| 00:10 | testing testing. Okay. Welcome Uh if you just enrolled in the |
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| 00:20 | and you just showed up today, material is relevant to you. Um |
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| 00:29 | if that is you and you enroll managed to be able to uh you |
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| 00:36 | have access to backward for a couple days. Um Maybe a day. |
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| 00:41 | can always email me. I can to a syllabus. Um But uh |
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| 00:47 | there anybody here that's this is day for them? Never heard of this |
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| 00:51 | . I've never seen you before. got one. Okay so do |
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| 00:58 | All right. Um and for you everything in here you're seeing and hearing |
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| 01:04 | all recorded so you can see what missed on Tuesday? Okay. It's |
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| 01:11 | on blackboard, you find it Um Okay clickers mentioned about that |
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| 01:22 | Okay so just take note of the system. Okay um Make note of |
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| 01:33 | session. I didn't remember. It's just for just for fun disease |
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| 01:39 | the for the first couple of weeks and uh yeah so session I. |
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| 01:47 | . Right. That's if you have mobile app. Okay Just gotta punching |
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| 01:50 | once. Um We have we have few questions today. So what |
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| 01:56 | So remember just kind to reiterate this clicker. Mobile apps you're using Or |
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| 02:03 | that that 5% right, remember it's low bar but it's 5% to get |
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| 02:08 | to come to pass some of the at least to understand we're still in |
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| 02:12 | midst of a pandemic. Um They're come across is supposed to be on |
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| 02:18 | downward slope here by the end of month, beginning of february. Um |
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| 02:24 | we'll see but nonetheless so not saying um the clock doesn't even take on |
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| 02:29 | attendance days until until again in the period, right? So uh kind |
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| 02:36 | come as you are if you will the first couple of weeks uh Let's |
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| 02:41 | what else is there? Oh this the other thing, So check your |
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| 02:46 | status. Okay, renew if So what I see on my end |
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| 02:52 | this okay? It was just an . Uh so if you have a |
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| 02:57 | clicker you'll see something like this, have points for the 19th which is |
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| 03:02 | and Blah Blah Blah Blah. Um if you have a clipper or |
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| 03:07 | app but it's not. So this here has a completely active license, |
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| 03:12 | seeing everything okay? But the person has an active app for clicker handle |
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| 03:21 | and they respond right? It's it's right? But there's no data revealed |
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| 03:29 | , that's because this person has an has a functioning clicker slash app but |
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| 03:36 | a licensed. Okay. So if you and you're using your clicker, |
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| 03:42 | not seeing points. The points are there right? Uh And so these |
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| 03:47 | will be numbers once the prescription is . Okay so this is what I |
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| 03:53 | as well, so if I clicked this person here. Alright. Stars |
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| 03:57 | numbers I'd see this but this one not have an active system. |
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| 04:01 | So that's you and you're wondering where's points there? Actually there, it's |
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| 04:06 | , what's behind door? Number one of thing. So the door will |
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| 04:09 | revealed once the subscriptions activated. So the points are being logged in |
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| 04:14 | accumulated. Just not revealed to Okay, So again, there's still |
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| 04:21 | to do this, so plenty of to get this going. Um What |
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| 04:26 | ? And I have the the the software has the ability for me to |
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| 04:31 | for these for to send an Just hit a button and it goes |
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| 04:35 | everybody who doesn't have a subscription or . It's just reminding. So when |
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| 04:42 | see those things, that's that's how doing it? Okay. Alright. |
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| 04:48 | it for housekeeping stuff. Let's call questions about it. Okay. |
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| 04:54 | So it's not the changes every Yeah. So this will be up |
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| 05:00 | . That would be up there at beginning. So just put it |
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| 05:02 | put it in every session. But the but the channel number. |
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| 05:07 | you have the handheld deles those, 41 forever. Okay. So you |
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| 05:13 | have to keep changing those unless the reason that changes if you're another class |
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| 05:18 | uses a different channel. Okay. then you have to change it |
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| 05:21 | Okay. Anything else? Okay. another way that we can see the |
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| 05:25 | . Yeah, I'm going to do . I'm going to upload those. |
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| 05:28 | even though um yeah you want to that everything's functioning on your end. |
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| 05:33 | yeah, I'll do that. And then when on the first or before |
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| 05:39 | first, I'm gonna erase all that because doesn't count anyway, but then |
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| 05:42 | least you'll know, Yeah, it's for me. So yeah, I'll |
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| 05:45 | that. Sure. Um Maybe the . Okay. Alright, so I |
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| 05:54 | we got about Mhm. About 40% , something like that I guess. |
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| 06:01 | . Anyway, just curious. Um , so as if you haven't already |
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| 06:07 | at that they're proceeding every every one these electric notes for each of the |
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| 06:16 | is are these learning objectives? And don't go through this point by |
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| 06:19 | But for you it's like um may ask what what what is this |
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| 06:24 | Well, it's the kind of if mastered the chakra and material, you |
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| 06:30 | be able to go for these points know them. Okay, so kind |
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| 06:36 | think about a checklist for yourself. . And we'll go through all these |
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| 06:39 | course uh this today and next next . But that's that's kind of what |
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| 06:45 | thing is these things are for. , so let's start with so today |
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| 06:51 | next time we're covering kind of the of this as the basics of |
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| 06:59 | Okay, um overview somewhat the things talking about today at some point later |
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| 07:08 | the semester as we go through, go into more details, but now |
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| 07:11 | kind of like here's here's what here's microbes are, here's what they can |
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| 07:16 | . Um Here's something to classify Uh Here's some historical perspective here is |
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| 07:22 | they came from. Not not all it in great detail because again we |
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| 07:27 | each of these things in greater details the semester. But you know kind |
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| 07:31 | a way to kickstart and kind of your heading to the microbiology mode. |
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| 07:38 | . So um and so we looked this is my favorite question. It |
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| 07:44 | last time. But I just to you know if you look at this |
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| 07:49 | go what does this really mean? means that bacteria I tend to use |
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| 07:57 | when I say bacteria I'm always including in that I don't always say both |
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| 08:03 | . But the precariousness probably maritima should because there's two groups that archaea and |
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| 08:10 | . I don't have it. I I just try to say bacteria all |
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| 08:13 | time. So just specifically is suffering . But when I say I'm referring |
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| 08:18 | all pro materials but they're very diverse speaking right, they have a lot |
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| 08:25 | features that we have enabled them to super successful right there? There they |
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| 08:32 | the oldest life forms on earth. ? The first ones to arrive on |
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| 08:36 | planet. Okay they've been with us us humans for about six million |
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| 08:42 | Okay so we're all well aware of microbiota and the bacteria in and on |
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| 08:48 | bodies. And they've been with us since we evolved. Right? So |
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| 08:54 | day you find something out more about part of your body. They are |
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| 08:59 | associated with you obviously. Um To it's like there's a lot of people |
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| 09:04 | germophobic, you can't be a german you're covered with. Okay they disinfect |
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| 09:09 | so they've involved with you and they have a purpose and they do alright |
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| 09:15 | that lots and lots of different Um And we'll touch on some of |
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| 09:20 | things throughout the semester. Okay so so again we have lots of different |
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| 09:27 | that that as you carry you can't and then a lot of it has |
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| 09:31 | do with why they're so successful. and here's some more stuff right? |
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| 09:37 | will touch on right? A handful soil. Good Lord contains billions of |
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| 09:43 | and they're both fungal uh protozoa all carry outs. Um This term you |
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| 09:50 | see associated particularly with bacteria and archaea ubiquitous, right? Found everywhere. |
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| 09:57 | what means found literally almost every part the planet our Kia tend to be |
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| 10:02 | into the group extremo files. You'll them on the upper ranges of temperature |
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| 10:08 | lower ranges. Um Extremes of ph different types of of extreme environments that |
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| 10:18 | often found. So we see the guys there's bacteria that can live in |
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| 10:25 | environment 100 degrees boiling water. Um the uh benefit to us is |
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| 10:33 | fold right from things are kind of in terms of producing uh different types |
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| 10:39 | products for us, biofuels production, treatment, that's all about microbes doing |
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| 10:47 | to supply clean drinking water, um sacrifices that love cold temperatures living in |
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| 10:55 | the arctic and arctic environments. Just microbiome, all the bugs that are |
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| 11:00 | you and then you um the binoculars related to biotechnology and and all that |
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| 11:09 | produced using microbes to produce the very of chemicals and enzymes for us for |
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| 11:14 | uses. Um The uh of course the back now, the bad is |
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| 11:20 | gets all the publicity like most of disease. Right. No, no |
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| 11:25 | the plague killed millions right back in middle ages. Um what we're going |
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| 11:32 | have been going through for the past years. Right? Of course, |
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| 11:35 | course killed lots of people too. , um but the ones that are |
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| 11:40 | bad guys are certainly out number way by the good ones. Okay, |
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| 11:49 | hopefully one thing you need to Here you go, wow, I |
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| 11:52 | know bacteria could do so much that there, you know, we literally |
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| 11:56 | depending on them for our lives, you'll see, okay, from the |
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| 12:01 | standpoint. And so um the and can see the contributions right contribution to |
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| 12:07 | first oxygen, right? They're the that first put options into the environment |
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| 12:11 | the first place. Um 2.5 billion ago, um the ability to use |
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| 12:19 | other than oxygen. Right. So of course we're used to being anaerobic |
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| 12:26 | breathing entities like many eukaryotes are. you you could argue that anaerobic activity |
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| 12:36 | able to live without oxygen is probably prevalent among life on earth. When |
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| 12:41 | consider bacteria that can use anarchy. . Uh even on your own body |
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| 12:46 | in your own body. So um we're gonna go through throughout the |
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| 12:52 | See the different types of things they do. Right? And how how |
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| 12:58 | it is for us mentioning the nitrogen up here right there, which we'll |
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| 13:05 | about it during the semester, that what plants absolutely require, That plants |
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| 13:15 | great life forms, right? Getting sun and some water and they'll do |
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| 13:19 | things from SEO to write. But can't make things like phosphorus and |
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| 13:26 | Right? They need it supplied by . Right? So they provide these |
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| 13:30 | that are required. And we all just from basic ecology. Right? |
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| 13:35 | for any ecosystem of your plants. ? In aquatic systems of allergy. |
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| 13:40 | so those can require his minerals that providing. And the life cycle is |
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| 13:45 | driven by bacteria of different types and different metabolism. So um you always |
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| 13:51 | that even if you are you maintain as a strict carnivore plants. |
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| 13:57 | Even you rely on this because you you eat cows. Right. Others |
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| 14:04 | on their plantings. Right? So all it all fits together. |
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| 14:10 | so um looking at and so this so this is kind of semi |
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| 14:19 | right? I'm not gonna spend just of put it back your head. |
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| 14:24 | why are they so successful? Why they found everywhere? Why have they |
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| 14:28 | know, arguably been Life's biggest success 6 uh more than Almost four billion |
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| 14:38 | Longer than anything else. And so we go and we'll see how different |
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| 14:44 | we talked about in Chapter three. 4. Actually answer this check um |
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| 14:52 | know, I think one reason just just for now that's one reason why |
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| 14:56 | may be so successful. So live fast. That's probably number |
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| 15:01 | Right, So very rapid growth So if um you measure evolution in |
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| 15:10 | of reproduction, right? How successful the osprey? Okay. They survived |
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| 15:15 | are able to be produced on their . Might produce the next generation. |
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| 15:20 | us. That takes a generation for is 20 years. Right. So |
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| 15:29 | bacteria, The generation will be 15 . Okay, so it can produce |
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| 15:35 | generations. Isen't a day where that take us 500 years. I think |
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| 15:41 | figured that one time. Okay, you can see they can you can |
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| 15:47 | mutations and then among offspring of the of those may survive better. And |
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| 15:51 | it can all happen in real Almost. Okay. Because they grow |
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| 15:54 | fast and so, and so uh diverse metabolism. They can adapt to |
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| 16:01 | situations. So it's a okay. not, I'm not gonna say more |
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| 16:04 | that, but I'm gonna bring this now and again during the semester about |
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| 16:08 | they're so adaptable and successful. Um Alright, so I kind of |
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| 16:15 | this this chapter up into these kind five themes. Okay, I kind |
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| 16:20 | sat down looking, okay, what the kind of the five things that |
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| 16:24 | things we're looking at here in this ? Right. So we'll cover these |
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| 16:26 | today, which is the definition of should know what that is. |
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| 16:30 | And what what maybe remember as much you like every kind of thing in |
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| 16:37 | to be, you know, either or that. And then in between |
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| 16:41 | lots of gray areas, right? can never really pigeonhole things in biology |
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| 16:46 | as being only this way. And microbes are no exception, |
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| 16:51 | Uh for the most part we can them and we know what they |
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| 16:55 | But there's always something that's kind of the gray area and we'll look at |
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| 16:59 | here in a second. Um, I just mentioned, right, knowingly |
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| 17:03 | unknowingly my microbes had changed district, didn't back in the middle ages when |
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| 17:10 | black plague was raging. I had idea what was causing. Of |
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| 17:15 | Okay. But they had ideas like ideas of what we're calling it. |
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| 17:22 | . But but certainly they changed Um pasture coke Winograd ski. |
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| 17:30 | And others will mention developed the ways work with my coach. That was |
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| 17:35 | . Okay. How did it work that? Because that's a springboard. |
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| 17:40 | just to get the development of culture . If your lab you learn these |
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| 17:46 | okay. They seem very basic. . Nowadays but development of those techniques |
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| 17:53 | spring boarded research into all areas of , Microbiology and about technology. Everything |
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| 18:01 | . And these these basic tech culturing . Okay um the we'll mention next |
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| 18:09 | we come back we'll talk a little metabolic capabilities and microbes. And with |
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| 18:16 | that benefits working told and then a bit about the diversity of forms. |
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| 18:21 | ? So that with everything in biology we always have to come down to |
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| 18:26 | some point. How do we how how are these related to each |
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| 18:30 | How do they how do we put into different groups? Classification taxonomy. |
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| 18:35 | we look at that with microbes next . Okay so let's uh look at |
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| 18:43 | first theme here. Okay, so here is just making a polling |
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| 18:50 | Can you test your clickers out here's micro graph of Covid? Okay. |
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| 18:56 | this considered in microbes? Okay, that true? There's a timer. |
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| 19:19 | put a timer on it just to things up a little bit but that's |
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| 19:24 | the way Covid and micro. Uh . Okay let's see. Okay. |
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| 19:51 | so we've got so many 6% Yes that is correct. It is |
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| 19:56 | microbe. Okay. Um what about 1? I didn't blow it up |
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| 20:02 | enough probably. But it's a uh mean this is a issue. Think |
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| 20:11 | the track. So you're syndicated cells see there. Is that a |
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| 20:19 | Why is it not a micro? it isn't a single celled organism? |
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| 20:25 | it's kind of right. Right. it's um so microbes and just flipped |
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| 20:32 | . So microbes are typically and then course we'll say they're entities typically who's |
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| 20:37 | aren't celled But um hey Tiffany definitely have to have a microscope to see |
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| 20:44 | done. Right. Why you need to see the epithelial cells. |
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| 20:49 | But um epidemic yourselves, you could take the latino cells put out nature |
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| 20:55 | say go for it survive live. . They won't right cells to that |
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| 21:00 | of your that are part of a like tissues organs. These are highly |
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| 21:05 | requirements. They are meant to work other cells as a tissue or an |
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| 21:12 | . Um They can't survive on their . We don't typically call things like |
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| 21:16 | cells or neurons microorganisms. Okay they're that are part of a larger |
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| 21:24 | A tissue or organ or what have ? Um They couldn't survive on their |
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| 21:29 | . Okay but microbes. Microorganisms. bacteria. Archaea algae zones. Um |
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| 21:41 | molds, yeasts. These are Okay um They of course will have |
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| 21:48 | . the exception here is the right, viruses are considered microbes. |
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| 21:51 | need a uh they are they alive not alive? It's a question. |
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| 22:00 | . Um We'll get to that. for those that so viruses or microbes |
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| 22:06 | no mistake. But um those so . Okay some are some art. |
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| 22:14 | ? Those are the parts of tissues organs are not considered microbes. Um |
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| 22:20 | what I just the ones I just off in those categories. You're your |
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| 22:26 | . Archaea Pro zones, algae, , certain other molds. These are |
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| 22:35 | microbes. They're gonna fit into those . And viruses. Okay. They |
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| 22:39 | have arrangements they're not all gonna be cells single celled but they can be |
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| 22:43 | arrangements. Chains or clusters. Um size ranges. Right. So |
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| 22:49 | should have the size. And when talking about three categories here. |
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| 22:58 | And viruses. Right. And there a definite size differences between them viruses |
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| 23:04 | the and of course Prepace it in middle of 1 - 10 microns. |
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| 23:10 | Eukaryotes bigger. And each is in particular science range because of what they |
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| 23:20 | note. And I'll come back to in a second. Okay so viruses |
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| 23:26 | generally on the one microns or Okay that's about 20 17 nm is |
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| 23:35 | of the lower end size. Okay even viruses have exceptions will see that |
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| 23:40 | are what are called giant viruses that be over Micronics size. Okay but |
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| 23:46 | there's not a lot of them. there is a group that's called the |
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| 23:49 | viruses like that. So like I , every group there's always kind of |
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| 23:54 | things like pie gray areas. Um, so this is the group's |
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| 24:02 | just mentioned. Okay. That include microbes. Um so notice what's |
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| 24:08 | Right? Kingdom. Animal leah Animals. These are not microbes. |
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| 24:14 | , kingdom plant. I planted There are no microbes in there. |
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| 24:19 | . Um, Alright. So I to fit itself exists as one nanometer |
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| 24:31 | . Could you have something that Right. Answing that one. We |
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| 24:37 | the nope. Not that there we . Mm hmm. Side cell. |
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| 25:17 | . Um why couldn't you have a that size? Yeah. It has |
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| 25:24 | do with the components that are Right. So the opponents are bigger |
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| 25:29 | anatomy like. So it's it's something uh you know better bigger than. |
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| 25:39 | , those two synthesize protein, it's handed proteins, lipids. These are |
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| 25:47 | signs that are beyond fanatic. Not to sell us below in this range |
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| 25:56 | not going to happen because it would able to contain the things that life |
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| 26:01 | . Alright. The molecules it Uh Which also though explaining why viruses |
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| 26:08 | on the small and okay. Because don't actually can tangle. Alright. |
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| 26:14 | actually can take very good have a of a smaller genome. Um And |
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| 26:23 | hey, and they have a few along with it. Okay. So |
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| 26:27 | themselves are kind of limited in what can do because they can't carry a |
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| 26:31 | of stuff to make to do a of their own functions. Which is |
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| 26:36 | they rely on a host. The are tied to having a host to |
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| 26:41 | their functions and to replicate. So that that goes into the question |
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| 26:46 | are viruses alive or not alive. . Which will mention here again. |
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| 26:52 | here is some kind of um some the things that may be contradictory talking |
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| 26:56 | microbes. So supersized sets. So this organism style margarita namibians is |
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| 27:04 | a bad trip. It's a it a microbe. Okay by definition but |
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| 27:10 | can blow up to a bigger That's not in the small size range |
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| 27:19 | a pro carrot. Okay. And can blow up those size because of |
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| 27:23 | type of metabolism. They they're in road. They don't use oxygen. |
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| 27:28 | they actually use Mycogen trade specifically to with. Right? So those are |
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| 27:36 | use something other than oxygen to breathe . And they can use nitrate. |
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| 27:41 | , nitrogen gas and they will fill sack up there just vacuole that fills |
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| 27:45 | with gas and that allows them to get energy from respiration. And it |
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| 27:53 | the little yellow got you see in are sulfur grandma. They used sulfur |
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| 27:58 | an energy source. And they've inspired nitrate we can eat you can eat |
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| 28:05 | . Right? The candy bar Which of sugar. Right? And we |
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| 28:09 | using oxygen. Alright. Well they solar compounds and responded using nitrate and |
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| 28:15 | gas fills up and they can use as a store for energy. |
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| 28:19 | But it blows up so much it almost visible to the naked eye. |
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| 28:23 | ? But the species itself is still micro but it has this unusual |
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| 28:28 | Okay. Uh You can look at microbial community. Think about colony on |
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| 28:34 | silver plate, right? That's visible the naked eye. But it's made |
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| 28:39 | of billions of microbes. Right? colonies are microbe but the micro become |
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| 28:45 | become visible when it collects together with of other rabbits population to form a |
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| 28:53 | entity. And biofilms are also similarly represent a lot of growth. |
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| 28:59 | And so much growth that they become film. Alright, on surfaces. |
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| 29:05 | biofilms are all about surfaces. Whether a pipe of some sort teeth form |
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| 29:12 | some plaque. All right. Um curtain may get some stuff on |
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| 29:17 | So it's all about services but it lots of growth and lots of becomes |
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| 29:23 | at that point. Right? Um I mentioned before, cells comprising |
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| 29:28 | These are not microbes, skin liver cells, etcetera. Uh micro |
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| 29:34 | . You come across those but those multicellular animals do not microbes. |
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| 29:40 | Um Water bear. Just one of you may have heard of? Um |
|
| 29:46 | . Got not microbes. So So it is. So what is |
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| 29:51 | microbe is a bias. Okay. super sized cell that margarita is a |
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| 29:57 | but just on occasion it can blow into this sack that becomes visible. |
|
| 30:01 | mean it's still on a micro. has this that's the thing. Everybody's |
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| 30:04 | fit super rudely. But you just keep that in mind. Okay you |
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| 30:08 | be a micro but sometimes it blows because the gas for that one and |
|
| 30:12 | visible right? But it's still like the microbe. Okay. But biofilms |
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| 30:17 | just collections of cells that masks so they become the film becomes visible. |
|
| 30:23 | . The itself is made up of . Okay. But they say they're |
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| 30:29 | . They're not going to be microbes ? There were animals there. Multicellular |
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| 30:33 | and viruses are considered microbes. But there are the unique form of |
|
| 30:43 | . Air quotes for those that are on the recording and not seeing ah |
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| 30:53 | my life. What are they like do we know they're alive? That |
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| 31:03 | into life was there? But yeah it's it's inside of the post. |
|
| 31:11 | how do you know? But how you know that? Yeah what'd you |
|
| 31:22 | ? You can find it through testing . But I kind of I guess |
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| 31:26 | your your manifestation of oh yeah I've Covid it's gonna be symptoms of some |
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| 31:34 | of dizzy. I have fever. have this I have that right. |
|
| 31:38 | kind of signs that you may have faction. Yeah. You can sort |
|
| 31:42 | take test test test for the president . That's what the pcR test |
|
| 31:48 | Um So um but yeah, replication viruses alive, right? When it's |
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| 31:57 | of a host and replicate because that's more of us are being made, |
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| 32:01 | ? When it's outside the host and affecting a host, then that's kind |
|
| 32:06 | the suspended animation part I guess you'd . Okay, it's gonna be sitting |
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| 32:10 | the door over there. Alright. viruses are sitting on the door knob |
|
| 32:14 | there, you know and and doing . They can survive that way for |
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| 32:20 | period of time class. So uh explore all my viruses in the next |
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| 32:26 | the next unit. Okay. Um , the next couple of things we'll |
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| 32:34 | go over uh how might have changed pasturing. Grodsky, not Wojnarowski so |
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| 32:42 | . That's that's we're talking about him time. He's kind of the uh |
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| 32:47 | the role of microbial ecology. Um We'll talk about past your and |
|
| 32:53 | here in the context of uh medical and a couple other things. So |
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| 33:00 | we're well aware of the impact of friends on history. We've used microbes |
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| 33:09 | really for a long time to produce and beer right through different water was |
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| 33:18 | a thing for a long time. ? So that's why it was very |
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| 33:22 | with wine and beer because they contained that would inhibit growth. Right? |
|
| 33:28 | . So wine and beer drinking was thing and variations of that like meat |
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| 33:34 | another fermented drinks and foods and um certainly production using micro using use |
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| 33:43 | So um but certainly on the bad of course the disease of devastated populations |
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| 33:51 | not just plague but TB and and and so forth. Um But of |
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| 33:58 | being able to a first discovered them and then be able to work with |
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| 34:03 | developed techniques has of course been instrumental terms of us understanding basic processes of |
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| 34:12 | like replication and and um working Right. These kind of things we |
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| 34:19 | that for granted. You know these all worked out in in bacterial models |
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| 34:24 | using viruses as well. Um So we've of course used them for lots |
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| 34:31 | different things. Both commercially and and basic research. So it all goes |
|
| 34:37 | to hooked and then lay one hook ? The ones that I think he |
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| 34:42 | to have something that would magnify. if you're gonna see this invisible microbial |
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| 34:48 | , you better be able to The only way to see it. |
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| 34:51 | right. And um hook. The difference between the two. Well the |
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| 34:58 | was first used in Mexico um He really going with his dad at the |
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| 35:06 | view of things like insects and plants different types of tissues like that because |
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| 35:14 | didn't have very powerful microscope 2030 It's not it's not that powerful. |
|
| 35:20 | um so many good things like sleeves tree bark tissue, that's where the |
|
| 35:27 | comes in. You can see little that made up the the dead dead |
|
| 35:31 | tissue which is bark. And you it a little chamber cells. That's |
|
| 35:35 | the work comes from. But microscope 10 X. More powerful than hooks |
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| 35:46 | that enabled to see factor another And uh surprisingly he was able to |
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| 35:54 | this with this very unsophisticated microscope, is this thing right here. Apparently |
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| 36:00 | some expert, I have nothing about lenses, but apparently he was like |
|
| 36:06 | expert in that. And he was secretive about it. He didn't tell |
|
| 36:10 | about how about his anything but his lenses and many drawings. And uh |
|
| 36:18 | know, of course he's heard among bacteria. He was drawing as you |
|
| 36:23 | there on the Corner. So now can imagine we're talking 1600s. So |
|
| 36:30 | previously um Invisible world. Right? think you're measure on a microscope for |
|
| 36:40 | Because of water? Some water samples . And I was saying these things |
|
| 36:43 | around. All right. You can , you know, you probably fell |
|
| 36:46 | the stool. Right? And what this? Okay? Because just think |
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| 36:50 | the times they're in right, There a lot of leaving winches and all |
|
| 36:55 | of crazy stuff. Right? So where did something like this come from |
|
| 37:01 | in these pond water or whatever the was. Okay, so of course |
|
| 37:07 | all kinds of crazy beliefs about this leads to this idea of spontaneous generation |
|
| 37:14 | , that life can arise from Okay. And uh for the next |
|
| 37:21 | decades, if not centuries, you , there were those that said, |
|
| 37:26 | , is this really a thing or know, it's true, It's |
|
| 37:31 | Or are people crazy? Okay, in hands, people that will come |
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| 37:36 | and try to experiment, right? science to to say it's just |
|
| 37:42 | crazy, right, anytime. And um and so then it became a |
|
| 37:48 | between macroscopic life and microscopic life. ? So during this time, refrigeration |
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| 37:57 | carcasses, carcasses, hanging flies would around it eventually. Okay. And |
|
| 38:03 | the idea goes, oh, meet gives rise to the flies, |
|
| 38:06 | And so of course that I meet maggots, Right? So it's that's |
|
| 38:16 | , but when you're ready, he class, this little kind of can |
|
| 38:24 | to it that you never saw You never said who flies emerge. |
|
| 38:29 | . And and air was part was to come in as well. |
|
| 38:33 | So flies never emerged from that Um and so Okay, Alright, |
|
| 38:40 | . Alright, so it doesn't so generation doesn't apply to big life, |
|
| 38:45 | ? Microbes were discovered a different Okay, And so spelling design for |
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| 38:52 | to see there. Alright. Either , right. To get the boiler |
|
| 38:56 | and kill what's in there right now set up the central scenario where oh |
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| 38:59 | life comes from non life now because killed everything by boiling it. |
|
| 39:06 | So it's my page generators generation folks yep, there you go. Have |
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| 39:13 | areas like the magic force areas like vital source, you need, anything |
|
| 39:18 | give rise to life. I wanted fight here. Yeah. So he |
|
| 39:25 | , okay, well let me, if you sealed it, you wouldn't |
|
| 39:30 | across, right? No, doesn't work right? And you're wrong, |
|
| 39:37 | generation was allowed to happen and they 02 in there. Okay. Past |
|
| 39:43 | comes along where you finally put this rest right? That it's not spontaneous |
|
| 39:51 | causing gross. Okay, it's microbes around in the air, they're |
|
| 39:58 | you know, in contaminated surfaces and . Okay. And he eventually showed |
|
| 40:04 | . All right, we'll come we'll around the back of that. But |
|
| 40:07 | a couple of things about pasture. . Um He uh taking chemistry or |
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| 40:15 | he's the one that I came up the the chirality of molecules right? |
|
| 40:21 | left handed and right handed. That that was passed your But of course |
|
| 40:26 | uh probably one of the most famous of all the time, but I |
|
| 40:32 | if your background is probably certainly well so uh he studied fermentation which is |
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| 40:41 | production of in that day production of beer. So french people are very |
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| 40:49 | , wine and to this day, , don't mess with wine. |
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| 40:54 | And so in the process they would batches that were off tasting what's going |
|
| 41:01 | with this, Right, french wine not tasting good, It's not it's |
|
| 41:05 | . Okay, what's going on? here comes um that juror. |
|
| 41:10 | Sometimes gas. Yeah. And that's if you never bring a wine |
|
| 41:18 | it shouldn't taste like vinegar. so they're going, what's up with |
|
| 41:23 | ? Right. And so he studies . And so at this point is |
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| 41:30 | um there's no idea that chemical transformations ? Would occur through um anything but |
|
| 41:39 | a biological process, right? You a reaction to a bee, you |
|
| 41:44 | products and see right all through chemical . Right. So he was the |
|
| 41:49 | to show that it's actually life that facilitating this process. It's catalyzing this |
|
| 41:57 | process. Okay. First to see . And um and so he looked |
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| 42:03 | fermentation which are by definition but chemical that don't evolve oxygen. Okay, |
|
| 42:12 | is not a part of the And so they and aerobically called. |
|
| 42:19 | . And so in this, you , basic terms of processes grapes, |
|
| 42:25 | . Are we source of the sugar ? Right. So it's eating. |
|
| 42:30 | . So you need to get it in the process produced uh alcohol that's |
|
| 42:36 | wine? Okay. And he would at this under the microscope samples. |
|
| 42:43 | you see that the levels of alcohol ? Equated with it's increasing growth. |
|
| 42:51 | it's more self through alcohol content Okay, so they were fermented producing |
|
| 42:58 | problem, you can see the growth yeast cells accompanied this. Okay, |
|
| 43:05 | in batches where it was off So we see the gas information. |
|
| 43:10 | was due to contamination. Right, contaminating the source. Okay. And |
|
| 43:18 | back here you can do all different of limitations. Not all many, |
|
| 43:23 | different types of fermentation producing, producing acid, formic acid, butin all |
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| 43:32 | among others. So all kinds of chain fatty acids and alcohols. |
|
| 43:38 | She studied he found different different fermentation that would produce different end products. |
|
| 43:45 | even he could even grow them and , okay, smell it. Oh |
|
| 43:50 | , this is the one that produces the one that produces this one. |
|
| 43:54 | we could tie them to different spectral of different end products of fermentation. |
|
| 44:01 | ? And uh but of course, know, this just lead to |
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| 44:06 | right? To minimize the levels of in food beverages ah to to prolong |
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| 44:17 | shelf life. Okay, and so said, well you need to institute |
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| 44:23 | sanitary practices to reduce contamination. to get back to the right line |
|
| 44:30 | . So this is what led to germ theory of fermentation, right, |
|
| 44:35 | bacteria uh work all of these Right. Um there's some these end |
|
| 44:43 | of alcohols acids and you could link electoral species to survive in products. |
|
| 44:51 | , so tied it all together. , bacterium produces the end product, |
|
| 44:56 | what's causing the fermentation. Right, this germ theory of fermentation and so |
|
| 45:03 | to spontaneous generation. So knowing now you know contamination can occur that where |
|
| 45:11 | that bacterial contamination comes from? Probably in the handling of the air from |
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| 45:15 | around and so forth. So he of has the idea. Okay, |
|
| 45:20 | , this is what in these broths are boiled. If you introduce |
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| 45:29 | Right, good air, what have ? So he says I'm going to |
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| 45:33 | this design. That's satisfying generation in . Okay, and allow air to |
|
| 45:42 | . Right, so he has this , it's a swan neck flask. |
|
| 45:45 | , So Aaron come in, he the medium. Right, So now |
|
| 45:48 | have a meeting that no lesson So if there's gonna be spontaneous generation |
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| 45:52 | that's where it's gonna come from. I'm going to allow air to come |
|
| 45:56 | . Okay. But the thing is that curve traps microchip. Right, |
|
| 46:01 | microbes in the air travel on those and whatnot. And my gravity will |
|
| 46:07 | in that blue or in that in band. And the only way you'd |
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| 46:14 | see contamination to draw is if you know, cut cut it off |
|
| 46:19 | . Right, I broke it right or tipped it. So it will |
|
| 46:25 | into the bed and then contact microbes the only time will become sterilized. |
|
| 46:31 | you basically showed even in the presence air there was no um uh regeneration |
|
| 46:39 | only if I introduced these contaminating So he did this because he knew |
|
| 46:45 | there were ubiquitous, right? They found in the area are found on |
|
| 46:49 | and whatnot. Okay so unless you care um you you would get these |
|
| 46:56 | . Okay now this um worked. was true but there were except except |
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| 47:05 | was an exception to this. That's what Tyndall found. Right? |
|
| 47:08 | he comes along repeating pesters experiments Except every once in a lot match |
|
| 47:17 | . What? So he's the one discovered endospore forming bacteria. It's frankly |
|
| 47:23 | we have to use an article. ? So for of course for lab |
|
| 47:27 | used to play all the time to sterile media lab and we use the |
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| 47:32 | paper to get rid of endospore forming . Okay. Um And so uh |
|
| 47:41 | he found So tendo did next here's what but in the sport foreign bacteria |
|
| 47:45 | like they will have types that are our selves that look like this |
|
| 47:53 | These are what we call completely vegetative . Just functioning growing living steps |
|
| 48:00 | You have types that looks like this with a white dot in the |
|
| 48:06 | All right. These are the ones a sport. These are completely free |
|
| 48:16 | . They've already been formed once it's formed. The process is done and |
|
| 48:20 | rest of the cells around the kind dissolves. You know for the free |
|
| 48:24 | . So these things are super highly as we'll see in Chapter four I |
|
| 48:31 | um Super resistant listening to boiling the . They they've they've unearthed these things |
|
| 48:39 | €250,000 sandwich fossilized samples. They've seen and have been able to revive. |
|
| 48:46 | it's super resistant. There's many things life life forms, proto zones, |
|
| 48:52 | , fungi, other bacterial plaques that scores. Okay. But when you |
|
| 48:57 | in the in those four in front it that takes it up several notches |
|
| 49:02 | terms of resistance to chemicals and Okay. And resistance they can be |
|
| 49:07 | can resist um uh boiling boiling for period of time. Not forever, |
|
| 49:13 | for a little bit. But so he did was he would see that |
|
| 49:19 | after boiling we get some some formulas survived. Okay so what you have |
|
| 49:26 | do is to kind of repeat boil cool. Alright so in the cooling |
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| 49:32 | and those spores will germinate because they germinate back into a living form. |
|
| 49:38 | then you can zap them with boiling . Okay? And then but it |
|
| 49:43 | doesn't kill all not all the end sports that may be in there are |
|
| 49:47 | all at once. They summer killed marks from Germany so you keep repeating |
|
| 49:53 | boiling cycle then eventually you get to sterile solution. Okay. So um |
|
| 49:59 | it's all about the resistance of these . Okay. Again, autoclave has |
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| 50:04 | ability to create conditions that can penetrate spore and rapidly kill them. |
|
| 50:11 | so uh so again, I don't it's really all about minimum is getting |
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| 50:17 | of these these these types of industrial . Okay, um now. |
|
| 50:25 | So have you talked about the germ of fermentation? How does this relate |
|
| 50:32 | you? But if it does, doesn't relate to the germ theory of |
|
| 50:38 | . Okay. So yes or Mm hmm. Okay. Mhm. |
|
| 50:53 | there is time. Um you had pasture you had coke, which we'll |
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| 51:02 | about shortly. Our contemporaries. Each aware of each other's work. |
|
| 51:12 | , so let's I'm gonna go ahead let's see what we got here. |
|
| 51:22 | . So yes, it does So what is how do they why |
|
| 51:27 | they correlate? They do? But the correlation? Something nice? |
|
| 51:38 | it's on the right track. So have So so think of another germ |
|
| 51:44 | of fermentation is microchip company. The chemical reaction and products increase as the |
|
| 51:54 | of sales increase. Okay, so are responsible for the chemical transformation. |
|
| 51:59 | , so the idea to link to disease is that microbes are transforming these |
|
| 52:08 | bodies were organic beings. Right? microbes are transforming this organic being human |
|
| 52:18 | a disease state. In fact. you can find as you said, |
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| 52:22 | can find such as he was calling in the body. All right. |
|
| 52:26 | so uh that is definitely the Okay, um microbes causing transformation, |
|
| 52:36 | ? Whether it's in fermentation producing these or in the body creating a disease |
|
| 52:44 | . Okay, So with coke um so you see meant to show |
|
| 52:52 | of sugars into chemicals or healthy human a disease state. Okay. So |
|
| 52:59 | so with coke then, enables us establishes the framework of how a microbe |
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| 53:10 | be tied to a specific disease and that disease. Okay. Now, |
|
| 53:17 | 100 plus years of knowledge since I'm aware that that framework framework is |
|
| 53:24 | always consistent. It's not always Like he said, we're aware of |
|
| 53:31 | exceptions to this. Okay, but what he did was, but |
|
| 53:37 | doesn't mean his what are called Kochs are not valid. They are |
|
| 53:44 | It's it's the framework that's used Okay. But we're aware of where |
|
| 53:49 | may differ from and and and adjust . Okay, so but he right |
|
| 53:57 | of the box, he actually began a disease that was relatively easy to |
|
| 54:02 | this what's called chain of infection. , so anthrax um and interesting |
|
| 54:09 | the bacillus bacillus is one of those those four forming tax we just talked |
|
| 54:14 | . Okay. And uh in so was a country doctor and out in |
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| 54:20 | area he saw cattle living an outbreak anthrax and cattle were nine. |
|
| 54:25 | so anthrax affects livestock and um very to establish that, you know, |
|
| 54:33 | counselor disease versus not diseased in terms symptoms and whatnot. But you can |
|
| 54:37 | a blood blood test and all cattle that had council had anthrax. |
|
| 54:43 | had what you see there on the . These are the of this species |
|
| 54:49 | and chains like this and you see in the blood. So there's no |
|
| 54:54 | . You know, because you're not to see bacteria in your blood ever |
|
| 54:57 | you're of course sick infectious disease of types. But you know and that |
|
| 55:04 | their blood. All right, counsel healthy. Did not. So it's |
|
| 55:07 | of easy to kind of make the . Okay. Didn't require anything other |
|
| 55:11 | having a microscope. Alright. Take sample of blood sample under a |
|
| 55:17 | And but you know that And he that rabbit model, right? Inject |
|
| 55:23 | into a rabbit. Rabbit gets sick the same symptoms etcetera. Okay. |
|
| 55:26 | you recover the same bacteria from sick here? So it all fits very |
|
| 55:31 | . Right, right out of the . Okay. But it went up |
|
| 55:35 | launch in terms of difficulty. But now you have something that wasn't |
|
| 55:41 | easy. Okay, so tuberculosis is of those. So the work with |
|
| 55:46 | required development of aseptic pure culture Why? What was that? That's |
|
| 55:58 | the agent. Alright. Mycobacterium, is on the smallish in of material |
|
| 56:07 | but that's not the main thing. You know, it's it's a organism |
|
| 56:14 | infects your lungs, respiratory system? your lungs. Um Not as easy |
|
| 56:19 | take a blood sample and see if there or not. Right. |
|
| 56:23 | you have to go and take what's a sputum sample which is kind of |
|
| 56:26 | mucus that you cough up in the infection. You have to test that |
|
| 56:31 | have to and and microscopy was difficult my collection is kind of smaller. |
|
| 56:38 | couldn't distinguish it maybe from other bacterial because you have other bacteria in your |
|
| 56:42 | as well. And so you have be a way to kind of find |
|
| 56:47 | thing out. All right. This where culture techniques come in. |
|
| 56:51 | Development of solid media. Um Making culture. Okay. Take it for |
|
| 57:00 | nowadays because it seems pretty basic. it's it's still it's still done. |
|
| 57:05 | can't not do it without without getting cultures and work. So, the |
|
| 57:13 | of solid media then. Okay, one to get a sample, Put |
|
| 57:20 | on the plate, drink it out . Right? And you see that |
|
| 57:26 | can find uh In this case two . Right? So this uh this |
|
| 57:35 | certifying agent, which is our seaweed. S and others. |
|
| 57:44 | you know, this was evolved out the way to how do we find |
|
| 57:47 | one? How can we work with to see if it's causing disease. |
|
| 57:50 | . So um so I just put couple of things in here. So |
|
| 57:54 | sample, you know, can be environmental sample. It could be a |
|
| 57:57 | sample. Um So the question will every microbe in the sample grow |
|
| 58:02 | that plate? Michael, that's in sample. They're necessarily going on on |
|
| 58:11 | plate. Why not not the environment microbes can? Mhm. Okay. |
|
| 58:23 | has to do with um There is one media type liquid or solid that |
|
| 58:30 | ever satisfy the needs of every single samples. Not everything eats like |
|
| 58:37 | Many microbes do can eat like like us means we eat complex organic |
|
| 58:44 | sources, right? Use oxygen. . There's lots of bacteria to do |
|
| 58:50 | , but not there's a lot of . Alright, so the summer |
|
| 58:56 | right? Somehow different. Just different . So, no, you're never |
|
| 59:01 | never gonna find a medium that satisfies . Okay. But you will find |
|
| 59:07 | find stuff. Okay. And so beauty of this is you can then |
|
| 59:12 | each type onto its own media and your culture and that's the essence of |
|
| 59:18 | know, you want to study the . Is this the one that's causing |
|
| 59:21 | or whatever it is. You want do with it? Look at it |
|
| 59:25 | itself separate from other things. And you can establish whether it's you |
|
| 59:32 | to isolate the DNA from it to it or whether it's to isolate approaching |
|
| 59:38 | making Because you think it's really next ? Yeah, billion dollars producing |
|
| 59:45 | whatever. Right? So you have give your culture of it, grow |
|
| 59:49 | up. Right. And work with . Okay. And like I said |
|
| 59:54 | , development this technique the springboard all of microbiology, everything from um studying |
|
| 60:03 | just you know, disease, but stuff, right? Studying, you |
|
| 60:08 | , how can we uh exploit this other purposes. Right, biotechnology |
|
| 60:14 | All these things springboard from this Now we're talking about solid but yet |
|
| 60:19 | will mention this later in Chapter four liquidity. So both forms might have |
|
| 60:26 | roles in in terms of um how you use them? Okay, I'm |
|
| 60:32 | I'll wait until after four to go more details. But solid media is |
|
| 60:36 | media. There's there's semi solid media everything has this kind of role, |
|
| 60:40 | ? But you can't do pure culture involving plates. Salt media And this |
|
| 60:48 | to be a part of it. I'll explain that later on. But |
|
| 60:53 | critical for that. Um uh prior finding auger plates, I think coke |
|
| 61:01 | actual cut off a potato slices of , uncooked potato and use that as |
|
| 61:07 | awkward plate. I don't think it that well. But uh anyway, |
|
| 61:13 | talking about Porsha. So linking these disease and micro together. Right? |
|
| 61:19 | the the process is or his positive say only healthy animals, healthy animals |
|
| 61:28 | harbor the infectious microbes only diseased animals . Okay. You should be able |
|
| 61:34 | isolate the microbe from the agent continent from the animal. Okay. Pure |
|
| 61:40 | . Right then. Take that. culture. In fact a healthy it |
|
| 61:46 | down to the same symptoms etcetera. . And then you can re isolate |
|
| 61:52 | that rabbit the same microbes. So beauty of the method is there's two |
|
| 61:59 | isolations of microbes. They both have be right. And so you have |
|
| 62:05 | built in way to corroborate your which is what you always want to |
|
| 62:09 | in science. Right? So that certainly it gives confidence that yeah, |
|
| 62:16 | is the infectious agent. Okay. of course we know again with a |
|
| 62:22 | more knowledge that um there's exceptions. ? We all know about the asymptomatic |
|
| 62:29 | . All right, healthy animals, humans can carry a infectious agent and |
|
| 62:37 | have disease. Um You got vaccinated meningitis before coming to college. |
|
| 62:46 | Meningitis is carried by 50% or more a healthy population. They just happened |
|
| 62:52 | there. Never never had meningitis but carried asymptomatic carriers. Right. When |
|
| 62:59 | is a out recommend itis it's traced another human who's perfectly healthy with this |
|
| 63:05 | . Okay. The same is true other certain infectious diseases. Um One |
|
| 63:11 | . One pathogen. So pasture. sorry to cook. Thought it was |
|
| 63:15 | a one for one whether it's one , one pathogen or one pathogen. |
|
| 63:20 | disease It was That's not true Okay. Um uh pneumonia. Perfect |
|
| 63:28 | . Right. Many things can cause . Protozoan types can cause pneumonia, |
|
| 63:35 | can cause pneumonia. Different types of can cause pneumonia viruses can cause |
|
| 63:41 | Okay. So many different types can that particular disease. Okay. Um |
|
| 63:47 | pathogen. One disease. Not always case. Okay. Um Right. |
|
| 63:54 | cause strep throat can cause um different of skin infections and it's called. |
|
| 64:02 | a Simples scarlet fever, flesh eating . You've heard of that? |
|
| 64:07 | Um All these are caused by that type of pathogen. Um And then |
|
| 64:13 | course culture ability. Right? Having animal model that will be able to |
|
| 64:19 | you can grow your suspected pathogen in not always easy viruses. Alright, |
|
| 64:27 | um quote was not dealing with a disease. Right from the beginning, |
|
| 64:31 | would never have known what was going . Alright. That didn't have the |
|
| 64:35 | . I didn't know that something like could exist. Number one or not |
|
| 64:39 | the techniques to deal with it. viruses present another complication. Okay. |
|
| 64:47 | So again the framework uh is valid we just we just normal. |
|
| 64:55 | were we know what we can adjust potential changes any questions. But so |
|
| 65:06 | to controlling the growth of 11 of microbes, obviously they discovered microbes can |
|
| 65:12 | infectious disease or then well how do how do we control this? How |
|
| 65:16 | we get rid of them? What we do? Okay so this is |
|
| 65:19 | vaccination comes in. Okay so the of variolation that relates specifically to |
|
| 65:27 | You say variolation that's that's specifically about . But it's taking your smallpox one |
|
| 65:34 | these postures all over their skin, ? And the posture will contain live |
|
| 65:40 | viruses. Right? So I can't you what the random thought was for |
|
| 65:45 | to take some of that material out a infectious person and a postural and |
|
| 65:50 | take it and cut it into somebody arm. A healthy person's arm. |
|
| 65:54 | that would give them immunity might be from disease most of the time. |
|
| 66:01 | they would they come down with smallpox dive. Okay. But it was |
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| 66:06 | was a way to of course they want to wear in immunization but that's |
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| 66:11 | about. But they knew that it prevent disease and those that survived the |
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| 66:17 | variolation. So, um so just your work with this as well for |
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| 66:25 | disease called fowl cholera um which happens chickens. But vaccination. So I |
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| 66:33 | knowledgeable about this by now. Um vaccination uses a less serious, less |
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| 66:42 | form of the infectious agent is what call a continuing to attenuate attenuated |
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| 66:48 | There's one containing an infectious agent that's chemically treated. He treated his own |
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| 66:56 | to not enable to cause disease but to produce an immune response. |
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| 67:04 | you can pasture would take uh for of the fowl cholera. He would |
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| 67:09 | bacteria that caused that. He would he left it on the plate by |
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| 67:13 | for for weeks and weeks and weeks just got old and then it lost |
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| 67:17 | of its virulent but still couldn't produce immune response. So it actually attenuated |
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| 67:22 | by aging on a plate. Okay less serious. Um So the molecular |
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| 67:28 | of the pathogen, that's what you . Okay. And so here is |
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| 67:33 | pathogen you inject. Right? So you have vaccination that's not not always |
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| 67:37 | . Just hold after we're talking about later in the semester there's a whole |
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| 67:45 | of different ways to administer a Doesn't always have to use the whole |
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| 67:50 | . You can use parts. Um And so of course what's happening |
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| 67:55 | the bacterium virus or virus or could is the presence of antibodies? |
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| 68:05 | So antibodies bind to antigens? The antigens can be anything on the |
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| 68:13 | because antibodies only bind to an infectious . You can't go to turn right |
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| 68:20 | buyers. What's on the outside. what's on the outside the cell wall |
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| 68:25 | a bacterium? A capsule on a , a viral spike. We heard |
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| 68:31 | those things. Right. Um So instructors are outside and the seller virus |
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| 68:38 | entity our potential and that's what the can buy into. Okay. And |
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| 68:43 | binding as we'll see later in the or induced a lot of different |
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| 68:51 | Okay. The bottom line of which to get rid of it. So |
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| 68:58 | so in general he used character not cowpox. Okay so but he used |
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| 69:07 | successfully. Alright so why was cowpox as a vaccine? So why was |
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| 69:12 | vaccine effective effective Even that had Why is that what's unique about |
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| 69:25 | Yeah. Behind. Yes it's all the antigen. The antigen are very |
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| 69:35 | related to each other then anybody can buy into. So and so so |
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| 69:40 | called cross reaction of of antibodies. small cowpox is very similar to |
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| 69:48 | fortunately cowpox doesn't cause disease in Um And so it's an excellent choice |
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| 69:54 | a vaccine. Um It will produce new response without any the effect of |
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| 69:59 | sick from the disease. Okay um look at the covid vaccine. Is |
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| 70:06 | what we call an attenuated whole virus ? Okay. Which which one |
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| 70:15 | Yeah so that's that's there. But other one is. So the the |
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| 70:23 | is the M. RNA vaccine. J. And J. Is the |
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| 70:28 | that actually is a whole virus It's attenuated virus vaccine looks like |
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| 70:34 | So use a virus called adenovirus that um basically genetically modified to take out |
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| 70:43 | the genes that make it virulent disease . And put the jeans in |
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| 70:50 | Like for the covid spike the gene the covid spike into the genome of |
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| 70:55 | virus and then that virus infects one your cells and will produce the the |
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| 71:03 | . RNA. For that that spike then uh it'll it'll be on the |
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| 71:09 | of the cell as you see And so the caribbean spikes are sticking |
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| 71:15 | of yourselves and then your immune system come along attached to it. Who's |
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| 71:22 | etcetera. So that's But the but But you're right. The Moderna fighter |
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| 71:26 | the mmr vaccine, Right? But is exactly the wholesale vaccine. J |
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| 71:34 | J. Okay. That's I got one. Actually, they have to |
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| 71:38 | anyone that sound as good as the one. So but um but |
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| 71:42 | but there is a difference. We'll about this later in the semester. |
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| 71:46 | worry so much about this now. . But we'll cover vaccines with different |
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| 71:51 | . Um So this is one of pet peeves here. That's why I |
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| 71:56 | this one because this is still in context of do in the context of |
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| 72:04 | controlling microbial post. Right. So is one way. Ah So which |
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| 72:12 | these? If there is is Okay. The nurse sterilized my arm |
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| 72:17 | I received vaccination, the nurse has my arm before I was vaccinated. |
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| 72:23 | A. Or B. Okay. , let me go ahead. And |
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| 72:46 | 54321 mm hmm. Okay baby. . Mhm. Neither A and |
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| 73:00 | Are correct. Okay. What is correct terminology? I mean A. |
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| 73:05 | this semester, if you did 31 ? Yeah, it's the a word |
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| 73:16 | nurse applied antiseptic to my arm. . And the sepsis. Okay. |
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| 73:22 | they're sterilized your arm, I don't your mom would be there anymore. |
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| 73:27 | . Correlation means you killed every living virus spore and those sports, |
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| 73:34 | Not disinfection. Remember you can't drink , no matter who said that. |
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| 73:39 | , I can't drink bleach and it's cure Covid. Okay. So this |
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| 73:44 | is of inanimate objects countertop a It doesn't affect the wall. A |
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| 73:50 | door knob. Um, and a is applications of living skin tissues. |
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| 73:59 | , So my pet peeve is that use sterilization terms completely wrong all the |
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| 74:04 | . Right? It also doesn't refer not having kids either. Okay, |
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| 74:08 | this context. All right. um, so, anyway, so |
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| 74:13 | subject disinfectants. Um, antibiotics. you guys we gotta go. So |
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| 74:20 | is this is the last slide for . Anyway, so I'll start with |
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| 74:23 | next time and we'll finish up Probably get into a little bit of |
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| 74:30 | three maybe. Thanks folks. Good |
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