| 36:36 | so Discovering them is one thing. ? So you can imagine in the |
|
| 36:42 | right? All kinds of belief back right um that you're now seeing this |
|
| 36:50 | world in front of your eyeballs. up, what are you going to |
|
| 36:53 | at that point right now? I all kinds of strange things, where |
|
| 36:56 | these things come from? Right. and certainly you can see them in |
|
| 37:02 | heaped upon the water and other kind samples, uh not knowing that they're |
|
| 37:06 | here as well right here. uh, so of course you get |
|
| 37:12 | of, well, where these things from, Right? And so this |
|
| 37:15 | where the whole spontaneous generation thing, a part of this now. So |
|
| 37:20 | life those that from non life, ? The generation of life from a |
|
| 37:28 | , non living beginnings. Okay. believe that, you know, almost |
|
| 37:34 | could give rise to life as long you had air, right? There |
|
| 37:39 | what they call that vital force Had to have ever to be able |
|
| 37:45 | do this to create life. And was easy enough really to kind of |
|
| 37:51 | . Um but they called macroscopic life that we can see with our own |
|
| 37:55 | . Right? So in this of course there's no refrigeration, |
|
| 38:00 | You see meat carcasses in butcher just hang right, just hanging, |
|
| 38:05 | , not in cold and also with cold weather, but in the summertime |
|
| 38:08 | can imagine flies everywhere. Okay. they would make these correlations of, |
|
| 38:14 | , flies are hanging around me following meat gave rise and flies right? |
|
| 38:19 | rats scurrying around, You know the of unopened? They they they they |
|
| 38:26 | see that they make the correlation of grain. Let's give rise to |
|
| 38:30 | Right? So these kind of weird in Houston after a big rain we |
|
| 38:34 | frogs jump, right? So we , oh rain rain plus Houston graphic |
|
| 38:38 | frogs. Right? So he's kind crazy correlations. And so um uh |
|
| 38:44 | he would easily enough refuted that with basically he knew that with flies laying |
|
| 38:52 | eggs and meat locker, the growth , with the maggots evolving the |
|
| 38:58 | Okay, we're differentiating the flies. so he just simply put a meat |
|
| 39:03 | with netting net on top Erica get . Right? And you have that |
|
| 39:09 | , but the fines could as long that was maintained. He never saw |
|
| 39:13 | maggots and flies and whatnot inside the . Okay, So he fulfilled the |
|
| 39:19 | of having their friends. But what the flies? And then the meat |
|
| 39:22 | spontaneously pretty flies as they thought it happen. But the meat will |
|
| 39:28 | they need putrefied and rotted the microbes . Okay, so then, so |
|
| 39:33 | the spontaneous generation people said, fine, maybe not from microscopic microbes |
|
| 39:38 | still growing there. All right, can see the meat rotting. So |
|
| 39:41 | that. Okay, and so this where comes in, You can |
|
| 39:48 | Ok, just like broth, You can go back here on |
|
| 39:54 | but you want to make sure that first boil it kill everything that's in |
|
| 39:58 | because you're trying to start life from . Right? So boil that broth |
|
| 40:02 | everything you can see if life can . Right? So we have a |
|
| 40:07 | experiment. Right? So here's where just open, right? So you |
|
| 40:12 | gross. Okay? Um obviously we that it's from contamination of air comes |
|
| 40:18 | . Microbes start growing, but of they said, oh, okay, |
|
| 40:22 | life coming from non Okay, So then we take the same broth |
|
| 40:27 | up and we seal it. well, the problem is you, |
|
| 40:32 | I want you don't get any growth you're not exposing it to the |
|
| 40:35 | but you're not fulfilling the criteria better . Right? So, so spontaneous |
|
| 40:43 | folks. But this account but you're air, that's that's the vital |
|
| 40:48 | right? So here's our past. , so we're gonna take we'll circle |
|
| 40:53 | to so past your He wore a of hats, He was a chemist |
|
| 41:01 | . He of course there was a , bacteriologist. He was a bacterial |
|
| 41:10 | guy. He was a immunologists as , has hands in lots of |
|
| 41:17 | the chemistry and you've um the concept the left hand in this right |
|
| 41:24 | chirality of molecules that was passed yours . But any case, he he |
|
| 41:30 | dipped his hand in micro apology became of the instrumental forces really behind |
|
| 41:38 | And uh his exposure came with the wine industry really? So him being |
|
| 41:45 | , of course branch are created about wine and batches of wine. We're |
|
| 41:50 | bad. So he comes in through what's going on. This is where |
|
| 41:53 | discovers fermentation, right? So to point, it's not that chemical transformations |
|
| 42:00 | uh reacting to get products right. is all a biological it didn't |
|
| 42:06 | It wasn't biology that could ever be part of this. Okay. And |
|
| 42:10 | he was the first to show that he threatened his presentations, right, |
|
| 42:14 | is basically metabolism without a american metabolism oxygen to be specific. Okay. |
|
| 42:22 | so um he saw that as alcohol produced, right? That um over |
|
| 42:34 | the amount of alcohol produced directly correlated the number of cells increasing. |
|
| 42:41 | we will take samples out to look the microscope for examples. Over |
|
| 42:44 | see these cells with increasing in numbers the alcohol content increased correlation. These |
|
| 42:51 | are responsible for the metabolism here for for the dialysis that's going on. |
|
| 42:58 | , So just keep boxing now and will produce alcohol. Okay, Sometimes |
|
| 43:03 | would see vinegar taste to the Okay. He figured out that that |
|
| 43:09 | due to contamination, bacterial contamination producing in products. Okay, so with |
|
| 43:18 | , um bacteria can a pair of , they can produce all kinds of |
|
| 43:24 | uh 124, maybe five carbon chain ass's alcohol's Okay, ethanol beautiful. |
|
| 43:36 | all formic acid, uh acetic appropriate manic acid, all these kind |
|
| 43:43 | small organic acids, alcohols. And even show that um sometimes you could |
|
| 43:52 | could smell the flask and go, , that's uh in analyzing. |
|
| 43:55 | this is this this alcohol. This only produced by this certain species species |
|
| 44:03 | maintaining to their particular end product. . And there was some that were |
|
| 44:07 | mixed acid fermenters are a species with kinds of varieties. Yeah. Brandy |
|
| 44:14 | . Okay. The point is is a we're having transformation of chemicals occurring |
|
| 44:21 | the action of cells. Cells are these processes. Okay, doing the |
|
| 44:28 | and different types can produce different in . Okay, so this is what |
|
| 44:33 | about this germ theory of fermentation. . Um that the the and products |
|
| 44:42 | formed as a result of fermentation directly to the amount of growth occurring and |
|
| 44:48 | certain bacterial types could use certain And it was microbes that were causing |
|
| 44:55 | . It wasn't an a biological process these cases. Okay. This of |
|
| 44:59 | the the the the way to fix problem here then of not having a |
|
| 45:03 | tastes like vinegar. Okay. Is sanitary practices in the production in the |
|
| 45:11 | um uh pasteurization. This is where came from. Okay, pasteurization is |
|
| 45:17 | heating of the product, food or to reduce contamination. Um Now the |
|
| 45:29 | let's go back to spontaneous generation in . So he of course was aware |
|
| 45:38 | in order to satisfy this criteria of people as a generation. You had |
|
| 45:42 | have airplane. Right. So he readies, experiment, experiment head broth |
|
| 45:51 | it but he had a different design his flask okay that swan neck enables |
|
| 45:58 | come in okay but by gravity the that would typically come in here traveling |
|
| 46:06 | travel on dust particles okay dander. these kind of things and so by |
|
| 46:14 | they'll fall and collect here okay right the crook of the neck, okay |
|
| 46:21 | so the broth remains sterile. There's heard that he still has flasks that |
|
| 46:27 | made 100 plus years ago like this are still sterile, okay, haven't |
|
| 46:33 | yet been tipped to decontaminate them. ingenious, simple but ingenious so it |
|
| 46:39 | air to come in satisfying response people unless he attends the task has shown |
|
| 46:47 | to let these contaminants get in or just kind of just cut it, |
|
| 46:52 | the top and the air coming okay the way if you don't do those |
|
| 46:57 | then you will never get you don't attempt okay, it'll stay sterile. |
|
| 47:03 | and so that went a long way kind of convincing these people okay? |
|
| 47:09 | if if if if the broth is either the presence of air as he |
|
| 47:13 | there was no growth occurring out of , okay you have to have cells |
|
| 47:18 | , you know and since then uh this time we also Yeah because of |
|
| 47:23 | work with the wine industry and seeing contamination could come in and cause these |
|
| 47:28 | fermentation to occur. That you know subsequently showed that microorganisms really everywhere. |
|
| 47:34 | ? Counter crops in the air obviously whatnot. So um that knowledge then |
|
| 47:42 | led to development of techniques how to with and culture these things. |
|
| 47:48 | Um so if you look at so exception with pastoral work? Uh |
|
| 47:57 | 10 two to repeat some of pastors and he did repeat it. It |
|
| 48:04 | but sometimes it didn't. Okay and he was the discoverer of endo |
|
| 48:11 | Okay so the words for you here we've heard a lot in different |
|
| 48:19 | Okay uh can produce sports. Um certain protozoa wins competitive sports. Ah |
|
| 48:30 | bacterial types of companies sports other than . Okay. And all those spores |
|
| 48:35 | in the context of some sort of plane. Okay. And so but |
|
| 48:41 | end those four and we'll talk more this in chapter four things. The |
|
| 48:47 | is putting the E. N. . O. In front just heightens |
|
| 48:52 | the resistance. Right. Industry are resistant. Right? This makes me |
|
| 48:56 | question earlier. There has been uh those spores that have been found with |
|
| 49:03 | remains 200 million years old and they've able to revive those sports. |
|
| 49:10 | It was a very dormant it's very form of radiation and temperature extremes of |
|
| 49:16 | um uh for periods for a period time. Not definitely but very resistant |
|
| 49:22 | chemicals and things like that. Okay why we have to honestly. So |
|
| 49:25 | have to use an article? It to kill these things. Okay, |
|
| 49:28 | steam in the very high temps will this floor and kill it. |
|
| 49:32 | so in this sport for me that familiar with tetanus botulism, these are |
|
| 49:38 | by endless performers, anthrax another Okay. Um anyway let's talk about |
|
| 49:45 | . Later we found that you have be boiled um uh the medium that |
|
| 49:54 | growth will occur and that's due to presence of endo scores. Okay. |
|
| 49:59 | end those floors with Germany and when temperature came down. Right. So |
|
| 50:03 | ambient temperature that was favorable for the of the fourth of Germany. |
|
| 50:08 | Now they're very quickly. So in this is a typical english for former |
|
| 50:13 | always look like this under the So you'll have so does that look |
|
| 50:18 | this? Okay. Those are what call completely vegetative self times the normal |
|
| 50:26 | set. Okay. These types, very prevalent in this picture are a |
|
| 50:35 | in which endospore formation is occurring. . It's occurring, hasn't yet |
|
| 50:40 | It's occurring what's going on. It's process that takes several hours actually to |
|
| 50:45 | from start to finish. Okay. here you see some that have formed |
|
| 50:50 | free and the release and you see three types but the proportions will vary |
|
| 50:59 | on what state it's in. So so in this state then of |
|
| 51:08 | is there going to be most Okay. Um in the so when |
|
| 51:14 | it when you boil it Right. kill the number of cells with some |
|
| 51:18 | the endless sports will remain Intact and they'll germinate room 10. But then |
|
| 51:24 | have to you have to be repeated of boiling and resting boiling breast |
|
| 51:31 | And and those spores will germinate and will be killed by the next boiling |
|
| 51:35 | . Okay, so eventually he would through a few of these cycles and |
|
| 51:40 | come up at the end with a liquid. Okay, but it's about |
|
| 51:44 | know because it's not all at Right? So not all the end |
|
| 51:49 | sports but all Germany at the same . They do so on their different |
|
| 51:52 | a rate. Okay, so that's you have to do the repeated boiling |
|
| 51:56 | resting bullying, arresting. Eventually get point. So um but again in |
|
| 52:04 | four performers there's only 22 groups in that do this, there's no archaea |
|
| 52:10 | do this. Nothing else. That like this except the groups are don't |
|
| 52:14 | about it. Now the bacillus and are the two um as mentioned, |
|
| 52:24 | has a number of pathogens and tetanus botulism and a number of others. |
|
| 52:30 | . Um Okay. Big questions. can always jump in. Yeah, |
|
| 52:37 | ahead. Okay. Why? And sports is like Yeah. So the |
|
| 52:47 | endospore former will form in those spores it's stressed. A typical way to |
|
| 52:54 | sports uh sport formation in these is starve it. You can start it |
|
| 52:59 | out of food and it wants to to. So survival mode is to |
|
| 53:02 | make it in the sport. Okay typically that's some kind of stress to |
|
| 53:07 | will trigger that formation. I am from the area pretty much it's that |
|
| 53:24 | um that um Mhm. That he that fermentation could vary that he could |
|
| 53:36 | certain species that fermented to certain in . And so you could you could |
|
| 53:41 | identify the type depending on what they . But the biggest thing about implementations |
|
| 53:47 | one is that these chemical transformations were because of microbes. So german Germans |
|
| 53:55 | microphone. So they used to use term germ a lot. Let's do |
|
| 53:58 | sometimes today. So germ think of micro Okay, something about the microbes |
|
| 54:03 | of fermentation isn't the way I think . So it's microbes that are causing |
|
| 54:07 | chemical transformations and the the production of products correlates with the increase in |
|
| 54:14 | Okay, because that that concept of theory is let me ask is supposed |
|
| 54:22 | correlate. Okay let me give you answer. So is there any correlation |
|
| 54:32 | German 3rd fermentation of germ theory of . Despite my blurring out. Wait |
|
| 54:43 | don't want that. Okay so healthy I think even sorry for the graphic |
|
| 54:59 | of a human um So Mhm. between affirmative fermentation. Mhm. |
|
| 55:19 | that's what I figured. That's Right. So what what is the |
|
| 55:25 | What is the correlation between the two ? But here's the corner. So |
|
| 55:35 | microbes were responsible for the production of in the fermentation of producing these in |
|
| 55:43 | , how might that correlate with disease disease or So the transformations we're talking |
|
| 55:52 | in fermentation or organic materials being transformed like glucose to for many too. |
|
| 56:03 | see the gas it right from inorganic . Okay, is that it? |
|
| 56:09 | much that collective effect this disease? these things organic in nature? So |
|
| 56:18 | come in and they transform this right a disease state. Yeah, so |
|
| 56:26 | kind of what began to thinking Okay the directory of disease, we |
|
| 56:31 | these microbes that can transform inorganic materials end products because there's some correlation with |
|
| 56:38 | disease process where these bugs you acquire infectious uh disease bacterium have you? |
|
| 56:47 | the disease stages them transforming the Okay, so that is kind of |
|
| 56:54 | correlation transforming that you're not transforming, reacting to the test tube to end |
|
| 57:01 | . But you know you acquire infection microbes growing you and and induce a |
|
| 57:06 | state which they do. Okay and this led to this is where coke |
|
| 57:11 | in. Okay, so you see the fermentation can that transformation can correlate |
|
| 57:22 | the disease state? In the So it doesn't mean that diseases of |
|
| 57:26 | fermentation. Right? We're just talking the concept of microbes changing these organic |
|
| 57:31 | and enterprise in the body. They're the body into a disease state. |
|
| 57:37 | . Um to cope with the one came up with, I was afraid |
|
| 57:41 | kind of take a stab at linking to a disease. Okay. Hence |
|
| 57:48 | call the germ theory of disease, ? That microbes are responsible for this |
|
| 57:54 | the state. And so he was of rather lucky out of the |
|
| 57:58 | Okay so we're trying to establish that pro X. Is causing disease |
|
| 58:04 | Right, you better be able to it somehow easily in diseased animals and |
|
| 58:13 | was available to him at the Right? Because he didn't have agar |
|
| 58:18 | and all the technique career. We we did he developed them because he |
|
| 58:24 | some issues but initially he didn't have worry about that because anthrax um so |
|
| 58:31 | he's got the country in the country and he saw that there was an |
|
| 58:34 | of anthrax and livestock, it affects , cattle in particular Until Canada |
|
| 58:39 | You want to see what was going . And so it took blood sands |
|
| 58:43 | in the blood he saw that, , those are bacilli in change. |
|
| 58:51 | ? And uh here's this poor form those forms. And so he he |
|
| 58:58 | do some experiments and go, okay me I only see symptoms of disease |
|
| 59:03 | disease in cattle where I see this the blood. I've never seen anthrax |
|
| 59:10 | in cattle ever without this being in blood. That was a pretty easy |
|
| 59:16 | , right? Didn't have didn't even to require culturing anything. Right? |
|
| 59:20 | look under a microscope. Blood Right? Disease versus non disease. |
|
| 59:24 | . So at least I mean that him on the track of of of |
|
| 59:28 | this germ theory of disease. Linking these two things together. And |
|
| 59:33 | um now tuberculosis different story right? tuberculosis is due to mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
|
| 59:44 | smaller organism facilities tend to be on bigger side but regardless um the way |
|
| 59:53 | infects is impacts the lungs. Okay issues do you have to take like |
|
| 59:59 | like the legacy stuff you cough up your lungs and that's what you can |
|
| 60:04 | . Okay so culture is the operative . You have to come out the |
|
| 60:07 | to culture these things. Now can still go under a microscope? It |
|
| 60:10 | be confusing samples of sputum work work uh can be mixed up with other |
|
| 60:17 | through that were there. Okay so only that but the way he didn't |
|
| 60:22 | it, but mycobacterium tuberculosis infects your cells to get inside, get inside |
|
| 60:26 | own cells and hides out, making even harder to find. So he |
|
| 60:30 | a problem. Okay this is where whole specific techniques. Pure culture that |
|
| 60:37 | learn and laugh. Uh He developed along with pasture and others. Okay |
|
| 60:44 | so a way to visualize this organism a way that you can manipulate |
|
| 60:51 | Okay. And so um he used called a solid sucker. He started |
|
| 60:56 | with a potato just a raw potato sliced it and that was his Petri |
|
| 61:01 | with a slice of raw potato. They would do ST ST okay. |
|
| 61:07 | then hess uh primarily developed the the um would extract from seaweed that actually |
|
| 61:14 | agent. And it would serve the for making a solid medium. |
|
| 61:19 | That would remain solid at room Okay and so that was the substrate |
|
| 61:24 | inoculate? Okay so you have to a sample and you have to streak |
|
| 61:29 | out on a plate. Right? where individual colonies fell on the |
|
| 61:34 | individual cells fell on that plate, were going to incubate. They would |
|
| 61:38 | from colonies like you see there and can distinguish between bacteria often form different |
|
| 61:44 | colonies on the plate where you can different types. Okay as you see |
|
| 61:49 | , so this could be a Could be taking example whatever water |
|
| 61:55 | What have you? Okay now the is would would every microbe in your |
|
| 62:00 | grow on that plate, is that possible? Very micro manure sample grow |
|
| 62:08 | that plate, anybody wow what? know why? Because you said oh |
|
| 62:18 | well that's true but the reason why wouldn't grow is because you don't know |
|
| 62:24 | nutritional departments of everything in that So No, no, no media |
|
| 62:29 | ever grow any, every single thing actually photosynthetic, you have types of |
|
| 62:34 | know, maybe I can't even eat you have on that plate. |
|
| 62:37 | So uh so it is restrictive but it it can be useful. |
|
| 62:44 | And so you see uh so from initial plate you would transfer to produce |
|
| 62:51 | culture. Pure cultures is basically only species is on that plate with nothing |
|
| 62:56 | . And that allows you then to further work on the organism. Do |
|
| 63:01 | want to isolate DNA and sequence Do you want to isolate a protein |
|
| 63:06 | work with it? What have So basically as it sounds nowadays to |
|
| 63:11 | ears. But this was huge back the day. Right? So now |
|
| 63:16 | have an application that microbiologists in any of microbiology can find useful. |
|
| 63:23 | So now you can you can study microbes in different ways, right? |
|
| 63:29 | you want to see all of this stop its growth. Okay. Um |
|
| 63:36 | them in a way to accentuate certain . Right? Maybe. So it |
|
| 63:41 | a springboard that led to all kinds development Across many areas of microbiology. |
|
| 63:47 | why they call that period from 1860 through like early 1900s of Golden |
|
| 63:53 | Right, because these techniques were developed enabled a lot of study in different |
|
| 63:58 | . Okay. Um it's a liquid that has a purpose to two different |
|
| 64:05 | . Okay, from solid media, cannot ever hope your culture have a |
|
| 64:13 | solid media, right? You can't a pure culture using only liquid |
|
| 64:19 | Can visualize the types that you can at the microscope, the liquid |
|
| 64:23 | but you can't have a pair of and pick out the different ones, |
|
| 64:27 | ? Because you're gonna look the same a microscope, you have to have |
|
| 64:31 | weight in front of the substrate and different types and that's what the plate |
|
| 64:35 | you. Okay. And as you mentioned, there's there's not everything can |
|
| 64:40 | cultured on a plate like this. few. In the large scheme. |
|
| 64:45 | talk about that next time, but this is, you know, whether |
|
| 64:49 | a patient, this is this is done. Alright. This technique is |
|
| 64:52 | done as basic as it sounds but it works. Um, |
|
| 65:00 | in terms of cost questions. um so it's a framework for establishing |
|
| 65:10 | is causing a certain disease. It's a framework that we have now |
|
| 65:16 | plus years of knowledge since it was , Right? So we know where |
|
| 65:21 | pitfalls may occur. Okay. Because are not all the parts that's necessarily |
|
| 65:27 | fit. But the framework is doesn't that framework doesn't throw it out, |
|
| 65:32 | ? It's still bad and it's what's to this day, but we just |
|
| 65:37 | where things may different, we may to adjust. Okay. But the |
|
| 65:44 | of the method is That it involves separate isolations. Okay, so it |
|
| 65:52 | with that the disease is found only uh you only find a microbe in |
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| 65:58 | animals. Not in healthy animals. . Um now again, this is |
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| 66:03 | this is coach postulates. So we're see shortly that there's some some, |
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| 66:08 | doesn't always fit correctly. Okay. nonetheless, uh only disease animals carry |
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| 66:14 | micro. Okay. You can then that from them. The isolated microbe |
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| 66:20 | be uh maintaining pure culture, will inject that into a healthy animal and |
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| 66:26 | this animal comes up with the same symptoms as previously in these other animals |
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| 66:32 | you can recover that same organism. you have to separate isolations where you |
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| 66:38 | the same thing. Okay. And course in science you want to have |
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| 66:43 | and so it's built in in Okay, so it's pretty good evidence |
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| 66:49 | this is the cause of agent of . Okay, now here's the exceptions |
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| 66:54 | the variations if you will. so um asymptomatic carriers, right, |
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| 67:01 | well aware of that. You can an infectious agent and not have disease |
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| 67:08 | at all. Alright, yelling with and many other diseases meningitis, but |
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| 67:13 | have to get vaccinated before before coming school. 50% or more of the |
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| 67:20 | carries it naturally in their throat. . And so when outbreaks occur it's |
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| 67:26 | it's one of those people that's an carrier. That's the source. |
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| 67:30 | so a number of diseases are like . Um This this is victory to |
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| 67:36 | first postulate. Ok but not not all the time. But for many |
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| 67:41 | is uh one disease. One One pathogen. One disease. |
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| 67:47 | He thought there was a 1-1 correlation these two um pneumonia. Perfect |
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| 67:54 | pneumonia is caused by different microbes. could be fungible. The protozoan type |
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| 67:59 | causes pneumonia bacterial for sure, viral well. So there's different agents that |
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| 68:06 | cause pneumonia and true for other types diseases. Okay. One passage in |
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| 68:11 | disease strip the pockets pathogens causes strep can progress to scarlet fever. Can |
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| 68:22 | to flesh eating disease. Okay. caused by the same micro. |
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| 68:29 | Um Cultural cultural. Cool. As am the Lord cultural ability. Can |
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| 68:38 | culture or not? I can't say you culture many. You can't |
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| 68:44 | My syphilis since 1900 STD still can't on a plate. Okay. I |
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| 68:51 | know the nutritional apartments yet. But you know for many of these things |
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| 68:55 | can't culture that are medically important. can you can you can test with |
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| 68:59 | genealogical tests, right? You can it. Okay. Uh but |
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| 69:05 | you know they're not easily culture, have to use a host cell to |
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| 69:08 | those. So it can it can problematic sometimes. But again were aware |
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| 69:13 | all these things. Right. So can be uh as we're doing as |
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| 69:18 | doing the method here. We can aware of. Okay. And may |
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| 69:22 | conform 100%. So you know but know that we have that notch. |
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| 69:28 | . Um Okay. So obviously if finding that coke established that okay for |
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| 69:37 | diseases there is a microbe that's causing . Okay. Now can we control |
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| 69:46 | unwanted microbes? Right. So how we do that? Well, the |
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| 69:50 | of vaccines. Right. So unknowingly it used to be a practice in |
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| 69:59 | of smallpox outbreaks that would occur uh and again that um on how the |
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| 70:06 | began. But somebody is randomly service the material from smallpox body Iraq and |
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| 70:16 | postures contain active virus. Right? someone had the idea can we have |
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| 70:20 | description that healthy person? Right. person ended being the music. Of |
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| 70:25 | if they didn't die from smallpox. . Because you're actually giving them live |
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| 70:29 | . Okay. They did find and often not that they survived their immune |
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| 70:36 | know why. Okay but then Jenner of refined process. Bye. Using |
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| 70:45 | variation of small pox called cow Okay so cowpox um it's very |
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| 70:53 | Okay but it is different enough. cause disease. Okay. In |
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| 70:57 | Okay. But it does elicit the response. Okay so it's much safer |
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| 71:02 | . So attenuation. Attenuation is to to treat the agent. So it |
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| 71:09 | it doesn't cause disease but it will the immune system. Right? So |
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| 71:14 | the goal of this. Okay. so we now know of course that |
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| 71:19 | all about um antigens, right? and antibodies one of your primary response |
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| 71:26 | Okay. Um So the aging so can attenuate by chemically treating heat treating |
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| 71:33 | test your day. So fowl cholera a disease uh in large scale chicken |
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| 71:42 | , right, chickens can come down us. He found if he had |
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| 71:45 | had the actually had the pathogen that on the plate and he accidentally left |
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| 71:49 | out of the plate sitting for like weeks or something like that. And |
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| 71:53 | aging kind of made it less variable nonetheless. Okay, so there's different |
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| 72:00 | to do this. But the thing the pathogens in your body, |
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| 72:05 | Could be a bacterium. Could be virus. Could be protozoan. Could |
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| 72:08 | other things. Okay. But you they have indians right chemicals often proteins |
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| 72:20 | their surfaces that your body will recognize produce immune response. And they do |
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| 72:25 | through the production of antibodies. And so anybody find and then that |
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| 72:32 | can bring about a number of different . We'll talk about that later. |
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| 72:36 | the bottom line is to get rid them obviously. Okay. And so |
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| 72:41 | , why was cowpox effective as a ? Even though it wasn't smallpox because |
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| 72:49 | similar. It's all about this. here. This binding Yeah, that |
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| 72:56 | is all protein and protein antibody binding typically protein engine. Not always but |
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| 73:04 | about that if you can make that similar then you'll still get the binding |
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| 73:08 | . So smallpox cowpox very similar. get the same result um What we |
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| 73:13 | a cross reaction cross reacting antibodies. so um so the uh before I |
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| 73:24 | to that um any questions? Okay so this is one of my |
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| 73:33 | pet peeves always has been. Okay let me see how you guys answer |
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| 73:37 | . Okay so there's three or two we have to see are they both |
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| 73:42 | or they're both wrong? Okay so mouthwash this morning after brushing my |
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| 73:48 | sterilize my throat and mouthwash this morning brushing my teeth and disinfected my throat |
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| 73:56 | . And B. Neither par Both are correct sterilizer and in this |
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| 74:07 | sterilize doesn't mean you can't have kids . Business Good. Okay. Alright |
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| 74:51 | see. Oh I got to bees there jesus. Mhm. See sorry |
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| 75:09 | that re answer real quick dumb. one more time sorry but now it's |
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| 75:23 | gonna even though it's totally it's totally up. I just realized even when |
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| 75:28 | data comes up it's gonna be all . Um Just show hands. He |
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| 75:33 | are you supposed to write? They're wrong what should it be? Uh |
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| 75:42 | . Yeah. Yeah but what what the correct terminology? What should you |
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| 75:50 | ? Okay okay so if we take what does I had some this morning |
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| 75:54 | uh what's what's the mouthwash brand that's popular? Mr Right so I had |
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| 76:01 | mystery this morning. It says right the model. Does anybody know what |
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| 76:05 | says in the model? This arena a an except so any sepsis. |
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| 76:11 | you don't have to read word a bit. I have mouthwash this morning |
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| 76:13 | brushing my teeth. The mouthwash, was an antiseptic on my throat. |
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| 76:18 | like that. Right antiseptic is living . You can drink bleach no matter |
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| 76:23 | some people tell you uh lead to disinfectant going for inanimate objects. |
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| 76:30 | countertops walls, it's much more stronger an antiseptic sterilized means you killed |
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| 76:37 | You sterilize your throat. You wouldn't a throat because you would have you |
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| 76:40 | have killed every means killing every cell and endless support. No. |
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| 76:47 | No life. Okay so um anyway I I keep always use sterilized the |
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| 76:54 | way and disaffection. So uh we're visit this in chapter five. But |
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| 76:59 | you guys gotta go to lab if in lab so I'm gonna stop here |
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| 77:04 | we'll finish it up uh Wednesday. folks and I'll post these quicker points |
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| 77:12 | . So take a look. I know. Okay I ask you a |
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| 77:56 | |
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