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GEOL6351-Basin Modeling - Day4 10-01-2022-AM
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00:00 lunch. Oh that's okay. This this is where we ended yesterday.
00:21 ? We talked about these areas So we need to get the feeling
00:29 what's happening in different bases. Think about how they form where the
00:34 come from etcetera. So I'm going talk much more about your space this
00:40 . And I really wanted this slide , which according to deal is not
00:45 . And they'll write about that gives general picture. Um one thing I
00:53 I want to point out that we really talk about this, there's
00:57 So here you have the edge of constant. Right? We call this
01:00 rift in March and a passive Um Those are just two names for
01:06 same thing. Different things for the thing. But look at this settlement
01:12 . So these are the normal the rift structures that are associated with
01:18 happened before break up. And then see here is power of sediments and
01:25 of this sediment load. This sediment was the positives here After. Now
01:32 here you can see it from a but it is here, it's like
01:36 different color settlement. And I just to talk to you about that.
01:41 I think what they try to indicate a layer of source. But how
01:47 how do you form a layer of in a settlement Power? But where
01:53 the source come from? Why don't have an effect? Right, Uh
02:02 your in your labors 7s. Any how so set of it's for
02:18 They're sold owns are included here, do they form, where does the
02:24 come from? Why is there salt the first place? Why are these
02:29 sent grains for example about me to it? Salt precipitates out in shallow
02:41 water with restricted seeds. So that the, you know the water just
02:53 and the salt you have to have young ocean basin or not even an
03:02 basin, still continental a continent But there's marine waters washing in cycling
03:12 salts precipitated out really, really I mean in the dead sea it's
03:18 the crystals basically just rain down out the out of the water.
03:24 it's amazing. It tens of kilometers worth can accumulate over a very short
03:32 of time. And yeah, so you basically when you have a shallow
03:43 shallow water layer and it starts to right up. Source basically rained out
03:49 there being precipitate. Now if you at a sequence of defense, you
03:56 have an important interest face a resuscitation is filled up with a layer of
04:03 maybe like and that lake when it up, it may leave behind a
04:09 of salt. So you see that often you even have that inverse basis
04:13 the United States in the real ground example. But then also when you
04:17 to continental breakup, video said at time, you're often looking at seeds
04:24 are shadow shadow seeds can dry up when they drive or evaporate they leave
04:30 a layer of salt. So later , if you look at what a
04:36 margin looks like in detail, you often find the salt layers within the
04:44 layers. So they basically indicate that that point in time. Maybe there
04:49 a shadow seated right up or something that. Yeah. So, salt
04:55 salt salt layers, so die appears the marches of ultimate. That's very
05:03 . Often, for example, here the group of Mexico, what you
05:07 is that can be petroleum systems that in older sedimentary layers below the
05:13 but also once the developing older sedimentary of all the results. So,
05:17 aware of that. The salt layers you can find here um in rift
05:23 , but also on the margins. , I don't know if there's in
05:28 sequence, of course, is a ology course. Oh yeah, that's
05:33 God ! What I said. do they talk about this at
05:40 I don't think as much about because religion to the covenant drugs and then
05:47 makes sense. Okay, all So, if you're staring at the
05:51 home, this little pinkish area, what it means. Now, let's
05:58 forward. So, I'm gonna talk little bit about some examples of continental
06:04 zones. And then we're gonna talk what happens after a breakup, markets
06:09 like. So, first gonna show a brisk pace and close to
06:13 you see here in texas here in Mexico. This here is the Rio
06:18 rift zone close to home. Um a very nice restaurant. It looks
06:23 it should look like from according to books. So you can recognize it
06:27 when you drive through it and take look at the size, it starts
06:32 in central Northern colorado and it ends somewhere in Northern Mexico. Here's a
06:40 scale 1000 kilometers. So this rift , this continental rift zone is more
06:48 1000 kilometers long. So we'll I'm gonna write on the board is
06:54 are many different terms that are the . So we can talk about the
07:06 , are we shown, are we or an extension of basis or
07:27 So this is all, you work people use for the same
07:33 Yeah, just different words to say . Okay, alright, so here
08:02 have a real life example Rio grande zone in colorado and New Mexico.
08:09 the right map shows a close up this rift zone. So this area
08:16 show's over here. Now you may like it doesn't really look a lot
08:22 the left. I'm going to point out to you. So you see
08:27 black lines here, it's all signatures and here's one here there etcetera.
08:35 you look at a continental rift what they look like in in real
08:41 and geology is they have one side's steep normal faults, normal faults of
08:48 faults associated with drift zones and these faults, they basically dip in
08:53 So like this and you see that this here is a normal fault that
08:58 towards the rift zone. On the side here one dips like this one
09:04 like this one lives like this. one dips here towards the west,
09:09 one gets towards the west and So in other words, when you
09:12 at the rift zone like that, often see a pretty large normal falls
09:16 one side of the river basin and smaller normal faults slipping inside on the
09:21 side of the river basin. That's typical. Also what you see
09:27 even though we sketch here is ripped from central colorado all the way
09:32 you know to Mexico, if you at what it looks like in
09:38 you see that it's segmented into smaller , you see that we don't have
09:43 normal fault that extends all the way here to here. These normal
09:48 they're broken up a shorter and that exactly um you know what all these
09:55 , how these forms is the When you start stretching or extending the
10:02 comes sketching on the fourth here to you're looking at an area that so
10:12 start stretching that so your stores when start stretching a piece of, you
10:22 forming small rex before falls. It's the first. Now if you wanna
10:35 oriented. So if you stretch like , you can imagine that tiny phone
10:41 form that are oriented north south for north south are more favorably oriented towards
10:52 stretching direction than ones that are oblique that. You see that. So
10:58 other words, when this continues, you see is that these funds that
11:03 favorably oriented, they will start to and grow together. So maybe this
11:08 grows this one, this one grows that, so and the other ones
11:13 are structurally oriented. So this one , this one here, this one
11:19 that's on there. They don't know becomes oriented. Now if you take
11:29 further, you can imagine that this start to grow. Maybe he's hurt
11:37 you know it you that are more less oriented perpendicular to the. So
11:46 is why that looks like that. if you go into the fuse in
11:50 area, if you're a geologist and go, oh, into the
11:54 you may find in the field you know, normal false strength,
12:00 the remnants that were not well So they have been abandoned. They
12:05 they're very minor. They didn't grow to become really restful. Yeah.
12:13 these false is normal faults. They grow forever. So this one cannot
12:19 to this one and that one and is because these normal falls, they're
12:24 brittle. Right? These are cracks the upper brittle crust. And it's
12:29 how do you say geometry or your ? It comes in a brittle upper
12:35 layer, you can't make falls that like 1000 kilometers long. And that
12:41 just gonna crack the brittle upper crystal , which is like 15 kilometers.
12:46 a maximum length to that. So why you never see one elongated
12:52 You will never see that. It's the shorter segments now. So as
12:57 result of that, this here become separate what we call rift basins.
13:04 this will be the rift zone and it, you find those smaller rift
13:12 . Questions about this because there were and what about the district or the
13:21 funds do they need together? Um , so they're they're basically a subtype
13:27 these falls. Right, So these faults, I call them here
13:32 normal faults just to make the story . But some of them are
13:37 Yeah, absolutely, yeah, they , yeah, so people have different
13:49 for different types of faults. So can distinguish them easily and talk about
13:55 . Yeah. So when I say faults here, that could be a
13:59 . Normal fault. Yeah. Other recommend. So let's take a look
14:10 the size again, your 1000 So what was such a rift basin
14:16 rift second? It's typically hundreds of long and maybe 50 to 100 kilometer
14:24 or so. Alright, yeah, the show this. So this is
14:39 to, to look at for especially from a distance, but also
14:42 you're not used to looking at so what I'm showing here,
14:50 I'm showing basically a detail of this a different type of man. So
14:59 you see the real ground, the zone. Again, it's a different
15:02 of map, basically showing the same . These faults that we were talking
15:08 are now shown here in colors. the blue colors, the red color
15:12 , the greek colors, they're orange , Those are all false different
15:18 So that simple picture that we just at major fault song etcetera, it's
15:24 complete here. It has the tiny in it. It has faults that
15:27 been active just once in it. just a more complete picture when you're
15:34 about as well as those large falls really bordering a rift basically call these
15:39 falls. So you see one you see one here, there's one
15:44 , one here etcetera here, the falls, the other falls are extremely
15:50 as well, but they don't, not like the typical edges of the
15:54 zones and then here between the So hopefully you can see a little
16:00 of here in the north, you a very nice border fault towards the
16:06 of this rift basin. And if look at this rift basin, you
16:09 it's rather flat, you see that building settlements, maybe there's a little
16:15 of localism, but that's basically Now, this basis, they are
16:25 from each other. So there's a in here, in the north one
16:30 , one in this area, one the south one there. And they're
16:35 from each other. And these they have names that you may come
16:39 , they're called trash first for accommodation . They're basically area Israeli tourist
16:44 Starch, and that's that's really they is theologically very complex. So that
16:50 why it has a separate name. people study this so separately. So
16:56 you can see one of those So, as you can see from
17:01 those little blue lights, um it's complex. There's many little falls complex
17:08 basically. Yeah, so those are areas where these first basins touch each
17:14 , rift bases are always asymmetric. side is always deeper than the other
17:19 and this asymmetry often alternates along the axis. So, bases in the
17:26 , maybe deepest in the east for south basin, maybe deepest in the
17:30 , etcetera. It is not always the same direction. So, that
17:33 something to keep in mind as Questions about this, Alright, this
17:43 , I don't have to go in anymore. This is the story that
17:46 was just drawing on the board. how you start to form a terrorist
17:50 is first you have these small folds form and then lay your own the
17:54 that are favorably oriented to start to . And then The longer somebody figured
18:00 out in the year 2000 using like sandbox model to simulate rifting. And
18:07 is shown here. 2000. So you'll have this in your
18:20 Alright. So yesterday we also talked the risks and the length of a
18:25 basin and the depth. Now this something I'm not going to ask you
18:30 . But I sent you this favor shoots at contreras. So in
18:35 these people figured out why risk bases a typical length, typical risk typical
18:43 and they use simple geometry and we don't have to do this
18:46 But I wanted to give it to in case you're interested. So what
18:51 looking at the figure towards the left a vertical cross section through a bridge
18:57 . This here is one normal This is another normal fault. That
19:02 layer. So these people can get idea that you form like one normal
19:07 and then eventually if you continue to , you will form another one on
19:12 other side of the basin as That's only shown here. And you
19:16 already see from how they sketched There's a maximum depth to that normal
19:22 and the maximum depth is the base the upper first or the brittle ductile
19:28 here, you can see the word brittle ductile transition. So brittle upper
19:32 dr so here your your chris goes brittle upper to lower dr first dr
19:41 in the doctor Lower Christie comes form fold so that the normal fault that
19:47 is not extending into the doctor lower . So it has a maximum
19:53 And that maximum that's then decide, know, determines how wide and how
19:59 the risk space it can be. can imagine that if this brittle ductile
20:03 was much deeper, this fault could much deeper and you start forming a
20:09 bigger space. So on girls because brittle ductile transition, you know,
20:15 very individual place to place, but doesn't fairly like 100 km or
20:19 It's very few kilometers. That's why rift bases are always similar in
20:26 So you don't have a rift basin is 2000 km wide for 6000 km
20:31 . Yeah, so, it's You don't need to know for this
20:35 exactly how it works. But I want to tell you that there's a
20:39 behind this questions. All right. , I did give you a little
20:47 more detail here in case you're interested is. So, there's the
20:52 the base is determined by the thickness the spiritual purse. Again, if
20:57 was much thicker, your fault could to much larger debt. And it's
21:02 associated with the dip angle of the fault. You can imagine that if
21:07 have a a fall that doesn't like . But it seems like this,
21:13 tell a much wider basin. So important as well. So yesterday,
21:20 , they're always talking about some soldiers really wide for some of the basic
21:25 profits in the rest of us. a risk based. That is characterized
21:29 many foods that don't it like But it did more like that.
21:34 then there are several, several next each other to you. For much
21:38 spaces there. This would be like east african rift or the Rio grande
21:44 looks something like this. Questions about . How come I come from using
21:54 Mackenzie model when you're showing us these all, all these things should be
21:59 . I think, um, I the reason is, um,
22:06 So I will, I will go and Mackenzie later this morning right to
22:13 the difference between the two. But think there's nothing behind it rather than
22:19 is very simple. But so they have a they don't have an asymmetric
22:28 . So the one D model yeah, you're right. It's it's
22:39 amazing. Yeah. It is It's shamefully simple. Simple actually.
22:44 you think about, are we recording think about because I mean,
22:56 nobody any interpretations. You see everyone invokes some degree of a
23:06 even if it's something, even if anywhere. So that's what the deal
23:16 referred to. So here you can the vertical cross space and this here
23:21 a border falls, a large normal here, you have a smaller one
23:25 the other side. These here are layers. You see that on this
23:30 the pile of settlement is much thicker on that side. You see that
23:34 is what the space like. And you would expect everything. You've
23:40 talking about the hate flow, the the all the properties to develop a
23:47 a basic amount are gonna be, know, they're not going to be
23:52 symmetric, like that's amazing. Alright. Anything else? I'm gonna
24:06 on. Okay. Now, we talked about that this rift basins formed
24:16 a result of extension of the So, you extend the curse because
24:21 strike to see in it, That's what that numbers. How much
24:26 do you think occurs to form a world rift zone? It's actually it's
24:41 remarkable small number. And what I'm to do next is going, let
24:48 just go here your question again. much so that's stretching. It is
25:03 by a to strange to expect her find the initial christmas sickness over the
25:29 rift or present day chris Ticketless. , this is something you need to
25:55 . Uh but I mean, in literature it is and I mean,
26:03 know people use for That's another thing gonna talk about how wrong that
26:12 It's okay because you're pointing at all rights that people make when they think
26:20 . Alright folks, that initial sickness 35 km 40 km. Let's take
26:28 km. Okay. And now there been an extension for the Rio grande
26:33 . So how soon you see the is now, but he's a real
26:47 make calculations. So, so we'll a about another idea about its really
27:05 comments. So 40 or 31.3 1.33 To the stretching factor of the
27:15 of the Rio Grande River that has stretched boat. It's only 1.33.
27:22 initially the crystals say 40 km today is 30, so stretching,
27:28 1.3. So in real life most of Grammar is in the northern part
27:34 you see a beautiful rich places, Chris is actually thicker, it's like
27:39 km thick. So the stretching factor is like 1.11.2. So this number
27:47 20 or so there's a little bit stretching and then you get already a
27:52 zone like that. So this equation , so there's no unit here.
27:58 how it's just a number, there's this equation means that if you
28:04 you know, if somebody tells oh, this rift zone, the
28:07 factor is to you know that chris been sent to the factor two and
28:13 zone has been widened to the factor , that makes sense. All
28:25 Yeah. So 40 km initial 20 km gives you a bad that
28:33 two. And that's what we call stretching factor. Right? So in
28:37 particular case the cruise has been since a factor two and extend the factor
28:49 is That's a serious risk that we're the next. Yeah, so
28:58 that would be a beautiful riffs on . Like the, you know,
29:03 of the east african rift, the portion of the Rio grande rift,
29:08 the rift zones, the north the Ryan grab in the northern portion
29:12 the Rio grande rift is like 1.1 so that that number does not seem
29:19 be large in order to already form beautiful red zone. Yeah, so
29:26 two. they already said it would the basin and range profits of the
29:32 of us. Yeah, that is really significant. Um, if you
29:42 it basically to send the personal effects . Oh and then um, let's
29:49 another one. Boss is bad ecos . How much, how much can
30:04 stretch? So at one point in you, so when you stretch
30:14 when you have a point of continental up, your, you are not
30:19 longer left with any continent. So number here basically it goes to
30:25 right? Which makes this ratio whatever or infinity. So we don't really
30:32 about it like that. But the is is that for the continental breakup
30:37 no longer have continental person. This gonna be gone. Yeah.
30:45 so there is a little I mean doesn't happen. I would think it's
30:57 and of course the famous so you have like a few kilometers.
31:10 So what you what you can see the actual from March. So if
31:15 is the constant here and here is the actual this is the first and
31:22 we saw that yesterday maybe here is crust. Sorry, here's oceanic mental
31:34 . We talked about yesterday a little . So what happens here,
31:39 Where you have since course you can here you've since continent. Of course
31:43 is normal sickness closing and of course is since continental course and here we
31:48 ocean in person. What happens So what we see with the physical
31:55 and that was still was referring to sometimes you see some slivers of continental
32:01 still here, maybe full walks that hanging around. So you can wonder
32:10 if you if you calculate your stretching , initial um first sickness over or
32:17 of the initial for sickness over the uh chris sickness. If this was
32:26 . And this is like presents, can imagine that you have a bad
32:30 it's five or 10 or something like . Right? It's a it's a
32:35 number. But in practice what you is here you still have a crystal
32:41 . Maybe here. Maybe there's one and that's it. And then you
32:47 longer see continent first anywhere. And you're in oceanic crust. So this
32:53 something that is not understood. People know what really happens between like setting
32:59 the curse and now you have people know. Yeah. So I thought
33:06 lot about this stuff. I do lot of work on. So here
33:10 have this is a lower cross the . And I think what happens is
33:14 tapers out. You're only left at end of the And remember that this
33:23 brand new creative little. So this comes up and the were here.
33:31 has to do that. I I'm sorry here and here this has
33:36 do that because you're creating brand new because oceanic crust. So your status
33:45 has to come all the way up the top at this point when you
33:50 producing all that forces are being accommodated . So that's I think that I
34:16 that this disappears and you end up just a tiny good grill that's left
34:23 unless you have a magmatic connection. is a normal or some.
34:38 No, you're always sure that if have a higher sexual factor have a
34:47 reservation. Or is it possible that could have general. It's true you
34:57 have a narrow five. She didn't , you know, start much
35:04 Right? So there's a relationship between , you're saying saying the higher strategy
35:11 means a wire rich we can all up. That's just I mean,
35:18 just a function of the effects. doesn't have any. Well, if
35:23 stretch area to be right, I like the whole baby thing.
35:55 Alright, So here's the here's the held or were crushed. This here's
36:05 riff space. So, this is vertical transect, right? This is
36:13 durable phone. You recognize it. would be uh the board are
36:21 And that maybe here are some So here we have a space now
36:27 guest here the mojo the base of first. And as you can see
36:33 re spaces. The mojo is shallower a little bit you have to work
36:39 stretch things things. So, this thinner here. This is here the
36:44 of the crust. This would be original first. And these are sediment
36:51 that still in the research base. right. So here's the mojo.
36:56 base of the curse. That is little bit below the rooftop. And
37:02 best here. The little sphere of . Now, the first weekend you
37:14 about. What was it? Yeah, something like 13 of the
37:22 south is 30. 30 20 something that. Nobody knows it's a number
37:29 that. We just take this because easier to remember. So,
37:34 it's thursday for boundary. So, this area of rift zone, you
37:41 see that this certain other degrees isil syrup. It's a shadow that's
37:46 the rift zone than in other For example, here over there.
37:53 what does it mean for its opportunity this area? Yeah. So this
38:05 the boundary which is a certain degree is specialized And it's also here,
38:21 If we would straw a temperature that's here and here, what would it
38:33 like? Temperature C and here as . Temperature That's the sea.
38:58 So, your example, zero at surface 13 hundreds at the base of
39:03 atmosphere. The base of the little here is a shadow that you see
39:08 it's shallower than here. So maybe here is the base of the little
39:14 and then we have a model hole may be located here At this particular
39:20 of 0°C at the service and certain at this stance. I don't know
39:27 it looks like. Something like Now, your temperature increase. With
39:33 . This location here, we also a mojo mojo now, a larger
39:39 the Senate was here. So maybe here and we have a hemisphere every
39:44 that's larger than So, maybe around . Great. And this location is
39:56 at the little sphere sphere boundary. have certain other degrees southeast. So
40:01 should be around here, the surface the earth. You have again about
40:06 solution here on this. I don't what it looks like. It's probably
40:10 like this. So in other words the right here in this location you
40:18 1300°C at large for debts than here the respect. You see that?
40:26 right. Um So, I'm gonna them now in one graph. So
40:33 can clearly see the difference that's Call this point A. And we
40:39 this point B. So point This is the little boundary and
40:47 A. B. This is certainly the degree Celsius point A. We
40:54 that here. This is the ministry your boundary. So point B.
41:05 gonna reach the temperature here. So you sir. Something like this.
41:15 right. Of these two locations. A location B. Where is the
41:25 that goes into your sedimentary basin? A. For me. But it
41:45 . Let's take a page because it's to Yeah. Hey, and the
41:53 flows very high that goes into your here is lower. So why is
42:00 1300°C temperature I should serve is much to your to the surface there than
42:08 would be here. So, if would be, you know, here
42:11 kind of base or whatever. An one or so this heat flow Cube
42:16 much smaller than this one here. that make sense? Yeah.
42:22 so I'm gonna call each slope you I'm gonna sketch something else. I'm
42:31 make a sketch of you on the axis going up. So zero is
42:38 and maybe 70 million miles per square . Is that the were sold to
42:45 ? I'm gonna make time. nothing is going on. I'm gonna
42:52 sure the heat flow that goes into basin at location a nothing is going
42:57 there until you start drifting, start . You stretch, you say that
43:02 in the mental atmosphere and you bring certain degree Celsius points closer to the
43:08 . So when you start drifting, see the heat flow in the base
43:12 up, then rifting stops. Maybe was resting for a small amount of
43:20 . Nothing happened after that at that in time. So maybe resting stops
43:25 . The whole system is gonna cool . So you see the heat flow
43:29 into the basic go down. This a typical heat input into a sedimentary
43:37 , nothing is going on. You constantly throw before you have some tectonics
43:42 be stretching. Then you start to the little sphere. Your heat flow
43:47 up because you bring your hot schema closer to the purpose. You are
43:52 somewhere here, rifting stops, The system cools down and your heat flow
43:57 down again. Let's talk about values . Background values of are maybe 40
44:07 50 million us per square meters per meters units of heat that you're talking
44:15 in the Earth. Then when racing , this heat flow goes up and
44:22 may be as high as 100 men for square square meters Sometimes even more
44:29 that. But a high number is or 80 And then it goes down
44:34 . This phase of the temperature's going and he's still going down. This
44:40 easily last 50 million years or 100 years or so. It takes a
44:46 time for these reasons for eating. down this phase here in which we
44:52 the heat flow go up. This be the rift face And we saw
44:59 that rifts they extend for tens of of years. So this can typically
45:04 10 pretends of millions of years. about this. All right. So
45:15 you gonna model Aree space, you think about what does the heat flow
45:22 in this space? Over time So again. And if the tectonic
45:26 you bring the stick is about closer the surface where maybe there's magnetism,
45:32 increase the heat, you increase the flow And then if the system dies
45:38 sometimes rich die by the period of and they die out at that point
45:44 time, it still goes down. your heat flow into the basis often
45:48 something like this goes up, goes . Now if you have later on
45:54 tectonic process, maybe 50 million years , the area stretches again, ripped
45:59 . You can have a second phase a little bit more so in the
46:04 and going down, things like It gives you a general idea.
46:08 , why would you if you do system or then why would you care
46:12 this heat going into the model two . Yeah. So, you can
46:20 is that the amount of clothes into base and timing is important for maturation
46:26 ? If the timing is wrong, may open. Sure, Not sure
46:30 all. If the timing is you may be perfectly putting your source
46:35 the oil or gas with Yeah, , we care about seats at the
46:43 . Questions about Alright, let's go here. Okay, All right,
47:03 , this is what rich is talking the better stretching factor, initial thickness
47:09 the crust over the present thickness of crust. So, what they will
47:13 up earlier is when you stretch the , you stretch the whole little sphere
47:18 to come to stretch the crystal. automatic version of the little sphere.
47:23 , the right way of thinking about is initial sickness of the little sphere
47:27 the present sickness of the little However, what you will see many
47:32 in the industry, many people in literature just talk about the first,
47:37 it's not only the proof. Keep in the back of your mind.
47:43 , we just saw a typical riff and better as well with 11 43
47:48 two. Um continental breakup data would five or large number. No,
47:55 continental crust data is a theory But doesn't mean if data will be
48:01 than one. Look at the So I think this will be more
48:08 they should. Exactly, yeah. there will be an area, maybe
48:14 compression and mountain building. Yeah. , let's take a look at this
48:20 here. So, this figure here from the Alan and Alan book.
48:24 one of the books um um that might find the vertical axis here is
48:31 factor back to one at the Nothing going on three here for here
48:37 the stretching factor increases on the vertical going down and towards the right.
48:42 shown some examples of continental with what would look like. Now let's first
48:50 a look at this one here. is the first, this is the
48:53 little sphere. This here is the sphere is steaming sphere Valerie. So
48:59 stretching factor between one and two, a typical continental rift zone. It's
49:04 the crust somewhat. It's in the atmosphere inform this beautiful rift basins,
49:09 would be a typical continental rift There's a couple of other pictures in
49:15 as well. The first one that gonna go to is this one
49:19 It says feel drifts. So when crystals form the east african rift,
49:24 rio grande rift, sometimes the stretching and they become ocean basins. Many
49:32 the stretching does not continue. At point in time it stops and inform
49:36 you call a field rift or feel arm or the login. I will
49:41 that to that word up later That is its greatest here. In
49:47 cases, you're gonna be successful, stretching continues and you can break up
49:52 continents. In that particular case, can start to form an ocean basin
49:57 drifted margins for passive margins. And can see that here, this is
50:01 point of break up. This is little sphere as atmosphere boundary that there
50:07 just sketching on the board and this just before you start to, you
50:11 , break this away and you form ocean basin. You see this,
50:16 you call it passive margin for a margin. Questions about this. All
50:23 , So, we're gonna go one back. Let's take a look at
50:27 one here. There's a dash line here. What do you think the
50:32 line could mean the fossil in A. B. Correct?
50:41 when you riffed your little street estimates boundary or LAPD went up right,
50:47 can see that here and here. , when I reach the strong guys
50:55 , the system will cool down. the literature estimates your boundary which was
50:59 under degrees Celsius will start to cool , It will go down, it
51:05 down and here it show what it to look like. You see that
51:10 after the whole system has cooled the little boundary is again there,
51:16 that make sense? No. So often asked to mock refers who have
51:25 interest in this at all what this look like. So this is um
51:31 sphere. Ization of nastiness, right. Which must happen underneath the
51:36 margin that you're sketching. It happens . So you would expect that that's
51:42 composition of this new little sphere is from the original atmosphere because now melt
51:51 has occurred. Some minerals have been out of it. It should look
51:56 is it? So how compositionally how different down there? Well, if
52:04 take out melts. So if you you melt so minerals preferably.
52:10 So you have a preference for melting minerals earlier at the lower temperature than
52:16 . So those you basically take out that region, you know, if
52:23 have melting, the smells move up your little sphere, maybe the end
52:27 in your cursed. So the composition the original material must be slightly
52:35 Yeah. Yeah. So in other if the composition is different.
52:42 she must be able to see Yeah, but tomography is so don't
52:54 much you think more than more than km? The southern part. It
53:01 gone up like the has gone up 50 km. So it's pretty shallow
53:07 if you think about it, it's difference from here to the coast and
53:11 you're in the atmosphere. So it's it's pretty significant But but the vertical
53:20 hypocrisy political resolutions like plus or -25 30 km, isn't it?
53:28 Uh Yeah. Absolutely. Yeah. . Yeah. Yeah. Oh now
53:42 an upper panel here. What do think that that means? What do
53:49 think it's in a straight think about first weekend that we talked about atomic
54:11 and the basis of these different things can be called interpreting the basins or
54:16 basins. Um No reason. You , so remember that we don't know
54:34 these controlling bases form, right? one of the models theories for the
54:40 is uh that you have minor followed by cooling and you know,
54:47 subsidence. That's what the first panel . So some people think that interact
54:55 basis may start out as by the , you form a little bit of
54:58 depression, you keep filling that in settlements. That's what that means.
55:04 . And so then you're stretching factor that minor rift zone would be maybe
55:11 , something like that. Super Nothing, nothing like a real
55:15 That's what it means. It should like an old switch or something where
55:21 something or or or older rift. just some weakness. Yeah.
55:33 Um How about a short break? . Good. Good. Good.
55:45 think I think the other thing here uh it's hard I think it's just
55:58 like because if you look at like ocean ridges cool. So that's like
56:12 idea. So you know what would really cool research. Yes. To
56:24 at you know bad understand. But eventually you're limited by does it
57:05 earthquake data have more frequency and you get better. So if they use
57:10 earthquake. So yes. So earthquake has has shorter frequencies. Yeah but
57:19 capture only with local local seismic So when because you will capture that
57:43 measurements global over years to capture all and then a longer acquisition capture all
58:09 earthquake energy. Because that's because that's thing that kills me about tomography
58:38 So I found so so if you a you have magnetic scribes write.
59:05 there's a lot of interpretation of that these are the data points,
59:09 This is also measuring filtering and then to match the and then when you
59:17 to you can be one you have you have like these measurements you know
59:34 was going here and there. It's sometimes you know it with a a
62:17 it a. That was just Yeah I owe you. Well I
65:17 20. Yeah I think it was a thing because so I was you
66:58 year and your. Yeah think and I think a very precise page you
69:23 from the magnetic anomaly right? However want. So it's gonna be a
69:46 unfortunate. So I guess it would , I mean you might be able
69:52 find that there's a relationship. Hopefully I hear from the middle. I
69:58 honestly. Yeah. Like yeah, next car is gonna be on the
70:37 again. Just the one. Oh . They look like old. Nice
70:52 . Yeah. Good. Were you to get your, yeah. So
71:03 can get access to the library? . I usually go there to get
71:11 I can access with, but but yeah, I took a picture
71:28 my uploaded online. I would say . Yeah, I went in there
71:38 same day that I got my It was very nice. It was
71:46 to see there are some, not the two years since I've seen a
71:55 of office series, like okay, can just come. How does the
72:09 here compared to the campus? It's , but it's not the old
72:18 Like this one was from 19 right? My from 1946. So
72:26 was all the rock. But I say that though. It's about the
72:35 and I would say that authorities, just protect. Yeah. You
72:47 it's really, yeah, it's just a, they're going to do
72:55 but I mean the buildings just kind falling apart. It's old things.
73:04 a bit on this one. it's beautiful. Yeah. Yeah,
73:17 the trash cans like this screen on ceiling, water reefs and stuff.
73:26 , that shape. But we're getting I'm sorry we're talking about the
73:35 S. U. Library. Um just in really bad shape like
73:41 lots of water leaks. They got cover the books and stuff.
73:54 So you may have, well, why these risk bases subsides, Why
74:02 there subsided? Why don't we form impression? And the reason he finds
74:17 that is because of. Sorry about . So I just to see its
74:30 a equilibrium. So what does that ? That means that if you're above
74:47 certain depths in the earth, maybe , you know, somewhere in the
74:54 fair, what we say is that of rocks? A bowl fits her
75:01 death is um column of rock here the column of rocks here must have
75:10 say Wait for a bath on the bath. So there's a gravitational
75:19 So if you're in a place on . Um Well let me, let
75:24 show it to you and then I'm go from there. It's based on
75:35 idea. It's one of the oldest properties. Know our comedians points.
75:43 the idea crushed his boy. I keep interrupting all the time.
75:56 okay. So in other words, you're in the Himalayas and you add
76:09 the mouth all the rocks between the of the earth and say, 100
76:14 steps, it is the same as you're in the Netherlands and you add
76:20 , that mouth has to be the . There's not an excess of
76:27 there's an excess of mass. What see is that your column of rocks
76:31 gonna move up or down. So is why we have mountains and
76:35 That's a really bad explanation. That's show it. And then it becomes
76:39 here. So what I'm going to you this here, we have proportion
76:47 mental atmosphere and on top of it have a proportion of first. So
76:53 is cursed. This is mental. , this is here that layer,
77:01 course those rocks, they have a roll, row seat de on the
77:09 , we have a layer of mental with a density roll up the crust
77:17 a thickness C. And the atmosphere of the personal part in the mental
77:23 , in part as a thickness So we're gonna call this normal little
77:37 . No gravitation gravitational equilibrium means that total weight of this column is probably
77:44 same as the total weight of the that I call that sketch towards the
77:48 first arise, I'm gonna sketch fuller has a thicker crust. Maybe because
77:54 in the mountain range, the L. A. House. The
77:58 of the rocks is the same row and then underneath it we again have
78:04 layer of mental little straight rocks grow . Eventually grow up. So here
78:11 have a sicker crush. So maybe is a mountain or a mountain
78:19 Alright, so the this thickness here less the thickness of the crust.
78:28 . So there's a little bit of sicknesses here and we call that
78:34 M. It's gonna be the height the mountain. And then we're gonna
78:39 a little bit of extra sickness here call it a product. H.
78:44 the height of the roots of the . The mountains roots. Right?
78:48 may have heard of that how? Let's see because the earth is in
78:56 equilibrium. Are consultation of equilibrium. means that the weight of the must
79:04 The density is the cruelest. Let's what I took here is say 2800
79:11 prosper you And the density of the atmosphere something like 3300 kg for
79:18 And it's between these two columns. , first discussed. Mental is
79:23 So what does this mean of If this column should weigh the same
79:29 this column. The following should be case. C times Rosie l minus
79:41 . Don't throw it at. It's way they look towards the left
79:48 So that should be the same. the way it's all right. So
79:53 the plus H. M. Times plus H. R. Time
80:07 Close L minus I. S. . R. Times program right?
80:28 this around. If you get a with the height of the roots of
80:34 mountain. Hr and the height of mountain. Hmm. You don't have
80:46 learn any of this by heart. is just to see how we can
80:51 you like this. So this is relationship between the thickness of the roots
80:55 the mountain and the height of the range. So let's call it whatever
81:01 can call it. High mountain. . So we can fill these numbers
81:12 . We don't. 2800. We that that's instrumental 3300. Let's
81:19 We're looking at the mountain range is one kilometers high. So that could
81:23 the Appalachians today. Something like If you fill in these numbers,
81:28 would calculate with this um equation that roots underneath, Appalachians will be 5600
81:37 . The answer, this gives you relationship between the height of a mountain
81:41 the based on questions about this. then we're gonna go to the example
81:54 a rift zone, continental rift sentimental atmosphere has been this. So
82:03 left column stays the same and the color is now uh a continent's So
82:12 the continental we said it's a So I'm gonna sketch a thin crust
82:19 . It is. This is rose it. We have mental. And
82:34 top of it, I'm not a layer of water like maybe a les
82:43 that can also be like sediment layer sediments with the layoff of water for
82:51 . So this let your father has thickness W this new crystal layer as
83:00 sickness of see the original layer minus layer minus This. Here now is
83:08 instead of 1st -M. So here have sent Crist. Okay so we
83:19 calculate now how much um you know much science there has been w as
83:27 result of this thing. So we're do the same trick, we're going
83:31 say that the way it is, column towards the left is the same
83:34 the the right. So the weight coming towards. That's again the C
83:40 Rosie close L minus C times Ecause whatever is going on towards the
83:48 . So like towards the rice we a water layer where the density of
83:53 road water plus we have a crystal . So c minus m minus
84:00 Times. That was the first. we have that mantle layer. So
84:05 is now L minus C plus m be sure for this around. And
84:13 we get a relationship between the the water layer which is basically the
84:21 central place and everything else. Rosie throw every over W minus rosie.
84:33 that is how much the bowl has up because the so you can fit
84:41 these numbers again, we know Rosie Ro M 3300. That's the border
84:48 gonna take is 1000 helicopter per So just make everything simple and maybe
84:56 is a region in which we see the model has come up four kilometers
85:01 m. That corresponds to a risk or water gaps here issued, everything
85:09 filled in with water of 1111 So in other words, if the
85:16 has been since it's about four the risk base is gonna be about
85:21 m people without filling in itself. you know as well. Yeah.
85:29 if you send the crest at uh you end up previous space, you've
85:38 the first, you end up it's because of now the story is
85:44 simple. You can come up with things that are very simple in the
85:48 , but that's the general idea. see that questions about this.
86:03 so come back to this in quite lot of detail. Oh, let
86:11 see, I use a different, , so you use a different
86:24 I can see you say or in , I just use a very
86:29 I just say that the is equal elevation times uh ratio of the load
86:39 the density contrast. Plus, you , you know, my at the
86:50 Tony watch says is 33 kilometers. it's good enough for Tony. It's
86:56 enough for me. And then I , you know, just the load
87:03 the ratio times of elevation and it's a, it's all this,
87:10 this works with that. I'm sure of these terms, it's all,
87:19 all calculating. I mean your, contrast is built into this and then
87:24 just whatever you want numbers you want put in for the load.
87:32 alright folks, we're gonna move Um, how am I gonna get
87:38 ? Let me think. Right. this whole idea that rift zones are
87:49 with stretching or extension of religious fear how we think about it that we
87:56 those simple sketch, we do those calculations on the board that we just
88:01 for mountain rage. And So much this work was the fact that people
88:07 in the 1970s, so very long ago. And one of the major
88:13 who worked on this as a name , they will say this name,
88:19 person is called Dan McKenzie. I he's still alive. He's very old
88:24 . Uh, he's still alive. he is from England. And when
88:30 was studying geology, he looked a at the White Robin in Germany at
88:37 North sea Robin next to England, are narrow. So a lot of
88:44 work that was based on the results were next to his doors that
88:50 So that explains why later on when looking at americans doing the same
88:54 they came up with different stories. the guys called Dan McKenzie and he
88:59 one of the first people to recognize rift zones are caused by extension of
89:04 fear. So earlier on there were geologists and sold maybe the drift zones
89:10 related to compression of the little So he said, no, it's
89:15 , and this is why. So came up with a simple idea that
89:18 using today. So he calls this his landmark paper some remarks on the
89:24 of sedimentary basins, and um the is called McKenzie. So we call
89:29 the Mackenzie model for rift basins. that's why when you looked at
89:35 you saw somewhere McKenzie heat flow, is the guy. Um and so
89:40 he felt that it just sketched on board going up going down, that's
89:44 his idea. So he published this in 1978 and that's why it's called
89:59 , If there was a Nobel So, earth sciences, he may
90:03 been a really good candidates. I is somebody I would have selected.
90:10 no Nobel prize for science is so surprises for us. We changed to
90:16 or physics. Um Yeah, but is how famous the guys, he's
90:22 , so I'm sure he'll has met as well. I've met him,
90:25 like a super friendly guy that sits in the front of the room is
90:30 respectful, soft spoken, really Yeah, the giants, but because
90:40 loud, right? It's not that has a loud voice or big mouth
90:43 anything like that giant because it's very, very, you know,
90:48 . So. Alright, so he's guy that first came up with all
90:53 ideas that even today are used you know, petroleum industry.
90:59 So he made a smaller for So in his model, the latest
91:03 occurs fundamental stretched instantaneously so rapidly with of data. Exactly what we're talking
91:10 sending off the little sphere with data in instantaneous or ice aesthetic subsidence.
91:16 way we sketched it on the boards further subsidence occurs at the slowly
91:24 So what is not in that picture is if you look deeper inside of
91:31 , you will see that here might here. But after rifting its
91:39 And that's right, it's not on schedule with more precisely. And that
91:44 he says is so terrific stocks. the system pulls down, you're gonna
91:51 down this entire risk basis when you down rocks, you increase their
92:02 And if you increase the density of rocks, you basically compact this so
92:08 water layer will become larger. There be a little bit of silence.
92:12 that's what you said there. That's those forests. So further some silence
92:16 your rift basin occurs. Well, take a look at this picture
92:26 You have a crust overlying a mental of the little sphere towards the
92:34 You can see the geo throw the depth suppression that goes with that 0°
92:39 the surface, certain under degrees at base of the little sphere. So
92:43 sketched these figures before and that's where is again. This is the Mackenzie
92:49 . Then there's stretching of the little within the cursed within the mental portion
92:54 the lettuce fear. You see that widen it, you stretch it and
92:58 see in it the new sickness of little sphere is the old little fear
93:04 . The fighting by the stretching factor . Does that make sense? All
93:11 underneath the little sphere, he has the festina sphere, starting with a
93:16 sphere. And what you can see from the upper figure, which is
93:20 rifting to the lower figure, which during or after rifting. Is that
93:25 first test since the mental portion of little sphere has since. And the
93:29 tina sphere has welled up underneath the sphere. The geo term that goes
93:36 that is sketched towards the right. the same as we sketched on the
93:40 . So, because the little industry is a much smaller and shallower
93:45 you see that there's certain degree Celsius is reached at shallower that's here than
93:51 . So you have higher heat flow the basin. The lower figure shows
93:58 happened a long time later, maybe million years later. So they all
94:03 that these systems don't win 100 million , but maybe 50 million years.
94:07 think it's very reasonable. So let's that. So he calls his time
94:12 to infinity. But we could okay, tens of millions of years
94:16 , tens of millions of years when the rift system starts to cool
94:21 , the chris sickness does not It was since it's not gonna thicken
94:26 itself. Right? But for this change is the thickness of this little
94:31 . So the little fear of Fear boundary is an isil syrup.
94:35 if you cool the whole system this isil servant become deeper and
94:39 So eventually you end up with a , it's still a thinner crust,
94:46 a mental atmosphere that has sickened to original depth. And here's the corresponding
94:53 service. Alright, question for you clear, right? Tell me something
95:02 the heat flow and the upper the central panels, and the lower
95:07 what it is. High, low . We don't know the heat flow
95:19 goes into the sedimentary basin that'll form or maybe at the surface of the
95:24 . So here, here and What's going on? Yeah,
95:33 So normal in the first one. panel. Before anything happens, you
95:37 a normal heat flow and then you work thing. What's gonna happen?
95:43 . Is gonna grow up, You bring this warm little steamy affair
95:47 to shallower depths. So you're gonna more heat into the system and then
95:52 time later. Cool. Just started like constantly down. So when the
96:08 started to cool down, the whole goes down, the heat flow goes
96:12 , Right? So the heat flow down. It was highest here and
96:16 . It has gone down. Maybe this level. I don't think it
96:20 matters. We don't really know. it has gone down. Yeah.
96:27 questions about this. All right. was thinking the last word. It's
96:41 . Why do you think it's All right. Okay. So,
96:59 gonna show the next slide knowing that may not make much sense.
97:06 maybe I shouldn't show it. We're skip shouting on the board.
97:13 unfortunately, account sketch on this. ? You try. I was very
97:44 special networks that work control about So you're here. But if I
97:57 them on the work, they don't anything. Yeah. You know
98:14 Alright? We'll do on the It's okay. Yeah, it's
98:28 I just hope I thought maybe you know during the lunch break.
98:36 All right. We'll do it Okay? So, when we are
98:44 , let's see. So, during you form these normal falls right in
98:52 first. Maybe I come here. in the curse. It's in the
98:57 ISMs here and to hold from the . Aesthetic calculations that as a result
99:04 that he gets some science on the and inform this depression where space like
99:13 filled in the So let's make a diving on emotional to access subsided all
99:27 vertical axis and inside the past And the presence is towards the
99:41 Alright. So when resting starts, start out, stay here. We're
99:49 look at the point here in the . So when this thing starts,
99:56 gonna say that this subsides to service sides correct to agree to extend this
100:04 . Uh science. Now, I I'm So that's what's gonna happen.
100:20 you. When I start to make back up with the deposition of material
100:24 . Exactly, that's gonna happen, . You're right about that. It's
100:32 something else is compact. So during the horses right to bring this editor
100:38 boundary, maybe there's a control mechanism magnetism, the heuristic source, all
100:45 ends. So the system is going cool down as a result of the
100:50 down there will first be more It's very regrettable, but there will
100:56 a little bit more inside. So is because when you cool down the
101:00 , you increase the density and as result of that, you subscribe to
101:04 little bit further. So this first subsidence that's related to it's, you
101:15 , the normal faults form stretch. this is the rift related subsidence.
101:23 party. Currently this is followed. rift songs by the face which we
101:30 maybe a cooling face or a thermal . Space. It takes slower.
101:37 slower. But it's still ongoing. rift face of sub sciences. Faster
101:58 faces of science is slower. It's a remarkable difference. The technology is
102:06 process cooling. The thermal process is slower. So this year is a
102:15 science curve for a rift zone. could also call it a geo history
102:22 . What may be a burial history . But this is subsided skirt,
102:28 you call it. So, that's effect of the rifting. It has
102:35 effect of the cooling. And then top of that, you fit in
102:38 basement settlement. Right? So, also the settlement is included. So
102:44 initial silence when you form the phones rift and then when the system cools
102:51 , you know, dies down. have cooling. All right now,
103:01 gonna sketch one more. One more curve in here. So, this
103:06 is gonna be like to the one , one goes deeper than the
103:19 Which one of these is associated with batter factor of 1.2. Which one
103:26 these is associated with the bad effects 2.0. Yeah, solid live
103:42 It's great sex. Yeah. The you stretch the war is the worst
103:51 silence you have, the more cooler will have later on. Because more
103:57 that's convenient. You see that more stretch the work is in the worst
104:02 science excellence. If all right they are. 1st 1st base if
104:23 supplying sketched here, which is rapid by the slower thermal Cooley And then
104:32 this has four for curves drawn on . Um, the larger stretching factors
104:41 be at the bottom, the smaller factor should be all right. Here
104:49 are. Now, let's get something on the boat. Yes. So
105:07 just this sided scourge two decks or on the critical access time towards the
105:17 day access. This is the one just sketched something like that.
105:26 let's take a look at the Rio rift or the east african rift there
105:30 say real. So the real The rift started extending about 30 million
105:39 ago and it's still extending today. up to today, it extends to
105:45 a millimeter a year. It's but it's still extending. Let's put
105:51 numbers into this graph. So started about 30 million years ago. So
105:57 means that this point here was built 30 million acres and it's still expanding
106:04 because it's still expanding today. It is in the face. So present
106:11 , I think would be somewhere around makes sense right now. If you
106:26 at the real society skirt of a zone, these rift zones, he
106:31 it a little bit early before never fall. Maybe another false front
106:36 . This one becomes active again. , this line is often not a
106:41 line, but it often does something this. So it has spaces with
106:48 wreckage. Science alternating with face, slower subsided. So there's more complexity
106:54 the curve. But I think you the point right, Okay, so
106:59 the rio grande rift on, they be looking at something that looks like
107:05 . Now, let's take an Helpful. Let's take a look at
107:12 the US East coast, US East is horrific margin that forms after rifting
107:24 then break up forming off the atlantic . So the US East coast was
107:30 attached to africa in europe before the to break up with. So let's
107:37 a for us east coast, we at some point sometimes subsiding. We
107:44 know what it looks like. And there was summer pudding. So this
107:52 the face. This here, it's continental breakup. Okay, that's
108:10 And this here trying to write this break up. Okay, that makes
108:28 . So we could turn this around the exams, I can give you
108:36 subsidence kerf. Maybe it looks like one or it looks something like
108:44 And I can tell you, is marching, Can you point out on
108:50 curve like this? You have to up or curve? Would you agree
109:02 the base points this points or maybe of sports. That's right. Faith
109:52 so the words inside the vertical axis subsided. So many risks of areas
110:03 Earth, they are they are extended times production time. So the marches
110:09 the atlantic oceans, they may have a little bit 200 million years
110:14 then a little bit 150 million years . This would be often seen in
110:19 . So the science curve may look like this. Okay, first
110:24 So you have to face nothing much , so you have to put it
110:28 another phase of subsidence, pulling down . So you can recognize that in
110:34 shape of this curve. You see ? Alright, so this is a
110:44 subsiding skirt for a rift or rift arches and arches. This curve,
110:54 geo history or the value of history been affected the settlements included in
111:00 If you would remove the effect of sediment loads, the shape of the
111:03 would have changed much but it would less deep, something like that.
111:10 of those which is that base down , if you remove that affect this
111:15 what you get. So this one gonna call variable history or geo history
111:25 making total silence. This curve here the sediment load revolved collect tectonic silence
112:31 the fault may be active for billions years and then it's supposed to become
112:36 active. Maybe another fault over there active here. So you you see
112:42 you know sometimes more sometimes science, very difficult for how these basis behave
113:12 a more complex manner. Alright, more before we go back to the
113:23 . So we have not. So I show you a science curve you
114:34 by looking at the shape, be to say this is the type of
114:41 . I hope. Now let's take look at the time scale. So
115:08 cooked on the basis of a 100 questions about this. So I guess
116:04 um 30 million years, 2030 million . It's very difficult in Europe.
116:21 have to write $5 but they also for tens of millions of years.
116:32 those are scary. Normal ranges. . Thanks. No. And you
116:49 it. Right. So different from else. It's okay. No.
116:58 right. So what I was gonna to do next and we can do
117:03 on the porch. Some I want start talking about back stripping. So
117:10 are all when you talk talk about curves we call them geo history first
117:17 burial history first for you know total curse. Those are all different words
117:28 the same thing. So these they are the tectonic process or whatever
117:35 cost the basic science science for Tiktaalik . And I said before we can
117:53 separate our effective settlement those and then just is called. And that's the
118:12 project that I want to address. we get Yeah. Huh? Um
118:51 just need to find. Okay let's . Alright, I'm gonna do it
119:42 this. You know, remarks I something. A copy of the
120:12 I'm also gonna give you a copy case it's gonna be messing on the
120:23 . It's part of the right I just straight right back stripping.
120:43 the next week. So again, have some kind of atomic process.
120:53 forms or sedimentary base may be strange Proust. And as a result of
121:01 , we start to form a normal and a little bit of a
121:20 It's gonna be in events come from the place where they fit in the
121:32 . Doesn't matter what it sold for that they support for every space.
121:39 what we sold go to the settlements the settlements. They don't fresh,
121:47 have they have they don't risk. they down so as a it's gonna
121:56 a sign issue simultaneously with it was different time, it gets stolen,
122:09 space the best or you end up a space with a deep thing.
122:20 invest in us. We have that's there's not enough settlements available to fill
122:31 that space. So you end up a very low price. But that
122:37 in the it's for L. So simultaneous but it's not always that you
122:44 enough service to film. No Their segments here, you create quite
122:55 this accommodation space, right? So start drifting, you form a
123:02 You create a little bit of the . Maybe this is how it starts
123:08 . Its tiny depression. That impression all sides. Maybe erode of fear
123:16 the transport don't always have enough elements . The entire space has been created
123:26 bases under field. There just looks filled up with basically depression. Something
123:41 you have a lot of. It's in the case of that family,
123:50 not enough settlements and there's not enough . So, it's just if you
123:56 see that. All right. She don't have all the settlements that
124:04 like. Um Makes sense. I understand. You don't have a father
124:13 no topography and that's what that study . Come. Alright anyways, when
124:22 have some first there mom, they're more subsided. Will be filled with
124:31 . So the science of every space settlements do something like this space.
124:53 the lower curve here, rich Again, we pull very long history
124:59 um jewish truth. Yeah. Uh . A total subsided. It has
125:12 without sentiments. We're gonna talk about time now to go from the lower
125:21 towards the We like the idea of . Before we go here. one
125:33 . Um So geologists are interested in exercise. There's so many weeks because
125:42 pure. It gives us a better about tectonics that form the basis.
125:48 was pure. They get a better of the heat. That's reasons.
125:54 people want to know this tectonic Alright, let me finish. You
126:02 want a few minutes break right away we started this video special.
126:20 so think I like sugar but that tastes horrible. Yes, for
127:46 it doesn't so much so I can you enough and I opened the point
128:08 let's not let's not do it so it looks like you got it
128:13 work but there's still something flow, ? It's too bad, they should
128:26 it. Okay. Yes, Yeah, so this but what is
129:35 ? I interesting everything inside max These are so I have many trips
132:00 unanimous with someone phoenix in the center I put this layer of um you
132:10 spiced holding it doesn't exist, it . Oh really? Yeah, three
132:21 Oh yeah. Mhm. Here so have the but the nutrition and calories
132:33 peanuts, but then you have this really nice taste of completely overwhelms the
132:39 of the peanut of the calling. it's like it it's an energy people
132:47 I really know it's addicting because it's face, you know it's so it
132:53 really nice spices. So these spices like in the Netherlands is mostly emissions
133:12 then they come in different so um ones like yellowish more and then the
133:22 and then those things differently so then start affecting the that Okay, what
133:42 of food business from my home So are you from, are you
133:50 Amsterdam or Rotterdam or No, my . mr Okay. How many
134:08 I I my brain has so much which have Right, it's kind of
134:21 know everything else. Yeah, because mean my senses said those people it's
134:30 a national pastime. I mean most in yeah, that looks so
134:40 you know, I don't know what mother told me, it's just so
134:46 it came to this country the first realize you have to say and reading
134:57 the language and for me personally pushed . So I was sorry and pushed
135:04 all away to have to I just myself, yes, truckee chest is
135:20 bad like so I've seen people speaking good impression but speak english just a
135:59 but a lot of times I speak well I yeah, it's amazing.
136:09 can just I wish I could say hundreds of languages in India,
136:22 I mean, so what part of what what But so tres capital is
136:38 Right. Yeah, that's fun. you're on the other side of the
136:54 , I think can you handle each in other second match, wow.
137:17 thing, it's a big city therefore them too. I mean which one
137:32 which was close to, let's see you're close to what that's the one
137:38 closest to. What is it? , so by northwest china and south
137:50 L. A. Oh right, . Alright, so this is how
138:11 looking forward so much here. stressful because we had earlier yesterday.
138:18 it is, it is the Now graphic form. This is too
138:37 So again, we can get it , data or geologists also part of
138:42 stress together. So this is what starting off with. So at first
138:50 is putting this strength product together In 2nd step, we're gonna remove all
138:59 layers except for the oldest those like of basement. So um of All
140:06 , you got it? All right , this is the latest goal except
140:10 the oldest one. Here, it . Next step what we're gonna
140:19 We're gonna in compact. It's all . So this is what it looks
140:34 one of the posters and it was compacted yet. All right.
140:56 we're gonna shoe to see if I get early this morning and from the
141:10 we're going to calculate. But the space loss that the settlement layer was
141:17 to take. Sorry to be un to work on the issues. It's
142:03 of surveillance. What's the positive sense some kind of space that was created
142:11 a tectonic process And that's a course society and the settlements fit in this
142:21 . You're gonna scare the space? ? So why is the accommodation space
142:28 despite its total process. So that be drifting for the base patrol the
142:37 or whatever poses the repression and the . So this layer of sediments feels
142:50 this space when settlements are being they're not compact yet perfection. So
142:59 sediment layer was deposited in this amount explanation space that are gonna call wide
143:07 gonna call it because the rest of human beings called that way. We
143:28 this sickness. We know that today's of the layer of substance in a
143:33 hold issuing a perfection. That relation are all out in the literature.
143:41 we know that this layer of silence positive. We know this layer without
143:46 density. We know that the original we can make it equal to this
143:53 to write and then the variety only would be the sickness of why if
144:00 assume that this is filled in with or we can say this wave of
144:06 because so that's what we're gonna do so far because I have to raise
144:19 . Yeah, alright, for a bit more complex than this. That's
144:27 I have to release this. So is the basics of. Alright,
144:40 almost a detail. Um So I here the layer of water sending that
144:55 actually in the ocean. But you know is Singapore changes over time that
145:05 face on earth. Our temperatures were . Sea level was higher at face
145:10 was lower. There was high stakes example. So we need to take
145:14 into account. So yesterday is asked the look at this. So um
145:24 know you two did zero the only 78 and you had some that you
145:31 on that's what's important. You will the top of the equation. Uh
145:40 so now I'm gonna write I'm gonna the way it is common equal to
145:45 way this common. But the way gonna ride it on the board is
145:49 it's so people use slightly different um you know annotation and slightly different um
146:02 . So here is the layer of . It's a density rho water
146:10 Here is our deep affected player role and under these is is the basement
146:20 basement access. Alright. The water has a thickness W. D.
146:52 of course chicken side the sea level change and the phone is sketches like
146:58 , this is changing sea level, up the valley sea level. So
147:05 top of that you know this could Delta S. L. C.
147:11 change people think that into account that's it's a petrol motor. What are
147:24 ? Now lay of shadows. The factors has a thickness. Sorry and
147:34 just using here with everybody else is . And then below here we have
147:40 base basements. Now we're gonna say this layer of compacted servants was positive
147:57 top of the basement and again the is like different. So here again
148:03 the basement and on top of it accommodation space available than settlements for for
148:19 philosophic water water. And on top here is So this layer of because
148:45 is here on top of the All right. Well the sketch is
149:04 here because this is something into the . So this year this expedition space
149:16 y is like a switch below. . Yes. And this year this
149:41 here is equal S. Star. phonographs find this Delta mind is why
149:55 ? As sorry? Again be Tell them this. Okay, now
150:30 we're doing this for divorce, I'm make two simplifications. Number one is
150:36 going to say that we go to level variations. So I'm gonna put
150:40 zero. It's not just going to it on the board because I don't
150:45 to have to deal with. And gonna put the water. That
150:50 I'm gonna make it zero. So also wanna say, okay the
150:53 But just to make the equation issue myself, it's not important. But
151:00 so you know, so of course of the they're just not on the
151:06 . Because the next thing we do we're gonna say you have to see
151:16 the color towards the left raises as as the towards the right to left
151:22 right. So if we write it , people again grow as grow w
151:31 of unique zero basement basement. And make this equal to the first
151:38 And we shift those numbers grounds. get an equation that interest the value
151:45 Y which is the accommodation space available be through the settlements as a function
151:53 . And this term here wrote as roby basements over other minus robi.
152:15 we would not have to ignore sita another death, we would have had
152:20 extra terms. I'm just not gonna correct. That's fit into numbers.
152:42 gonna say os settlement. These are numbers because it makes everything easy go
152:59 Is basically advanced. 1st. 2800 kg from you. And an
153:07 of order is a 1000. Just the number when you compact settlements.
153:24 density of the elementary. We're gonna this here because it makes everything
153:31 Your basic everything. Okay? Alright I'm gonna remove everything except for this
153:58 . Never gonna go through the example I think I got it for you
154:16 so that the numbers are the So my example here has slightly different
154:24 . I'm just gonna go back to long that you have. Yes we
154:30 you for this equation. Why again us the accommodation space that was used
154:37 the elements to be positive. And accommodation space why is to resolve the
154:47 process. Remember as rise. Right now especially here that we're gonna back
154:59 so we have basements here at the . And then here we have stress
155:05 with four layers 123 and four. we have 44 7. Like now
155:16 layers have sickness 15 other meters 1000 1500 m X two sells papers and
155:28 they also have ages. Um So is say 20 million years 30 40
155:36 . I just made it easy. So she's wrong. Okay so the
155:43 circuit work the first step all the packages except for the lower most
155:51 And then we're going to be compact . So when I left the lower
155:55 package and it's stressful. Today it's m. If we d compacted and
156:02 assume that the compaction happens with 50% going to be compact to a
156:09 That is 3000 m makes sense. if we issue that infection, It's
156:27 observation. Now we now have everything for our little equation here. So
156:35 know that the the compacted settlements in is 3000 m. Just place that
156:40 . You know, all these necessities the sandstone or whatever this material is
156:46 on the water and the basement we the equation and we guess why equals
156:53 43 years. So that means that package was the positive in accommodations
157:01 That was thousands about the south of . So this is tectonic societies,
157:10 tectonic process that caused this accommodation space this much accommodation spaces filled. So
157:21 gonna sketch uh axis and then we a couple of times points 6030 million
157:35 ago. my years ago. And first points, this is 1000 years
157:50 1,043 m. I don't know what . So maybe 60 year. So
157:56 just put it in 1000 43 years . First point Questions so far right
158:12 we're gonna go to the next day two and this layer number two is
158:18 be in compacted and number one, later number 20 years player, number
158:27 layer number compact. So it will back to its 2000 years. So
158:34 years become 2000 m. This is now we're gonna put laying over two
158:45 top of it. The so the number two is strengthened 15. That's
158:55 point Right Now we're gonna do we're gonna fit in this equation we
159:02 as star, we know all these it calculated and that's a why the
159:10 books the position of this layer of , years. That is a 2nd
159:35 . So now I'm gonna go on and number two is gonna compact when
159:42 add later, number three and number now is the people. So it's
159:50 numbers is going to be added to . We're going to be the
159:56 So this goes back to the And compacted layer, number three is also
160:09 . We're going to do the same filling this situation again, we get
160:13 next point on which is about 1700 four away here. I'm just also
160:21 the last 4-300. So we perhaps quotes we have now calculated the tectonic
160:33 history, teutonic society that belongs to here. Now what's wrong? We
160:46 change. We ignored all the decks compacted for seven days. But did
160:53 change the density? So we have simple because it's all you can imagine
160:58 the can easily include all those That's how it's calculated. So when
161:05 look at a streakers curve and the program sketches, it's a curve.
161:16 is what questions so far just I mean water water depth and the
161:25 one. So over when you add correct? So you may have more
161:44 but you're also yesterday you produce this history, you move that there's another
161:59 . And for me, so if have the water layer on top of
162:09 , you can fill this water Okay, it matters. Yeah.
162:51 . So it's basically it's almost a first problem. So when I tell
162:58 that this is the that we got our space on this important, then
163:07 might be able to estimate stretch That creates this society basically going backwards
163:16 multiple and so forth. We know um without stretching factors to curve may
163:23 like this construction factor is 1.5. in other words, um when I
163:31 you a curve, you can go and say okay stretching. So if
163:42 do not still correctly, your your 2.5 colour on average for those.
164:20 you can just, so if you do this in real life work,
164:27 you only have everything working. You to be right with, You know
164:34 ages needs to be done. You imagine if you do not know this
164:39 12, you don't know where your are. So you're gonna be wrong
164:45 , you need to know your water you see that because they're also the
164:49 that where your other results, So you might push it down into
164:53 oil window or brought up, it's matter. All these things are gonna
165:04 . And this is very simply explains Master Industrials when you looked yesterday when
165:24 was slowly calculations gave you an right? And I think for
165:29 I said I need to go to , it starts with the bass player
165:33 work your way up towards the So that's why you know when you're
165:38 at what it spits it out on screen, you need to get to
165:42 it so that it was doing the of pressure temperature. And so what
166:06 see one of those very quickly that's but then it feels about how
166:19 fill it up here with these different . That's what it does is it
166:24 the first time step is doing the second series of steps, it
166:29 add calculated again. High pressure varies happening, perfection is gonna add a
166:37 layer. So you find time in program marches of work like that makes
166:45 . Right. Start with performs you it completely. That's why speaking and
167:04 does so so it's you know, changes but it is dependent on so
167:39 compaction curves. So so so the are Some 20% shield that specially
167:55 See a destiny. You can choose . There's efforts in their sense though
168:02 persons feel so those are closed. also other like libraries, quality
168:11 This can be specific or whatever it be really specified. Sure.
168:24 But so that is available but that can be sands different areas or different
168:36 or or that compact in a different or that or you know they have
168:44 brain size, mixed grain size that's there. So there's different compaction.
168:49 those. So when you click all pathology, you decide to mount a
168:57 sandstone. It's going to grab one those libraries that gives the best team
169:03 , all those relationships. This allows to see. Yeah, saying now
169:20 they do. So I I think to be honest on my close to
169:35 when I was school, yeah, I was in grad school I did
169:40 mental right, so much cheaper But that became better network much better
169:48 I learned systems based and so when was in other courses and felt and
169:56 learned this like, so okay from house. No, I had some
170:37 , I replace courses of myself. I negotiated that of course has
170:50 But anyway, so it's cool. think it's cool stuff and it's
170:55 So started people picked it up because was the the mental looks part beneath
171:09 crust when you break up, it to because it's that's right. That's
171:35 big problem. A so it's not have to change. So maybe or
171:55 , it's not a it's a your . And so this this is what
172:17 whether it's right or it was all always is. So it's a pretty
172:28 practice. Everybody everybody. So if using, so I've been to 18
172:38 , people present something like this. don't play everybody knows what about somebody
172:48 don't explain, but everybody knows. this terminology is super basic. So
172:54 you talk about the organic carbon for everybody industry knows the basic terminology.
173:02 is just part of it. You see it flow that all these
173:11 Yeah. So some companies, it's on the same, maybe they bring
173:30 more negative found some expects more important offers and they can do it,
173:38 ? So this is not, it's to you. So maybe complex,
173:42 this is not rocket science, you us, you can do the first
173:45 . So you can mention if you a computer program in quotes, you
173:50 go pretty far and this, you need a scientist. So we have
173:57 that specializes in their basic modeling. often have the proof that the larger
174:03 . Yeah, you can imagine basically what you need. You need
174:09 an exploration of rails and then you start. That's different. Only thing
174:14 need, you can start So this cheap, you don't have to drill
174:21 wells. One person. Just these papers that were published. Okay,
174:36 you later. The survey of The basic knowledge. Yeah, there's
174:51 . sure. Alright. Because are okay with going further in the power
175:13 . Um So I am gonna I'm gonna talk about a few more
175:25 related to this McKenzie model or Mackenzie model because some of these simplifications are
175:32 , otherwise other ones have been Okay, so I'm gonna just go
175:37 a few more. So we notice now, this is like the groups
175:43 rifting phase. Well, it became of a sudden, this is the
175:50 rifting face and then this was the phase. Right, Alright, I'm
175:56 show you now a very simple sketch a rift zone in the Mackenzie stretching
176:04 . This is the crust, this the mental little sphere part, Mental
176:09 sphere, you found it in the the Bauer and others. Um title
176:22 . Present, teacher of basin petroleum modeling and that's a PG 102.
176:29 445. Yeah, I'll send these you guys and then there's another one
176:37 throws a follow up. The first is better by curry. And that
176:40 2019. And those two papers they , they and certainly of the industry
176:52 one trinity was number two In terms being used 2018. So it's a
176:59 bit, but I'll make a note . I'll send you so so far
177:10 only looked at one dimensional models. , and I guess I was just
177:15 like how many, you know, samples would you need to feel
177:22 I mean, I guess every scenario be different. But yeah, it's
177:26 good question. If you have Well in one basin, you can
177:31 say, you can only say based the well. Yeah. Right.
177:35 you need to be careful not to over interpret things and say,
177:38 this is what the whole basin looks . Yeah. Um, so you
177:43 like to have more wealth or a and a seismic line or a well
177:48 a few seismic lines to have a idea. Right? So it's a
177:52 good question. You have one. , you can only say this
177:56 Um, that's a really good point you have so limited data.
178:01 but it says, tells you Right? It's, it is,
178:04 can imagine it's the start of the basically. Exactly. We're looking here
178:18 . Yeah, exactly that's really good realize. Yeah. So two dimensional
178:27 you can make in petrol model and other ways in soft fair either from
178:31 series of warmly wells that in petrol you can connect to each other.
178:36 not gonna do that here because it it may take weeks. Right?
178:40 that is one way you could do the other way, you can do
178:43 if you have a well and you a seismic line right next to it
178:46 a seismic line will give you the section idea, right? Two
178:51 So that's another way you can do . Yeah, so we don't have
178:56 for that. But you can imagine in the software that's here, the
179:00 D. And two D. Is in the software you can imagine,
179:04 know if you have time in the weeks, I know you don't have
179:07 but you could do that, you figure out how it works. Like
179:13 three dimensional would be seismic cube, ? We here have depths one
179:18 two dimensional is a cross section. that's and the distance three dimensional would
179:24 a cube. Exactly. Yeah. . We still have a little bit
179:34 time. Okay let's talk about some the simplifications and they were brought up
179:39 of them already. So in the stretching model, stretching is uniform with
179:46 . What does that mean if we the cursed with a Factor tools and
179:51 stretching Factor a stretching model, you're gonna stretch the mental with a factor
179:57 tools. Now, we know by at data of the earth, it
180:02 not that simple. The cursed may more in one location and another location
180:08 it. The mental little sphere may more in one location and another
180:13 So it's really simplified, we know simplified. So the real earth,
180:19 say, has depth dependent stretching. other words, with depths, the
180:24 layer at least stretch more here than . A deeper layer maybe stretches
180:29 They're still a deeper layer, may more there, that's it's the earth
180:33 not behave like this. So this the real world, much more
180:38 that's dependent stretching. So stretching factor the cursed in the location may not
180:44 the same as stretching factor of the legis fear, or even within the
180:49 at one place, maybe your upper sent more because you formed a lot
180:53 folds in another place, Maybe your or lower curses sent more. That's
180:58 , it's not that simple. so this is an important simplification allows
181:05 to do this better than we do . Um But you know, keep
181:09 mind um this is not a real , we're gonna look at one example
181:14 , an example in which there is place here, towards the side of
181:20 rift zone where within the Mental little more than the crust. So I'm
181:26 that here, it's not completely directly sketched, but it gives you an
181:32 here. You have um stretching factor of maybe Whatever it is, say
181:41 1.51, Here, that's changed. , so and the mental atmosphere to
181:51 , factor two, maybe here, 1.5. And here it's not stretching
181:56 below. Here is a different situation . I have stretched the mental little
182:01 here more than the crust. since the mental atmosphere more than the
182:07 , when that happens, you start introduce all kinds of complications here.
182:13 you send a mental little sphere more the crust, what you're gonna do
182:18 you're gonna introduce this whole nastiness fear here at rather shallow depths. And
182:24 a result of that, your you're, the surface of the earth
182:29 gonna go up. That creates what call rift shoulders. So, at
182:34 edges of rifts, you often see there's fairly high topography. Some of
182:39 is the result of the faulting. of that is the result of the
182:45 atmosphere not stretching the same as the . Yeah. So this depth dependent
182:51 , which is in real life, complicate things dramatically and we haven't talked
182:56 it yet. So that is just that is important to know. Let's
183:04 , I'm gonna go here. open times when we look at rest
183:11 . Such a step in the North . We see that these rift zones
183:15 a deeper portion with a lot of faulting. But then if you look
183:20 shadow depths, you see that the basin is much broader and there isn't
183:24 faulting going on. So, um other words, there's complexity to these
183:30 basins that is not taken up by original Mackenzie stretching model. So,
183:35 can see that here here, you the deep proportion of a rift basin
183:40 normal faults. You see that you that maybe initial subsidence subsidence that happens
183:47 rifting. Now, this subsidence, saw that earlier, maybe followed by
183:54 the face of cooling and that's cooling occur over a broader area than the
184:01 recipe. So, take a look here, we have the simple Mackenzie
184:06 model, cooling here will occur in region after rifting has ended.
184:12 if this was the real world, we stretch the mental atmosphere over a
184:17 broader area than the crystal was When this system cools down. You
184:23 imagine that you get subsidence in this area. You see that this is
184:29 you had heating up cooling down will there over this entire area.
184:41 delta will be stretching of the mental of the mystery of the deeper
184:49 So, in this particular case here , say, we stretch the mental
184:54 over a much broader area than then stretched the chris. If this here
185:00 down, that's the whole system cools . You can imagine that that extra
185:06 phase of cooling introduces subsided over a broader area than the original rift
185:13 Making sense or not. Doesn't care you Yeah, So you do see
185:35 the mental atmosphere stretched over a much area than the That's one thing.
185:41 you have there's a space problem. , yeah, okay, over a
185:54 area. Okay, so come sketch the boards, go to slides of
186:11 . This one here, I'm gonna you, is that a rift basin
186:18 has a shape like this? We this a steer's head geometry. It
186:22 a name because we also see This is a normal shape of a
186:26 rift basin schools by the following. has the deep proportion of the risk
186:34 formed by normal faulting. When this stretching, you form to risk
186:40 normal risk basin this particular case after and did the whole system cooled
186:49 The mental little sphere was sent over much broader area than the upper
186:53 When that whole system cools down, get the subsidence, that's the result
186:58 the cooling because the mental little sphere stretched over a much broader area,
187:03 heated up over a much broader So when you cool that whole system
187:07 , you create a very wide area the second phase of subsidence. So
187:15 subsidies curve that goes with it. this is what's called initial service in
187:32 part of the base the face. original shows has bad shape part first
187:56 was Christie a land that whole system down the whole system. People tried
188:07 make it a little expensive so you the entire area. So the cross
188:14 . This is a first for your , Christine is blowing all their services
188:22 just some guys system guys out for here we have since mentally this is
188:34 is the basis of fear and remember was an 13 oh God system.
188:47 . So it's that is it's gonna to here world world right? Yeah
189:02 no reason for you to stay. that are heating up a lower density
189:15 cool rough. Who's a pirate fix ? It's just a better relationship to
189:28 invested. So if this all cools these rocks if you think about the
189:40 you have a larger identity here and here this is called the cool down
189:47 . If you think about those column put together if your entire identity here
189:54 density, higher density. So you sign that Increase the density. So
190:06 your here's your second if this density 27 And this is 28 effective this
190:17 called a So from this core now yet they increase in that if that's
190:41 . Take up less space they have gold sometimes and believe it or
190:50 So who loved this whole system increase that with these rocks. You got
190:59 suicide service on the side of the side like this. So you got
191:16 so called and broke down. Should probably create extra accommodation space it's gonna
191:29 filled in that settlement. Yes. this is the shame for for space
191:45 faces that have that you have the roof space and a large debt of
191:53 . The whole system, it's it's that space was filled in its settlements
192:01 called thermal subsided in that picture happened . The base there. So the
192:13 secret spaces where a lot of this system understanding was the federal state of
192:19 that. They are all bad basis they have geometry. So you will
192:25 it everywhere where you're looking at a space Active faces below their in issues
192:34 science that was the access ultimate terrific , normal 40 earthquakes, whatever is
192:40 on. And then on top of artist sediments deposited the horses who don't
192:47 out space. Yeah, I just to tell you this because you might
192:57 this, you might see this often shape like this now in the course
193:01 decades, people have been started to about always should they see the shape
193:07 a risk based, what could cause now. What I was just talking
193:12 that dependent stretching. Speak about how call it for cooling down. That
193:18 how we think, you know, most important reason why this form
193:21 other components that could contribute to I'm just gonna go over it because
193:28 may be working later on with somebody thinks one of the other things is
193:33 important. So I'm just gonna tell some people say, oh maybe this
193:39 sediment practices look like this because there been a rice has gone up,
193:46 to me why they could be thinking . So I'm not saying it's
193:51 It could, it could happen. , So why does that shape of
193:56 basin and how these sediment packages are ? Why could that be um associated
194:04 the rise in sea level? Talk exciting relative to that relationship. How
194:19 if you have a rising global sea , how could that, if you
194:24 this part of the basin, say had a base in first year and
194:30 the whole area was flooded by sea the sea level rose and now it
194:34 like that. Would that make Yeah, it reminds you for short
194:47 . Right. It should remind you a short time. So I'm
194:49 That's that's excellent. It's a good correct. That's what you're thinking
194:56 So you can imagine if this was first rift. Now you rise sea
195:00 all of a sudden you have a sea level here. That's a combination
195:06 can be filled in with sediment. ? So you can put more settlements
195:10 here and as you see lava it floods more of the continents.
195:15 have these hoops unwrapping packages of You see that. So you can
195:21 when people look at this, that what they think. That could be
195:25 explanation and it could be. Now another one. The third one is
195:30 last thing I'm going to talk about lunch called flexion of the little
195:36 So last weekend was a flexion We looked a lot of flexion of
195:40 little sphere, flexion of the little is what you get when you have
195:44 little sphere plate and elastic plate, put a load on it and then
195:48 gonna flex right deflect. Now that could be a sediment load. We
195:55 about volcanoes, we talked about mountain , but sediments are load as
196:00 So what if you have a little plate or an elastic plate? You
196:06 a lot of segments on top of ? The load of sediments associated with
196:11 rift basin, for example, what ST load of sediments, what's going
196:18 happen? It's gonna bend right? gonna bend under the load of the
196:24 . So sedimentary basin look, which the load of sediments on the elastic
196:29 below. It's called a band, plate, the plate is gonna do
196:34 sedimentary basin plate is going to do . So what's gonna happen? You
196:39 a little bit of accommodation space here the edges of your base, You
196:44 that? So people have also thought maybe the load of these settlements,
196:51 that is what causes this this area flex a little bit further. And
196:56 you create some accommodation space that you fill in with sediments. So this
197:04 how people are thinking about this. are trying to come up with explanations
197:09 why dead rift zones look like And these are the explanations that people
197:14 come up with. I hate So yeah, so you may hate
197:22 or not, but this this is people are thinking about before rifting all
197:35 material was hard rocks flexing into the rock. Why is it going to
197:43 the settlement, secondly. Lecture lecture wave. Like this is not a
197:55 wide. Yeah, that's why I it's a good idea because people have
198:07 doing that in the salt and see keep saying that. But no,
198:10 a so the thing is um this how people think about it and it's
198:24 some extent that different generations of different . So earlier on, you
198:30 fletcher was really a hot topic. a lot of people thought about that
198:34 there was a time that the rise global sea level became a hot
198:38 People thought about that, People have been thinking about this, trying to
198:42 it questions. Okay, ready for ? After lunch, we're gonna do
198:56 modeling exercise for the an american We're gonna see how it goes because
199:02 what's most important is that to build model again, it's a new
199:06 et cetera, but it's less important so and then last yesterday, it
199:11 so long to run these models, ? So there used to be one
199:16 . I know it is so so I'm just gonna see how far
199:19 get this oxygen. So we're not stress about it. The most important
199:23 is that you learn to build the . All right,
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