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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture02_0826
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00:04 All right. So I know some you are having problems getting access to
00:08 and that's usually a problem. You up for it. Not always,
00:13 can't promise I don't work for Macmillan if I made that kind of money
00:17 be great. But but anyway, if you're having issues with getting your
00:21 first, don't panic. Right? # one When Everything is not going
00:26 don't panic. Just kind of stopped say okay, what are the things
00:29 I need to do? How do solve this problem? And number one
00:33 to solve the problem is called technical . Um And in fact I contacted
00:37 I got a couple of emails from usually wanna hit three or four emails
00:41 students having the same issues like all now I go and ask my rep
00:45 they're like, you know, I know what the problem is having called
00:49 service. And so uh find the service right there on the front
00:54 I think there's even a link you click the button and that's like
00:58 virtual chat. But it also has the phone number to call them.
01:01 it doesn't you can email me and can you please post this and send
01:04 out for everybody. So I know about 10 or 15 of you are
01:07 not sure this isn't working. Thanks for top hat, right. If
01:12 hat didn't working for you, they a team of people to answer questions
01:17 Earth is is when you're dealing, hang up until you're satisfied with the
01:22 . Okay? Because in times out 10 you're like, okay, I
01:26 it and you get off and then doesn't work. Like you have to
01:29 back. Yes. Just, you , go ahead and do that.
01:34 over the course of semester, you're to see uh I guess service
01:39 like you guys saw the A. . W. A. Announcement.
01:42 sent that out. I'm gonna just those. If the if these uh
01:46 organizations, they send me a I'm sitting there, you know,
01:53 I'm sorry about the spam, but just an easy way to get you
01:57 uh involved in these organizations and it's good idea to do. So,
02:00 mean, find one that that matches and join one because it's helpful to
02:04 around people who have the goals that All right. That I'm kind of
02:11 in the mode here. Let's go and talk about some anatomy. You
02:13 . That's why you're here. All right. All right.
02:16 what we're gonna do today is we're lay the foundation moved a little bit
02:23 Everything. You're going to learn 81 80, right? Not just
02:28 but that's really kind of what the unit, but today it's kind of
02:32 let me tell you get everybody on same page so that we can move
02:36 and I know some of you've taken income, the community college he took
02:41 maybe you have a little bit of biology background. So some of this
02:44 is going to be reviewed for I recognize that we do this all
02:48 freshman classes because we gotta make sure on the same page and everybody is
02:53 the same stuff. Okay. And are starting point here is understanding the
02:59 of. Now. I'm gonna do bunch of parenthetical Z as I go
03:05 and forth today. All right. , the first thing that you love
03:09 have is organized, right? It matter what sort of expo that.
03:14 huh. That is right. You take all your clothes and throw them
03:18 the floor, but you know exactly everything is, right, because that's
03:23 certain way of organizing for yourself. , it is do the same
03:28 They look at something something complex like organism that's what you are and that's
03:33 here at the bottom. Right? say, All right, we got
03:38 incredibly complex. Well, how do break down? And so if you
03:42 this organism, you can see that a bunch of systems, that
03:47 Each of these systems do something. apologize because we're gonna be working this
03:51 rather than working that way. All . A system does something specific.
04:01 right. Systems are made up of , organs are basically structures that have
04:05 specific function and you get serious organs work together. They're able to perform
04:10 larger function. I just use digestion example. We're not gonna talk about
04:15 semester. So, it's gonna be simple. Your mouth is part of
04:17 digestive system. What's your mouth for ? Is putting food in and breaking
04:23 down into small bit and then you goes through the esophagus, esophagus is
04:28 to move stuff to the stomach. those problems were turning and breaking it
04:32 further, starting to break down Did you move from the small
04:37 The small intestine break things down even and allows you to start absorbing carbohydrates
04:43 and then you get to a large brings other things out. Things that
04:48 borrowed from your body to put it in what's left over the stuff you
04:52 and how to go. So, looking at a series of different organs
04:57 play a larger role in the process digestion. Right? So what is
05:02 Oregon then? We'll in Oregon is a bunch of different issues that work
05:08 to allow that organ to do its . And then so that means,
05:13 , well, there's 10 issue. a thing that comes in a box
05:16 says Kleenex. I told you have jokes. All right. Noah tissue
05:22 made up of cells. A cell the glowing form for those bait for
05:30 a living organism. All right, is in the smallest form of
05:36 anything smaller than life or smaller than cells. That doesn't have all the
05:41 of itself is not living viruses example not have all the structures that sells
05:48 it is not a living organism. is not sentiment. It can't do
05:53 functions that are required of life. kind of interesting. Sometimes we refer
05:59 it as an organism but it's not now sell basically have all these unique
06:07 and features are made from the chemicals make up those structures. These are
06:14 atoms and the molecules. We'll talk the basic ones that years from
06:19 All right. So, you think yourself as this. You're a series
06:23 atoms and molecules that are organized Groups of cells of commonality are bunched
06:29 . Issues. You take tissue in combinations. You put them together.
06:33 create organs. Organs do specific but they can't work by themselves any
06:38 organs to help them. And you all those organs together that work
06:42 You have a system you get a of sudden you have an organ and
06:49 eyes. No. What do living do? And the big picture.
06:57 four things. All right. Real stuff. We produce energy and we
07:03 energy. Alright. The term you talking, producing energy is metabolism.
07:10 right. So, we like to the word when we're talking about whether
07:12 not we're gaining weight or losing high metabolism metabolism. But really what
07:17 basically boiling down to I produce And then I consume energy producing energy
07:23 by actually breaking things down, releasing energy chemical bombs. Right? And
07:28 when we do that, we're referring the process of metabolism, metabolism is
07:34 type of metabolism. It's the breaking bonds to release energy and metabolism
07:41 It's what taking chemicals and putting them and building new things. You've heard
07:46 term anabolic steroid, haven't you? ? With weightlifting? Anabolic means I'm
07:52 bigger. I'm taking muscle and I'm it. So that would be what
07:57 . So taking energy and breaking it taking things either releasing energy or consuming
08:02 energy itself. Other things were really at one thing, especially during a
08:07 . We tend to grow. I . But all I did. All
08:13 now growing, we typically think of in size but the other part of
08:20 . Everyone in here started life as single cell. All right. Your
08:26 had a proto cell called an And your father produced a proto cell
08:32 the sperm. They're not actual cells . They are half cells and they
08:38 together, infused, informed. yep. And then that cell divided
08:45 22 Or four became 8. Everyone . And that's actually where we see
08:51 actually taking place. We actually become . So, we're starting to see
08:57 and cells begin to specialists more specialist that's why you have a hair that
09:01 like hair. Because the cells that up the there are different than the
09:05 that make up your muscles in your . So, that's part of
09:10 The other thing that we can do we can fix things. All
09:14 Yeah, functioning cells. Sometimes we cells to die. That's a different
09:19 . But very often we fix things something is malfunctioning. There are mechanisms
09:25 the cell and within the tissues that you to fix things. Now,
09:30 individual when you cut your skin, do you get? Blood comes
09:35 But then what happens next? It's scab is what I'm looking for.
09:40 , It clots. Right. And underneath all that tissue repairs itself.
09:45 really sells repairing and fixing the damage was done. This isn't the only
09:51 of fixing and the only type of There's lots of that. We'll get
09:56 it. That's one of the things do. We grow and repair
10:00 Another thing that we do is we . Alright. We've lived in Houston
10:04 long enough to know that when you outside to catch fire. All
10:09 And when you catch fire, what's first thing that you start doing
10:12 Right. You know, that's that's response to our environment. We maintain
10:19 bodily too 37°C. All right. I'm tell you 98.6°. That's actually not
10:26 It's a little bit closer to All right. They actually determined that
10:30 were actually off, but it's about All right. So, when you
10:34 outside and it's greater than 37°C, about million. Right? Then, your
10:41 says, wait, I'm going to heating up and your body that's
10:45 And I don't know where my pockets the fucking Valium. I need to
10:51 the body temperature. Right? And you respond by sweating, basically allowing
10:57 to have adaptive mechanism to cool your of the process of pain we refer
11:04 as homeostasis. And well, I correct that homeostasis is what your body
11:09 trying to maintain. All right. basically trying to maintain a steady all
11:15 different systems to ensure that your body functionally normally. All right. Despite
11:22 fact that changes going on. When go outside, you sweat you come
11:25 here, it's chilled, like a back in and out in and out
11:29 your body doesn't freak out. You explode if we just adjusts.
11:34 And temperatures needs you want to think . But over the course of the
11:39 while you sweat and breathe the So your body, man,
11:49 funeral. So, what is your demand food, Especially my body?
11:56 . Alright. And the last thing reproduction. Now, we typically think
11:59 is creating new organism that's at the a lesbian. So, that's my
12:03 of expertise. But really it's the that I'm most interested and and learning
12:09 but reproduce isn't just about creating new , reproduction also talks about replication of
12:16 . Mm. Well, hi, actually taking cells and causing the divide
12:21 multiply. All right. And so is a form of reproduction. Your
12:27 keeps growing and growing and growing. a form of reproducing cells to allow
12:32 hair to grow. All right, level. So all living things do
12:37 . And if you think about a , does it reproduce and actually sells
12:41 to reproduce? Does it adapt? tastes. And what can survive,
12:47 ? And what doesn't doesn't Can it or repair itself? No, it's
12:52 at that. And finally, it produce energy and it doesn't consume
12:56 It allows the host to sell in it infects. Does all that work
13:01 it. So, basically viruses a of protein and sells or sorry,
13:05 and nucleic acid that just does Now in this title here, we're
13:10 at a form of lit life. right. We've got two different examples
13:17 we have You got Excel which is we are where you carry goats.
13:21 so the cells in our body are . All right over here. This
13:25 a pro carry out this is a . And so, in essence you
13:30 see that it doesn't matter if you're or sell you have these similar
13:35 You're not exactly the same but Alright. So all cells have these
13:39 components. They have a membrane. have genetic material. They have side
13:46 solid fluid. So, if you at the pro carrot, which is
13:48 simple form, you can see here the membrane. It actually has some
13:52 on the outside. Don't worry about . But here's a membrane inside.
13:55 is side is all and there you see the nuclear the nuclear material.
13:59 right. If you go and look you the same side is all.
14:08 then the nuclear material is actually you know. Right there. All
14:14 . So, they this structure this program all the machinery it needs in
14:23 to do all this stuff right Okay. Now, our cells are
14:31 relative to the pro carry out. , we're gonna ignore these from now
14:35 . What about those? You can uh the doctor naps class. You
14:39 , the microbiology class? That's what talks about the whole time. Is
14:43 horrible things. All right. what we have is we have cells
14:49 inside the cells they've taken created compartments are called organelles. And what an
14:55 L does is it creates a unique to do one of the unique things
15:01 allow that sell to live. All . So, it's a compartmentalization
15:06 Now, if you want to understand about where you live, It doesn't
15:11 if you're in a dorm room. doesn't matter if you live in apartment
15:13 in a house. All right. have certain places for certain things.
15:18 ? So I'm gonna use an apartment it's a little bit easier than a
15:21 room to dorm room does have the sort of stuff. Right. So
15:25 apartment you have a bathroom, what you do in the bathroom, your
15:30 ? Right. And you probably you spring or bathing stuff. Right.
15:37 your business. What do you do the bedroom? Sleep? There's other
15:43 you can do in the bedroom, sleep is what that is designed for
15:47 . It's the name bed room, ? It's not the play video games
15:51 night room. Could be chin what you do in the kitchen? You
15:59 ? What do you do in the room, Watch tv and play video
16:03 . Right. What do you do the breakfast area or the dining room
16:08 eat? So notice I mean can you eat on your sofa?
16:12 course you can, but that's not it's designed for. Right. And
16:16 what you have now is you have area in your house designed for very
16:20 things. And that's what compartmentalization ensures example, that you're not doing your
16:27 in the kitchen. Is that a idea to do your business in the
16:32 . That's actually one of the two rules in life, wash your hands
16:37 don't poop where you eat. if you want to stay healthy,
16:42 , of healthiness Is based on those rules. All right. So,
16:47 real simple. It's if you're sleeping yourself that you can do that.
16:52 are you going to be comfortable? gonna get the rest? You need
16:55 . Right. You'll wake up in middle of night and you creek in
16:58 neck and you're walking around all day . Right. So compartmentalization allows for
17:05 of action. All right. And , it's just realization that start to
17:10 allowing organisms like humans to become even unique and uh being able to do
17:16 things that it does. The other is gene expression. So that's what
17:20 nuclear materials for. That's where your are located and which genes are being
17:26 when and how also leads to specific . And so here we have all
17:33 potent cells. All right. remember I said you started off as
17:36 single cell and if you look at , do you look like a single
17:40 ? No. All right. You don't. You have muscle.
17:45 ? You have hair. You have that can see there's all these types
17:50 cells in your bodies and they all . They don't look like the cell
17:54 you started off with. Alright, single cell became unique and and or
17:59 start dividing becoming more and more And over time we ended up with
18:03 unique type of cells. Now. are just like random examples. There's
18:09 280 different types of cells in your . And we're not going to learn
18:12 all. Thank goodness because they're not important, correct. But what they
18:19 is that once a cell goes from Tony potent so toady means totally capable
18:26 being anything right. Once it differentiates a specific line, very often it
18:33 is able to go backwards the other . Now, the exceptions to that
18:37 , we're not going to worry about , differentiated specialist. You have specialist
18:44 that's all you need for the rest your life. You want to
18:47 This is really, really sad. is a it's called pluripotent cells.
18:51 , it's actually differentiated a little And it gets down to this point
18:54 now it's going to go past their beating. So this pluripotent cell is
19:00 a muscle cell or it can become fat cell. Mhm mm. All
19:10 cells went that way. All But but once it does you can
19:17 the facts on saying get out and gonna move you this way? It
19:21 happen that way. All right. , these once they differentiate is what
19:28 these tissues and these organs. Does make sense? So that specialization as
19:34 cell starts going down specific path. how you're going to get these unique
19:40 to make your tissues. And so what a tissue is simply is a
19:44 of cells that are similar in structure they perform a common or related
19:50 All right now, 100 and 870 cells. So it's not like you're
19:56 picking them. It's like here's a of the same cells together and when
19:59 together, they for tissue. All now, there are four basic types
20:05 tissue. And we're gonna look at very, very briefly today and then
20:09 gonna come back. We're gonna look him a little bit briefly a little
20:12 later. And then as we move the systems, we're going to point
20:15 these cells in these tissues. But four basic types of tissues are epithelial
20:21 epithelium, connective tissue, muscle tissue nervous tissue. And in terms of
20:27 basic functions, Epithelium covers stuff, tissue connects stuff or support creates support
20:37 , Muscle, that's easy. one in movement of some sort. Now
20:42 typically think of this kind of movement there's other types of movement that it
20:45 a role in. Right? And there's nervous tissue which plays the role
20:49 controlling other cells. This form of . So the body can tell things
20:56 to do. So, if you at an Oregon, it's going to
20:59 these four basic types of tissues in combinations and different quantities and organize them
21:05 unique ways to allow that organ to the unique thing that does at the
21:11 system. Again, the esophagus looks , very different than the stomach,
21:16 ? But it still has these four types of tissues and it's just the
21:20 organization of those four tissues that allow esophagus to be the tube from the
21:24 to the stomach and for the stomach be the thing that churns and breaks
21:27 down. So this is epithelium. by the way, I will keep
21:35 if you have a question, I go ahead. And don't forget,
21:38 can raise your hand and stop That's a good way to get me
21:41 pause, right? Because sometimes I really excited. It's like, oh
21:45 talking about epithelium now, I'm Right. So forget because it's been
21:53 a year since I've actually been. , it's really easy for me to
21:58 . Oh yeah, I got a here. All right. So let's
22:01 look very, very briefly at the . Alright. Epithelium or epithelial tissue
22:07 . It's a sheet of cells that the body surface. All right.
22:11 either the surface or we're looking at . All right. So we're gonna
22:14 about cavities in a couple of minutes basically. That's a space inside of
22:18 body. So it covers something. . And typically what you're going to
22:22 is that this structure is either gonna for secretion or absorption, in other
22:29 the way you can think of epithelium it serves as a barrier between two
22:34 areas. All right. So my is an epithelium. It serves as
22:38 barrier between the external environment and my environment. All right, absorb things
22:45 my skin. Yes. All It's very specific what it allows to
22:51 in. I can't if something is soluble, you know what that was
22:57 . If something is water soluble, won't go through my skin. It
23:01 allow for water soluble material to come . But if you've ever worn one
23:06 patches, whether it be a nicotine or something else that is fat soluble
23:12 so fat soluble things can actually be through the skin. All right.
23:18 we've got to watch these things and go out sometimes. All right.
23:23 , sir. You just Yeah, gonna get there. That's good.
23:27 know. But sometimes you want to the end of the story before you
23:31 walk around, sir. Sorry. , what we have now is we
23:35 this barrier. Okay. And so you look at that barrier, we
23:39 what is referred to as a pickle basil lateral c I'll get there.
23:43 , A pickle refers to the side faces outward. Now, that's a
23:48 bit wonky. Because when you're talking a cavity or a tube, I'm
23:54 try to do something here. Please it work. Let it work.
23:58 it work. Mhm. Uh Okay, this is right. All
24:05 . So, if I'm looking at my digestive system. Right. I
24:09 a tube like so so you can barely. All right. So,
24:17 can imagine this tube. This is inside of my body over here.
24:23 tube is what we have what is to as the lumen. Okay.
24:29 I put a big L on the here so that you know what I'm
24:32 about. So there's just gets worse worse and worse, doesn't. All
24:37 . That's an L not an era squiggle. All right. But it's
24:43 to be an L. Alright, that is what we'd say is facing
24:47 away from the body. Okay, that means the A pickle surface is
24:55 is so hard to draw like I'm telling that would be the typical
25:00 . This is the cell. This the A pickle side over here.
25:07 would be the basil side. The of the cell are the lateral side
25:12 so we combine the bas on the together. That's beso lateral. All
25:18 . So, the A pickle side you're going to secrete or absorb
25:25 Does that make sense? Because it's the outside allowing things to come in
25:30 be pushed out the body? Make it simple for you.
25:37 And then I'll answer the question. of the skin. Right. This
25:41 be the a pickle surface. The lateral is underneath inside the body when
25:46 sick reading sweat. That's on the pickle side. All right. When
25:52 absorbing whatever the chemical is from the . Right. It's coming through the
25:57 cool surface question. Mhm. Did that help? Okay. If
26:04 didn't help, I can come up another one. Just not really as
26:08 . Okay. All right. So we say then, is that with
26:13 ? Because it has a pickle side has this unique characteristic of being able
26:17 absorb and being able to secrete. has a unique characteristic relative to the
26:23 side which is capable of creating or . All right now, it can
26:28 things but that's a different type of . So, if you call him
26:35 are different or unique. So that all epithelial cells have a polarity to
26:41 . Now when we think of polarity think of positive versus negative.
26:46 So it's not positive. Negative. it's saying is that if you take
26:49 epithelial cell and look at it, see that the a pickle side is
26:53 from the basal lateral side. So has this polarity to it. And
26:57 you flip it upside down, you the polarity in the cell will try
27:00 re arrange things so that the a side is always the part facing
27:05 it will move things. All So the typical words fixed. Extra
27:14 . Okay, I'm going to get time out here. All right.
27:18 gonna see a lot of big words look very confusing. This is not
27:22 of them. This is a fairly word. Word that can kind of
27:26 confusing. All right. But you're see really big. I'm going to
27:30 you the secret to success in physiology and biology. Biology in
27:37 All right. All these things Uh . Words we use to commit typically
27:44 trying to use my creature or that all understand now. What? Don't
27:51 like a simple people were simple chemists are not simple people. They
27:55 numbers commas and slashes and primes and they have all these weird things in
28:00 name and you look at your just okay, that's just foreign. Mm
28:05 are simple. We name things for they do it for what they look
28:08 . So, if you come across board and you're just like, I
28:10 no idea what this word is. and break it down the outside cellular
28:19 the set and it's a matrix. you see extra outside cell matrix.
28:24 you mean? It's just like yeah, it's right there. All
28:27 . And we're going to see this and over and over today. I'm
28:30 going to see there's another one. another one. And once you're getting
28:33 pattern it's like, okay, I'm by the word. I'm gonna look
28:37 see what does it look like, does it Is that what these words
28:40 together, then it's going to become for you. If you're lost on
28:44 exam, you see a word that like. I have no idea.
28:47 trying to check me. I'm I'm giving your word that you can
28:51 break down and understand if you didn't the world. Okay. Now,
28:55 truth is, chemists do the same . It's just that we need to
28:59 their nomenclature. They're like talking All right. So, that's the
29:05 . Here's a muscle muscle tissue. . So, that's epithelial tissue.
29:11 , muscle tissue. This is a . I'll sell. All right.
29:14 what we've done here is we've taken unique heuristics inside the cell and we
29:19 so that it allows the cell to these contractions. And there's three different
29:24 of tissues here that I'm going to out now because there's movement. We
29:28 to provide fuel. So, these have lots of blood vessels are going
29:32 this called vascular ization, right? of blood vessels that go into these
29:37 and they provide different types of Now, we think of local
29:41 We think of skeletal muscle again, know these are cartoons are always easier
29:45 cartoons. All right. It's We control over our skeletal right? We
29:52 were or whatever. All right. , we say it's a voluntary muscle
29:58 it provides locomotion movement. Moving from place to another moving a limb or
30:04 an armored well, the limousine Right, then, we have cardiac
30:08 , cardiac muscle kind of looks a bit like skeleton. 100%. But
30:12 of. But it's an involuntary I heard this. All right.
30:17 wants you up your heart. But yes, you can't control your
30:27 beats because of air that our response they cause the constant contraction.
30:37 what you're doing here is are you the heart move? Well,
30:41 it's contracting and relaxing. But what doing is you're propelling blood through the
30:45 . So, it's creating motion for thing acting as a pump. The
30:49 type is smooth muscles. This is an involuntary muscle is found in all
30:53 organs. Blood vessel included. It anything that has a luminous.
31:02 And so the smooth muscles muscle is around the edges of that epithelium
31:09 And what it does, It contracts relaxes. And it helped propel the
31:13 through that hollow organ. So, , it's movement. Not like what
31:20 thinking. It moves materials. sir. Okay. So lumen.
31:28 . All right. Is a structure a tuba hollow organ. And it's
31:32 space inside that. All right. , if you think of a blood
31:37 or if you think of the digestive , it's a tube. Right.
31:41 , the lumen is that space that flowing in All right. Okay.
31:49 . All right, nervous tissue. major types of cells. This is
31:53 we make up the nervous system. going to be basically half of the
31:59 talking about the nervous system. That's important it is. All right.
32:04 , that's we're gonna kind of like muscles. We're going to do the
32:08 stuff. We're gonna look at we're gonna look at bones and then
32:11 going to spend the rest of the . Look at the nervous system.
32:14 right. Now, there are two cell types and just say that there's
32:17 major cell types is again, there's of these types of cells. There's
32:21 types of neurons, but they boil to these two types of cells
32:25 quarterbacks on everyone focuses on there. important ones. And the reason they're
32:31 important is because they receive process and electrical signals. They're the cells and
32:37 all the talking and they're interesting and these don't So, they're not
32:44 It's a lot actually very interesting. just like quarterback is 100% dependent upon
32:50 supporting staff. How many other players on the footballs type? There is
32:55 total of 11. There's quarterback is that quarterback sucks if he doesn't have
33:01 other 10 on the team, It matter who it is. Right.
33:05 cells interestingly enough, 10-1 ratio, is why I use the football
33:12 All right. They don't transmit but their job is to ensure that
33:17 can do their jobs. So they , they nourish they protect and we'll
33:21 at them and more specificity a little later. All right. So what
33:26 do allows for one part of the to talk to another part of the
33:30 , specifically the brain or the spinal . Talking to the appendices or other
33:35 of the body. Within right information the outset goes up to the nervous
33:41 , gets process information in the nervous after its process gets sent out and
33:46 you how to respond. All So, this is when we talk
33:49 communication. That's what we're referring At least in this instance. Last
33:56 issue. This can be confusing because are so many types of them and
34:03 do cover quite a bit of Now, key thing. First
34:06 on all my slides, you'll see whenever you C. C.
34:09 That's connective tissue is not Connecticut. right. C. T. Is
34:14 a simple abbreviation because writing out connective over and over and over again,
34:18 . All right, easy enough. right. Did you have a
34:23 Okay, so, I hear I'm like, brains still kind of
34:28 . All right. Now, what do? Generally speaking, connective tissue
34:32 a role in support to create structure the tissues. Alright, so,
34:37 connective tissue hold things together. All . Think of chicken breast. You
34:43 have cooked the chicken breast before. . You get the little fat off
34:46 then But you can still see there's fibers and stuff that hold the different
34:51 together that make an example of connective ? All right. But that's not
34:56 only type of connective tissue there It's just an easy one to
35:00 All right. Lots of different types what each of these connective tissues have
35:04 three things that make them unique. right. They have different types of
35:08 types. So, here is an of a connective tissue. You can
35:12 there's different types of cells. You ? I'm just kind of pointing out
35:17 . All right. So, there different types of cells in this particular
35:19 tissue. It has fibers in this type of connective tissue. Right.
35:26 fibers is another thing. And then you have is an environment that holds
35:31 sustains those fibers and those cells. this is what we refer to as
35:35 matrix. All right. So, this example up here, this would
35:39 a real or connective tissue. You need to know that right now.
35:42 it has a whole bunch of different of cells. Has a whole bunch
35:44 different types of fibers. And it space that's filled with fluid. Another
35:48 types of proteins in it that make particular tissue. Yeah. Then say
35:55 blood which is also connective tissue. , when you think of blood,
35:59 blood hold things together. Does you ? I think so, but I
36:04 , that's fair enough. Right. mean, I guess you're connecting different
36:07 of the body and you're allowed to different parts of the body. But
36:11 thinking in terms of like, does serve like a glue. Okay,
36:16 . Well, So, there are within blood that can serve to hold
36:21 attach things together. So, you're right. Right. So, and
36:26 , we don't need to know But there are fibers and other materials
36:29 blood. So, when you have injury, you can repair and hold
36:33 together. So, blood isn't gonna out of your body. Given of
36:36 , that the vessel is small enough do. So, right. You
36:40 see there's different types of cells in . And it has a matrix in
36:43 particular case, it's a fluid matrix we refer to as plasma.
36:47 so, connective tissues have a matrix fibers and it has cells and there
36:55 a whole bunch of different types. we'll go through each of the
36:58 Is a type of connective tissue or a type of connective tissue in
37:04 All right, pausing to wet my . Are there questions so far we've
37:10 through from cells through the tissue. , I have my own definition of
37:18 . Mhm. Like in my head . Yeah. Again, so,
37:23 is just an environment that's in the of connective tissue, specifically a
37:27 And that's why I haven't defined it clearly, because we'll get to it
37:30 a matrix is actually produced by the that are found within it.
37:36 If I can have a little time , please do not write this
37:38 We'll get to it when we get it. All right. So,
37:41 example, blood cells are in this matrix, but the blood cells don't
37:46 produce the matrix exception to that All right. The reason blood is
37:51 connective tissues because And this is where gets all scary and wonky and why
37:55 don't talk about it so much is it has the same embryonic uh um
38:03 source, but basically it develops from same type of tissues as all the
38:07 connective tissue types. It's called Mezzanine . And so, Mesen Kind serves
38:11 a source for as you get the types connective tissue. That's where they
38:15 from. So, that's why it's in that area. Alright.
38:19 a matrices simply the fluid environment and proteins and the cells are not to
38:25 but the protein and the fibers in you find those cells for the connective
38:30 . Now, we'll have a whole on connective tissue. So, trust
38:33 , we'll get to that again. right, Sorry. We're here at
38:38 organ. And once again, we're to digestive systems because it's a real
38:42 one to see these tissues here. I've made it like two or more
38:46 because it's not always gonna be All tissues are gonna be there. All
38:51 . So, typically what we say that it's two or more. All
38:55 . And then, like 95% of . It's all four tissues. All
39:00 . And so, what I want show you in this organ, what
39:02 looking at? We're looking at the . You can see we've taken a
39:05 out of it and then we're actually a little bit closer and that's what
39:08 showing in there. All right. not everything is labeled in this
39:11 But I just want to just show the four tissues. Alright?
39:14 you don't need to know what they have because we're not studying the digestive
39:18 , but the surface, right all this pink stuff that would be
39:22 , right? Because it covers All . And it's serving as the boundary
39:27 the inside of the stomach, which be the lumen and the rest of
39:30 body which would be way down Okay. So, it would be
39:34 here would be the rest of the . Alright, underlying all that peak
39:41 . All this beige stuff that's connective . All right. Now, that's
39:45 the only thing that exists there. they're just the artist is highlighting that
39:50 tissue. There's also nervous tissue in . All right. There's a little
39:54 of muscle tissue as well. We're gonna worry about because we can see
39:58 muscle tissue. See right here, a layer of muscle You can see
40:02 , scattered within There's another layer of . Here's some more muscle and there's
40:06 more muscles. And then you can in between each of the muscles more
40:11 tissue. So, there's in this case, and again, what causes
40:16 muscles to contract and relax? Are tissue that innovates. That's the term
40:22 . That muscle. Again, it's drawn there. So, in this
40:26 example, we can see connective We can see epithelial tissue. We
40:30 see the muscle tissue. But the didn't draw. But it still is
40:34 the nervous tissue. So, in particular case, the organ has all
40:40 tissues. And it has it in unique ratios and these unique arrangements to
40:46 the stomach to do two things. muscles to make it go this way
40:51 a tube has muscles squeeze that and it has this oblique one to
40:56 it to twist. And that's where get the grinding all three of those
41:01 doing the same thing, doing that the same time. Kind of
41:07 All right, now, I throw up here. This slide is basically
41:11 . We're going to study this All right. We're gonna look at
41:15 integrity of the nervous system of the system. All right. We used
41:19 separate at the skeletal system from the system, but they work together.
41:23 , we just kind of jam them . All right. And so what
41:26 tells us here, It says. right. And the reason I show
41:29 to you why I put it together because you already know what these things
41:33 . I mean, in a very sense. Right, What is your
41:36 do? It protects you protects you the outside environment. That's that's easy
41:42 . Right. I mean, that's simple. So that's what I'm showing
41:44 here is basically plays a role in . It also serves as a level
41:48 defense. All right now, that's of the role of the immune system
41:53 well. But there are things that secreted by the epithelial cells that help
41:57 you against foreign agents. Foreign technically pathogen is foreign in its
42:05 Alright. But that's that's kind of it does. It also plays a
42:09 in regulating body temperature. Right? , it's not just a matter of
42:14 a barrier between the outside and the . It has multiple roles beyond
42:20 Now, what is your integra? ? It's your skin. That's the
42:23 part. But it also includes the and the nails, those little things
42:27 there and on your toes. It also includes the sweat glands,
42:31 the oil glands. All right. actually a whole bunch of different lens
42:34 we're gonna be looking at when we the Integra mint. Alright. So
42:38 kind of the big picture. But already kind of Okay, skin,
42:40 protects me. That's easy enough. , nervous system. The last thing
42:46 going to talk about. But it's your brain and your spinal culture is
42:49 you can see there is the here's the spinal cord and then all
42:53 nerves. So, what does this ? Well, we've already kind of
42:57 about this. It plays a role having your body receive information. Process
43:04 information and respond to that information. right. When I step on a
43:10 , what am I supposed to do theory? Well, I say
43:14 but what what should I do if do I sit there on that.
43:17 essentially I lift up my foot. ? So, what is happening here
43:22 I've got receptors that are attached to that send signals up to the
43:27 Actually, this case is really to spinal cord and says pain. Bad
43:32 foot, avoid pain. Alright, damage. That's what I do.
43:38 then there's some other process and that's I go Yeah, and start cursing
43:42 all the other fun stuff that goes that. All right, So,
43:46 an example. Right? Here's the part. I always thought this was
43:51 . All right. I want you think about your brain. Don't you
43:54 about your brain thinking what you think your brain? Thinking about your
43:58 I want your brain thinking about your . Thinking about your brain thinking and
44:03 of a sudden it just becomes this loop. Dude, I can cut
44:10 . Okay, yeah, we're much than philosophy here. Mhm.
44:18 Lastly muscular skeletal system. All right you can see we've got muscles kind
44:25 showing you where the bones are relative the muscles and now here's your bones
44:29 , musculoskeletal diseases. Just kind of at those two things. But there's
44:32 to it. There's cartilage, there's or ligaments, all these things that
44:35 there. And typically what we have is we think of movement when we
44:39 of muscles and the musculoskeletal. But that's not. It also plays
44:44 role in support and protection your You're able to sit up, right
44:49 sit like this because your bones basically your body and hold it in
44:56 I've got this cage that protects my and my lungs. Okay. I've
45:04 this hard bone between the outside environment my mushy inside of my environment,
45:10 ? My brains All right. It plays an interesting role in actually producing
45:15 blood cells. Well, so there's connective tissue there. Question or just
45:22 the head, scratching the head. okay. You know, I like
45:25 say I'm looking for cues from anyone questions. All right now, this
45:29 what you're going to learn about And P. Alright. Excuse Me
45:32 P. two. All right. , you can put your hands
45:35 I don't need to worry about this than like broad strokes. So respiratory
45:40 . What's that for breathing right. . So that's your nasal passage.
45:44 lungs basically allows air to come in allow you to exhale the air that
45:49 used. All right. So basically gas regulation. It has other
45:53 But that's the really simple stuff. , cardiovascular system. That's your
45:57 That's your blood vessels, right. the blood in them. What does
46:01 do? Well, it plays a in moving materials throughout the body.
46:06 that includes oxygen and carbon dioxide, includes the nutrients that you consume.
46:11 includes the signals that are chemicals that moving from one part of your body
46:15 the next. So basically it serves the highway system of transport. That's
46:20 your blood is for. And your pumps to move things around the immune
46:26 . And the lymphatic system is a fun one to learn about. All
46:31 . It's a job is to defend pathogens and help return lymphatic fluid back
46:36 the blood. All right. It's . And I'm pointing this out now
46:41 I think about this. How little guys actually know about your immune
46:46 All right. I mean, you don't know that much. Anyone here
46:50 what the purpose of the vaccine Does it? Yeah. Go
46:54 One of you. Do you have answer once yet. His version?
47:08 . Okay. That's actually fairly All right. It's not necessarily
47:13 but viruses. It's to take a . It's that that can't hurt you
47:19 it down into something into its expose the proteins to your body.
47:23 your body thinks that you're being invaded a pathogen. So your body
47:26 I'm going to fight this. I'm to produce a defense against this specific
47:32 by producing the proper proteins to So. All right. So very
47:39 processes community where it's basically you have general immunity against everything. And then
47:44 you get exposed to something, then have a very specific attack against
47:47 All right. So the whole purpose the vaccine is simply to wake up
47:51 immune system to the fact that there's out there that's going to be dangerous
47:54 you. That's it. It doesn't you. It doesn't fight what you've
47:59 . It basically turns on your immune . Oh, nice. You
48:07 So I can go out there and do whatever I want. Probably once
48:11 been exposed right, been exposed whether naturally or unnaturally through vaccination,
48:18 Because your immune system is now ready if your immune system can't fight.
48:22 , you're in big trouble. But means you are. There's a word
48:26 it. You guys know the word it. You know, compromise.
48:30 right. So you see what we is we already have mechanisms in place
48:36 fight pathogens. Sometimes you just have wake it up. All right.
48:43 the endocrine, well not lastly because got another slide of this endocrine
48:46 This isn't even a system. We took a whole bunch of things that
48:49 of do things that are similar and going to throw it in this and
48:52 an endocrine system. It's basically a of different organs that secrete hormones.
48:58 you can see they're kind of showing stuff here in the brain that your
49:01 and pituitary gland. Oh look Look, there's things in your kidney
49:05 your pancreas, your gun ads and on and so forth. They produce
49:09 and they signal they use, it's form of communication to tell your body
49:13 do certain things in response to those . All right. So what are
49:16 , certain things, primarily growth, and reproduction as well as physiological
49:23 basically water, salt, balance, , balance, that sort of
49:27 But because it's a secreting of a , we kind of lump it together
49:31 a big group. None of these are connected to each other directly urinary
49:38 . That's your kidney's ureter bladder, , what's its job? But we
49:44 think, well, that's how I stuff and that is. But the
49:47 thing to do is we refer to conditioning the blood. All right.
49:52 want to maintain a certain homeostasis in blood. That means we've got to
49:55 out the bad stuff and make sure we have the right water salute balance
49:59 that's what the kidneys do. So do you know, you're thirsty,
50:02 do you know, you don't have water kidneys are monitoring and watching the
50:06 and if there's not enough water in blood and says, hey, I
50:09 a signal someplace else. Tell you you're thirsty, You release a hormone
50:13 , hey, I'm thirsty. Then go and get a soda, You
50:15 the soda and then that didn't actually the thirst. So what do you
50:18 ? You're now still thirsty. if you drink water then it was
50:22 and you're maintaining that balance digestive We've already talked about start with the
50:28 , esophagus, stomach, small tests large intestine. There's large intestine down
50:32 the rectum and then a whole bunch accessory organs that go with that.
50:36 job is to process food to turn energy that's packed in that food and
50:44 freely available energy. In other take things that are not absorbable and
50:48 them and make them absorbable so that can then use them to be cata
50:52 or anabolic right Last one. My reproductive system. We have the male
51:00 system and the female reproductive system very different structures. Same origins.
51:05 they're very, very different. They very early on. So we're in
51:09 males. We have the tests. showed well there it is right
51:13 the epidemic vast difference pins and penis the sex glands and the females those
51:18 the ovaries as well as uterine which are kind of doing all those
51:22 stuff right there. The uterus and the vagina and then not shown mammary
51:27 . Their job is to produce gametes that the game is can then come
51:32 and actually produce an embryo. And in females primarily you're dealing with embryonic
51:38 because you're serving as the host or housing where that development takes place.
51:43 also plays a role in producing the steroids. It's not the only place
51:47 steroids are produced, but it's the place. So those are your that's
51:52 body in a nutshell. And what need to get to is we're now
52:00 to get into the language of an . All right. Now, so
52:06 we good. Have I have I about anything that doesn't make any sense
52:10 than aluminum. All right. I , it honestly, there are words
52:17 come out of my mouth. If doesn't make sense, You need to
52:19 me. All right. Let me me All right. So, first
52:24 , look at this picture, the picture of the man up there.
52:27 doing this. It is silly. , you can see it on his
52:31 . So, this is what is to as the anatomical position. It's
52:35 a person standing up doing this. want you to picture a cadaver on
52:38 table. All right. Because that's you observe people for the most part
52:43 you're doing anatomy. All right, rarely your palpitating living people.
52:48 it's like this. So, you imagine here it is your cadaver on
52:51 table and you're you are now uh 1400 or 1200. It's illegal to
52:59 cut into people because the body is . Right? And you're doing this
53:03 secret and you are writing stuff down you want to describe things as you
53:07 them. So that your friend up Germany who is doing the exact same
53:11 things. Can understand what you're Okay. That's that's kind of what's
53:17 on here. And so the first we have to do is we have
53:19 standardize, right? If you standardize the body is always in the same
53:24 . Because if you're in this position you're describing stuff and your buddy up
53:28 in Germany is has somebody who's all up and up on their hunches and
53:32 butts up in the air. None the stuff that you're describing is going
53:35 make any sense. Right? ideally we are all in the same
53:39 . So notice palms are out. . And you're on the table.
53:46 right. So, we have two regions in the body. We have
53:50 access and the appendices or what we to as the axial region. So
53:55 actual region is basically this right Right? It's your head and your
54:01 and includes the neck as well. right? So head and trump.
54:06 . The appendices are the things that up the head in the trunk.
54:11 ? So that's basically the limbs. are your arms and your legs.
54:15 right. So there's two simple There's the axis in the appendices.
54:22 then what we're gonna do is then we have that, then we're going
54:26 start naming things based on those specific , We're not going to go through
54:30 these terms right here as we go the system, start paying attention.
54:35 now I hear that term, that's it refers to. But some of
54:38 you already know, right? I you guys know the cranial region.
54:43 No cranial would be the your head up here, right where the cranium
54:48 . And when we talk about the , you're going to go Now I
54:51 that up. Have you anyone here had it? You don't have to
54:53 your hand just kind of uh Have you ever had a planter's
54:59 Mm. Planters warts are not just that are found all over the
55:04 There is found in a specific The bottom of the foot because that's
55:09 planter region. Okay, right. of these are just funny. Any
55:15 colonial. All right. I The manuals Armpit. That's a fun
55:24 . Axillary. Right. Easy pubic . Making a point. You know
55:31 pubic region? You've been focused on ever since you hit 14. So
55:37 could get a laugh out of you . Yeah, All right. But
55:41 this is just nomenclature so that we pinpoint where we're talking The Weird
55:46 The Chin is the mental because when hear mental, what I think of
55:53 now, that's the mental region has . If you look it up,
55:57 it over pertaining to the chin? not even a good definition. Why
56:01 it called the mental region? Because over pertaining to the chin?
56:04 thank you. All right. the body, if you look at
56:10 , if you're hollowed out and take all the guts and all this
56:12 you'll find that we have two major . All right now, cavity is
56:18 the thing that's in a tooth that has a different name. And I
56:21 remember what it is right now. starts with a C. Also,
56:24 it's not cavity. All right. We have two cavities in. The
56:29 is a fluid filled space. That's it's definition. Now these aren't really
56:36 filled, but we call go ahead call in cavities. Nonetheless, Now
56:39 are named for the bones that surround or for the organs that are within
56:45 . Now, the two major cavities the dorsal and ventral. Alright.
56:49 , if you hear the word dorsal you're like, I can't remember if
56:51 the front or the back. Think a shark or dolphin. That thing
56:56 the back is a dorsal fin. we never forget. I think that
57:00 right. It's easy way venture. be the opposite of dorsal.
57:04 so, the dorsal cavity has two cavities. All right. The whole
57:11 itself is encased in bone. The cavity is the cranial cavity. The
57:16 that extends downward is called the spinal . All right. And there continues
57:21 one another. All right. this cavity is developmentally different than the
57:28 cavity. The cranial cavity holds the . The dorsal cavity down here.
57:34 is that spinal cavity. It holds spinal cord. All right. And
57:37 , this is from a developmental point view, basically. When you
57:40 you started off a little note, the note or chord changes and blah
57:43 blah blah. You end up with uh This structure. The ventral
57:49 You can see here it's actually divided two as well. Is the one
57:52 in the front. Alright. It within it a structure called a serious
57:57 . We'll get to that. I it's better to explain the different
58:01 Alright, so, it has a memory. Notice the dorsal cavity did
58:05 have a serious membrane. All So, you can see here,
58:07 wise, we have a red area green area. The red area up
58:10 , that's called the thoracic cavity. then the lower areas. The abdominal
58:15 cavity. Taking two structures jamming them to get the larger name.
58:20 let's look at the thoracic cavity. can see here there's your thoracic cavity
58:25 the front. All right. You see up there there's a cranial
58:28 There's the spinal cavity down here, pelvic. We're focusing just on the
58:32 for the most part. All Now, this is the area inside
58:37 chest. Alright. It's separated from lower cavity underneath that the abdominal pelvic
58:42 a membrane, um and muscle called called the diaphragm. So, basically
58:48 inside the chest and there are three to it. The first two parts
58:52 what are called the pleural cavities. right. The pleural cavity is where
58:56 going to have one lung and the lung. So, that's why there's
58:59 of them. All right now, , inside this This is where we're
59:04 to see the serious membrane. It's the pleural rub. This particular one
59:08 called the pleura. All right. want you to picture balloon. You
59:12 picture the balloon. Let's deflate the . And so now you have the
59:17 like so, you can see the walls of the balloon there, side
59:21 side. Right there in that space that wall. I want you to
59:27 fluid. Okay, one of these is going to be attached to the
59:33 of the chest cavity. Right inside threats cabin. The other side is
59:38 to be attached to the organ that looking at. So, in the
59:42 of the pleura you're attached on the side to the lung. Thank
59:47 I heard it. Okay. All . So, what we have here
59:51 those two membranes and that fluid in is what we refer to serious
59:55 Now, that fluid, what it is not It doesn't allow for a
60:00 of friction to take place. Imagine picked yourself breathing in and out.
60:06 going up and down. Right? the lung is running against the inside
60:10 the chest cavity. Like this on to rub your hands together. You
60:15 the heat. It sounds cool doesn't it? You feel the
60:21 All right. You are made of . And what do you do when
60:25 add heat to meet you cook And when you could think of is
60:29 raw steak and all floppy. It or piece of chicken out floppy.
60:33 is when you cook it comes it's stiff. So, you can
60:37 if I am cooking my lungs, gonna happen to my lung. It's
60:42 stiffen up and harden and I'm not be able to breathe and then I
60:45 . And that's not good. All . So, the serious fluid prevents
60:50 friction from taking place. It reduces so that you can breathe in and
60:58 . All right, now, this membrane is true. No matter where
61:01 find serious member, that's its job to reduce friction. All right.
61:05 , we have names for those two . Remember we took the balloon we
61:09 it. So, we have one attached to the wall of the
61:13 All right. We have one that's to the tissue. All right.
61:17 the organ on the inside. The that's attached to the wall of the
61:21 is referred to as the parietal. the one that stuck to the tissue
61:26 the Oregon is referred always referred to the visceral layer. Now, here's
61:32 you can remember that. All Your guts, all your organs inside
61:36 body collectively are referred to as your . All right. You ever heard
61:40 term? I'm going to eviscerate That means I'm going to cut you
61:44 and have all your guts spill That's where it comes from,
61:49 Because they're referring to the viscera All right? So, how do
61:55 remember which layers which? Well, just remember the one that stuck to
61:58 guts. That's my lungs and everything is the visceral layer. And then
62:02 means the others parietal. All Now, these things surround the lungs
62:09 help protect them. As I just the second compartment. Or excuse
62:14 The third compartment. All right. , the first two are the
62:18 All right. And this is gonna kind of confusing because the way the
62:21 set up the third compartment is the steinem. So, we have to
62:26 pleural cavities. Then we have the steinem Medias diamond steinem sits in the
62:31 . This is where you're gonna see theme is this is where the trachea
62:34 are. This is where your heart located. Okay, within the media
62:38 . But the heart is actually within own little special serious membrane. It's
62:43 of separated out in its own little . Alright. Called the pericardial
62:48 So the pericardial cavity is within the steinem. So, you see it's
62:54 after layer, you're just kind of down in terms of organization.
62:58 pericardial cavity, two layers that are . All right. We have the
63:02 layer again, parietal and visceral serious fluid. All right.
63:07 the three are not plural media stein pericardial. It's to Paris are sorry
63:12 plural one. Media steinem. And this sits inside the media steinem.
63:21 said the diaphragm right before I Okay. Quite that one more
63:29 Okay. He gets kind of Always says I waited. All
63:33 So think in terms of the right ventral cavity, thoracic cavity,
63:39 areas or components of the thoracic To one. Media Steinem. All
63:46 Inside the media steiner pure cardio. makes sense. So it's just basically
63:53 our way in. Yeah, You just Yes. So there's one
63:59 each one. All right. You two loans and there's one for the
64:03 . Sorry left, one for the . Uh again. So remember.
64:09 the purpose of each of those cavities to surround them first with that serious
64:14 so that you haven't protected so that don't get the friction and it's a
64:18 thing as well. So very you know, the question is
64:23 Well the why is its developmental why develop this way? Because and develop
64:28 way. That's not a good But sometimes that's what it is.
64:33 . Yes, ma'am. Yeah. , remember. So, the serious
64:40 . This is a good question. right. So, remember we took
64:42 two membranes, remember, mm We the boom. So the membranes together
64:50 referred to as the series membrane and fluid in between them. So,
64:55 you're breathing in and out, what's is the lung it's moving this with
65:00 membrane against the thoracic cage, the and its membrane. But the fluid
65:06 reduces the friction. So they're not up the tissue over here. All
65:11 . So, the tube brings together the float on the inside. That's
65:15 really good question. It is true the pericardial cavity as well.
65:20 If you have a pericardium. All . That would be the name of
65:26 . You have one that's on the . You have the visceral which is
65:29 against the heart and has the heart what it's doing. It's rubbing up
65:35 outer serious membrane and it's preventing from and producing friction. The person who
65:43 some of your stuff. Not necessarily a serious fluid. But what can
65:47 is you can actually damage that tissue you will start getting it to rub
65:51 I mean, so, for if you puncture your lung, you're
65:55 puncture that membrane and puncture and you'll a leakage. But eventually, if
65:59 can seal that off, that will and produce it's fluid. All
66:05 Let's move down the abdominal pelvic Alright, again. Remember said it's
66:09 cavities and one We basically merged two together. We have the abdominal
66:13 which is this upper region. We the pelvic cavity down here, which
66:16 lower region. All right. With to the abdominal cavity, this is
66:21 . Alright. So think of the . Find your hip. Right?
66:25 that's basically where the boundary is. , So, everything above that's
66:29 Everything down that would be pelvic. , what's in it? Basically all
66:34 fun guts, Right. Basically, intestines, Spleen liver, kidneys.
66:38 of those things are protected by your . So, you can imagine this
66:41 where my diaphragms at. So, can see there's some ribs that are
66:46 as well that kind of protects some those structures if it's really really important
66:50 protects it with bones. All The pelvic cavity. And this is
66:54 proof of it right below. you can see here is all the
66:58 basically the your hip bones are basically holding it together is what we refer
67:03 the pelvic girdle. And so, do we have in there, The
67:06 important structures ever. The reproductive Alright. Also a little bit of
67:11 bladder and a large intestine are down as well. All right. But
67:18 reason for the protection is you break you don't have kids dies out.
67:24 came over. Okay. That's why most important. And because I studied
67:29 . All right. So now let's a look at regions. This is
67:33 good place where we can practice that stuff. All right. So remember
67:38 name things for what they do where located. Usually sometimes in relationship to
67:43 things. So they'll use descriptive like and right. Now when you look
67:47 me and I raise this is which ? This my right or my left
67:51 , right hand. Right. So on what side for you? It's
67:55 your left. So when you're looking the cadaver or the image or whatever
67:59 is, remember you've got to remember am looking at it relative to
68:04 So this is my right. Even it's on your left. So there
68:08 go. All right. So that's descriptive, you're talking about the
68:13 is it? It's like left or . You can use prefixes. And
68:18 are examples of prefixes, hypo and means below epa means above all.
68:23 . So whenever you see anything like it's like, oh that must mean
68:27 all. Right. So we have hypothalamus. Alright. I'm just gonna
68:31 you an example hypothalamus? There's a in the brain called the thalamus.
68:34 what do you think the hypothalamus It's it's below the thumb is
68:38 So you see how all of a oh all this nomenclature becomes a little
68:41 easier if I understand what they all . And then there are just the
68:46 . So we have the umbilicus region is or the umbilical region which is
68:49 the umbilicus is located. The gastric to your belly contract refers to cartilage
68:55 refers to a region of the back refers to the to where the hips
68:59 located. And so if you look these names you can all of a
69:02 I was like oh so epic gastric the belly umbilical will host the umbilicus
69:08 graphic below the belly right, right left, right and left, right
69:12 left. And then we have hypo below the cartilage and that's referring to
69:18 ribs that are there. All And so you can see here for
69:22 abdominal pelvic region we have these nine that are easily identified the name because
69:27 we understand its nomenclature, we can why it was named the way it
69:31 . The thing is is if you're nurse in the emergency room you don't
69:35 to sit there and kind of going ? Is this above or below
69:38 So they use something different And they things life easier which is basically
69:41 right and upper and lower. And it's basically right? Upper quadrant
69:45 lower quadrant yada yada yada. So a patient comes in and they're complaining
69:49 pain in the lower right quadrant, like, okay, that must be
69:53 appendix. All right. So it's and quicker for the health professionals to
69:58 this. But anonymous want to be to where what they're referring to orientation
70:05 . You're probably already familiar with many these. So you should know
70:09 If you don't know them, go look at them and practice them.
70:12 mean posterior versus anterior dorsal versus that sort of the two that are
70:18 for most people understand because not used that often is proximal and distal All
70:22 . And what proximal means is near distal means. Far from. So
70:27 in hearing those there has to be sort of frame of reference. So
70:31 the frame of reference is using the of the body. So, for
70:36 , my elbow is proximal relative to my wrist, which is more
70:42 That makes sense. Because what am referring to him referring to my
70:46 right? But if you're saying what more proximal to the front of my
70:51 know, to my little finger I'll use my little finger.
70:53 my wrist is proximal my elbows. right, but Almost 90. I
70:59 there's always going to have to be sort of frame of reference. And
71:02 there isn't one that's referring to the of the body. Does that make
71:06 ? Okay. So if you see is approximately So they're referring to the
71:10 if there is a definition of what comparing to, then you use that
71:15 your frame of reference. Okay. all the rest of them of the
71:20 dp of friends like that. It takes a second. Uh
71:25 if you understand who you're deep friends new, your superficial friends are.
71:28 already know the definition of superficial and , superficial right there on the
71:32 Deep means that's the person you can it three and and cry about the
71:36 that dumped you whatever. Uh We're right down to it didn't get as
71:44 as I wanted to see against. of practice. Talking slower today.
71:49 . Body planes and sections. All . There are three major planes in
71:53 body. And we're gonna use this our last slide and then we're out
71:56 here and we'll just append the next slides to the next lecture until we
72:02 to the end. All right. , anyway, so again, notice
72:05 body position, palms outward, bodies . Magic on the table. All
72:10 . So, we have three. have the corona sagittal and transverse.
72:14 , kurono not to be confused with virus. It's actually named because as
72:18 tiny spikes that looks like a That's what corona means means crown.
72:22 you can imagine I've got a crown my head, like the statue of
72:25 . How pretty am I? And what I'm doing here is I'm
72:29 through the body just as if the is sitting up and so now what
72:33 done is I separated my front and back, my anterior, my
72:37 Okay, now if it was going through the middle of my body,
72:41 in the middle, then I have things. But it doesn't matter.
72:44 the corona plane, you can shift and backwards so I could just the
72:48 of my nose off and that would criminal plane. Okay, The sagittal
72:53 separates my left from I'm sorry, left from my right. Okay,
72:58 if it's mid sagittal then I'm basically evenly divided. I should be a
73:03 image, but I can slide back into the right and that's still
73:09 Alright. Trans verse is cutting through body so that you're separating the superior
73:15 the inferior up and down. So , mid transverse would be somewhere in
73:19 , you know? But that doesn't because I'm not a mere image.
73:23 and bottom right? This I hope looks a lot different than down
73:27 Okay, but again, so trans I'm just cutting in this plane.
73:32 basically you'd be looking at me chop way. Okay, now there's one
73:37 up here, I'm just going to that we'll answer your questions. We'll
73:40 out of here. All right. oblique. All right. And we
73:44 refer to oblique just because it gets . But oblique means none of those
73:48 planes means that some random angle. . And so they don't use
73:53 Except if they're trying to identify something clarity. So, they will do
73:57 a transfer. She'll do a You know, you'll do a
74:00 And then it's like, okay, , we need an oblique angle to
74:02 of look at whatever it is looking . So, it's always like you
74:06 just kind of say here's an oblique . All right, we got one
74:10 . And then let's question. since there's a MENSA vaginal and there's
74:13 good chance versus that are made for uh there really isn't. It really
74:17 a mid trans verse. Alright. , typically, so, remember when
74:21 comes to the mid thing, what really doing is you're basically saying in
74:25 middle of the subject. So the sagittal separates left and right. And
74:29 you should have a mirror image. for corona. Well, and for
74:32 verse, while you can find the of the subject, we don't really
74:35 it's mid transverse because there's no there no mere image. Yeah. All
74:41 . It's the weekend at least as as this class is concerned.
74:47 All right. So, you guys a great weekend. I will see
74:50 on Tuesday. We'll jump right back with homeostasis.
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