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GEOL6350 Advanced Structural Geology - Naruk-4
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00:00 e I'm going to share my That's I'm showing the title slide.
00:35 Q A. Q C. Are also seeing that? Yes.
00:41 yes, yes, and not You're the slide and not the presenter
00:49 Yes. Okay, good. All . I wanted to start with a
00:58 of some of the things we talked yesterday. And let's go through
01:03 So we have a schematic structure concert with some questions on it. And
01:09 is what is the point? A you see my cursor point a Over
01:17 ? It was to see the first . That's a structural Q A
01:30 Hmm. Okay, that's a Is it advanced? No, I
01:45 think it isn't the presenter e don't you're presenting. This one's like they
01:58 No, it it was I'm That may be a delay. I
02:07 . Uh, review fault components Q a review one. Yes. Now
02:11 can see that one too. Okay. So on that on that
02:26 One fall components Q and A. is what is point a on that
02:32 ? Schipplock. Hi. Is it tip point tip point. Right.
02:44 , how about be What does this be? See up. Thrown side
02:54 the fault trees. If they're What's it also called? We talked
03:02 the line that represents the intersection of horizon with the fault. Clayton,
03:13 wanna take Tabatha? Not the real . And visit No. No.
03:24 . And the football? Yeah, football cut off. So that line
03:29 represents the intersection of the up thrown with the fault is the football cut
03:36 . And so that's that's a good for see what is C Hang
03:45 Cut off? Yeah, he had 50% chance there. And so that's
03:51 the hanging rock cut off. it point D here. What is
03:56 throw? The displacement at point D meters? Yeah, It's,
04:08 the difference between these two constant 35 25 34 25. So about
04:13 m there. And what's the throw ? A. Sarah. Yeah,
04:26 is kind of a trick question. not only zero, but it's really
04:30 seismic resolution. So if you're seismic is 100 m, you could you
04:35 still have 100 m. Throw it and the fault would extend slightly beyond
04:39 based on those length throw relationships that talked about yesterday. Oh, that's
04:50 . So is that true? For faults, their image down seismic is
04:53 if you see a fault, trace that it actually continues on until until
04:58 truly zero rather than just the size resolution. Yes, that's absolutely
05:05 So in in in seismic data, tip that, you see is not
05:11 the end of the fault that always slightly beyond that. Excuse me,
05:16 you please maximize this slide? that is maximized. What are you
05:26 ? No, it's not my accent me. E o. It isn't
05:39 show mode. Yes. That's back slide show mode now? Yes.
05:58 Okay, lets e don't know. not It's We're sick. Presenters here
06:10 . Mhm. Okay, that's Let me see if I get rid
06:19 that. Oh, that looks Good. Uh, all right.
06:48 much. It's really lack here. , I'm showing reviewed to throw
07:03 Q and A are you? Is saying that? Yep. Yes.
07:11 , So look. And are you my cursor? Yeah. Yeah.
07:19 . So look at these two fault intersections One here in one over here
07:26 use the contours to estimate the So 300 for fault A to
09:23 well, safety. So how how you getting that? Three countries in
09:31 side of the to the left side then the contours in the other on
09:40 right side of the 14 to on fault. A to here on
09:47 side heared about 12,000. It decide in about 12 7654 So you should
09:56 about 400 ft to throw across How about in the line was just
10:03 default. 81 the 12,301. 12,300 on on this side. No,
10:16 18. Okay, so a to point, everyone a higher one
10:29 This? Yeah, So there you 12 C 12 7 against 12.
10:39 So here it would be about I'm No, it would be about
10:44 12. 6 against 12. So it would be about 300 ft
10:48 ? Yes. And how about over , where we have 12 to against
11:04 . 7. Okay. Oh, . Some 100 ft 500 ft.
11:15 , about 500 ft there. And here, where we've got 12.
11:23 against 12. 3, one Yeah. So the throws that
11:32 that makes sense. We got about fear versus 401 100 year. So
11:38 I go down 400 ft here up ft here and then up 100 ft
11:44 I'm back where I started. So throws all makes sense. For How
11:51 how about on this one to the , This one? We have to
11:56 some contour interpolation. So it's a more tricky, I guess. There's
12:04 easy one. Easy one here to juxtaposed. 100. Yeah.
12:14 We've got a 62 versus 63 So year, um, now here is
12:22 to depend on the interpretation of the . Yeah, I see. I
12:33 50 on one location, This So on this location was 63 against
12:45 63 against them. 43 60 to . So about 50 at this
12:53 Yeah. And also the solid six . 6. 6500 on Brussels.
13:01 looks like it's in the center between contours. So roughly that's a gap
13:05 50. Yeah. Yeah. and so we have 100 50.
13:15 have should have about 150 here. what do we actually have?
13:28 it is almost It's pretty close It depends exactly on how you interpret
13:35 contours. But you heard about, , 60 50 and this side versus
13:43 50 61 75. Something like that here. So it z pretty close
13:49 probably in terms of seismic interpretation is close enough. Mhm. Okay,
14:05 . So, onto another one you be seeing review fault. Three fall
14:10 Q and a seconds. So what's is a over here? The
14:29 Yeah. Football football block. how about be over here? Hanging
14:40 , Hang wall. What is What is the whole block Also called
14:46 . Dropping? Yeah, right. . And how about what's what's this
14:53 s one? Yeah, for the one. Right signal, vertical
15:05 So it's it's the vertical stress. , uh, in in this
15:10 it's the prime Americans President. Stress one s one, or in this
15:17 , just rogue. Easy. And about over here. The S
15:22 What is that? Minimum stress. stress on the extension direction. Sigma
15:32 . Any one of those. They're all synonymous. And what? What
15:38 of fault? What types of faults we seeing here? Normal. Normal
15:44 . Yes. Good. Yeah. . Okay. So similar. Different
16:24 . What? XYZ fun, but . Yeah, it looks like any
16:38 known this is the hanging wall Nooner if you're standing on the
16:46 Um, the hanging wall is is you would hang stuff. Um,
16:51 what does that make be? Uh . Daniel, Let's be Oh,
17:08 . So, uh, uh And now what's well, g with
17:34 arrow here. Oh, primaries. , it's a minimum stress axis.
17:39 a minimum stress. Yeah, And Z, it's Rogge. Easy
17:44 But now it's the minimum stress And then therefore, what is this
17:51 here? Anybody? Hmm and Extraordinary direction in this case. And
18:01 kind of false are we seeing Very Yeah. Reverse faults and throws
18:11 . Great. And when people say faults, are they talking about high
18:16 thrust faults? Yes. Yeah. , technically, a reverse fault is
18:25 dips greater than 30 degrees and and fault dips about 30 degrees. And
18:33 we'll see is that reverse faults really . They have kind of a staircase
18:39 . They're betting parallel, and then step up and then they're betting parallel
18:43 . But 30 degrees, a good mechanically fault should be about 30
19:00 Okay, we're gonna bond and and on to the new stuff The structural
19:05 A Q C techniques. And we'll . We'll try and work some actual
19:10 online here, and some of these things that I asked you Thio download
19:17 have available to drawn. So what gonna do is validate structural maps and
19:23 sections, and and the first thing gonna look at is validating maps by
19:28 contouring across the fault gaps in Somebody mentioned using this technique yesterday
19:37 uh, to define what what the zones are. We're going to use
19:42 to check our fault, correlated. huh. And then we'll look at
19:49 cross sections by Matt the points and trapped risks correctly. If your if
20:12 map is not correct, then everything that comes out of the map is
20:16 to be wrong. The idea is by this this cartoon here, I've
20:30 a three D, uh, model a structure concert, Matt, in
20:35 ideas that any time you've got us on the horizon when it hits the
20:41 that doesn't stop in our mapping this this would be the fault gap and
20:48 we can't kind normally contour across But there are, in fact,
20:53 on there that have to be consistent the fault shape. Um and I'm
20:58 here a topographic contour map to represent you see here where there's low
21:03 you see all the contour lines and you get to the cliff faces the
21:08 lines air they're they're just all bunched close together. And so that's That's
21:12 we're going toe See when we contour thes thes faults is there everywhere these
21:31 default. There should be a like concert on the fault itself. So
21:35 this concert 1600 hits the fault there . There really is a 1600 contour
21:41 the fault itself. And if I that for all the contours hit,
21:50 fault should define a consistent fault shape this case, dipping to the South
22:01 a fairly regular increments, fairly regular . But that depends on a dip
22:05 the fault, but the the fault flip. I don't have any crossing
22:11 . There's no funny business going on I connect the contours across the fault
22:16 . Um, and all along the , I have the same sense of
22:19 . It's always up thrown on one and down, thrown on the opposite
22:30 . All right, so this is of the handouts I gave you.
22:36 if you have not already what I you to do is look at this
22:39 A B and the Khan to her to May, where it's up in
22:46 it's down and see this up and and scan it. Ated on the
22:52 is actually correct. Should he flipped ? It's it rather, the the
24:03 flips. So So if I look the sense of all start using the
24:22 on this part of the fault, actually down on this side. You
24:26 see here. I'm in 14,000 ft here. Um, 14 point on
24:34 fall, 432 I'm lower on this than I am on this side.
24:44 part faulted. It started use the to construct countries on the false
24:56 Here I connect the contours this way defines a, um, South dipping
25:04 . And here it defines a north fault eso its defining kind of,
25:09 , propeller shaped fall. And something wrong with the interpretation. Either the
25:17 are picked incorrectly or the faults are incorrectly. These there should be two
25:24 faults with an area of of no in between turn any questions or comments
25:39 that one. Did you did you the contours on your own?
25:43 Define those faults. Shapes. but im e tell why.
25:50 why the one on the rights was versus down Because, like this,
25:56 the last word one waas 14. try to 14 101. So that's
26:05 on the outside it's here. And on the downside, its's more to
26:09 right. So I didn't make that down. So this is up and
26:15 because on this side, I got against 14. 200? Yeah.
26:35 . Wasn't mhm. Mhm, Mhm. Yeah. Uh huh.
26:54 her night. Mhm, mhm, map. So I labeled the counters
27:27 here, and these are these now elevations above sea level. These come
27:37 of fields. These maps come from in Wyoming, which is quite a
27:42 . Grandmother is quite a bit above level. Strongly. We're actually above
27:49 level in this case. So uh these were all frost.
27:56 pre map. So what What's the The display spending along this part of
28:07 thrust? Yes. Well, just varies depending on where you are on
28:26 fall, which which side is up which side is down? Yes.
28:31 southern side of the fault is uh , uh. Describe, uh,
28:44 lower unit. Yeah. So because are elevations above sea level, this
28:52 is actually lower than this side it's have along this part of the
29:03 This side is up and the site down here, for example. We've
29:08 about 800 ft against about 400 ft . Um, so there's along this
29:17 of the fault. There's around 400 to throw its consistently up on this
29:24 and down on this side. But I come over to this part of
29:29 fault it flips on on this side the fault. My elevation is a
29:45 below is 900 a little bit below on this side of the fault,
29:50 above 900. There's by 900 ft , up to about 1000 ft
29:57 So the fall flips and I've actually up from inside here versus a down
30:01 side here. So again, this to be, um, to two
30:07 faults. Or or potentially the fault dying out and there's no actual throat
30:14 . You want to go back and ur Verizon map and your fault interpretation
30:19 see how you want to correct This tells me there's a problem,
30:23 it doesn't tell you what the problem is. What are the arrows coming
30:34 with? Well, spots are those directions? Yeah, So these are
30:42 world's surface locations in the those were inclinations of the wells, the inclination
30:49 the well path or the inclination of formation. They're the inclination off the
31:01 path like this one. Over the dip is to the right and
31:08 inclination is to the left. So think these air the inclinations off the
31:25 . Not clear, actually, because these others there are They're dipped
31:32 and it looks like it's recording the of formation. But this part is
31:41 . Oh, I think they represent things in the different wells. Some
31:47 these were the arrows. It probably represent the inflammation of the formation.
31:53 of these others words stashed. It represents the inclination off the well.
32:18 . Okay, so we've got to here. This a b and C
32:23 along here or again, use the to define which side is up in
32:32 side is down on both of the on a B and on C D
32:37 here. And you could see some in here, up and down.
32:42 see if that's correct. Again, feels that filming. So these elevations
32:49 above sea level and you're getting higher this direction and, uh, lower
32:55 right. And here you have It you have an an incline here.
33:01 this is higher getting lower in this . Yeah, In the north,
34:02 the salt am be the control lines don't have this Christmas. Of
34:11 Yeah. 6. 50. That's exactly right, right? There's
34:28 Or at least if it is, there is a fall even really
34:41 Farm a little bit of lost at all these here, but it's just
34:49 overextended Dessert. You know what if continue long strike over here where it
35:07 up and down over here, it's the other way around again. So
35:11 , around 909 150 ft in elevation 1500 to 2000 ft on this
35:19 So again, over here, this this is up, and this is
35:23 . Um, if I come way to the scent of the fault by
35:27 by the end of the map, , here it's correct. It is
35:31 on this side and down on Uh, so this overall, this
35:37 has been over, extrapolated or miss between here and and here, and
35:45 likely on this thrust just dies out tips out somewhere about here, and
35:51 thrust picks up small thrust going The direction picks up from there, over
35:59 . And as you pointed out along point part of the fault. There's
36:02 no offset. There's really no fault trying good with that. Okay,
36:25 this is this is another one that gave you is an exercise contours labeled
36:29 in to a travel time. A ? A here. A fault.
36:34 here with these with these counters in infill block here. So this is
36:42 as an infill Well site. What the contours tell you about the throw
36:50 that this fault a is the inside of a the down throwing blocks?
37:19 , that's sort of the question. , we're so see, we're looking
37:26 two a travel times so larger numbers deeper. Uh, southern portion is
37:40 , Are you? It depends on side. So in the light to
37:52 to the right is, um that one is, uh, higher
38:02 then when you come to the So yeah. Yeah. So the
38:10 sense of throw is changing along here this part of the fault. It's
38:14 on this side down on this side this part of the fault. It's
38:19 on this side and down on the side. Uh huh. And if
38:25 connect the contours across the fault you , um, you get nonsense.
38:35 this. If you connect up the . 60 that would go from here
38:40 here and then if I go to . 50 that would go from
38:45 Thio here and I'd end up with counter is kind of a,
38:50 just a nonsense shape on the The propeller shaped of the fault.
38:54 in this fault gap, Yes. about skipping in the fault of the
39:02 ? What do we have along What's up? And what's down along
39:06 part of the fall? Yeah, say I think similar story because to
39:40 right 16 40 eyes, almost up 16 50. So to the right
39:47 , looks like the down one is , but it's also it's also confusing
39:55 the 16 40 from the upside, it's not very clear, but on
40:02 left side, it's the other It looks like the upper upper site
40:08 shower is up. Yeah, it's, um, in the sense
40:19 throat changes as you go along the of the fault and a to this
40:25 , it zits up on the 16 down on the 16 50. Here
40:31 up on the 16 sixties and down 16. 65 16 70 here.
40:37 the sense of throw flips as you along this fault problem. And if
40:49 if you connect the contours on this fault I mentioned, this is where
40:54 get the crossing contours and you get , it's just crazy. You get
41:00 of a pinwheel shape to the Um, with its up on this
41:04 down on this side, go through area with low throw and then it
41:09 . So it's up on the side down on the other side.
41:13 Here. Not clear. It's There virtually no throat in this area.
41:20 the letter B is yeah, and here it's It's time to the
41:27 And here it Z um, actually to the south on this 16 60
41:34 16. 70. So the false make any sense. And there two
41:43 corrections. One. Is that the ? They're just wrong there.
41:50 And the other is that the horizon miss correlated into here that if you
41:54 a jump correlation from where you have well control in one of these adjacent
42:00 into this block. Um, you you've missed Correlated your horizons across here
42:06 pick the horizon that's too high or low in this block. If you
42:12 up or down a loop, then get a consistent sense of throw along
42:16 false. So this this kind of kind of error sometimes just telling you
42:24 the fault correlation. And sometimes it's you about the horizon. Correlation.
42:30 have to check both. Mhm. , so this is another one on
43:03 looking at. Ah, hand concert map. The elevations are below sea
43:08 . Here, you see, they're negative. And these numbers that air
43:15 on here are the throws estimated from contours that hit these faults. And
43:23 you go along this fault on you your here you're consistently down on the
43:30 side. And then over here, actually down on the north side.
43:37 you have ah flipping fault in And what happens at this at this
43:43 in between these two falls, let's , Sarah, what is the what
44:10 what? It's about 100 ft done this side. 11 7 on this
44:30 . So we have no throw in , and we have no fault in
44:37 . So here, we've got a dipping fault here. We've got a
44:40 dipping fault, and here we've got real a ramp in between.
44:48 And what does that? What does does that apply for any hydrocarbons in
44:53 plot? If I have a rampant no fault there and well here.
44:59 happening? Funds in this block. leap. Yeah, they've already been
45:05 . They've been drained. Thats well already drained this vault block so you
45:12 want to put another Well, you want to waste another well on this
45:14 block. Mhm. The hydrocarbons have been drained by the wealth of the
45:21 . Here. Eso Here's another Another one. Um, if you compare
45:59 contours to the fault again One of contours telling you about the up and
46:05 throw in sides of this fault, . And the contours are to a
46:15 time again. So the higher numbers lower. It's, uh the northern
46:42 of the math is the lower Are there, uh, well,
47:01 over here, this northern side is up thrown relative to this. This
47:08 , this is down thrown. I've 22 55 here against 2300 milliseconds
47:16 So this side is up in this is down. Correct. And if
47:21 connect the contours across the fault, , but I don't really have enough
47:28 to do that here. Then if come along, the fault over
47:35 mhm in it changes over here. , I've got 22 50 here against
47:43 . 55 against this side. So this part of the fault is actually
47:47 thrown relative to this side. So , the fault is kind of
47:53 And there's there's an error in the of the false or the horizon across
48:05 , isn't it? Not shows if connect the Contras across the fault
48:12 You see, I'm defined, starting define a south dipping fault, which
48:16 consistent with the up and down that have over here, where we actually
48:37 intersecting conjugate fault. And what we're look at next are three front profiles
48:47 is vertical profiles across the fault. yellow line is my math level.
48:58 my math horizon. And you I've actually got to faults here.
49:02 pair conjugate faults one here and the here. And the false intersect right
49:09 at the horizon level. So with north end of the fault where I
49:13 that section one, um, the on this fault dominates and it's down
49:20 the south. And then if I to the middle of the fault right
49:26 the two faults intersect, I actually the fault intersection. I have really
49:31 throw with the map level. And if I continue on to the southeastern
49:39 of the fault, this other false to dominate and I have it down
49:44 the south sense of offset along the . You see the map arising
49:48 Now it's down to the north. , so there's the fault. Gap
49:56 represents two different faults, and it's unusual situation because the map horizon is
50:03 about where the false intersect. If were saying this up at this level
50:09 the's, faults would be well and I should see to consistent fault
50:15 . But here my fault Gap is about where these two thoughts intersect.
50:22 , uh, that's going to affect the ceiling or leaking capacity of
50:28 This fault? Um, this here got here and here. Have enough
50:36 that will get some steel capacity on fault. But here, I've got
50:41 on Reservoir Jackson position here, and have I'm gonna have virtually no seal
50:46 on this part of the fault. this will be a case where and
50:53 no ceiling capacity for the geologic trapping put on a dynamic time scale.
51:02 fault is going to serve as a a significant battle between these two star
51:07 of the horizon. And so this is an outcrop example of two intersecting
51:22 faults like we just saw in the data here. It's un interpreted
51:27 There's an interpretation imposed. You see false coming down here and here and
51:35 see the horizon offset from here to to here and right in this and
51:43 with these faults, intersect have lots little faults. I have lots of
51:47 and destruction in here, but I actually have any offset of the horizon
51:52 that part of the fault. So part of the fault is not going
51:56 be a geologic steel, but it be, ah, baffle on production
52:01 scale. Um, questions or Discussion on any of this. Is
52:25 any like, um, you like seal versa? Baffle. Like
52:31 ? I'm trying to have a hard dealing with that term because some people
52:34 about fracked baffles in terms of, , like inter bedded layers or something
52:39 that. So it's hard for for a fault, to be a
52:42 . Doesn't still have, like, measurable amount of, uh, leakage
52:47 something like that, you know? is it just like a descriptive
52:51 It's Yeah, it Zamora descriptive We're using it, particularly we're using
52:56 two different ways. When we talk hydraulic fracturing versus uh versus reservoir compartmentalization
53:05 hydraulic fracturing and we talk about a it, we're referring ti somewhere that
53:11 the propagation of the hydraulic fractures. . When we talk about false seals
53:17 baffles we talked about, we're talking false that are, uh, restrictions
53:24 flow to false that impede flow. the term has two different meetings in
53:31 two different contexts. Okay, we've going out this for about an hour
54:01 far. So why don't we? don't we take about a take a
54:06 break? We'll take a five minute here. Come back at 99
55:12 Um, and this is one of favorite maps. Um, this is
55:20 map that was made, uh, the fault auto picker in betrayal.
55:29 you see, all these black lines false. The red lines and the
55:34 lines here are our wells. Take look at this map and identify some
55:43 the problems with the false interpretations. the fault of the north Side look
56:01 like Baltimore during the areas. I'm . Just say that again from the
56:10 side flight. Let's say I want 4000 counselors. Yeah, I
56:19 Looks like it's like a Yeah. on this part of the fault,
56:29 no, there's no real offset. ? So that's that's definitely a
56:36 What? What are some of the issues that you see along there?
56:44 ? Cool. Well, several of are extended beyond the point,
56:56 for example, like the one cutting 15 17 50 to the right.
57:07 , here, uh, to the Yeah. All right. Yeah.
57:18 , sure. Yeah. Where the is. Yeah. So this is
57:24 the This blue is a well path blue and the red here.
57:28 path. So these air not All these other lines are false.
57:35 , so this part this partisan Yeah. Yes. Yeah. So
58:47 what's what's happening along this this for example, It's doesn't look like
59:00 much offset. Um, where your is. Yeah, that's right.
59:04 no The contracts were not offset along most of this fault. There's 17
59:12 there without being offset. 2000 without being offset 22 50 across there
59:19 or may not be offset. And there's There's probably no fault along most
59:25 this. Um, you think? you think that patrol will pick the
59:30 there because of maybe, like, points for their grades or their
59:34 Just It's like the horizon that's causing to do that, you know,
59:42 could be, but, um, the patrol auto picker, it scans
59:48 the data, and it looks uh, it looks for discontinuities in
59:53 seismic data. Um, so any of wipe out zone any kind of
59:59 artifact, any kind of steeply dipping in the seismic data where you don't
60:06 a continuous reflection, we'll get picked a fault. And that's what happened
60:12 this particular volume. Ah, lot these areas along here and here.
60:18 huh. You had discontinuities in the the reflectors. This kind notice the
60:27 , period, and those get picked false. And so you get a
60:31 of things. Pick that air, not really false. You see
60:35 Here. You see that over where I have all these concerts continuing
60:40 without offset. Um And then how all these? You see a lot
60:48 these fault fault intersections. What's what's about those? What's anonymous about those
61:01 the false gives ground. The what's about these is the faults or
61:11 Officer. So if I have, I had two intersecting faults, one
61:17 the faults should be offsetting the other . Probably in this, this kind
61:24 pattern can only occur in a unique where all the displacement is exactly parallel
61:31 the fault fault intersection. So wherever have ah, fault fault intersection like
61:38 , or like this over here, probably telling me something's wrong with the
61:44 interpretation. Most likely, one of faults doesn't exist or they should be
62:03 . And then if we come down this fault, you see this has
62:08 been annotated along here. Um, that's actually that's consistent along here.
62:23 consistently up on this side and down the other side. So that's that's
62:29 along there. Um, so the the throws air okay along this
62:41 But a lot of these vertical faults no real offset along them, and
62:46 it. That's an artifact of how fault picker works. What type of
62:57 is this? Eso This is are yes, it's just a
63:11 It's not a it's not a thrust . It's not a rollover, an
63:15 . It's not anything particularly like It's like a dome over assault type
63:25 and after I made a mistake along fault, the sense of throw looking
63:29 the conference closely, the sense of flips along this fault. So it's
63:35 up here and down here and then the middle of fault, it's down
63:38 the other side and up on this . Eso I've got another flipping fault
63:43 here. It must represent probably three faults if there's a fault there at
63:53 . Isn't that the software connected a of smaller faults in launching one long
63:59 fall? That's probably what's happened. , the software is probably connected.
64:04 lot of faults that should not be . Um, and it's it's important
64:14 go through and identify those things, know where your faults and to know
64:19 . You'll have communication of the fluids the tips of the falls in this
64:23 here and in this case, over here also, this fault will not
64:30 the reservoir. We'll still get flow the tips of these actual faults if
64:46 have a reversal in the throw of fault. So, for example,
64:51 flip of the up, down like showing there. Does that mean that
64:54 plane of the fault has to dip the opposite direction? Yes. So
65:10 you think back to the things we about yesterday, the only faults that
65:14 vertical are strike slip faults, reverse and normal faults. All have 30
65:20 60 degree dips, and so we're sense of offset changes. The dip
65:25 the fault is changing as well. . Okay, Good with that
65:58 Any more comments or questions on this ? All right, we'll go
66:15 Okay, So this is this is interesting exercise to discuss. Uh
66:22 We're looking at a thrust wall Pop up block here. I'm sort
66:28 a keystone pop up block structure concerts . The bounding faults here and
66:36 And from the seismic data, we see that these faults air dipping underneath
66:42 block. So this is dipping about degrees north. This is dipping about
66:48 degrees to the south. All so we have sort of Ah,
66:53 block here, founded by two reverse . Yeah. Now, if we
67:06 we construct the full contours from the contours like we do for normal faults
67:14 , they would define a normal Um, so if I connect the
67:24 across here 3800, the 3839 to so on, I define a Siris
67:32 fault contours that air dipping to the . Or but we know from the
67:38 data that the fault is actually dipping other way. It's dipping to the
67:43 . So these so these counters don't represent counters on the fault that represents
67:50 else. Mhm. If I try draw fault contours honoring the horizon,
68:02 and the dips that I've seen the data, I have to curve these
68:08 so that they go underneath the pop block here. So this would be
68:14 3800 ft contour here by 3900 ft here, Uh, and these air
68:24 bizarre. Unlikely impossible shapes for a fault. Reverse faults should curve in
68:34 opposite direction to what we see defined by these contours. Um,
68:39 these thes cut offs between the horizon in the fault plane are not giving
68:47 any insight into what the fault is doing their, uh, their contradicting
68:52 the fault is actually doing. now what the what these contours represent
69:06 really the limits off the seismic Um, in thrust fault structures like
69:14 shown by the insight here, you have, ah, vertical limb
69:21 we lose our seismic resolution in that limb. Um, so this is
69:27 is really just a seismic wipe out . And what these contras represent are
69:33 limits of where we get, the limits of that wipeouts on.
69:41 they're really defining where where these limbs vertical. They represent this transition from
69:48 Shelly dipping horizon to a vertical And they approximately represent the dip of
69:56 limb in this in this wipe are you? Uh huh. Do
70:05 geophysicists want to add anything to talk imaging of these vertical limbs?
70:14 No, this this is the most part. And I mean, with
70:21 more advanced imaging, it's it's getting with things. That owner, I
70:26 to image such a vertical thing, . We need something that owner prismatic
70:30 something that reflects more than one time the subsurface. So things like RTM
70:37 could improve the imaging possibly and show even vertical dips. But but in
70:43 in most other imaging tools, it probably be in the seismic as as
70:48 , as you mentioned, it It won't really show a meaningful seismic
70:53 there. Yeah, from and to to get actual reflections from these vertical
71:02 , you have to have very, long offsets in the acquisition.
71:07 So you have toe, uh, have to design your acquisition parameters with
71:13 kind of problem in mind to get reasonable data out of here.
71:22 and the other. The other interesting is that these wipe out zones are
71:26 necessarily or even usually false. They're vertical limbs where we're not getting any
71:31 data back. Um And so when we're mapping thes horizons and we hit
71:39 no data zones, um, we're into a vertical limb and not necessarily
71:45 fault. And when we draw these based on the horizon intersection, it's
71:53 us about the wipe out zone and about the fault itself. Is there
72:01 effect on their reflectors when they penetrate fall plane as well? I read
72:07 about pull down and pull up of reflectors below a fault plane.
72:17 Um, if you if your fault juxtaposing rocks with different velocities state,
72:26 , if you're putting older, faster up over younger, slower rocks,
72:32 you get a velocity pull up underneath . And this is this is an
72:38 consideration in like basement court up lists you have basement up thrust over sedimentary
72:45 and in a geometry similar to um, you think you can get
72:51 ups underneath there? And, if you don't, If you don't
72:57 ah, correct depth migration, it like you have some kind of football
73:03 down in this position. That's really on artifact of the the seismic velocities
73:08 the seismic pull ups. Yeah, if sorry, if I might add
73:15 thing is Well, you know, steeper, the steeper we get on
73:18 seismic, the more we need to a new accurate model. That's that's
73:24 and Anisotropy as well. Because in order to image deeper things,
73:30 really use the horizontal part of the field. And and to really position
73:34 horizontal race or part of the way , we need a proper horizontal velocity
73:41 can possibly come mainly from the Anisotropy . It's it's both, I
73:46 its velocity and anisotropy as well. So the steeper we go, the
73:52 challenging it. It becomes an any any error in the velocity s will
73:56 probably need some distortion in the structure . It just okay. Thanks.
74:10 . for that. Um, the interesting thing Thio consider here is
74:18 Well, halves, all these little tadpoles on here are meter readings on
74:28 , in drilling and developing something like . It's really valuable to acquire a
74:33 meter in these well logs to define the dips in these white Parsons really
74:40 . Without that dip meter, you're unconstrained as to what the geometry is
74:45 here. Exactly. So in developing things, it's very, very valuable
74:52 acquire a dip meter or wherever you these seismic white but zones.
75:03 So there's there's a plug for the companies. Okay, let's let's talk
75:20 let's discuss this one. We ah, structure concert map on a
75:26 a dome here. It's high It's low. The contour interval is
75:33 . It's about 20 milliseconds here, , And when you look closely at
75:41 map, what do you what do notice? What do you What do
75:48 see that's unusual in this map? the contour lines created by a human
75:55 machine? It's like machine. there were there both. Yeah,
76:10 like there's two faults that don't show offset on the the two structure to
76:16 , Niemans said. Don't you any on there? Um, Northwestern side
76:21 the Met? Yeah, that's a point here, for example. We
76:27 a fault with no no offset along here. We've got some real offset
76:33 , but no offset here. So is an example of fault. It's
76:36 been overextended. That's a good And here here, we've got a
76:45 main fault, and that's that's That's got good offset along it.
76:54 again, there's a point where it out Fela's any offset along there.
77:04 then do you have these funny bull's that I've indicated with some of the
77:10 here, here and here and and here there's another one. And there's
77:20 another fault with no no offset along . Um, so these these bulls
77:28 are an artifact of both the human and the machine interpretation. So if
77:39 take a seismic line that goes through bull's eyes, they look like
77:46 Where because my seismic kidder here's the level. Here's a Here's a well
77:52 on. These are These are false that intersect the Intersect. My vertical
78:00 and what's happened here is theme. the horizon has been snapped to fit
78:08 well tops. Um, and the . Well, what the snapping is
78:17 is pull the horizon up along the of the well in the immediate vicinity
78:25 the well, to make the horizon the well top. Um, and
78:33 z creating these bull's eyes in three that we see on the map.
78:41 does that tell you about the about horizon probably needs to be re picked
78:49 the about around the world war. , Yeah, it needs to be
78:53 picked probably everywhere. It's probably on wrong loop. We probably should be
78:57 loop higher up in here that coincides the well tops arm. So at
79:05 very least, you should go back and apply a a a shift.
79:12 I've got a correction factor to this bring it up a loop to the
79:18 the actual well, tops. and really, you want to go
79:22 and remap to make sure you're mapping right Luke? That coincides with the
79:25 tops Those bulls eyes air telling you you're mapped, arise and really is
79:31 the same one is in the well . Has anybody ever seen anything like
79:42 or in encounter anything like that in own work? I've definitely seen it
79:50 , You know, try toe snap to, um, like we take
79:55 albores and you'll have tops along the and I'll try to snap those thio
80:00 a fault that they have intersected or then they'll try toe go inside the
80:05 with default. And a lot of it doesn't make a lot of
80:08 It creates these, like, uh, data point. It's like
80:12 have to do a lot of work around where the fault in the wellbore
80:15 everything intersects that does it for extra horizontal. Well, so yeah,
80:24 vertical wells, we've had to do pretty significant corrections when we got more
80:29 time, death surveys and the reflectors we had chosen probably erroneously, you
80:36 , saying, Oh, this reflector is this point or this bed which
80:42 generally not a good thing to But then then you find that that
80:46 Maybe it's a primary, you prominent trough. It doesn't really reflect
80:51 you thought it Waas in the well , You know, you thought it
80:55 Oh, this big sand or this sand shell point And then it's It's
81:00 not that point it all eso you of you know, your whole idea
81:04 what's happening in the area. It a little bit different. Okay,
81:32 . Okay, so this is this another interesting one where we're looking now
81:36 a seismic time slice. Uh, ah, it's ah, descendants of
81:42 volume. So all of these, are traced his eyes and fault at
81:50 at the time sliced level. And these sticks represent individual fault sticks.
81:58 fault picks. The yellow is whether the horizon, the about the time
82:04 the blue is rather below the time . So here I've got a fault
82:10 dipping to the right, dipping to east In this case, that basically
82:16 with this dark horizon in the in time slice volume. And then these
82:26 red lines represent the fault polygons at horizon level. And what is this
82:36 about the fault polygons and the in fall, seen the dissembling sliced Looks
82:49 the fault polygons or shifted our or honor the this time slice.
82:56 So the default polygons really don't honor time slice data at all And,
83:06 , probably what happened here? Somebody through and picked on widely spaced,
83:12 spaced vertical profiles. So they saw fault over here and this fault over
83:19 and correlated that is one fault. in generated this red fault polygon that
83:26 represents two different faults. So they've alias the fault interpretation by off picking
83:33 on widely spaced grid lines. And see another example here where this fault
83:44 shown in red combines some of this with some of this fault and miss
83:51 the false based on the on the slides data. And and so the
84:00 of this is to show, how important it is to use the
84:04 . So I state of when you're you're picking faults. And if you
84:10 that in your volume interpretation, you still pick widely spaced fault. But
84:17 can use the time slides to correlate so that you can You can pick
84:23 fault here and and picked default here get the correlation correctly and avoid this
84:31 of this correlation that we're seeing with with the fault polygons from. And
84:38 it Z really efficient to use both time slice in the vertical profiles when
84:45 picking and correlating your falls, do of you do that in your size
84:59 of interpretation? Or do you routinely that? We did it. We
85:12 a couple of us who've taken this courts with Maher for, um,
85:18 did the area that he had us within patrol was way used time slices
85:23 co rendered attributes on different time slices fix and bolts. So maybe some
85:28 us have. But, um, haven't done a lot of that and
85:37 . Yeah, so that's that's definitely best practice. Um, and I'm
85:42 to hear that Martha is teaching that very valuable. And it makes your
85:47 makes you much more efficient. Interpreter . You don't have to spend a
85:52 of time considering how to correlate the . At times I stayed in the
85:56 attributes really guide you and give you way to accelerate your fault.
86:16 Okay, I'm going toe switch gears and talked about fault and fold
86:24 And let's see, maybe this is is a good breaking point to take
86:31 quick break. Um, give yourselves , uh, five minute break
86:37 I've got 10. 20. So pick this up again at about
86:41 25. Hey, Steve, you there? Yes. Yeah. I
86:56 want can I just quickly show you , uh, this time, slice
87:00 . This was kind of a new for me, and I was working
87:03 this one prospect, and we're having figure out where the fault was.
87:07 then we started just time slicing down then just popped right out. I
87:13 wanted to show you this one little . Try to fresh air.
87:18 go ahead. Yeah. Have you it? I'm not saying Let me
87:26 sharing mine, okay? I'm I'm seeing. Right. So,
87:39 see, just like the the cross Blue Cross's fault picks. And
87:44 um, I saw him initially, now it's just really tiny mhm.
88:00 , Okay, that's good. um, so you can see the
88:08 down their own and then, you , black is where your low and
88:13 that that white pocket just pops out you, or the accumulation is proposed
88:18 bay. So that was really That's cool. Yeah, that's
88:23 And the crosses represent the false stick and intersections. Yeah. So that's
88:32 we that's the fault. Trace. . Okay. Yeah. In
88:37 Yeah. So it's a It's definitely . Little trick. Yeah, that's
88:46 . Thanks for sharing that. I'll see you back a minute.
90:28 you should look simulated question. I just wonder if you still live
90:57 Houston? Yeah. Yeah. I in the southwest corner of the
91:04 You are? You're still working or any contract work or anything like
91:09 Or you just teaching them doing this the oftown. No, I'm just
91:13 . Enjoy retirement there for you. , that's what we're all looking forward
91:19 . It about 30 years. I definitely did my time. I've
91:28 retired for about two years, and first year we did a lot of
91:31 , and that was great fun. this year, with all the co
91:38 fiesta and all that kind of we've been kind of restricted in what
91:41 dio. So it hasn't been as as the first year, but the
91:45 year, we really had a good . Mhm. Say okay. I
91:58 to talk about fault fold relationships now cross sections and some of the queue
92:04 techniques that we use for cross Um, I'm showing a slide of
92:10 fold relationships with normal faults and reverse . Are you Are you all seeing
92:16 ? Yep. Okay, good in idea. I want to get across
92:23 that the full shapes and the fault are interdependent. They're totally related to
92:28 other. And so, in our , we need to make sure that
92:32 correlate with each other. And where we have normal faults like this
92:37 like this, where we have a shape fault, we get this roll
92:44 collapse into the into the the of hanging wall into the football here,
92:51 we have this anti Listrik shape. get this sort of normal drag in
92:56 hanging wall is it moves down over steepening part of the fault for reverse
93:02 . Analogous Lee um, where the cuts up section the horizons cut up
93:11 based on the shape off the fault the thrust faults are betting parallel.
93:17 don't have any vertical displacement of the . And depending on whether we have
93:24 off fault, Ben Folds or fault fold default rates through or we get
93:32 vertical limit, the tip of the , and we'll talk about each of
93:36 in a lot of details. Orange the very basic thing here, the
93:46 thing for considering extension of structures False is where I have a plane
93:51 fault. I don't have any folding the horizon in either the football or
93:55 hanging wall where I have a Listrik fault. I get this collapse of
94:00 hanging wall into the football where I is antiballistic con cave up shape.
94:07 get this reversed drag into the So the hanging wall shape and the
94:13 shape in both of these in all cases are mutually dependent on each
94:21 Okay, all right, so this an animation of a Listrik fault and
94:42 see it as this hanging wall moves to the right over the flat part
94:47 the fault. There's no vertical displacement the horizons, the horizon. Stay
94:52 the same level. They were originally the Listrik shaped part of the
94:58 The horizons collapsed down to fill that in the the extended hanging law you
95:09 again. What's the What's the angle on the at the base of that
95:15 , like once it once it starts flatten out, does it really goto
95:18 zero like zero dip? Yeah, really goes to betting Parallel.
95:24 well, in a few slides will a lot of examples of that from
95:28 South Texas. Um, and Jim , that's a That's a problem.
95:40 , we shouldn't see that based on gym mechanics, but in fact,
95:44 do. And there's something in the mechanics. It just is,
95:50 that just doesn't explain, uh, these faults go, it social,
95:55 , angles. I mean, and talk about that in a second.
96:02 , anyway, so here you have vertical office that you just have horizontal
96:07 over the curb. Part of the . You get this roll over an
96:10 that's related to the shape of the and the collapse of the hanging wall
96:16 that football shape. Okay, One the things that we get because of
96:30 collapse into the fault are these second conjugate faults in the hanging wall and
96:38 see here Ah, model where the role is moving out to the
96:44 There's my fault in my foot And as this'll hanging wall collapses down
96:52 the Listrik fault, I gotta Siris cons get faults in the hanging wall
96:58 , uh, right about where the starts to form right over where that
97:02 goes from curve toe thio cleaner to once. And as this translates out
97:10 the right, these I generate successive of these congregate false that over print
97:21 other as this This hanging wall continues collapse. Yeah, So first I
97:27 the G one set Here is I to extend this I thes become
97:34 You see them dying out upwards and generate a new set this g to
97:39 and is this continues Its just continues for a long as I've got
97:45 Basically infinitely is this continues to go to the right. I generate younger
97:51 younger sense of these congregate false where district fault ends and becomes horizontal accommodating
97:59 rollover collapse into the into the fault fold in here. You see
98:07 Um he's die out to the and they are die out to the
98:14 the right. Die out to the part of the fault over the planer
98:18 of the fall. And they propagate higher in the section as they get
98:45 Uh, e get the synthetic drag the fault where default wrote where the
98:53 rolls over into this analyst Rick shape again. So here I have the
99:23 roll over an incline collapsing into this of the fault here my beds air
99:30 the other direction as they go over steepening part of the fall. And
99:33 here I get a, uh, into the list, this second Listrik
99:41 of the fault. And out here just get horizontal translation. So I
99:46 a more complex shape to the hanging because of this more complex shape in
99:52 football. Mhm Listrik con cave down Rick con, cave up Listrik again
100:01 giving me this Listrik roll over Listrik roll over here and this reverse
100:06 of drag in this part of the What kind of a vertical scale with
100:12 like this beyond, um, 10 of thousands of feet. We'll see
100:26 examples inside me in just a and we'll be ableto put a better
100:31 on that question. Right. So a Here's a sandbox model of the
100:42 kind of shape fault showing the Listrik the analyst Rick shape in the Listrik
100:48 again here and in the hanging I have the roll over an incline
100:54 my constant false here accommodating the extension for that collapse into the district shape
101:01 the fault here where I have the Listrik shape. Um, I get
101:09 the drag of the beds into the of the fault up shallow in this
101:14 . I actually have shortening within this . Klein. You see these little
101:19 throws back up here and then out here where I have this second Listrik
101:26 to the fault, I get another , another set of conjugate false,
101:31 that collapse accommodating that collapsed into the part of the fault. But here's
101:43 Here's a seismic scale example, and vertically we're looking at 1 to 4
101:50 seconds to a travel time. Here's master fault here. Ballistic shape in
102:03 shallow section anti Listrik shape in this here and then plainer often here,
102:12 we get the roll over an decline the synthetic an anesthetic faults allowing this
102:19 into the Listrik portion of the And and then, as these translate
102:26 to the right, um, the on these dies out and they become
102:33 passively translated out are on down the does the where the out,
102:49 Where the master where the master fault and at point a, uh,
102:54 that normal force or those. is that typically a really good feeling
102:58 along that master fault in general? . Yeah. Um, what about
103:07 , for those, uh, can get fault blocks are those typically used
103:12 as like, known targets. Are risk pretty risky targets or in terms
103:17 feels for the no, they're they're they're they're good seals,
103:24 their their lesser displacement, But they're good steals. Yeah, And that
103:31 becomes a little problematic. Because are have ah, in overall big roll
103:40 an decline accumulation in here, but will be compartmentalized by all these individual
103:47 . So you have one big accumulation a lot of different oil, water
103:54 and a lot of different reservoir compartments require individual wells. But aren't these
104:04 ? Also points off release that the sitting on top of this newly formed
104:09 Klein structure that they could leak some proof flows? Not really.
104:20 no. Um, and we'll talk this in one session. In great
104:26 . You get you get gouged, along each one of these falls.
104:30 provides a very good steel capacity. , even though the throw is not
104:39 large, um, you got very seals developed along each one of these
104:48 . And the next spot is actually ahead. No, I just said
104:53 , okay. And we see an that actually, in this next slide
105:00 huh, this is from Nigeria. master fault is back here and then
105:12 the within the hang on, we've an overall roll over an incline you
105:15 see with Are these these beds with blue in the purple and yellow down
105:22 here? Then within that roll over incline, you have all these synthetic
105:28 anesthetic faults chopping these guys up into and lots of different little fault
105:33 Um, and they become complicated overall, I have a big
105:42 But each one of these individual fault requires its own. Well, they
105:47 their own compartments. Onda require a of lot of wells to really train
105:53 the compartments I was that cross section . I've never seen thing. It
105:59 like that. All right, it looks like it's really a three volume
106:09 we're looking at e using Petro our . Um, this was this was
106:18 using Shell Zone seismic interpretation program. I should start an art gallery
106:27 Yeah, you get some really pretty , Especially when you start bringing in
106:32 amplitude. Okay. All right. this is a vertical profile across
106:47 an individual line across a section like ? Sure are. And on
107:14 on the football side of F I have these three horizons a
107:19 and I want to target. There's with Verizon A in here arms.
107:29 there's a problem with the interpretation. , what do you What do you
107:36 is the problem? What can you is the problem within the targets within
107:42 grabbing block? Looks like they missed fall. So they missed the
107:56 They misinterpreted the fault they didn't The quite with your cursor is just
108:00 the left of that. And as you follow up, it looks
108:02 the Mr Fault. There may be , that's that's possible. Um,
108:10 and some of the there may be false there. There's certainly more false
108:16 higher in section. Uh huh. is it a nice big horizon?
108:26 , I miss picked. Arise on happened to these These events on the
108:32 side of the fault. I've got events A, B and C that
108:34 the fault on one side where they on the other side. Sure.
108:42 they just disappeared. Yeah, and can't do that. They can't just
108:50 . So this this a horizon is picked here. It's got to
108:56 It's really has to be somewhere higher this section. Um, if the's
109:01 events hit one side of the they have to be on the other
109:05 of the fault. So this is is miss correlated across here. And
109:10 event needs to be pulled up to space to put these b and C
109:16 , uh, in underneath it down in here. Um, and
109:23 was an interesting case because they actually with this target in mind.
109:29 when they when they drilled it, found it was, in fact,
109:34 and that these B and C horizons present down here and sort of in
109:38 keystone part of the grabbing. so the the bottom line here is
109:45 events hit one side of the fault to be on the other side of
109:48 fall. The events have to correlate one side of the fault to the
109:55 . Okay, sure. I have question. Um, the fault,
109:59 two it seems that in the top of the figure, the right settlements
110:05 higher. We're almost higher than the . But then when you go down
110:10 little bit since that along, that fault sense of the settlements on the
110:16 are lower. I was just thinking the exercise that we did that the
110:23 couldn't have up and down, throw and I don't know, it's
110:34 it z correct that were is caused other false. They're calling it the
110:43 . Who I can see why you that based on the on the character
110:52 the events from one side of the to the other. Um, but
110:57 in this case. That's misleading. there's a huge amount of displacement on
111:02 fault. So these these events, , don't correlate to the events that
111:09 see over here. The the events correlate with these are our somewhere way
111:15 the plane of the section up to right. Okay, First, I
111:19 that explains your issue. Anything Any other comments on that one?
111:39 they're gonna drill that well, did drill through all those upper fault boss
111:42 good day? You know, how they like what was that? Seems
111:47 complex. Um, they drove through lot of those upper fault blocks.
111:54 , they would try and target a to come down through this less faulted
112:00 off the the faulted portion of the , but they still end up filling
112:06 a lot of false up in up this area are, and that's just
112:15 just part of the business here, , each each one of these
112:20 Almost every one of these horizons up here is a reservoir steel pair.
112:25 there's a tremendous number of reservoirs to penetrated through this whole this whole
112:33 Are there a lot of wells up here form and they just become very
112:38 and drilling through all these faults in particular case, also, we're in
112:51 we're in a hydrostatic regime. So the faults are not pressure changing faults
112:59 except for this guy. This guy a pressure changing fault. But all
113:03 minor faults air in the same pressure , so that makes drilling less
113:11 Can you explain that a little Pressure changing? That's that's not something
113:14 heard before on okay, Some of thoughts, especially these big ones,
113:23 have um oh, over pressured sentiments one side and normally pressured sediments on
113:32 other side. Um, and so when you drill through those falls,
113:39 have a big increase in pressure and have thio. You have to pick
113:47 casing points so that you can change mud weights and accommodate the higher pressures
113:53 you go through the falls, we of things grabbing pulse breath one after
114:02 the settlement would be would have a pressure. Not not within the
114:11 but false like F one enough to often pressure changing, false. So
114:19 the stuff to, for example, area where we have such chaotic seismic
114:26 . This is this is highly over . So if I drill through f
114:31 somewhere in this position, I go an hydra statically pressured regime to an
114:37 regime, and the pressure will change maybe 1000 p s. I across
114:44 fall. And that requires a big in mud weight. When I go
114:52 that fault excuse me. And that that moderate requires that I have ah
114:59 point here so that I can change mud way. So drilling through these
115:04 from one pressure regime to the other very complicated. Had that happened 30
115:16 , huh? I'm just wondering, do you know? We decided
115:21 being my pressure A That's a good . Um hey, the the best
115:38 the most constrained way is from previous hard. You can also make a
115:48 good estimate from the seismic interval So mm, for example, over
115:58 like this, where it is a changing fault have normally compacted sentiments and
116:06 velocities on this side, under compacted and slower velocities on this side and
116:14 advance of drilling, we can tell those changes in interval velocities that we
116:20 . Ah, pressure changing fault. huh. I was gonna say
116:26 um when I was in operations, did that we would take a size
116:30 conversion product and then see that ah, GM mechanical model. And
116:35 , well, we we knew that could see faults and seismic.
116:38 you know, you have to predict or not you're gonna have over under
116:40 on him. Many times we Plus a few Well, bores,
116:44 , um, in the Permian doing , getting stuck mud enough from
116:52 Start your your at £11.5 per gallon . And then you have to mode
116:59 like a 16.5, which is a . It changed. Yeah.
117:13 And some of the sessions of the where we talk about over pressures will
117:17 do some of those calculations. And , um what the You know what
117:23 have to do in operations to accommodate kind of pressure changes. Okay,
117:46 there no more comments like go on the next slide. Okay, so
118:01 we're looking at another sizing profile across the salt dome. You see the
118:08 Reservoir Horizons here in the green, blue and the orange down here,
118:15 , across will collapse. Grubben here these lines representing false sticks.
118:23 And what do the what are the along the false imply arms as it's
118:38 . I've got a really large offset and much less offset here. If
118:49 imagine flattening on the screen horizon, that going to do to my deeper
119:00 ? Create a lot? Offset? . If I flatten on the
119:05 it's going to pull these guys up a reverse sense of displacement. And
119:11 it implies that I've got some kind reactivated fault here. Um, which
119:18 this particular setting I would are just that I don't have, um and
119:25 that's that's telling me that the these picks are in the wrong place.
119:30 have to be somewhere lower in the . And you see these thes pics
119:41 of smoothed through the seismic data The seismic data dips, shall
119:46 To the left. I don't get steeper dips to the right. So
119:51 got a miss correlation a smoothing across faults in these in these lower picture
119:59 . And they should come across of consistently with what we see in this
120:03 block so much lower along here, essentially the same displacement from the shell
120:12 down to the deeper levels. It's reasonable to have your fault. Displacement
120:19 , down, dip. We see commonly, and growth falls. We
120:23 a lot of that, but to a decrease down dip implies that you
120:28 an inverted fault. And that's rarely the case. Why would the green
120:36 on the left not be pretty much your cursor is? Now it seems
120:41 follow through about the same amount as blue and the orange one at that
120:48 . Yeah, If you just go the seismic character, you might do
120:54 . Um, but ah, we from the well control that we've got
120:59 lot of off set up on the from here down to here. So
121:06 It's the It's the extra control on tops that's not shown on the
121:11 It's not shown on this section that you to this interpretation. I thought
121:33 offsite could be smaller is deeper because go deeper into sections. Does this
121:41 can on these, it generally is . Uh huh. That's not It's
121:51 an absolute it can be deeper if have, uh, if your fault
121:57 out like we talked about with the shape of the Falls, then you
122:02 will die out downward. And it vary depending on where you are on
122:06 fault. Uh, but where you thoughts that post state the sentiments or
122:18 synchronous with the settlements where you have faults, the displacement should be constant
122:25 should decrease downward. I know So things like most of the basements
122:41 we explore for oil and gas on of Mexico, Brazil, Nigeria,
122:49 like that North sea. Um, displacement generally decrease generally increases downward.
123:01 , in the North Sea, we a few examples of reactivated false where
123:06 displacement decreases downward, but they tend be the exception rather than the
123:31 Okay, I'm good so far. , I'll go onto the next
123:48 Yeah, Okay. This is, this is an example where the what
123:58 call the ramps and the flats don't where the horizon shape in the hanging
124:04 and the shape of the fault do match. And that's telling you that
124:09 a incorrect There's an error in the . Uh, so here I've got
124:15 Listrik fault that goes plane. Or about this point down in the pain
124:24 , I have a roll over an here over the Listrik part of the
124:30 where I have these, uh, hanging ball cutoffs are what we call
124:37 ramp. And down in here, the fault is parallel to the bed
124:44 what we call Ah, flat. then we've got another little ramp again
124:50 . If I imagine restoring this, get something like this that highlights the
124:58 . If I If I restore the bed, If I pull all these
125:02 bends up back to a horizontal it pulls these events up and and
125:09 them off the fault and creates this in the restoration there is telling me
125:15 there's, uh there's something wrong with the horizon or the fault. Interpretation
125:38 requires a steepening of the fault. observations from the hang wal tell me
125:43 this fault should actually steepen. as I go deeper, it shouldn't
125:48 on this planet trajectory. It should steeper. And that and that solves
125:54 the Miss correlation that sells this correlation the fault. So if I revise
126:03 fault interpretation from I'll leave it as strict in the suburb part, but
126:09 steep, innit? In the lower , with this anti Listrik shape to
126:29 hang all beds. So that, initially that vets shape in the beds
126:37 me that the fault needs to have steeper part of this steeper, deeper
126:42 of the fault rather than just being or like that from and that that
126:51 me to extend this horizon further into area and match the cutoffs on the
126:57 walk with deal with the football. me, Steve. Yes.
127:04 we're seeing a lot of lag in audio in the video. Is it
127:09 to see if you're broadcasting in If we switch to standard definition,
127:16 may solve that. Okay, I'm I'm not even sure how to do
127:30 . Okay, so you know where buttons for your video. So I
127:38 your video off on on and I think the best option for right
127:47 it would be if you just turned your video. You change the settings
127:56 . Okay. Are Yeah. yeah. I don't actually have the
128:25 turned off in the video already. , actually, it should be.
128:39 should be good now, because it like the signal got better.
128:43 Fuck, yeah. Um, Yeah. Discussion. Okay, depending
128:56 Yeah. What we found in my is that depending on who else is
129:01 at the time and what they're doing just affects the van with and can
129:05 things down. Fuck. Okay. you back to seeing that last
129:22 Not mhm. Think you needed. . Yes. Oh, Okay.
129:48 . Now. Service. Mm. presenter mode. Yeah, we got
129:58 look at the right monitor. There we go. Oh,
130:15 Success. Okay. To summarize We talked about maps in cross Section
130:28 that in maps are our fault. have a consistent set of all set
130:32 long strike strike he up and down sides need to be consistent along the
130:38 of the fault. We can use across the fault gaps to define that
130:45 shape to show that we have a or inconsistent correlation between the false um
130:53 in the final map horizons, we be especially careful And, uh,
131:01 si, any auto pick faults and for unusual artifacts like the bulls eyes
131:09 we talked about on some of the sections in cross section The hanging,
131:17 shapes need to be consistent with the shape or conversely, the fault shape
131:22 to be consistent with hanging wall So where we have a player fault
131:28 this, I expect to have a football in a plane or hanging
131:34 We're out the con cave Normal Listrik can't gave up normal Listrik fault shape
131:40 this. I expect to have these roll over an declines of collapsing down
131:47 my Listrik fall where I have the shape. Akane cave down anti Listrik
131:53 fault. This kind of shape I to have my hanging while dragged up
131:58 the fault with its normal sense of . So in each of these three
132:04 , the hanging wall shape and the shape are all, uh, dependent
132:09 each other and then going on to next level of detail. The hanging
132:16 the football cut off across any fault to match. If I have three
132:22 four events on one side of the , I have to have the same
132:25 of or events on the other side the fault. And similarly, the
132:32 and flats in the hanging role in football have to match. So if
132:37 have a steep cut offs in the wal, I need to have steep
132:42 offs in the football or vice If I have low angle cutoffs in
132:46 hanging wall, I need to have angle cut offs in the hanging
132:54 Yes, Okay. All right. was everything I wanted to cover for
133:04 que a que C section. Are any general comments or questions or things
133:10 you want to review off what we've about so far this morning in
133:19 How? Um, all these everything reviewed seems like, um, I
133:25 it seems like I see a lot people make mistakes like that's what I
133:28 . How How often, Um, see mistake like this made or in
133:32 career? Especially a sheller with young of this. You're just jealous,
133:36 . Oh, you see it? it all the time. It's very
133:39 . Uh, when I when I this classic shell, we would require
133:44 to actually bring in some examples of own maps and apply these Q A
133:50 C things to them on git was very entertaining. They always found lots
133:57 these false lots of these first that highlight. I don't want to say
134:01 , because that's, uh has two here. But we always find a
134:05 of problems with the maps, for . When you Oh, sorry.
134:20 . Coin. I got curious. you start talking about reactivated faults,
134:27 feel like maybe you're gonna have election that. But no, I think
134:33 just want to run a little bit last night. Yeah, we
134:41 Ah, we have a lecture planned that. But I'm tell me more
134:44 you're working on. So maybe I so put more material in tow.
134:50 with what you're doing. Uh, now, um, I'm working abroad
135:01 , but I'm working with a very area. Um, the environment now
135:12 doing, but it has many faults goes all the way to kind of
135:18 see badge, and there is some below it. But when the salt
135:26 escaping, it creates faults in the above it and way get very
135:34 I guess, false that we're trying and that the data is not very
135:41 . Um, so I hear they , um, a lot together.
135:44 I just wanted Thio. You we're in a little bit more.
135:51 . So there's a whole There's a section planned on on salt related structures
135:57 false related to salt. Uh, would be a good time to to
136:02 those things up. Hopefully that will address some of the things you're working
136:08 your sinful sanctions, and since in we see false typically, uh,
136:18 into the salt, the salt, salt sediment interface itself is like a
136:25 . Just, um so ah, of the faults that we see overlying
136:32 the false soul into the salt and become basically become one with salt.
136:42 , in the beginning, that was of my first e. Guess learning
136:47 Some people interpret default across the salt on then our structural geologist like no
136:54 then. But this seems the default on the salt or kind of goes
137:00 the side of it. Eso Sometimes like, Oh, is they layer
137:07 against fault or against salt? yeah. So you you want to
137:20 of the salt sediment contact as a ? Sorry. Nothing. Yeah.
137:41 just gonna ask the general question like, what's the what's your textbook
137:46 for? We're going through And, , making just the first past time
137:50 section fault interpretation. Okay, I say, um, pick your
138:08 Faults sticks with both a vertical profile a time, sliced, displayed.
138:17 , uh, ah, volume interfering volume is the best way to do
138:21 . And then, uh, The time slides up and down to
138:25 level where that fault is well, on the time slides. And then
138:32 can move a significant distance along that or and use the time slices of
138:39 to correlate the false along. Strike , and then use that to pick
138:46 pick. Let's say your next false . Um, in that way,
138:53 good data, you can go. can jump 50 or moral lines or
139:00 still, pick your faults and make correlate. The other part of that
139:05 to make a fault pick on the slice so that you're tied. Your
139:11 fault picks together with a time slice pick. Isn't the fault going to
139:22 between a time Volume two? With volume? Me, it will.
139:32 will change in. It will change depth, but it's relative position will
139:38 change. So if you if you , if you pick to fault sticks
139:48 profiles and then a third false stick a time slice uh, if they're
139:54 tied together in time, they will be all tied together in depth.
139:58 just there, there relative position their absolute position will change from I'm
140:11 . Do you wanna add anything on ? Yeah, not really. Except
140:20 sometime sometime in old old images, see full shadows so sometimes is not
140:28 clear Which one is the main Onda again? This is usually a
140:36 error problems other than that, that's . Really? That's the only thing
140:41 wanted. It is the full challenge sometime is we see on the
140:50 Oh, yeah, this is, think, aware where the where the
141:00 eyes better than the time. Especially with an accurate model. Uh,
141:08 sometime it resolve this foreshadowing issue. , from you're experiencing e I was
141:22 gonna say, Do you like to in three D or two D?
141:24 if you like to use the time , interpreting bolts in three D would
141:28 you to look a like a chair with the Times Life Sam sites.
141:31 or do you, like, look a long line and then look at
141:36 time slice at that, you same line, and then step through
141:39 individually. Or, um, this is a preference question.
141:46 Yeah. My preference. My personal is to have 22 separate displays
141:51 So I'll have, uh, one that shows that the vertical profiles in
141:58 display that shows the time slices. and they're, uh they're synchronized with
142:05 other so that I can see on one where I'm putting my fault picks
142:12 . And part of that is because I when I pick in volume,
142:23 hard to get my pick at exactly right depth that I want. If
142:30 have a fixed time slice display, I know that I'm anchored on that
142:35 slice. I know exactly where my slice pick is. So I like
142:41 pick the two things separately in a profile. And on an individual,
142:45 separate time slides profile farm. Are doing that on S and T?
142:54 , I was doing that in the shell interpretation software. That sounds like
143:04 need to come work for Shell. , yeah. Good luck with
143:19 Oh, no. Mhm. That's . I had a great time in
143:27 great career there, but it's uh, it's It's not the same
143:31 anymore. And they're going through now budget and staff reductions with, you
143:42 , just with a chainsaw. they're not alone in that.
143:49 no, unfortunately, they're not. . Oh, Oh, e have
144:05 that jump ship from one company with you know, with a nice severance
144:10 , expecting to get counting on getting job and being able Thio collect salary
144:16 the severance package at the same time the market collapsed and then the market
144:22 . And then just it wasn't possible . Backfired on the old double dip
144:29 . Yeah, yeah, they will around again. What do you
144:38 It's oil price dependent E? Obviously, it's That's a huge
144:42 But if can you imagine a scenario you know you're you're staying around 40
144:49 then somehow the business becomes more attractive a unemployment and growth standpoint. It's
144:59 . Yeah, absolutely. I think , um So I think in about
145:08 year we're going to see a I'm this is my just my subjective
145:16 In about a year, I expect see a rebound in the oil
145:19 and in that time at that the company's they're going to need more
145:25 , they're gonna need more personnel, there are fewer and fewer people coming
145:31 the industry. Eso At that I think of people with experience they're
145:37 become extremely valuable. Yeah, and Z. I shouldn't Good that's what
145:54 hope e so Well, that's what showed that slide at the beginning about
146:06 oil and gas just going to be for for many, many decades to
146:12 . I think it's still there. career option. I guess I
146:20 I was also interested in your opinion I mean, does the oil price
146:24 to go up for the industry to more attractive from a growth standpoint?
146:32 is there Is there a way that there's innovations or, you know,
146:36 don't know, something that makes it it's you don't need some sort of
146:41 , but you end up just having more efficient industry? Um,
146:51 So yeah, improvements in E and that make him, uh, more
146:59 , less risky to make the return the investment better, Uh, all
147:04 things make the companies more profitable and and potentially hire more staff. And
147:16 mean way over the over the time my career, for example. I
147:22 , we've gone from, um, d seismic and hand drawn paper copies
147:28 maps and interpreting seismic lines on copies two D paper lines, tying out
147:36 together by hand, you know, then digitizing it and making maps out
147:40 that thio doing all that in one in three D in in the computer
147:46 just that. Just that increase in eliminated the need for lots of staff
147:55 geologists and technicians and digitizes and all other things that were required to do
148:01 steps we now automatically in the I'm so changes inefficiency like that benefit
148:11 industry. They can have a negative on the number of staff involved because
148:17 reduces the number of staff it computerize a lot of tasks. Eso It
148:23 the companies more efficient, but it can reduce the number of staff required
148:27 do those to do those steps. that's and that's why it's so important
148:33 stay, um, you know, keep educating yourself and stay up on
148:39 the new technologies and all the new . Do you see the large publicly
148:51 companies as being the leaders now, do you do you may be sense
148:55 changing of the guard, you I mean, they're just getting
148:59 and while on Wall Street, I , nobody wants to invest because the
149:03 sheets don't look very good. So think there's a huge disconnect between,
149:14 the prices on Wall Street and how companies were doing so, uh,
149:20 , BP, Shell, Exxon. , they're still doing well on an
149:29 . Exxon in particular, is doing well on their return on investment,
149:36 they're very unpopular, stops toe and the public opinion is that they're
149:42 of dinosaur industries. And so the really suffer from all that, even
149:47 the companies air can be doing Um, some of the some of
149:55 smaller independent companies on once, Anadarko, before it was, was
150:03 up by Occidental and one called They have much greater risk tolerance,
150:12 BP and Shell and ExxonMobil. And they're the ones that are actually taking
150:18 risks and making more of the major . Um, and there I don't
150:24 how they're doing stock wise, but terms of almost finding oil and
150:30 those those cos they're really the the ones that air less risk
150:35 are the leaders in that Murphy is one that is less risk averse.
150:40 , uh, has made a lot significant discoveries. Yeah, Murphy is
150:47 . Well in the this year. seems like I was looking the other
150:50 , the only the only public publicly company on the United States markets that's
150:54 a positive return this year in terms share, price is a cabinet,
151:00 so they've they've returned an investment, know, for somebody who bought their
151:05 . But yeah, you're right. share price is not really representative of
151:09 the companies are doing in terms of discoveries, but at the same
151:11 I mean, Exxon's lost money now over two quarters, and this story
151:17 saying with a lot of the other , so obviously that's concerning,
151:23 Um, but a Z, you , two quarters, six months in
151:28 oil industry is nothing from the time takes thio develop Some of these major
151:34 is, you know, five 10 years, especially the deep water
151:41 develop these things. And so, the companies, we need to look
151:45 him with that without timeframe, I Do you think that, uh,
151:52 or conventional, uh, companies who of their assets are our conventional or
151:58 ? Um, are gonna you know one's gonna have the jobs going
152:02 Because I worked for these unconventional and it's so hard to make
152:06 um, full cycle economics, just lot of times don't make sense.
152:10 you know what do you and so me, somebody like me who's worked
152:13 him, I would rather go work a conventional, um, or a
152:17 whose mainly does, uh, deepwater some of that stuff because,
152:21 I feel like the job security would a little bit better. Like
152:24 What do you think about that? , no, I I think that's
152:29 . I I would agree with Um, and even even the majors
152:35 involved in the unconventional is to try get the get, uh, immediate
152:42 flow that those offer. Um, it's not. It's not a good
152:51 term prospect. I think conventional. bigger developments, especially deepwater conventional
152:58 So I think you're the best. , the most secure long term,
153:06 with unconventional, is that the declines the unconventional wells are so steep.
153:13 , they become very you. Just gotta You're on a treadmill having to
153:19 wells to keep those things going To the oil production going. Um,
153:25 the Permian, you have the Texas . You have the water disposal
153:30 That's a very difficult business to continue money out. So you think that
153:41 the tail end of the flush you know, we'll probably see some
153:44 of commodity price recovery, you Because, like you said, I
153:48 , just have to keep drilling, only the first year, those
153:52 it's really impressive in terms of what return. Yeah. So for those
154:00 those unconventional wells, you just have keep drilling more and more wells.
154:34 , Well, why don't we Why we break their will break now for
154:38 , grateful Mhm. Alright. seeing an hour, we'll start talking
155:01 Jimmy cannons and rock mechanics and all good stuff. Okay. Thank
158:50 Hey, J D. Are you my first slide? Uh, title
158:55 , GE mechanics and fractures. sir. Okay, great.
159:11 Well, wait a minute more to sure we've got everybody on. I
159:33 everybody is here. Well, most come on, a grant.
159:53 are you each there? Yeah, here. Yeah. Okay,
160:03 we will. We will go Okay. Are you seeing my
160:15 Jim? Mechanics and fractures. Title ? Yes, Earth. Alrighty.
160:28 . We're here on the schedule talking J mechanics and fractures. And I
160:33 this up just a za reminder to out that what we'll talk about salt
160:37 on Friday the 10th and false feels Saturday next Saturday the third. So
160:45 spend quite a bit of time on of those two topics. Now,
160:52 brought this in a zone aside to about my own strategy for fault.
161:00 . Um, and what I'm showing is a three d volume, but
161:05 want to illustrate the point that are picked using a time slice and the
161:12 profiles. So I'm showing here. , treaty horizon. But what I
161:17 actually display when I'm interpreting is a space at about at about this
161:25 that shows the fault. Well, terms of some characteristic or dissembling
161:30 something like that. And then I pick the fault on vertical profiles like
161:37 represented by these false sticks. um, I would take a
161:43 much wider spacing instead of this regular . I pick maybe there and in
161:50 or even there every third or fourth and connect them all with a pick
161:54 on the time slides and go up down a little bit with the time
161:59 so I'd have a time slice pick , a time slice pick up there
162:04 about half to a quarter as many sticks as you see here. That
162:09 I get a good representation of I know that all the faults are
162:14 properly. All the sticks were tied , and that way I can turn
162:18 false sticks and look its surface, I can pick them all pretty
162:23 The other thing I wanted to point was that when I'm picking on on
162:27 vertical profiles, I pick on an profile that's about perpendicular to the
162:35 Now we get the bestest image of fault, and I do that instead
162:39 doing tracks and bins because with arbitrary , you get a better image of
162:43 fault than you do with tracks and unless you happen to be lucky with
162:46 of those. So so that using why the space vertical profiles and
162:54 couple of times slices. I can the faults very rapidly and still get
162:58 good, uh, a good surface them. Then I put in a
163:07 of sides just to briefly talked about and and salt since that came up
163:13 morning. So this is a cross of across a typical govern Mexico salt
163:20 , Uh, in in Mississippi. is in the the roller province of
163:27 , where you have the salt in all these faults, terminate in
163:32 salt. It'll be one master fault that basically souls into the salt.
163:39 you see them on this side. down relative to where I'm over
163:44 And all along this surface, the is basically acting like a fault,
163:51 all these other guys soul into the . This is an example of what
163:59 look like on seismic. So, , here's my Here's my salt capsule
164:08 . Somewhere here, baseball Not very imaged as is typical. And then
164:12 these faults coming down and strolling into salt itself with all these anesthetics going
164:21 terminating in the salt. Um, if you look at the horizons,
164:25 1.4 million year horizon is offset from to their across the salt here between
164:33 0.5 and 2.7. You see a of growth in this section compared to
164:37 section. And so this this flank salt is basically acting like a like
164:44 growth fault. Um, allowing are these sediments to subside into the salt
164:51 thicken inspection as they as they And we'll talk about this a lot
164:58 in a couple of weeks. But gives you a flavor For what?
165:01 the false and salt interact. the main topic now this afternoon
165:11 uh, fractures and JIA mechanics. this is an outline of what we're
165:17 to talk about. Our first fraction , what are called modes 12 and
165:25 , and our joints and beef. betting parallel fractures are these mode one
165:32 fractures. So we'll spend a lot time talking about those. And then
165:36 talk about the geometric relationships of joints beef and how to use the budding
165:43 to tell timing what the plume most represent, what mechanical strategic fee
165:50 and then we'll talk about bed parallel . How those form what they
165:56 And then we'll go to talk about mechanics and fluid pressure and talk about
166:01 Coolum analyses, stress orientations, the of fluid pressure in the implications of
166:07 these for fractured formation and orientations. then we'll talk about timing of formation
166:15 hydro fractures. Hydro fractures are just joints basically, so they we'll see
166:21 they follow all the same gym mechanical pressure rules as a Z natural
166:27 And then we'll have a few slides the impact of natural natural fractures on
166:32 , performance. And this comes from paper I just accepted in the G
166:36 . A bulletin. I mean, the S a p G bulletin.
166:42 of fractures. People talk about mode mode to and mode three fractures,
166:48 one or what we're gonna focus on are the opening or tension fractures.
166:53 , these are joints when they're at high angle to betting there.
166:59 when they're oriented parallel to bedding, called B for bed parallel fractures and
167:05 distinguished by the lack of sheer They're just characterized by opening of perpendicular
167:13 those trend of the strike of the . Moto two and Moto three joints
167:19 have a sheer component to them. mode to has a sliding offset in
167:25 plane of the fracture. More than has a sheer offset of tearing
167:30 um, perm perpendicular to the, I want to say the plane in
167:38 fracture, but perpendicular to what we here. So here we see a
167:42 slip. Here we see a vertical . We're going to focus on
167:47 Won the opening. Our tensile Okay, these are these are examples
167:56 joints they have to be from the Shale joints are probably common structure.
168:02 see in outcrops, anywhere you see these vertical fractures, joint pencil fractures
168:12 this photo here along the roadside and in this in this creek bed,
168:21 some examples of them in a pavement a creek bed pavement, you see
168:26 sets. One set here, another here, basically perpendicular to this first
168:36 here in this in this rock facing see lots and lots of vertical
168:43 variably space, Um, which is very typical. And here again,
168:51 see him in pavement with kind of off in echelon arrangement here. A
168:58 set here and the third set terminating against this other set.
169:10 so these your budding relationships tell us relative timing of the joints and the
169:19 going ones are always the first ones form. And then successive generations terminate
169:27 those they But those and that a relationship tells us that these are that
169:32 air later that, uh, when formed J one was already there as
169:38 free surface that caused these j two stop every time they intersected one of
169:43 J ones. So these air budding tell us the relative timing of the
169:52 . Okay. And then on the themselves, we get water called Plumas
169:59 and you see, See one Um, all these line striations on
170:07 on the face of the joint and they're called limos because they're feather
170:13 . I think almost it's French for . Um, And these air a
170:19 structure that we see on the joints they tell us the joint propagation
170:26 So when you see these kinds of striations, they're telling you the joint
170:33 to nuclear. It somewhere back here this young woman and then propagated out
170:38 the direction is shown by the by white arrows here eso these air important
170:45 telling us that are joint initiation points joint propagation directions. Okay, so
170:56 some examples of mode one fractures or in core. Oh, for what
171:03 worth, these happen to come from Permian Wolf camp. Okay,
171:08 See vertical joints here in this there the vertical. There's no mineral
171:15 ation, no mineral crystallization along They're just open joints. Here's another
171:23 here, and if you look closely see there's a there's a little bit
171:28 crystallization along this right side of this , and here's a cemented joint completely
171:38 . There's the joint, and in case it's completely filled by cement.
171:43 , in this case, doesn't matter but just in example, of a
171:47 fracture. And here we have um, abetting parallel mode. One
171:57 fractures. So this is a I'm parallel fracture. It's not inclined,
172:03 the joints, and they're they're termed . Um, and you see,
172:11 it's also ended up in these Their associated with high over pressures,
172:19 during hydrocarbon generation. I mean, talk about that. You mechanically quite
172:23 bit, But this could be another parallel fracture that's not cemented. It's
172:32 , very hard to tell whether things this are unloading or core ing induced
172:38 when they're not cemented like this Here's an example of pavement from the
172:49 shale up in Oklahoma. You see these, all these different joint
172:56 Um, and here these are the would be the J one's going this
173:05 . Um, and mostly we see other orientation terminating canst on. It's
173:15 of ambiguous because here you see these terminating against these guys. So probably
173:22 form all more or less at the time. And these air interesting because
173:29 all cemented, their filled with Human. So three interpretation is that
173:34 formed during hydrocarbon generation and that over is generated by the hydrocarbon generation are
173:42 for forming these joints. Here's another a pavement in Bristol Bay in the
173:56 Thes, they're just spectacular joint sets are very well studied, and you
174:01 three sets here, this set J that is the most through going
174:08 And then this second set J to terminates against the J ones. See
174:14 , their termination there are you through there and then a third set the
174:23 three that mostly terminate against the J . So there's a J three turning
174:30 J two j three terminating against J right there or J three terminating against
174:37 one there. So these, the relative of budding relationships between each
174:46 of these sets tell us the relative , our differences, arches, arches
174:57 probably the most one of them. one of the most spectacular displays of
175:02 You see anywhere in the world. , these air aerial views of Arches
175:06 Park getting up towards, uh towards arch and you see clearly hear things
175:14 going set, being the most the most linear. So these air
175:19 J ones and then you see this strategy two's coming in in terminating against
175:27 J ones are here again. You the J ones coming through like this
175:32 the second set, J two is their and there, for example,
175:37 the J ones. So these were first set and then these were the
175:42 set to form in these form. the spectacular arches and inspires that you
175:49 in and around Arches does an Pavement from the eagle Ford shale on
175:57 joints in there, here, along trays. You've got a small,
176:02 fault tip line there. Yeah, we see two sets of joints.
176:07 J one's going this orientation and then J twos, this orientation terminating against
176:14 J ones. Okay, now, also introduces us to the idea of
176:28 fertility. So appear I've got a set here. I've got a joint
176:35 , and in between, um, have this thin layer shown here that's
176:43 jointed, and the all the joints against this layer. And so this
176:51 this has turned mechanical boundary layer. , um it's a baffle or a
176:57 to the joints they propagate down through layer. Terminate against here. They
177:03 ate up through this layer and terminate the mechanical boundary layer here. Eso
177:09 . The idea is that this package a mechanical photography to it that defines
177:15 different joint sets. Uh huh. here's Here's a really good example that
177:26 from Bristol Bay again. Where we a jointed layer here, a Njoya
177:33 later here, a thin jointed a thick un jointed layer, a
177:39 thickness jointed later up here. So these different layers defined a very distinct
177:44 . Photography, uh, to the here in Bristol Bay. Send the
177:54 in California is, ah, a example of joints and mechanicals photography.
178:02 see here all the main layers coming here, the main beds,
178:08 and they're jointed on. Then these , more ductile layers in between are
178:13 jointed. And they are. They the boundaries of the joint sets.
178:22 limit the boundaries of the joint sets each one of these layers. And
178:27 a close up of that where we I join us later here, another
178:31 later here and and I'm joining us here. And, uh, and
178:36 in between the different joint sets, . And so that gets us
178:48 This cartoon of mechanical photography and the associated with joints and mechanicals. Pretty
178:56 . So, um, we have through going fault zones that will offset
179:03 in the package. And then Thean Jewel joint units shown here in yellow
179:10 here, another here, another here then the mechanical boundary layers that are
179:16 a Njoya mint here and here. separate the different joint units that terminate
179:24 different joints status they need for one them will have systematic set of
179:30 That would be in RJ one terminology would be RJ ones going through,
179:37 , linearly extending over the greatest distance then the cross joints of the J
179:42 surge a threes, mostly perpendicular that a high angle to that terminating against
179:49 J Ones armory and then thes joints are within an individual layer or describe
180:00 term confined joints because they're confined to particular mechanical layer. The spacing of
180:07 changes with the different layers. and is roughly sort of baby proportional
180:15 the thickness of the layer. And , we get these through going joint
180:22 of joint zones that extend through multiple . And these are but the's are
180:30 uncommon compared to all the other joint . Okay, now, this is
180:40 graph of joint spacing versus mechanical layer . So we're looking at foreign
180:50 Is that mechanical layer thickness, and kind of Ah, it's kind of
180:56 scatter plot. It's been interpreted to a linear relationship between spacing and the
181:07 , and that relationship is referred to the fracture spacing Index. The slope
181:13 this, this best fit line. the the third correlation is very
181:22 If you look at the R squared these, it's 0.2 point three eso
181:27 this linear relationship is very tenuous. removed Thio bed, parallel fractures or
181:42 mode, one tensile fractures or water beef. In there. The name
181:48 comes from Ah, where these were recognized in Argentina, and they were
181:55 as being appearing like the marbling that have in slabs of beef, and
182:01 the term beef, Um so their their bed parallel, typically calcite filled
182:09 . We see him very commonly in rich Cal Karius shales. Eso things
182:14 the Vaca murder source rock there tensile . They open vertically. They don't
182:21 any sheer offset, and they generally with organic richness, thermal maturity over
182:31 and mechanical anti Satrapi. Since this the betting orientation, you can imagine
182:37 a very strong mechanical anti Satrapi to this block of rock very weak when
182:43 apart in this direction compared to being the product intentional way in the horizontal
182:52 or share fractures. Alright, so some examples from core and from thin
183:02 . This is from the Haynesville Shale in East Texas and Louisiana from core
183:08 . And here's this bed parallel calcite filled pardon that defines our
183:19 Here's an example from the West Texas wolf camp. You see the betting
183:24 there were looking at core pencil there scale. And you see this,
183:33 , tensile fracture now calcite filled with the middle of it, having a
183:40 seem of different size crystals air different down here at the bottom. We
183:50 a really big centimeter scale betting parallel and you see all these crystal growth
183:57 growing growing vertically growing on perpendicular to betting, indicating the the vertical opening
184:08 of these fractures and the lack of offset. There's no inclination on
184:13 They're just vertical. So this guy opened with the top, going that
184:17 in the bottom, going that way no sheer offset that's come over.
184:24 from overpressure. Yeah, it's mainly overpressure. Okay, so here's some
184:41 from, um Argentina from the Balcombe store struck. And this is cool
184:49 you can see how laterally extensive some these could be going all the way
184:53 , all the way here along the . Another one here very extensive so
184:59 can extend laterally for
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