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BIOL 2320_Microbiology for Non-Science Majors - 10_13_22_Lecture
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00:06 Ok folks, let's get started. we call on Tuesday, I was
00:18 giving updates on the game and then knows what happened after I left,
00:22 left here. That was crazy. let's see, so a couple of
00:28 to point out, so remember that unit quiz that starts tomorrow a little
00:34 longer. Okay, so it's more , so you have obviously more time
00:39 complete it. I think it's something 24 questions, I think the
00:46 so that I put this I mentioned the email this morning, but I
00:52 it from monday to Tuesday because the publisher notified me of that
01:00 the sites down for like some kind computer maintenance thing. So I just
01:05 an extra day onto the due date of that. I don't think it
01:08 up the entire saturday, but it up a good a good chunk of
01:12 anyway, so that's why there's a on the due date for that
01:16 Um so today we're going to we we're gonna finish up the last bit
01:22 of viruses number 13 and Getting to , not gonna have an endpoint in
01:31 for for that, so we're not to get through all of it,
01:34 we've got we're ahead of schedule So um we'll finish up the last
01:38 on Tuesday and then um we are to start Unit three on Tuesday,
01:47 I'm actually gonna not that we're gonna ahead of schedule even even more,
01:52 , so we'll start um which would be right here, Start unit
02:01 Okay. And that's with forget what 3 14, chapter 14.
02:08 And you have three. That stuff opened yesterday. So it's all
02:11 Heads up. Chapter 14 is a of terminology. It's really just term
02:18 defined term into Fine, that's a of what 14 is really, especially
02:21 the first half of that. So I think I even made a list
02:25 terms just to kind of uh keep on track with that. But again
02:31 terminal we start getting into basically next . We start getting into here after
02:36 week. And to the end is lot of really just focusing on medical
02:40 of microbiology. So 14 is kind an introduction to that. So you
02:45 a lot of you know talk about and different terminology and well you'll see
02:50 if you haven't already as you go it. So um and then after
02:56 we talk about the immune system. first adaptive and innate immune system and
03:01 um then microbial pathogenesis we get into more and more into how your body
03:09 infection and diseases. Okay, so so really change, you know in
03:15 of what we've been doing. so so let's finish up this last
03:22 . So here there's one thing I on this because I just didn't agree
03:25 what the book was saying and that's they put HIV and you know,
03:31 do you call it? A latent a persistent infection. There can be
03:35 gray areas there because I know that can certainly be a latent infection.
03:41 you see the difference between these two latent that persistent you're continually um producing
03:51 right? So this line is is gradually increasing right to a point where
03:59 overwhelms the body and they really ramp production. And you know to me
04:04 is kind of a combination of that . So it can be it can
04:07 it can be absent for quite some and then begin to gradually increase.
04:14 that's why I kind of I call a latent infection. So um but
04:19 with viral types there can be some of seemingly inconsistencies like this. So
04:24 nothing alarming for sure. But certainly like Anca genic viruses, these are
04:30 causing types. Um I think roughly of cancers are caused by viruses.
04:39 They again they used two types of so all these types here. Um
04:45 oxygen viruses, Herpes viruses. Chickenpox um not so much chicken pox but
04:53 HIV they integrate into the genome. that's how they can kind of remain
04:58 . Right? Chickenpox is a type um doesn't really integrate into your chromosome
05:04 what it does is it it was little kid you may have had chicken
05:08 and it breaks out in a rash you know and then it kind of
05:13 that's that's the skin obviously skin skin being affected that do that and then
05:19 kind of can get out of the cells into nerve cells and then it
05:24 of slow progressing and can develop into which is a disease really of uh
05:31 nervous system. Okay. And that itself years later. So more like
05:38 age that you can break out in . That's one of the things that
05:42 talk about later on but that is as a latent infection as well.
05:48 so basically persistent types, we call chronic. Uh there's there's a slow
05:56 release of viruses um and and then up at a certain point um and
06:03 again, you know that's really the between between two but there can be
06:07 overlap with viruses that look you know latent but they can begin to um
06:15 viral production maybe maybe maybe before the here. So maybe somewhere here.
06:21 don't get don't worry about it. um there are also some of those
06:26 but um characterizes both is there's there's an infection and then a persistence or
06:35 just shows up in threatening high numbers on. Okay. Um so the
06:44 here's the question, this kind of ends all the new material for
06:49 And so we'll do a little bit recap here. I want to start
06:53 this question because I know that the virus stuff is one that can be
06:57 . So just to kind of go this again, so we have a
07:04 virus possessing a single so you can what plus sense is. Right.
07:09 sense RNA virus get out of there um so that's a genome.
07:15 so when it first have to transcribe a minus anti sense, then translate
07:22 that minus strand into proteins. Is how it would work? True or
07:29 ? Okay. I think we can answer that pretty much in 30
07:36 Yes or no. Mhm. And count down from 210.
08:10 Um Who answered false? Why is false translate? Mhm. Right.
08:29 . That's right. The answer is . So this is what's going on
08:34 strand. So this is what kind virus it is. Alright, so
08:37 use that enzyme that these viruses have copy its RNA, the RNA dependent
08:44 polymerase and two minus strands. Okay , why it's doing that? And
08:51 question is why is it why doesn't do that? Why not? That's
08:59 because it doesn't follow the rules of acids. Okay, this this doing
09:06 this way and going, okay, got loose in here. Okay.
09:18 It's not a the plus the minus plus the minus thing. It's not
09:22 diabolical plot to pull your hair It's just the way nucleic acids
09:28 Okay, that's all it is. how you get a copy of complementary
09:31 . So if you're plus your complementary and minus minus complementary strands of
09:36 Just if you don't like it, just gotta live with it.
09:40 that's just the way it is. um it wouldn't do that plus the
09:44 . Okay, so um so we this route and then remember the minus
09:51 is not translatable. Okay, it's plus strand. That is the
09:56 right, contains, right? The that start code on etcetera.
10:00 So um so we copy that until . And so the other thing you
10:05 remember is that this is the infecting type that it's ultimately gonna make lots
10:12 viral particles. Right? It's going be making this is the virus
10:17 Right? Gonna make lots of Alright, and then we're gonna have
10:21 means lots of protein. And then have to put a genome in each
10:24 of these. Right? And so means putting a plus genome in each
10:29 these because that's the kind of virus is. You need quantities.
10:33 you need more than one of You gotta make copies. And the
10:37 to make copies is the scheme you here. Right. And so these
10:41 in into little capsules. Of course make proteins as well. Those get
10:48 into particles. So that's just the it works. Right? So for
10:52 written in this statement that is Right? Because Um it's saying that
10:59 is what happens. You translate that you don't. Okay so you go
11:03 next step and that's what gets translated proteins. Okay. So uh so
11:10 this section and chapter 13 um and another point. Right? So it's
11:17 quantities of stuff. Right? You're end up making lots of viruses need
11:21 of stuff. Lots of protein, of genomes. Okay. Um All
11:26 . So we went through in part basically life cycles, although we ended
11:32 one with viral life cycle. So so the animal viruses remember that?
11:38 can be a little level of complexity they're infecting more complicated cells.
11:42 You carry out so the scheme of um the encoding process is unique to
11:50 viruses. Okay. To release the then of course the synthesis assembly and
11:56 forth. Um So the various genomes virus has what can it be used
12:03 in terms of a template? So remembering the D. N.
12:06 virus of course that's like us. . We have a D.
12:09 A genome. We can transcribe it And we can copy it into
12:15 N. A. Uh an RNA . So it has various uses for
12:19 template depending on the virus type. that A plus virus will have a
12:25 can be used for translation minus strand a template to make a an
12:30 R. N. A. Or plus strand. Of course the retrovirus
12:32 its own thing. Okay, Just make D. N. A.
12:36 so the roles of the DNA. viruses, we went over that uh
12:42 exit of a animal virus can be it acquires an envelope so this wraps
12:48 it as it exits the cell. . Some don't have to have
12:51 That's your naked viruses. Okay. And so here again are the cycles
12:57 ? The plus we just went through one minus RNA viruses. So again
13:03 about having quantities of stuff. So minus the virus must make plus copies
13:08 that's the translatable form. Okay and allowed to make proteins And of course
13:13 have to then go from that to minus forms because that's what the virus
13:18 . You get to package those into caps. It's okay. Uh Of
13:22 retroviruses mentioned is its own thing. that reverse transcript taste copy that single
13:28 using host memories into double stranded and can integrate into the chromosome. Um
13:33 then oh sorry and then can I the part there? Uh transcribe translate
13:41 , package, assemble etcetera. Okay um we talked about pronouns and
13:49 Right so those are not viruses, proteins or infectious RNA virus. Okay
14:00 any questions about this? Okay so so you get a review of this
14:08 in the blackboard unit quiz over the . Um So of course exam is
14:16 for another week from tomorrow so if have questions certainly let me know.
14:22 , so on to um I started this in lecture about four years
14:29 I guess because I figured well, know, we don't talk about eukaryotic
14:32 in here and we're not gonna talk eukaryotic cells in in specifically in terms
14:37 structure and whatnot. But examples of um that you may come across um
14:45 terms of from the infectious disease Okay, so now and again it's
14:51 gonna depend on, you know what of the world you end up living
14:55 and working in uh in terms of predominant types you may see here.
15:01 . For us, I'd say here Houston, likely the most things you'll
15:05 are fungal infections. Okay. Typically could be, you know, you
15:12 see the odd, I'd say Okay. Only in terms of Galveston's
15:20 algae produce toxins of certain types. there have been those kind of things
15:25 off the coast of Galveston's. Um certainly fungal infections are probably the more
15:32 , but it could be certain protozoan , many of these calls G.
15:35 . Tract infections. So it was the two most most likely see.
15:41 if you go elsewhere in the world , it could very well be you'll
15:44 a number of different photos old diseases etcetera. Those things aren't just really
15:50 here in the States, but Nonetheless the one up here is one that
15:57 a common uh skin infection, That's causes the fungus that causes athlete's
16:02 Okay, so that and your toenail is not gonna get too gross.
16:08 uh those are you know those are diseases. Right. And uh so
16:14 um look at this kind of basic here. Right. So it's kind
16:19 a terminology thing. There's some terms know in this section. So if
16:23 have. All right, a cutaneous , maiko sis you have you been
16:33 with a protozoan? You've been exposed a toxin? Do you have a
16:39 infection? You have a tapeworm? tapeworm If you have that. Don't
17:04 if you don't know it, learn today was one of those medical
17:13 along with the other related ones you'll to know. Especially for later.
17:23 . 3 2 1. Okay. said tapeworm. That somebody else said
17:29 . Now it's fungal skin infection. . Cutaneous means referring to the skin
17:34 upper layer of skin. My Anything with Michael is going to be
17:40 from uh what is it We talked the mycobacterium which is a bacteria.
17:46 my co generally fungus. Okay. college, the study of fungi.
17:51 um so overall like I said, although in Houston, I'm not sure
17:59 terms of pozole diseases are that But worldwide pozole diseases diseases involving uh
18:06 multicellular animals like worms of different I mentioned tapeworm. Right? Uh
18:12 are things called flukes which are pretty that can cause, not partisans,
18:18 type of worm that can cause different . These are in that group
18:24 helmets are these large multi sailor type , so they can certainly affect your
18:28 and cause issues, not so much in this part of the world,
18:32 in other parts. Um and uh but you know, worldwide,
18:37 know, they can't for a number infectious disease, particularly malaria. Um
18:42 also things like sleeping sickness. Um the crypto caucus is one that's a
18:52 , um that can cause the type meningitis. Uh, a lot of
18:57 proposal types types that cause gi tract of effects. You may have heard
19:01 giardia. Um uh what's the other ? There's one called amoebic dysentery.
19:09 another one. A number these are from contaminated water, so not
19:15 Uh So of course we're talking about of that are all you carry
19:21 So obviously, Okay, so um allergy of of the members of this
19:28 that we're talking about fungi, proto . Allergy helmets. Okay, the
19:36 are not an infectious type. it's the byproduct of some of them
19:42 they secrete into the water can be . So you may have heard of
19:48 tide. We've had there been a instances of those off the coast um
19:54 the last few years, um a of factors contribute to this, but
19:59 do produce this toxin that basically killed fish marine life. Um It can
20:07 us if we eat those infected those that have been affected the insects are
20:15 or insects. So insects can be significant method by how these agents are
20:23 so often malaria due to a mosquito a parasite. Um as are many
20:29 these other diseases. So mosquitoes very antics seem to be the most common
20:34 that will carry these things. Remember the vector of transmission time, that's
20:39 agent that causes the disease to be on to others. And so the
20:46 we'll start with fungi first. So they don't of course have they don't
20:53 a mouth that can take in food digest. Okay, so their mode
20:57 strictly they typically send out enzymes and digest stuff outside and bring it in
21:05 . Okay. And so they are Hedda tropes. Okay. I think
21:10 the oh except for algae and certain . Um everything else is going to
21:17 ahead of trophy. Okay. Large organic molecules. Okay. Allergy of
21:22 are photosynthetic. Um So uh of um them in bacteria are major decomposes
21:30 the soil, that's kind of their . Um The this term here micro
21:37 rises refers to really the area around roots of a plant. Okay.
21:44 many fungi have interactions with plants that plants absorb nutrients and things and so
21:50 a symbiosis going on there. Um there's many different types of drugs
21:56 can be found in fungi, different . Um in some cases they have
22:01 food source, right, mushrooms type fungi. Uh Let's see. They're
22:08 aerobic, but they can be faculty yeasts used for fermentation or faculty
22:14 So word sacrifice. So those are organisms that feed on dead organic
22:22 Okay. Many things can be a . Okay, fungi for sure.
22:28 bacteria can be in other types if feed on organic material, decompose ear's
22:33 they're typically sacrifice. Okay, so can grow many fungi very similar to
22:42 you grow bacteria with a patriot Station plate and whatnot. You can grow
22:47 like that and you can grow some types like that as well. But
22:51 you can so if you take a of soil, obviously you're gonna have
22:55 lot of stuff in there that will . Okay. And you can you
22:59 kind of select for or rather enrich fungi by lowering the ph classic way
23:06 isolate fungi used to have a medium like ph between five and six.
23:12 . And that will favor their They're more acid tolerant as well.
23:17 they can grow in areas where there's water amounts to. Okay, so
23:23 the structure. Right. So what call molds actually fungi, kind of
23:33 thinking that it was more substantial if will niece or you need sailor
23:39 but fungi can grow obviously to be to the naked eye. Okay,
23:44 mold. Right. So the structure that sort of hi fi.
23:49 Is kind of the core structure of fungi. Okay. And uh it's
23:57 a filament that grows elongates and can . Okay. The vegetative means that's
24:05 portion of it that kind of absorbing takes into food. Okay. And
24:12 mycelium mycelium is kind of that structure develops and is embedded And it's kind
24:18 the core structure that embeds in the . If you grow it on a
24:22 , it is inside the growth Okay. You'll see a picture of
24:25 here. This term cept eight or acidic. This basically means is it
24:31 into compartments or is it not? . So you can see here there's
24:36 septa plural that produced compartments. And this one that doesn't that's why
24:42 called seen acidic. Right? They're be on the fungal species. That
24:45 be one or the other. And so these pi phi can keep
24:51 , they can elongate, right? going okay? And just get grow
24:59 as it absorbs nutrients so it can bigger and bigger and bigger.
25:03 um now the so here you see in a Petri dish. Okay,
25:10 have the vegetative mycelium. So what's of in the medium, absorbing
25:14 Right. And allows it to grow you can have what are called little
25:20 like stocks popping up That are above in the air and Ariel, my
25:26 . They're not embedded in the medium up top. Right? And that's
25:31 sports conform. So fungi can form . Now we're not talking in those
25:36 . This is different. Okay. so also fungi, most members of
25:42 we're talking about in this group collectively chapter 12 being as they can they
25:48 reproduce sexually or a sexually. So can see both types of these.
25:55 again, the mycelium is kind of a here's a slice of bread mold
26:00 on it. Okay. And so mycelium is what's kind of embedded in
26:04 bread anchoring it in there. Okay you'll see there's a close up version
26:10 . Then you'll see here are those Hi Fi. Right. They'll be
26:15 up above the surface of the And this example that contains spores.
26:21 , so um and it's a close of the sport. Okay, now
26:28 see. So the life cycle. , so we can have what we're
26:33 . These are what we're calling. fungi with these hi Fi.
26:37 We sexually a sexual. So sexual involves gametes to do we have what
26:42 called mating pairs they sometimes referred to plus or minus. Okay. Um
26:48 sexual. So the high free themselves actually fragment. Right? So these
26:55 these can kind of come apart. ? You have pieces out here and
27:00 that can develop into another vegetative mycelium that that can happen. Parts of
27:07 can fragment and then they can go and form another mycelium. So that
27:11 can certainly happen. So the terms Canadian sports sports all that means is
27:18 are the are the uh little sports . So they like just flying around
27:25 know without any covering on it. a Canadian Canadian sport. Or is
27:30 fully encased? Is there a sac the the floating my Celia? Okay
27:39 so again it depends on the species . Um So and so here we
27:45 a spore and this is just this be a sexual reproduction. So it's
27:51 forming and it is germinating so he to grow and and off it
27:58 Okay now in a is the scientific for the bread mold. Okay so
28:06 can have both. A sexual So here's the mycelium. So we
28:10 have a production of a. For four with uh um Sports that just
28:17 a sexually. Okay get released they . And of course you can be
28:23 to mold sports as well. That's thing. And so they will fly
28:27 and then wherever they land if it's they'll germinate and form a mycelium.
28:33 it can also have you can have types uh shown here plus and minus
28:39 can come together fuse forming a zero . And that's where you get the
28:45 meats and then the a a sexual reproduction occurring as well, creating um
28:51 creating variation genetic variation in the Okay so capable of both.
28:58 Um Now in terms of the right? So yeasts are pretty much
29:05 much like material cells. So they're . Not as not as small but
29:10 and you can hand them very much bacteria, you can speak them on
29:13 plate and all those kind of And so um and that's how they
29:17 maintained. Um So these are not don't form hi Fi. Right so
29:25 uni cellular microbes. Okay, they do the budding process which you see
29:31 . Um So basically this so kind extends off bubbles off and then pinches
29:37 , forming a new cell. That's sexual reproduction. Okay. The I
29:43 something like one east one yeast cell do that like up to 20 something
29:50 from a single cell. Can butt and make new cells from that one
29:55 . Um So that's unique to They can reproduce um sexually as
30:02 There can be mating types that can form and carry out a sexual
30:09 So diamorphine fungi. Okay so these when you environmental conditions change and they
30:18 assume either a cellular form as you here east like growth we call it
30:26 the Hi Fi type growth called mold form. Okay and so temperature can
30:32 a cause of that difference with It's um so your body temp is
30:40 . Okay so when they're if they you at 37 degrees they will tend
30:45 be more in the mold like state the hi fi. Okay. Whereas
30:50 the cooler temp tend to be more the East type form East cell type
30:55 . The there's other triggers for this temperature. It can be I've heard
31:00 C. 02 levels. So 02 by particle metabolism and C.
31:05 levels get too high or low. can affect this property as well.
31:10 . Um I'm not sure of the of one form or the other to
31:15 honest but you do see that And so in terms of fungal
31:20 right. So a lot of your diseases tend to be either the most
31:25 types respiratory right? Inhaling Inhaling Um uh They begin to germinate and
31:35 respiratory illnesses. Um Pneumocystis cryptococcus can um can get as bad as being
31:43 the central nervous system and causing meningitis yeast infections of course caused by
31:52 Um The and so in terms of these things fungal diseases. Right so
31:58 cozies is the name for those the so how they infect and where they
32:04 . So systemic of course is body , entire body gets infected. Uh
32:12 infection. So of course a cutaneous subcutaneous which means under the layers of
32:18 skin. Subcutaneous is kind of on skin or just or just right below
32:23 . Um Either of these could turn right, might turn into, depending
32:30 this on the fungal type, into systemic disease travels, you know,
32:34 throughout the body. That that is . The term for types that are
32:41 or what we call dramatic fights. kind of hang out on your
32:45 Kind of eating nutrients there. So like athlete's foot, for example,
32:50 toenail fungus. These are things that into that category is kind of feeding
32:55 your dead cells more or less. They do have the ability to those
33:01 are in that category do secrete an which which can break down the characters
33:06 character and coats your skin and your . And so there are funding drives
33:10 can kind of break that down and of get in there as a
33:14 Okay. Um so the Yeah, uh I think that was going to
33:25 about oh, any questions about So again, when you're looking through
33:30 , it's kind of like how would identify a fungi? What kind of
33:33 of the features about it? Uh the yeast versus the mold like
33:39 So that's I'm not looking for a detailed here, but kind of,
33:43 know, as as, as presented . Okay. Um you don't need
33:47 memorize uh species and diseases they Right. Don't don't worry about
33:53 Okay. Um but you know, should know. Okay, fungal patterns
33:57 cause kind of respiratory illnesses and skin , things like that. That's
34:02 More than general knowledge stuff is Um Alright. Likens likens likens your
34:11 includes this, but they don't really any diseases that I'm aware of.
34:16 , but they can be ecologically So these are represent a symbiotic
34:21 So a lycan isn't a single It's a symbiotic relationship between a fungus
34:28 an algae or cyanobacteria. Okay, you've you've walked through the woods,
34:34 seen these things right there on dead stumps, there on even on they
34:41 on rocks. The green stuff you in rock is typically a liking of
34:45 type. So um very uh kind a lot of places you see these
34:51 , the structure of them. So , there's a mutual relationship between the
35:01 . The algae shown in green are of become surrounded by the structures of
35:08 fungus. Right? So the hi . Remember those? We see those
35:13 but they'll kind of wrap around the . Okay, um the also they'll
35:19 these stocks here. They call the , that kind of anchors it in
35:25 . So how it's sitting on this here, which is where you typically
35:29 these or on the rocks and things through these little structures here that kind
35:34 anchor it in place and there's a , right, what they call the
35:38 covers this. Okay, so the . So the contribution here is that
35:43 being photosynthetic. Right? They will photosynthesize produce organic molecules. Right.
35:50 a result of CO two fixation and what the fungi get. Is that
35:55 source? And so the allergy um a protective covering around it.
36:03 They have a way to be able be fixed in position. If not
36:09 just kind of fly away a roll what have you. But now they're
36:12 of fixed in position. They can their photosynthesis thing. And so the
36:16 benefit from that and the allergy benefit having a home if you will.
36:22 and a place to hang out so speak. Okay. They can certain
36:27 , certain deer elk moose species, are a good part of their
36:35 Um The they can absorb these things absorb different molecules from the air.
36:45 so it's not uncommon to test likens the presence of these of these different
36:51 components because you can tell you kind the quality of the air that that's
36:56 around it and use it for that . Okay. Apparently some do produce
37:02 that have been shown to have anti activity. So there's that too.
37:07 so but these aren't anything that really , we're looking at these in the
37:11 of causing disease in humans. Mind these don't. Okay. Um
37:19 so the allergy. So allergy. these are the ones that photosynthesize.
37:27 . We talked about that before. so they these of course are microscopic
37:34 mostly. But there are multicellular types your help which can be brown algae
37:40 can be quite large. They can lengths of meters in oceans. Red
37:46 , green algae, green algae are forerunners of terrestrial plants. Okay.
37:54 so but again remember that the allergy do not aren't infectious. It's what
38:00 might produce. That can be the here. Okay, so things like
38:05 or we collectively call plankton. Are the uni cellular forms of
38:12 Okay, so dino fragile. It's are right here um and then diatoms
38:19 here um These are types that can toxins. Okay. And so the
38:29 tide as mentioned before, which has in our area um these happened so
38:36 for them to have an effect, has to be a lot of toxins
38:40 in order to get a an impact the marine life. Um And that
38:46 course coincides with how did the algae so much to produce enough toxin.
38:53 . That's something we'll talk about here uh next slide in the Yeah and
39:01 next slide we'll talk about it but just uh discuss for a second.
39:07 neurotoxins um that's what red tide It's a neurotoxin it will affect obviously
39:12 it goes out into the waters will any kind of the marine life
39:15 Um fish and whatnot foodborne illness. Secretary toxins and other type uh and
39:24 make assets. These are all types toxins that can result from these different
39:28 . And so the question again is , how does algae proliferate to such
39:33 numbers to produce enough toxin to kill ? Right. That's this process of
39:39 called eutrophication. Okay. Often called lead to what's called an algae
39:46 which means they just proliferate to crazy numbers. Okay so it's all about
39:53 we know, we know what growth about. Growth is about nutrients,
39:56 ? C. H. O. . P. S. Right?
39:57 supplying nutrients will of course cause them grow. Right? So being full
40:03 . Right? What do you got give them, give them light,
40:07 them some light and give them uh . They're in water. So that
40:12 that. And then um uh minerals nitrogen phosphorous. Right? These are
40:18 that they can't make on their But if you supply them an excess
40:23 their numbers can go up. And this red patch here is just such
40:32 outbreak of this red tide there, see in the water there.
40:35 And so this process is triggered by . So let's I'm gonna go through
40:42 picture here. I'll go through those . Okay, so here might be
40:45 example of it could be it could a particularly susceptible are areas where um
40:53 the Mississippi river feeds into the right? Kind of that mouth.
40:58 is where um all along there's agricultural . Okay. And big farms will
41:06 put out fertilizer to grow their Okay. So you'll have uh run
41:13 of this material is not all of gets used to just sitting on top
41:16 the ground and it's not used and have water runoff for irrigation, it
41:20 eventually make its way to the nearest of water. Okay. And so
41:26 an influx of these minerals nitrogen Right? And that can spark these
41:34 to grow to insane numbers. And so that if they're a before
41:41 get to there now if that in , if their toxin producers, that's
41:46 you can get this, get this of toxin that causes these fish
41:52 That's one effect. The other effect that the allergy once they use up
41:58 influx of nutrients they're not going to anymore. So what so they can't
42:02 sustained. So they basically die. ? So they run out this whole
42:07 of allergy will die and fall to bottom. Right? So now you
42:11 a food source for another type. ? So now Peta troves right that
42:17 in the sediments in the water, will feed on this. Okay.
42:23 so remember you're a hetero trophy when um when you eat something you're consuming
42:30 , right? So they get their from the water obviously. And so
42:35 they feed if there is such a mass of material, organic material to
42:40 , that means a lot of catastrophic , which means a lot of oxygen
42:44 be pulled out of the water. ? So much so much,
42:50 At the 02 becomes depleted. Let me just go back to these
42:55 here. Uh here, right? dense growth of allergy causes the toxin
43:05 then once they uh stop growing because use up all the nutrients then they
43:12 . Hetero trolls begin to feed and use the oxygen depleted. Of
43:16 fish die. They require that for live obviously fish and other marine life
43:22 affected. And so that's what can in these instances. Again, it
43:27 be from influx of doesn't have to always uh runoff of fertilizer could be
43:34 that are dumped into the water. can be high and organic materials that
43:39 cause these growth spurts. Okay, it just depends. Alright, but
43:45 can be a serious issue. I , eventually these things tend to kind
43:49 subside and get back to normal but for for a period of time
43:55 can be an issue of course. , um Any questions about that?
44:03 right, so uh let's see Alright, protozoa wins. Okay,
44:10 protozoa wins. Um these there are that are kind of Can be
44:23 can have kind of two lifestyles like clean as a type that has the
44:29 science and can live as a hetero . So but they're not gonna be
44:32 most common in this group. So of them are going to be of
44:35 hetero trophy type, like your paramecium an amoeba. These are things you
44:39 heard of. Okay, so um features then of these, so um
44:49 , they can have Celia, like see in paramecium surrounding it to give
44:55 motion. They can have the pseudo . Okay, like an amoeba does
45:00 kind of elongate and kind of like blob type of motion, putting on
45:05 soda pop and kind of moving along way. They can have a foot
45:10 . Alright, the undulating membrane. think of that as like maybe something
45:16 this. Right? So it kind does this kind of motion with its
45:21 to move? Right. That's what call undulating type of membrane.
45:27 basically more or less kind of maybe of a flat, flat structure to
45:31 . That makes it move that Okay, The track among us.
45:36 I think that's the The sleeping sickness , I think maybe anyway.
45:41 but they do have certain types, have these different types of features.
45:46 , here is a food vacuole, vacuum, but the sort of a
45:51 for a pair of mission side of . Okay, that's where food is
45:55 in um digestion of course, through bills. Maybe have the pseudo potters
46:02 . They can engulf material and take in. Um so I have digestive
46:07 to absorb these nutrients. The uh there's other variations as well.
46:15 now in terms of reproduction. so again, they can refuse sexually
46:19 a sexually these she's a gamy. , so that's kind of one of
46:25 things about um pro zones is they have these kind of complicated life
46:31 Okay. And uh in malaria for , humans are part of the life
46:37 , which is how malaria malaria And so and they'll often have these
46:42 cycles, different stages. Okay, she's a granny is one of
46:48 So what that basically is, is will form a cell. Okay,
46:54 within that cell it will have of a nucleus. Okay, and then
47:01 nucleus will divide multiple times. So have multiple nuclei in. So
47:13 so these are all nuclear. Can't nuclear. Okay, these are all
47:23 . Okay then what happens is they break out, okay, yep,
47:31 will break out of the cell. , so and then they'll have like
47:39 by the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm surrounds . Okay, And so each become
47:44 little feeding bodies is kind of what called. They're called um initially called
47:56 . And then trophy. That's on next slide it that way. So
48:00 bother copying trophies. Oh it's trophy feed. So again, it's typical
48:07 many of these zones that have these cycles that you'll see those names.
48:13 she's a guinea. Is that process multiplying those nuclei and they break out
48:20 they have cytoplasm surrounding them and they go infect other cells. We'll see
48:25 in in in malaria. But uh kind of what that so that's that's
48:31 that means. The she isn't is again is the process shoes Isn't is
48:40 actual cell? Okay. That's that's one where this is happening in the
48:45 so again all this kind of terminology proto zones and so um they can
48:51 conjugation but it's not congregation like we've in with bacteria, this is really
48:57 . So paramecium can do this um to reproduce the cyst. So proto
49:06 . So cysts are kind of analogous spore somewhat. It's a dormant
49:14 right? So it's it's it's kind a dormant state. It can put
49:17 in kind of a casing, so speak. Um giardia. Many of
49:23 are intestinal pathogens. And so Grt a stage where it will do that
49:28 you ingest these cysts and in your or intestines where the acidity kind of
49:33 away the casing if you will and the grt become comes alive so to
49:39 and does its thing. Okay so process is called insist mint insist meant
49:46 form the cyst. Okay these are of can be somewhat resistant. Okay
49:51 then they can they'll they'll germinate. um many of your protocol pathogens as
49:58 can see from the table gastrointestinal into G. I. G.
50:03 G. I. Disease right there contaminants in our contaminated water. You
50:10 find find this they come from of animals that relieve themselves and found in
50:17 fecal matter and then gets into the and then typically in the fecal matter
50:24 not uncommon. And then in the and then you ingest this contaminated water
50:29 assists um germinate inside you. And kind of when the gi tract uh
50:38 occurs. And generally you know if have a healthy immune system you will
50:46 this. We'll talk about gi tract later. But uh they can be
50:53 severity these okay from mild to causing pain and these kind of things.
50:59 um Grt is probably one of the common worldwide even here in the States
51:04 terms of G. I. Tract . Um So other types, of
51:11 plasmodium causes malaria. Okay so let's of just look this kind of someone
51:18 typical cycle of a of a protozoan complex a is this group that has
51:29 types of proto zones with these life . I think sleeping sickness is another
51:35 that has uh it's called trypanosomiasis I has one of these kind of weird
51:42 cycles and others. Um So here course this is one is carried by
51:48 mosquito. Okay and not for these and we're gonna go through different stages
51:54 . Right, so the protozoan the plasmodium ah the is the infectious
52:03 . Okay, Sitting in the mosquito's glands. Okay. And so you
52:10 right here, number one, And then the parasites you see emerging
52:17 well then traveled to the liver. . And it's in liver cells that
52:23 show is agony occurs we just talked , right, so here's the this
52:27 the cell she isn't. And in of the of the nuclei that have
52:33 that have divided and are now breaking . Okay. And so the murals
52:40 then are breaking out and the infected blood cells as you can see
52:44 Okay. And so then they transform this trophy's oid stage. So you
52:50 see it there and it becomes the stage here just kind of repeats
52:55 So they'll in fact they'll break out fact more red blood cells and that's
53:00 of in that stage. So one has malaria, we'll go through periods
53:06 fever, um sweats pain. And these continuing cycles of of these types
53:16 infecting red blood cells and coming back and again you have this inflammation going
53:21 fever up and down. So it's pretty uh not fun obviously. So
53:30 so from there they can mature. , and some of these and go
53:36 the uh sexual reproduction stage and then are what infect the picked up by
53:42 , mosquito bite, mosquito bites, course, it feeds on blood and
53:47 some of these with it? And affects the next person. So,
53:52 again, these very typical proposal type life cycle for these types.
53:58 not all pros don't do this, uh this like sleeping sickness and a
54:02 other diseases is kind of how it follows these different stages. Um
54:10 so the uh so many questions. let's look at this question.
54:20 and uh kinda recap what we just through. So basically having to see
54:30 is this correct for algae? Is correct? For eutrophication? Is this
54:33 for? Is this correct? For ? Okay, okay, counting down
55:43 , Right. Yes, like in the correct answer. Right. All
55:52 other ones are wrong. Okay, um that I think, yep
55:59 Alright folks, see you on Got questions, come on down.
56:36 . Okay. Oh yeah, you review for the test on friday.
57:04 wanted to ask you what is meant the different growth patterns. Look in
57:09 two. Yeah, we had the and you're looking at different um the
57:15 cultures and the Uh huh. So if you made a street
57:24 Oh yeah, that was the question had on the backboard quiz. So
57:26 you do a streak plate and you you have three quadrants say for
57:30 Right, what would you expect to in each of those quadrants? You
57:37 your nickel um and you do your quarter then you do your next one
57:40 your next one. What would you to see? Right. Right.
57:46 if you see something not like then there was a question. I
57:51 what is about. That's what it's . Yeah. Right. Were working
58:02 okay. Okay. Today today like think so. Your favorite?
58:34 Absolutely. Yeah. Okay. But just to make sure its length
58:49 analogy. Okay. It's less than
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