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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture05
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00:24 all right. Might be a 30 early. I don't know. There's
00:29 buttons I push. I have no what the actual clock says on
00:33 So before we begin, I'm just let you know I've moved, slides
00:37 . So if you're, like, that next group of slides from Thursday
00:41 moved like the middle of this that kind of float a little bit
00:45 , you know, at the time good where it was supposed to
00:47 But we're gonna kind of just start the first couple of slides for today's
00:54 than we goto last lecture that we continue on. All right, So
00:57 point out if you're sitting there. you printed up to slide, I'll
01:00 this is where we want back. right? But before we begin,
01:04 all should know. Well, you an email today, Said First off
01:09 is They have to wait. Still first. Got an email about the
01:14 stuff. So test that out sometime your exam. If you are not
01:19 it out before the examiner exam didn't . You're s o l okay.
01:25 been warned. Told you what you to do easy to check. And
01:30 you need a Web camp, my is telling him for, like 30
01:33 . So, like, two Six pizzas if you got a little
01:39 . All right, um, Friday have to have our topics picked out
01:45 the papers. All right, so going to talk a little bit about
01:49 . That's what we're going to do . And then third, if you
01:51 know if you weren't paying attention or you're just landed on the planet,
01:55 have a test on Tuesday, right Tuesday. So literally a week.
02:00 fast semesters go like crazy. All , So should be on top of
02:05 lot of stuff. So did I that person's question? Now, what's
02:08 question? Yes, the test will end with the lecture that we that
02:16 talked to. And actually, because tests already pre written because it's a
02:21 semester, it's gonna cover stuff. I talked really through, then it's
02:27 to what I expected us to All right. But I may do
02:31 that I don't normally do. I if we don't cover everything, all
02:35 the extra stuff so they can go and listen to lectures because you all
02:38 to go back in list of right? No, that's what I
02:43 . We'll try to get through it . All right, so just very
02:48 , you know, like, we're coming up to the last minute
02:51 to pick out a topic. What you want to do when you're
02:53 out a top against, pick something interested in, Not something that you
02:58 uninterested in. The more you are in something, the less likely you're
03:02 to do it. So go through topics. See what's interesting to
03:06 If the topic is full, I'm to pick the next most interesting and
03:10 your way down to the drags. should be plenty of slot. So
03:14 you don't get your first choice you will get your second choice to
03:18 your third choice. I'm sorry. just the nature of the game.
03:21 right. If you don't know anything the subject matter, just go read
03:25 couple of articles about it. I , read some abstracts, just kind
03:29 get a sense of what What the is before you jump headlong into
03:34 You might think something sounds cool by title, but if you don't know
03:37 it actually is, you've got to that out, All right. And
03:42 , I have this last thing in is this is not something you're gonna
03:45 able to do with last minute in , you can't just push through this
03:48 . This is not a paper you write literally on the night that it's
03:53 all right. And let's face we've all done that right. My
03:57 in college was the king of waiting the last minute to do stuff.
04:02 I remember him riding a 20 page in biochem at the time, like
04:07 the night before. And people have to do it in this class.
04:10 actually a person comes. I don't my topic. Can I change?
04:13 was like the day before the paper due. It was just like I
04:16 recommend it. Yeah, but I'm interested. Okay, Here you
04:20 Here's the rope. Just put it on top of that tree, you
04:24 , jump in because that's what they . So pick your topic Now,
04:28 good news is that the assignment is up in such a way that you
04:31 to do stuff every week, so not gonna be really that problematic.
04:36 if you pick your topic now, not tonight, but tomorrow or
04:41 you'll be good to go for the of the semester. All right?
04:46 , where do you get the information the papers? All right. You've
04:48 writing in other classes, but primarily in science classes. You're writing in
04:53 distance courses, your genetics lab or biochem lab. All right, so
04:58 gonna be doing those two is primarily gonna be doing your writing. But
05:02 truth is, is that no matter field you go into your gonna be
05:05 , and so you need to know you should get your information from.
05:09 right. Now, places where you're find good information is a scientific
05:13 This is where you're gonna be seeing actual research that's being done, and
05:18 get to look and see what the is, and you get to see
05:21 the conclusions the authors make, and can look at their data and you
05:24 decide whether or not you agree with or not. That's good. That's
05:29 good. In fact, that's what should be doing right now. You
05:31 not be trusting in people who write the literature. All right, that's
05:36 bad. All right, this is your textbooks. This is well,
05:41 the ugly is where I'm kind of here. It's You don't want secondary
05:46 . You want to look at a ? All right. You are now
05:50 masks because why you would know who u Mass were good and safe and
05:57 and stuff. Uh, media and government. All right, But
06:04 before the master good, they were . Do you remember that?
06:09 None of you do, right? . For the first two months of
06:12 pandemic, they told us don't wear useless. It's not worthwhile. You
06:18 that? Yeah. Oh, I remember that. They told us
06:21 go lock ourselves in our houses for weeks and we get to come out
06:24 play. And here we are now masks, right? Why? Because
06:30 world is full of morons. I'm that out loud on tape.
06:35 The truth is is you have to able to look at data and assess
06:41 yourself. And this is why we're to do that in this class.
06:44 right, You want to go to primary literature, That's where they're actually
06:47 the research, All right. And can draw conclusions from that if you've
06:52 done that type of work. the good news that we also have
06:56 literature as well, which is basically review of the literature by the other
07:00 . So, for example, I write a letter to review back.
07:02 wrote one in March about the epidemic structure we're gonna learn about in the
07:06 the very class of this and I through and I looked at all the
07:11 that was available and said, What this structure do? So I've looked
07:14 analyze this person looking and you just analyzing paper after paper, and I
07:18 of get a big picture and this is what's going on. So
07:22 air literature is good for that to of give you that overview of what
07:25 is that you're trying to learn right? But if they tell you
07:29 the moon is made of green You go. That's a good
07:32 No, you're going to go look that paper and say, Is that
07:36 how they interpreted or this person Did they make it up? And
07:40 is the truth. The saddest thing that sometimes we do misread things.
07:44 gonna give you an example, because gonna learn about this a little bit
07:47 . I actually have a slide for one of our classes. We're gonna
07:50 about the tongue and all the receptors are found on the tongue, and
07:54 gonna look at 1901 they discovered where the taste buds were located. Is
07:58 guy named Han Ig discovered these and somebody he wrote in German and somebody
08:04 what he said and then reinterpreted and that their specific places where the taste
08:10 are found, which is true, they interpret as being for the specific
08:15 that they're able to detect. So go on the Internet. You can
08:18 find maps. Where is like, here is where you take sweetened.
08:22 here is where you have salty and up here in the front, that's
08:25 be sour. And it doesn't make sense because when I put food in
08:28 mouth, it doesn't taste sweet on side or sour on that side.
08:32 on this side, right? Learning interpret the data becomes important because it
08:38 to see where air occurs. All , so that's where I want you
08:42 spend. Your time is in the and secondary literature. Avoid their text
08:46 . You can read your textbook you know, kind of the big
08:49 , but textbook stuff is back. is basically background knowledge. At this
08:54 , it's to the point where it's even. It's like your baseline.
08:59 in the sciences is actually pretty You know, Every now and then
09:02 forget like what it is I'm actually about, like finger lip. It's
09:07 every lecture I kind of forget. what his finger lip it is.
09:10 mean, I know it looks but I can't remember the actual
09:13 So what do I do? Single on Wikipedia. I can look it
09:16 . Okay. Yeah. There you . You know, Internet textbooks,
09:22 same thing in the textbook, except on the Internet. So those aren't
09:26 best sources. You want to stay the primary and secondary and the last
09:29 you want about anything with a dot at the end. Science writers are
09:33 worst on the planet because they have idea what they're talking about. All
09:37 , Remember these air English majors who understand the science, but they like
09:42 . So they write about it, ? Paper magazines, anything dot
09:46 Anything. That's a blawg. Stay from these air. Not good
09:50 All right, so where you gonna your information? You're gonna go to
09:53 library? Yes. No. Oh, yes, yes,
10:03 yes. So where do you pick choose your topic? Remember, if
10:06 go onto blackboard, there is a called groups. Those groups are not
10:12 that you're actually getting into. Its sign up for your topic,
10:16 So there's 20 slots, I per topic, it might be 25
10:20 on the class. Other can. what I said. I think it's
10:23 for this class. All right? basically just joined your group. If
10:26 accidentally join a group our age group you don't want to be Injun.
10:30 email me and I'll drop you out the group. It's just a way
10:32 me to see that. Yes, actually gone through the effort of picking
10:35 a topic. That's how you do . You don't have to submit it
10:38 me. Just joined the group, right? And if you can't join
10:41 group of you don't see a group on the topic list that you have
10:45 because it's full and has disappeared, right, it's always if you can't
10:54 it, it's gonna be on teams the list. It's usually a video
10:58 I can. If for some reason don't get it under video points,
11:03 what where it's located. It should also be available through streams. So
11:08 do you get access to those? don't know. All I know is
11:12 I go to a team and go the list and I can see the
11:15 there and I can click on it said, Do you want to watch
11:17 in streams and its conflict? Cliff in the Siniora streams. But it's
11:25 right, you're making me go down rabbit trail. I don't want to
11:27 down a rabbit trouble. I'm going . So, Microsoft, the structure
11:32 teams is associated with streams associated with framework which is called SharePoint, which
11:39 a piece of crap software. But not gonna go there. But
11:42 we have a We have a SharePoint. That's called biology. 33
11:46 . Which teams has built which streams built. So that's where all that
11:49 is actually found. I didn't really to answer that. That's where it
11:52 . Okay, Um, what else ? So the library. So you
11:58 in through library. You can actually journals that way. You know,
12:04 all sorts of other funds stuff But since you guys can't come on
12:07 or I don't know, I got email today from uhh library saying they're
12:11 and you can access them. I know if they mean that you can
12:14 walk in, but I don't know , So that's a good way to
12:18 these papers in the first place. you can also go through Pub
12:23 which is listed up there on the . You can stay. Pub
12:26 Not every journal is free access. sometimes what you often use. You
12:31 to log in through the library to some of these journals. So that's
12:35 you go about doing it. So clicking on article and says, Do
12:39 want to access? You click on you can pay for it or you
12:41 access it through euh libraries. That's other way. Web of knowledge is
12:46 one that we pay for. it's it's good, but it's probably
12:52 for a pain in the butt to to basically from home. Um,
12:56 e journals as well. Basically, you have a U. H I
13:00 . In other words, if you're on campus, you can access stuff
13:04 . If you're living at home, have to walk through the library to
13:06 it. All right. For the part, um, so who do
13:11 ask for help? All right. can't find anything. I'm lost.
13:14 don't know what's going on. first thing you do is you ask
13:16 librarian for help, all right? job is not just to sit
13:19 put things on shelves after you, him off. All right? What
13:23 job is is to help you understand the library works and how to find
13:27 in the library. And you'd be how much knowledge they actually do
13:31 So contact them, you know? just remember, they're all really,
13:35 sexy. So just whatever. If if you don't believe me, go
13:39 the library and find out for yourself see if I'm lying. See what
13:43 did there? All right, Talk your roommates or not. Roommate,
13:48 classmates. All right. You're in groups for reason. It's a It's
13:51 way to communicate. Saying Look, , I'm stuck on this topic.
13:54 you give me any hints? I like this paper. I don't like
13:58 read this paper. I don't Doesn't sense to me. Can you guys
14:01 me? The idea here is not collaboration directly. It's for brainstorming and
14:06 . Way to communicate with one Oh, and by the way,
14:09 did this for my 13. 34 . If you need a place to
14:14 virtually, I will create a virtual in our team for you. All
14:20 . All that is asked me, I'll do it. I'm not gonna
14:23 going into it and checking in on . This is what students do.
14:26 study, right? So you don't my guidance. You don't need my
14:31 . But if you like, like the 13 34 class I
14:34 they want to study group where they're the lectures so that they can pass
14:38 on to their friends. And I that the lectures there, their study
14:42 . That's fine. So if you need that, not just you
14:46 but people online. If you need , just email me. You
14:49 I can set it up for you that it's easy mood. Lastly,
14:52 can always email me and ask me clarifications. I will not read your
14:57 . I will not, you ask, answer like specifics. But
15:02 can walk you through like where you find stuff and kind of help you
15:06 if you're kind of lost or All right, that's my job.
15:09 you past the big stuff. But know I'll have students every now and
15:12 . Go. I really want you this paper. Tell me if it's
15:14 enough. I'm not gonna do All right? That's part of the
15:19 . Is learning how to write? with that in mind, I got
15:23 questions online. Any questions in here questions online about this stuff? We
15:27 actually gonna be some physiology now because guys actually dropped the the seven of
15:31 drove into campus, you had to , so all right. Okay.
15:36 deal with physiology. So what we're do is we're gonna deal with Organization
15:41 nervous system first, and then we're to go. We're gonna look at
15:45 we do electrical signalling. We're gonna at action potentials in greater potentials,
15:48 hopefully we're gonna get through it So in terms of the organization,
15:53 , the nervous system is a billions billions and billions of cells. Their
15:57 cells, that's the colloquialism, uses cells. All right now, nerve
16:03 is kind of a ubiquitous term. basically means neuron is it's not an
16:07 nerve nerve cells. The neurons themselves going to carry electrical signals across the
16:14 of their bodies and across the entire to send a signal from one side
16:19 cell to the other. All so what they're not doing is they're
16:23 sending electrical signals in between the cells there signalling across their length.
16:29 for example, if my body people picture me with my arms spread out
16:35 a t if I was sending a from one finger to the other
16:40 that would be along the length of cell. All right, so along
16:43 entire length, if I was a don't think of me as a body
16:47 now. All right, So what doing here is we're sending signals over
16:52 large distances because neurons are not only tiny cells, but they could be
16:56 large cells as well. So a , for example, that's all these
17:00 lines are trying to show you. are these nerves that are being
17:04 I know they're organizing nerves, but imagine one of these blue lines represent
17:08 neuron. A neuron leaves my spinal , travels outward down my shoulder down
17:15 arm all way down to my little , so I can wiggle it.
17:18 is one cell. Is that a self? What do you think?
17:23 one? It's like 3 ft, ft. That's a long cell.
17:31 , legs are longer right. There even longer cells in there. So
17:35 we're doing is we're trying to get signals across the cell very, very
17:39 because they're traveling very, very long . All right, now, once
17:44 signal gets down to the end of cell, that electrical signal results in
17:47 release of Chemical. Right? neuron Czar, Chemical signal er's Typically
17:53 they're doing is they're telling the cell produce the signal, but they have
17:57 do it over the long distance, that signal that they're producing is what
18:01 referred to as a neuro transmitter. right, I probably should stand over
18:05 and draw on my slide so that guys can see what's going on,
18:09 right? Talking about Nero transmitters. , there are some neurons that are
18:15 to other neurons directly, and so use those gap junctions and they'll use
18:20 signalling between the cells. Right this isn't gonna occur all the
18:24 It's actually rather rare thing to Typically, these type of signaling through
18:28 junctions is going to be done in muscle. All right, so cardiac
18:34 , That's where you primarily sees but mean that it doesn't occur in neurons
18:38 the other group of cells. So have the neuron together group of cells
18:41 glial cells. Glial cells literally need cells, the glial cells. Their
18:47 is to support the neurons. And I like to think about when I
18:50 to teach is I said, Think a football team, Messam. You
18:53 not care about football all that but for those of us you know
18:56 little bit about football, how many do you have on a side?
19:00 many? No, No. 11 reason. I ask that because
19:06 you look up there, you see number, right? It says glial
19:10 outnumber. Neuron is 10 to That's 10 plus one is 11 which
19:17 why use football teams All right when you think of a football
19:22 what's the most important player on the team? If you had to guess
19:26 you if you based on salary quarterback . Everyone talks about the quarterback,
19:32 quarterback, quarterback, quarterback, quarterback responsible for getting the ball and play
19:37 doing everything out there on the And he's the one that wins the
19:40 , right? Maybe. No. truth is, is he has
19:47 He has a lineman. He has backs. The quarterback basically is giving
19:52 ball to the other players so they do stuff. In other words,
19:55 support players are what makes the quarterback good. It's also sure in the
20:02 system, glial cells are what make neurons interesting. All right, the
20:07 are the quarterbacks of the nervous Everyone's talking about neurons. That's all
20:11 gonna do is we're gonna talk about , neurons, but without the glial
20:16 , the neurons are useless. little anatomy to help us understand what's
20:21 on here. When we're dealing with nervous system, we have two basic
20:25 . Let me stop here for a . Let me back up. Humans
20:29 to put things in boxes. We that we like to categorize organized
20:34 Everything all right? The nervous system a very, very complex system.
20:40 because we're humans, we look at . We say we want it
20:43 And so what we do is we that based on certain things and one
20:47 things that we do it. We , All right, we want to
20:51 this in the way that information is processed. So what we have
20:55 we haven't area where information is being directly. This is gonna be the
20:59 nervous system. This is your brain your spinal cord. We call this
21:04 central nervous system, but information has get to the central nervous system.
21:08 comes out of the central nervous so once the information is processed,
21:13 we received the information, send it the nervous. Is central nervous system
21:16 process that information wants it, processes outward, and it tells other things
21:21 to do. So the information going the information coming out it's part of
21:25 nervous system, but it's not part the central nervous system. Instead,
21:28 the peripheral nervous system, right? so that's everything else. So if
21:33 think of the nervous system, the nervous system being in our little drawing
21:37 , the brain and our spinal court , it's a little yellow things
21:41 that is all in the central nervous . That's the thinking part or the
21:46 part. The processing part of the system. Everything else is peripheral nervous
21:54 . All right, now, I've you this, I think already.
21:58 just in case when you're trying to stuff, try to think about what's
22:03 one thing I can learn and then makes everything else, not it.
22:08 . And that's one of the things we can do here. Now.
22:11 I said, information is carried in is carried out, so I'm just
22:15 drop this way. You got information in? You got information coming
22:19 Information going in is referred to as Farrant information. I'm gonna put the
22:24 A at the front. A Farrant going in. Information coming out is
22:29 Farrant information. So we have the nervous system. Bite it into to
22:36 the information going in and information coming . So a fair adversity fair.
22:40 , I put the strong and the e there because in Texas we don't
22:43 those two vowels, right? Would African effort and you guys would be
22:49 , going. I don't know what talking about. All right, so
22:53 gonna put the accent there so that pictured? Easier, More easily.
22:58 right. Now we can divide the again, using both the A parent
23:03 the e fan. Remember, a to any parent out we can say
23:07 want to control different things. So we're controlling the muscles or were receiving
23:13 from the skin, we refer to as the somatic nervous system. All
23:20 , you see here, there, . It's skeletal muscles, all
23:24 But it also has It has um, a century component as
23:28 Century. It would be the a motor is ee fair. All
23:33 so I guess I haven't listed here Ephron's, so I'm just trying to
23:36 out so mad, it goes to skeletal muscles. But we have other
23:39 of muscles in our bodies muscles that can't control everyone. I want you
23:43 stop your heart right this moment. you do that? No, because
23:48 cardiac muscle. It's involuntary. It independent of your wishful thinking.
23:56 So what we have here is something involuntary, is what we refer to
24:00 auto nomics. So we innovate those because your heart can beat faster.
24:06 , When a guy looks deep into eyes and says, You know,
24:09 are the most beautiful girl in the . Does your heart start? It
24:14 . Guys, When a girl looks you and smiles, what year
24:16 What is your heart do right? you're responding to your environment. You
24:27 stop your heart from beating that fast you wanted to auto nomics. It's
24:32 voluntary. So this is the autonomic system when you smell Oh, I
24:38 know, barbecue cooking. Does your water? I'm I the only
24:45 Yeah. I mean, you He was like, I mean,
24:49 just like it's like perfume, Your mouth begins watering. You have
24:53 control over that autonomic. So your , your smooth muscle, that would
24:58 your digestive tract. Also, blood , a whole bunch of other things
25:02 the cardiac muscles are all under control the autonomic nervous system. And
25:06 of course, we divide it one time. One second let me finish
25:08 thought, and we can ask Last thing is that we have that
25:13 one more time in the sympathetic and All right, which will get to
25:17 little bit later. But that's basically flight versus rest and Digest and is
25:21 kind of gas and great pedals on autonomic nervous system. But it's
25:26 One is not gas. One of outbreak is depending upon which system we're
25:29 at in how they function. for example, sympathetic under emergencies,
25:36 hearts would be would be faster, ? But your digestive system is down
25:41 . All right. So sympathetic isn't a gas pedal, right? Sometimes
25:46 acting as a braking in certain Okay, question from the,
25:51 the online folks. I heard Sorry, I got really excited because
26:03 was, like, on a roll then Sorry. Okay. Okay.
26:09 , if you come up with a just all right, now again,
26:13 can see down here. I these are all the ways that we
26:16 things because we like to put things boxes. The truth is, is
26:21 it's a very, very complex and you'll see that there are exceptions
26:24 all sorts of other stuff that goes with this stuff. So we're going
26:27 try to keep everything in their But there might be time. We
26:31 This isn't fitting into the box that want to fit into. All
26:34 But this is our general way of . Now again, we're gonna look
26:39 a little bit of anatomy here because need to understand what it is that
26:42 dealing with. This is a picture a neuron. You can see it
26:45 a whole bunch of different parts to . The primary part that we're most
26:48 in right now is the cell I don't know why I said we're
26:52 interested. Were not really most This is where all the organelles
26:55 This is what is structurally, what the neurotransmitter. It has all the
27:01 to keep the cell going, and basically when we look at it,
27:05 the big round part. But the is, is that the neuron?
27:09 activity of the neuron is gonna be in two other places that are of
27:12 to us. And this is only dendrites in the axe on dendrite are
27:17 from the self. All right, so you can see here. Here's
27:21 . There's one. There's one. one. I'm just gonna kind of
27:24 all the way around the circle and and I'm going to put it in
27:28 block like that, that's a dendrite well. But we give it a
27:33 name called an accent, and I'm to mention that in just a second
27:37 typically are the extensions from the cell that possessed the receptors that so that
27:43 can receive information from other cells. right, so the dendrite typically is
27:50 term we used that is used for information, the extension that collects
27:56 Now, truth be told, when see the word din dried, you
28:01 just think extension. Okay, But you hear in a neuron, think
28:06 it in terms of extension, that . Because, as I said,
28:11 axe on is also a dendrite. right, now you can see and
28:16 wanna race ink on the slide. can see right here we've got this
28:21 that's kind of a little fatter, it's been colorized force called the Axon
28:26 that is the base of the axe . It's kind of this fatter
28:30 and it has different receptors and different that are located their relative to the
28:35 of the cell. And it's here the Axon Hillock where we're gonna produce
28:40 potentials, which we'll get to in a moment. All right, but
28:44 axe on is a dendrite that's happens be a little bit longer. And
28:49 how information is transmitted from the cell you can see our acts on coming
28:55 that acts on. Ilic travels You can see here we've snaked it
28:59 and it comes and it's interacting at end with the dendrite of other neurons
29:06 it always will be a neuron? , it could be a gland.
29:09 could be a skeletal muscle. Could cardiac muscle. It could be smooth
29:13 , Right, Because depending on which we're looking at, we have different
29:19 cells, All right? And so we have is we have a way
29:24 that cell up top to talk to cells down below. What is receiving
29:28 signal on the bottom cells? What we used then drive right. So
29:34 got acts on their sending information and are receiving information right now at the
29:40 bottom of these acts ons where I've down here, I'm gonna race the
29:44 one more time so that we can this. You can see there's a
29:52 tiny little buds. You see those tiny buds there that the artist has
29:58 . It's really hard if you're looking in the big screen there, even
30:00 tiny dots. Those air called the Terminals. All right, this is
30:06 that electrical signal is going. It's this place where you could see
30:11 many vesicles storing up neuro transmitter. when that electrical signal travels down the
30:17 of that ax on, it's going signal to those vesicles to move to
30:21 platinum membrane to release the neurotransmitter the released and is received by the
30:29 That chemical is what tells the dendrite it is being stimulated. All
30:35 so we have here is basically kind a relay that makes sense across the
30:42 of the cell. I'm using electrical because the sellers long when I get
30:46 to the but to the next I can't send electrical impulses across from
30:52 cell. The next I have to a chemical, and the chemical is
30:55 tells next cell to respond. So the neuron in a slide. It's
31:05 say NUTSHELL. Now, how do get that neuro transmitter down to that
31:10 ? Well, the answer is I transport, all right? And we
31:15 of mentioned transport briefly, but not lot. We said look, vesicles
31:19 by transport their 80 p dependent. remember, I'm making everything inside my
31:26 . Right. So I've got my . I've got my in deployment,
31:29 . In fact, we got different for all this stuff in the
31:32 but we're not going to go into here. All right. Back
31:36 they just named things when they discovered . And the guy that discovered his
31:39 was Missile in his column, missile was same stuff that you see in
31:43 self. But I'm going to make neuro transmitter out there in the cell
31:50 , and I got to get it there to that acts on terminal.
31:53 I'm gonna have it Innovest school, I need to move that vesicles because
31:56 how it's all stored up. And I'm gonna use special molecules like Kinison
32:05 carry that best called down to the . And so we call this kind
32:09 transport when we're moving away from the body is anti hero grade. All
32:17 , so I could have fast and grade that can have slow interior.
32:20 . If I'm using incandescent, it's be fast. And so I'm
32:23 Things rather quickly came with the rate it's roughly 400 millimeters per day.
32:30 how much is 400 millimeters? 10 millimeters is a centimeter, so
32:36 centimeters it's not too bad. They're burned through all your never transmitter,
32:46 ? But look, if I'm using interior, great point to toe eight
32:53 per day, that's a little bit . You can think of it like
32:58 just kind of meandering Lola. It's of a nice looking. Actually,
33:03 a flow. There's fluid in and so it's called Axel plasma
33:07 And so that's basically kind of how moving. Returning back is retrograde,
33:13 you got interior grade is away from to his retro all right, and
33:19 , this would be, um, . You'd use mechanisms. There's a
33:23 group to verify. I think the thing so any extension away from is
33:35 a dendrite. So, for we're gonna We're gonna let me.
33:38 ? We're going to see a picture on example. That gets really kind
33:42 interesting. All right, but I want to kind of show you here
33:46 we got the way that we move to and from the cell body to
33:50 Exxon terminals is through through a transport . All right, that's what this
33:57 really trying to show you and know direction tear great versus retrograde. So
34:02 answer that question, how do we ? Why do we call a max
34:07 a dendrite? Well, dendrite is an extension. One of the things
34:11 we could do then classify cells based the number of extensions that they
34:15 So if you look over here, at this cell on the top,
34:21 many extensions does this cell have Right now, it's kind of a
34:27 one. Writes like wait a I see two things going, but
34:31 only one coming from the cell body that's what you're looking for.
34:36 the term that we use for this really called a pseudo una polar.
34:40 the reason for that is it starts during development as a bipolar cell.
34:48 then it brings its two extensions around connects them together to form a single
34:54 . All right, But you know is good enough for us,
34:57 But that's it. All I do if I'm class funding her on.
35:00 I do is I look at the of extensions or the number of
35:04 I don't care what the dendrite I'm just counting around the edges.
35:09 I got one. In the second , I have a two sides
35:12 And then after two, Well, don't bother really counting any further.
35:17 you have 12 lots off, So we call it Multi Polar.
35:21 it's so nice and easy. And you can see here in this particular
35:25 , what do we have? We'll here at the action. So I
35:27 123456 I cried, but I didn't after, too. So it's just
35:33 polar. That's one way that we class find when you look at him
35:37 just say what you know. What your structure? There's other ways in
35:42 book. Points points, he's You can look at the types of
35:46 projections that they have. All so you can see there's that that
35:51 on a projection. Over there, a bipolar cell. There's a ganglion
35:55 , which is more that unit polar . And so it's like,
35:58 the projections are in opposite directions or goes out one way. Or here
36:03 really interesting ones that in genetic And this is the one I wanted
36:06 show you down here, the stele . All right, because the stele
36:12 does it look like it has an . Can you find an Exxon in
36:16 ? Yeah. The people here in classroom are all shaking. Their is
36:20 . No, I don't see And the answer is there is no
36:26 . But wait a second, when you just told me dendrite are
36:29 . So what's going on here? , because all those dendrite scan
36:35 but they can also send. See I said things and nervous system can
36:39 confusing. But here what we're dealing is we're dealing with cells that would
36:43 in networks. And so what they're is they're talking not in a
36:47 They're talking to each other so they get receive a signal from this side
36:51 transmitted this way. Then this cell send a signal back this way and
36:55 would just flow. So there's no direction for the signal. Whereas with
37:00 pyramid sell, this one's quite You can see that there is an
37:03 on that stands out. Yes, . So the idea here is that
37:10 the cell, like a light there is no specific acts on is
37:14 what I'm trying to get at and understanding what the term means helps us
37:18 better understand functionality of the cell. in this particular case, for the
37:24 eight cell, there's no particular acts , so there's no directional signalling.
37:30 when you have an accent like you in the pyramid so you can see
37:33 I'm receiving signals from a network or cells that surround that pyramid cell.
37:38 I'm sending a signal in a specific . Aren't with that accent. All
37:44 , I'm not gonna receive from the on if you have an ax on
37:47 not receiving from it. Yes, . Sure. You can think that
37:57 question is can we think of as ? That's that's a good way to
38:00 about even think of it as being part of a larger network to process
38:05 . All right, It's kind of , without understanding circuits, and I'm
38:09 gonna pretend like I even know anything circuits. I just know that they're
38:13 computers, right? But you can about it like being processed, being
38:18 through different cells than they're doing things it is that these types of cells
38:23 within those networks processing information all right there, named primarily in this case
38:30 what they look like. So pyramid , they have a pure middle pattern
38:35 din drives. It will be not great picture to demonstrate. You can
38:39 the cell body kind of a triangle to it. Yeah. So what
38:43 happen is this is kind of what looks like. You'd have a pyramid
38:46 here to be the axe on, then you'd see dendrites kind of on
38:51 ends. That would then just kind do there thing. I'm a excellent
39:00 . That's just it doesn't look good the Internet because bad Internet connection.
39:07 , so on expansion. Uh, you clarify that question? Is
39:16 It feels like. Okay, so what I want you to walk away
39:23 for those, you're confused. It's typically receive information. Accents typically
39:30 information, but there's always gonna be exception to the rule someplace. But
39:34 you walk out of here, Dendrite acts on sin. You're in good
39:41 . People in the classroom are nodding heads. People online. Nod your
39:44 . Just pretend like I conceive. not nodding their heads get thumbs
39:54 at least for me. Now, coming up. All right, I
39:57 that. All right, but this an anatomy class so we could care
40:01 about how we classify things. For most part, in terms of
40:05 what we care about is what are doing? So this is one of
40:08 ways that we can look at how because if you saw this was the
40:13 graph or or maybe even a sidebar your textbook and this is actually
40:17 very beneficial because, remember, axe and neurons themselves are responding to certain
40:25 of information, and they're doing something it. And so what we're looking
40:28 here. We're looking at modality, right, So modality is just a
40:32 word that says, What is the that it's doing? All right,
40:35 is the thing that stimulates it? type of information? It's sending that
40:38 of thing. And so there's some specific classifications. Is it in a
40:43 towards an e fair neuron? All . In other words, is it
40:48 sensory input and then sending century input the nervous system? That's really what
40:53 friend does, right? So if get poked by a needle, how
40:58 you know that you got poked? , there's a neuron there that recognizes
41:03 they're being poking. It sends up the brain, says Hey, by
41:06 way, you're being poked by a , right? And then your brain
41:10 that, and then it sends information down to that muscle and says,
41:16 know, pull away from the needle it hurts eso your muscle pulls so
41:22 information going down them muscle is what referred to as e parents information.
41:26 motor information, and that's an easy to kind of think about that.
41:31 receiving information from the skin. I'm back to the muscle to extract.
41:36 this is not just the only place this works. So that would
41:39 for example, somatic right when I'm with the skin on the muscle skeletal
41:44 . That somatic soma body is It really kind of refers to muscular
41:50 general. Right? But Selma means . But have you ever had a
41:55 ache? You like you? You a burrito the wrong way and kind
41:59 down your throat sideways, thinking for . I'm not the only idiot that
42:05 like to fisting burritos, right? . So how do you know what
42:12 have visceral information as well. Both and both motor. All right.
42:20 something could be visceral in nature. having to do with the guts having
42:25 internally, right versus somatic, which to do kind of externally and
42:31 Muscles aren't external, but it's how respond. You know, someone hits
42:35 , throw the baseball whenever, and we have two other terms that we
42:41 its special vs General no one uses . All right, so you hear
42:47 . We're referring to the special right? The special senses are
42:53 right? So a vision smell Taste got station equilibrium, which is
43:00 ability to sit up straight and balance . Right. And lastly, is
43:06 right audition. All right, so , go station vision, audition and
43:14 . And so when you look at neuron, you can classify it along
43:17 lines. Is it somatic visceral or ? Is that a fair Inter E
43:21 ? Is it special or not? right, so notice I don't say
43:25 cause no one says General. So there are 23. Teoh should be
43:31 the third or eight times 23. basically eight types of neurons that are
43:36 the body, so it's an easy to kind of look at things.
43:39 , it's not so hard. It gonna know. Is that information going
43:41 information going out from the surface of body or muscles? Or is it
43:46 ? Is it one of the special or not? And if you got
43:49 of those things figured out, you classified your neurons. So neurons have
43:56 single modality. You do not carry information and motor information. You're either
44:03 or your motor. You're not looking the external body or the and they
44:08 at the same time. You're one the other. That's really what it
44:10 down to now. The neurotic I bet you thought it was gonna
44:16 pronounced Nero glia, didn't you? , that's just one of those weird
44:20 someone pronounce. You know, someone Britain puts that special accent, and
44:24 how we say it from now But that is a neuron glia.
44:27 right, let me hear you guys in classroom neuron glia. See how
44:32 you sound, he said. You're , you say Nero glia. I'm
44:36 gonna make fun of you. there's the society member of its The
44:40 and physiology start Human Anatomy and Physiology one of the people that teaches every
44:46 at the conference. It's on pronunciation terms, and what he does is
44:51 He's hilarious. He actually is, , textbook author for anatomy and
44:57 and he has a background in and he's been teaching this stuff
45:01 like, 70 years. He's like . He's as old as the language
45:05 , and he doesn't like a quiz . How do you pronounce this
45:10 And he has, like any, them all four in the all the
45:14 ways that I could be pronounced. everyone's like you have 30% of class
45:19 . It's this way, the 30% way, 10 people going this
45:22 And this is the proper way to . Ah, I've been teaching it
45:28 . So this is one of the he uses in Iraq. All
45:32 anyway. So these are the other . It's kind of a general class
45:36 cells in the nervous system. They nervous tissue. They don't conduct nerve
45:41 , which in English is basically the electrical signalling to communicate just like the
45:46 do. Instead, what they do they talk to the nerves. They'll
45:50 to the glial cells, but they're transmitting information, and they do whatever
45:54 do talk. They're using chemical You can think of them as a
45:58 tissue. They're not connective tissue, they act like it. And so
46:02 are responsible for maintaining the environment of nervous system to make sure that it's
46:08 the way it needs to function in for the neurons to do their
46:11 So they are the support cells of nervous system. There are four basic
46:17 found in the central nervous system. basic types Fan in the peripheral nervous
46:21 . I'm sure the smarter and wiser get we'll find Mawr. But this
46:25 the baseline. All right, So got ask her sights. All
46:28 dangerous sites, micro glia. See we did that again. Micro
46:31 micro glia. And if in diamonds these are all in the central nervous
46:36 In the peripheral nervous system we have cells and we have satellite cells,
46:40 right? And I'm just going to through and just kind of show you
46:44 very basic terms what they do. ask her sights. They're called Astro
46:48 . Why? Why do you Why do you think they're called Astra
46:57 ? So again, that's my It's like from Houston. Yeah,
47:02 , that's not the reason. But that's like their new named because by
47:08 just like to name things for what look like or what they do.
47:11 right, ask your sites are That's where he got his name.
47:15 star shaped cell. Their job is basically govern the environment. I
47:21 like, literally decide what the environment the nervous system look like. So
47:26 are managing win the neurons, get fuel that they need. They help
47:30 regulate the amount of potassium that I in that environments to make sure that
47:34 proper balance. It also helps to neural transmitters. They formed something called
47:39 blood Brain barrier, which will get in the next unit. I think
47:44 , in the next unit. And enough, when you damage the
47:48 neurons don't grow really well. So you damaging, they typically die
47:52 Although they don't, it's not always but just say, like most of
47:55 time. And so we have to up that space where the neurons
48:00 So Astra sides accept and multiply and up the area, inactive a scar
48:04 . So they're the scaffolding on which of the nervous tissue is built so
48:10 star shape you can imagine there, you're going to hold you all like
48:14 , and you over here like That's what they're doing. Their
48:19 But it's not just scaffolding. They to create and maintain the environment for
48:24 neurons. So they're the Astra sites come back to Mom or about
48:29 Yes, sir. B B B the blood brain barrier. Not the
48:35 business bureau. All right? it's again. It's just gets tiring
48:42 things that if you ever see c on a slide, that's connective
48:46 All right, all right. We two different types of my own producing
48:52 , one in the central nervous When the peripheral nervous system one is
48:56 one in the CNS is theology. cite the one on the pianist.
48:59 the Schwann cell all right? That's called if he's Schwann cell is no
49:04 limo site. All right, so you see that really long boring neuro
49:10 and in sight put together in one that is a Schwann cells Schwann cells
49:14 named after the person to discover And what these cells are basically is
49:19 are, uh, with regard to elegant interest site all ago means many
49:24 dro extension. So it's a mini cell, and what it does is
49:27 goes and sends extensions of its ah out. And then it wraps its
49:34 , remembering multiple times around the creating an area of insulation. All
49:40 , so you can kind of see up there. There is the body
49:42 the Allah dangerous sites. You can it has three extension in our little
49:45 here, and you can see that wrapping itself around the length of the
49:49 on and where it's wrapped around its . That portion of the axon is
49:53 longer in contact with the side with surrounding environment, so it's been insulated
49:59 . The Schwann cell basically does the thing, except it doesn't have
50:02 You just use the entire swan cell wrap itself around a knacks on
50:08 See down here in the bottom, trying to show you creating the multiple
50:12 of plasma membrane wrapped around a cell creating a layer of insulation. These
50:18 types of cells and what they're doing is what is called. It's creating
50:22 is called a myelin sheath. Milon lots and lots of fatty acids,
50:27 for lots of fats. And so you've done is you've created a barrier
50:32 the accent and the surrounding environment, this is really important in terms of
50:37 we conduct action potentials, which we'll about a little bit later.
50:42 today we have the micro ugly as the micro glia these air found in
50:47 central nervous system. One. So not talking about today's EP in
50:51 Cell will get to that in the unit. Basically, it's job is
50:55 produce cerebral spinal fluid. All so you can kind of pin that
51:01 Have been Diamond sells cerebral spinal My krog Leah is basically an immune
51:06 ill. It just kind of sits doing nothing, and that's not entirely
51:09 . It actually conservatives stem cell for bunch stuff. But when it comes
51:14 contact with something that shouldn't be some sort of pathogens, some sort
51:18 of material that is not supposed to nervous system. It activates the cell
51:22 now behaves like a fag aside, right, it moves around like a
51:26 Riffage and Div hours and chews up things that shouldn't be there. And
51:30 a simplified version of the micro There's actually quite a bit of evidence
51:34 it does a lot more, which really kind of cool. I want
51:39 talk. That kind of talked about it goes and repairs, damages and
51:44 as, um, um plays a in learning as well. Maybe
51:49 but for us, this is all need to know. All right,
51:53 I'm gonna pause there. That's your of the nervous system. We've got
51:56 lot to travel in the next 30 . You guys good so far,
52:05 get online. All right. How guys took physics already? Good thing
52:14 done your electricity lectures, right? usually, ah, physics to,
52:18 think, no physics to physics. you, off optics and circuits.
52:25 only things that are really important. right. So basically, just just
52:29 a general statement were electrically neutral, are electrically neutral. We know this
52:34 we don't electrocute people when you touch . Because basically, electrocution is basically
52:40 movement of ions between two areas. ? We know this about electrical
52:45 Positive negative charges are attracted to one , so negative charges are attracted positive
52:50 and vice versa. So the thes are going to move towards one another
52:55 a result of that. And so order to keep these charges separate from
52:59 other. You need to have some of material that that prevents that from
53:03 . It's called insulate er, and the environments in which these ions or
53:08 could move towards another is called a . Your body is basically filled with
53:13 that's conductive. So you have a of ways for ions. Move around
53:18 you're insulated in your body is your membrane. So it's basically keeping charges
53:24 attracted to each other separate from one . All right, now I'm gonna
53:29 an example here that I promised I said, I want you to
53:32 about this. In Houston, we two high schools that are literally side
53:36 side with one another, huh? , that's another one. Okay,
53:42 see, the one I know about just because it was a competitive school
53:45 the school that I went to a John's is right next door to
53:49 All right, but this is to down in peril. And you
53:51 um, East peril in East Junior , and you have peril in West
53:56 High used to be one school, they basically just split it into,
54:03 , South in Turner, in the place as well, right? So
54:06 a lot of places where this happens Houston. Just cause we're a big
54:09 . I've never seen this in any place I've ever lived. But I
54:12 you to picture these girls a school this. So if you're not familiar
54:16 any of the schools that are are next to each other, I want
54:20 a picture to high schools next to of them. And again, I
54:23 you to imagine and for example, High School. You're gonna have couples
54:28 are going to get together right We're going at the model that opposites
54:33 , right? So there's going to that are gonna be formed at the
54:37 . But there's gonna be a whole of people that are gonna be single
54:39 they're not. Basically, all the the pairings that could occur are gonna
54:43 . But there's an uneven number of and females, so there's going to
54:47 people that are not gonna be able pair up. All right, it's
54:50 be very sad. And then you the same thing's happening at the other
54:54 , All right. A lot of and cut some individuals because of the
54:58 of the number of males and they're not gonna pair up. And
55:03 they're going to be sad as And then lunchtime happens. And at
55:07 , we have a open camp we get to. We're not stuck in
55:11 cap here. We can eat on on the campus. And so you
55:15 imagine the couples are all leaving And what are they doing? They're
55:18 hands and staring into each other's eyes doing the Google. I think you
55:22 the whole thing that makes us sick disgusted, right? You man,
55:27 going on. And then the sad , the sad lunches, you
55:29 to come out with their sad you know, little brown bags and
55:33 walking out moping because it's don't have . No one loves me. And
55:37 they look up and then they see the fence an opposite. Can you
55:44 that? All right. And what you do when you see on opposite
55:48 you're attracted to? You gravitate towards , don't you? And you smile
55:54 they smile back, and then what is you start moving towards each
55:59 but you're stuck because there's a fence you that's an insulated right. And
56:05 these two charges right? This of couple that's positive, this negative charge
56:11 basically incapable of getting together, even they're attracted because they're being prevented by
56:16 insulate er the fence. And that's the cell body, or that's what
56:20 plasma membrane is doing. All we have a whole bunch of charges
56:25 pair up, but then we have whole bunch that cannot pair up.
56:29 so what they do is they gravitate the environment just underneath or just outside
56:34 the plasma membrane to that opposite trying desperately to get to the other
56:40 , all right, and what this represents. The difference between the number
56:45 charges on either side of that membrane the membrane potential. All right,
56:50 when you hear membrane potential and think the membrane in the charge, the
56:54 has its the separation of those charges are trying to get together and the
56:59 between them. So if you have really, really large membrane potential just
57:02 there's a lot of ions that really to get together. And if you
57:05 a low member and potential, there's couple of ions trying to get
57:09 all right. No, your membrane can change. And that's what we're
57:16 to talk about. We talk about do we change the membrane potential?
57:19 right, But when a cell isn't anything, that that difference in charge
57:27 more or less constant. And so ? We refer to it because the
57:31 not doing anything we call it arresting potential. You see how clever the
57:38 is When the cell is resting, has a membrane potential. And then
57:43 gonna change question from online se remembering . So the plasma membrane is the
57:53 serving to keep those two charges separate another. They're attracted to each
57:57 but the planet membrane won't let them together. Hence why they're called
58:02 All right, So what are the in the membrane potential? What are
58:09 ones that we care about? there's a lot of ions, and
58:12 is a representation of the major ones are in the I C F E
58:18 F but the ones that we really about are gonna be sodium potassium.
58:22 you consume someone sitting in potassium and something that you have over here,
58:27 on which book it's gonna be an minus or PR minus These air the
58:30 ionic cellular proteins and in English. that means is the big proteins inside
58:35 that have negative charges that can't move of the cells. All right,
58:38 an ionic meaning negative cellular proteins, cellular proteins. All right. And
58:45 can see in this little chart down , you can see kind of these
58:49 , right? You can see here the extra seller concentration. Here's the
58:53 of a concentration for the people I apologize. I'm walking and pointing
58:58 stuff. So these are our most ones. And then here you can
59:03 extra cellular concentration Intracellular concentration. Do need to know those numbers?
59:09 Please, everyone do this. I do not need to know those
59:12 exactly, but I can see that a huge difference. And then what
59:16 have over here on the side is called relative permeability, which will become
59:20 of the most important things about movement ions in just a moment. Question
59:27 ? Yes, Father conduct. So that's that's where flow is gonna
59:33 . That's primarily water. So wherever have water, that's going to be
59:35 conduction is taking place. So in the fluids of our bodies, that's
59:40 easier way. So e cf and cf is a nice general way to
59:44 this. All the fluids in our and service conductors, which is
59:47 really easiest for its become electrocuted because primarily conductor were primarily water. All
59:54 , so we're gonna deal with that permeability because, remember, our islands
59:59 stock on either side of that membrane they want to get through. So
60:04 need to give them an opportunity or way to get across that membrane.
60:09 needs to be a channel or a . Right now, the easiest thing
60:14 have is a channel all right, permeability, by its very nature,
60:19 you that there is a certain amount of of passageway through the membrane.
60:26 right, so when you see these over here, I understand that this
60:31 what it's telling you. Is that sodium right for everyone. So that
60:37 a membrane. There's 50 or 75 that a crossing the membrane.
60:44 I use another example in here. is not always the best example.
60:48 , you know, you're gonna get to my my stupidity and my
60:52 After a while, you'll come to him, I think. I don't
60:56 . Maybe you'll just roll your eyes I can't believe I took that
61:00 You have been football games, Football season starting. I've already canceled
61:05 game. All right, go Right. All right. If you
61:11 to a football game Halftime. Need go. The restroom, guys.
61:15 it hard to get into bathrooms? , It hard to get in the
61:20 . You may not see a toilet the fourth quarter. All right?
61:26 guys? I'm gonna give away our , give away our secrets. We
61:30 troughs. Okay? It's basically long . You could basically pack him
61:36 You know what's what happened to all guys? Go in. We just
61:38 forward to our business and we're We don't have the luxury of an
61:42 stall for ourselves, right? And There are many reasons why ladies need
61:48 . But the idea is you have finite number of people who can use
61:53 lady's restroom because you guys aren't sharing , right? You're not gonna like
61:59 . Cheek it. It's a physiology . We can talk about stuff like
62:05 , right, guys? Literally. so that's why were able to roll
62:08 we have greater is lack of a example. We have greater permeability when
62:14 comes to people moving into a All right, you're limited. Your
62:20 have a finite or much smaller All right, so this permeability is
62:26 to become what's really, really important . All right, So what I
62:30 to do is I want to just you this because what we're doing here
62:33 we're going to come in and question we're gonna look at here is we're
62:38 to see how those great instrument we about chemical great and talking electrical.
62:43 INTs right and that they're opposed to another. We're going to see how
62:46 affect the movement of these ions. yes, sir, is how much
62:54 to the other one. All So it's not saying that one eye
62:57 passes its site for everyone you 70 50 to 75 of the other
63:03 go through as well. And so would have an effect if you had
63:07 make it. If you knew the permeability of sodium to potassium, if
63:11 knew it was 1 to 75. of these arms has a greater effect
63:16 that self? The one that's moving or the one that's moving 75
63:23 One That's maybe one of one's been they put this way. You have
63:27 jobs. Alright, when jobs paying a dollar a day, the other
63:30 paying you $75 a day. Which has a bigger effect on your
63:36 The $75.1 right. So the greater permeability, the greater the effect it
63:41 on that sells membrane potential. All , but we're going to see how
63:46 works. And so what we're gonna at here is you can see up
63:49 . This is a model system. is not a real system. All
63:52 ? You can see up here inside cell, you can see that equal
63:56 up task him the equal number of . Right? You see that four
64:00 four. So the total number of inside the cell in this particular case
64:07 neutral, right? Zero for Four negative on the outside of
64:12 Does it look the same? Different ? Yes. OK, so you
64:17 see we have a system that is neutral. But if I put a
64:23 , a potassium channel in this is B that you can see up
64:26 If I put a potassium channel in potassium that I want to do,
64:30 one of want to move out of cell to reach equilibrium, right?
64:33 you want to. Potassium is on outside into potassium is on the
64:37 But every time a potassium leaves out its chemical Grady int, it leaves
64:42 a very, very sad negative charge , which it is attractive. And
64:47 there's going to be a point where movement out becomes equal to the movement
64:53 right. I want to move out I'm chemically attracted to the zero has
64:58 out here. But I want to back in because I am attracted to
65:02 negative charge on the inside, all ? And so there becomes a point
65:07 equilibrium that we can calculate using the equation for what? That ISS.
65:13 right, so that's what it's trying show. The in the bottom here
65:17 showing that the concentration Grady in and electrical Grady are opposed to one
65:22 And there is a point of equilibrium them that is calculated. All
65:29 this is also gonna be true for . All right, So if you
65:32 a sodium channel in place, it's to show you that there's gonna be
65:35 movement, and based on that balance , we can figure out what it
65:40 mathematically using the nursed equation. What gonna find out is that the concentration
65:46 in for sodium where it becomes where is when the inside of the cell
65:52 60 mil a bolt more positive than outside, right? That's where the
65:59 occurs. And for potassium, see that was on the other slide.
66:05 guess I didn't show here on Life will get to in just
66:08 For potassium, it's a different And for chlorine, it's a different
66:12 man for magnesium and all these other . They each have their different
66:16 And so there has to be a where there is equilibrium for everything,
66:20 right, And this is where that permeability comes into play. I have
66:25 answer. Wait, one that It doesn't know which way to
66:41 Okay. In other words, it's to the inside in its attraction of
66:46 outside is equal. All right, for another dem analogy. You're dating
66:52 . You're dating two people. You're attracted to both. Which way do
66:56 go? That's what the sodium is at its equilibrium potential. All
67:03 that's what potassium is doing. Its . It's kind of stuck in the
67:07 don't know what to do next. has to influence me one way or
67:11 other, all right. That's what equilibrium potential represents is where that chemical
67:20 is and the electrical really chemical. in the electrical Grady int are
67:27 so there's also remember of sodium potassium pump, and so what it's doing
67:32 is disrupting the equilibrium potential is basically , All right, let's just pretend
67:36 working with sodium sodium. This is your balances at 60 million.
67:40 Mila bolts, right? Plus 60 votes on the inside. What?
67:43 going to take sodium. We're gonna it outside the cell again. So
67:45 no longer a 60 mil levels. what's going? Okay, I'm gonna
67:49 back in the cell until it's 60 . No poor moving you back out
67:52 , I'm gonna go back in, it's just gonna keep doing it is
67:55 the same thing with potassium. Potassium being pumped into the sounds like,
67:58 I want to go out. And what you're doing is you're basically constantly
68:04 movement towards this kind of balance. then when you put them all
68:14 they eat your doing their own And this is where that member that
68:17 permeability becomes important. Because if I'm sodium out of the cell, but
68:22 can only move it in one at time, and I'm pumping potassium into
68:27 cell, but I'm moving 75 of at a time. Which one has
68:31 greater effect on that membrane potential? , it's the potassium with one that
68:38 the massive amount, and so we calculate that out. We're not going
68:42 do it? Aren't you glad there's equations called the Goldman Hodgkins cast
68:48 It's in your textbook, and it's the big ugly thing, and it
68:52 at relative permeability, plus the constants and all sorts. It's just
68:56 a I don't want to do that don't want You don't want to do
68:58 , but know that you can calculate out all right. But basically all
69:03 says is that in a living system multiple things, you have to take
69:08 account that permeability in the greater permeability the greater the effect it has on
69:13 membrane potential. Now look up you can see the equilibrium constants that
69:18 can calculate out. It says that equilibrium potential for potassium is minus 90
69:23 . So the inside size three, 90 in order for potassium to stop
69:27 , in course, moving out. me and it says up there that
69:32 sodium it's plus 60 so sodium stop into the cell. If the inside
69:36 the cell became plus 60 how far are minus tiny in plus 60 a
69:43 , right and they're competing against each , so they're basically constantly in
69:48 You got the pump constantly pushing things . And then if you look at
69:52 neuron and ask it, what is membrane potential of a neuron? It's
69:56 70 millet balls. Now let's look those two numbers again. What's close
70:01 minus 70 million volts minus 90 or 60 minus 90? And what is
70:07 relative permeability, as you can highlighted over there for potassium relative sodium
70:13 to 75 times greater. So can see the effect of that permeability on
70:18 membrane potential? Yeah, I've got much more so potassium moving out that
70:24 membrane potential moves near to the equilibrium for potassium. But it stays there
70:33 I still have sodium moving back into cell. And then I got the
70:39 constantly moving things back out again. so the resting membrane potential for cell
70:44 at minus 70 and that's what this basically shows you. Is that what
70:49 just told you? There is a I cannot believe how slow I am
71:00 , and part of it is as I don't get to see
71:05 and I'm not moving us fastly I when I only have eight people in
71:08 classroom, right? But basically what says is, look, the membrane
71:15 . That's what VM is. Membrane is dependent upon the great that relative
71:20 , right? If there's a change the VM, all right, we
71:24 have a positive change, or we have a negative change in other
71:26 and go up or go down when see a positive change. We refer
71:29 this as a deep polarisation. If negative, changes refer to it as
71:33 hyper polarization. And in fact, we have is we have this special
71:38 , all right about polarization. And I want you to envision that number
71:43 that you learned way back in grade . Do you remember this? That
71:48 little number line that looked like that put a zero right in the center
71:51 there? And then you're like, know, what's this? What's
71:55 What's this? That zero. That's a negative. That's not a backward
71:59 , all right, so I'd be . One negative to this is one
72:02 two so on and so forth, ? If I am sitting at
72:07 I'm neutral. I am not I'm non polar is the term that
72:13 would use. But the moment I off that zero, I've become
72:19 right? If I move over 0.1 either direction, I'm more polar than
72:26 was before. That's polarization if I'm in a positive direction. In other
72:33 , I'm moving. Um, I'll do it this way. That's
72:41 I move in a negative direction. gonna stay positive first about moving in
72:46 negative direction, and I come to at some point, away from zero
72:51 a negative direction. I have become polar. I've hyper polarized, all
73:00 , if I move in a positive at some point just the circle that's
73:10 filled in, I've become more Soem or I've hyper polarized. So
73:17 I become hyper polarized, does it if I've moved in negative or positive
73:28 ? The answer's no. I become polarized further and further further, I
73:33 , move from zero so hyper polarization says I'm becoming more polarised. If
73:38 become less polarized, that means I'm back toward zero. That makes
73:46 So if I move over here to five. I've become polarized,
73:52 If I move further away from I'm hyper polarized. But if I
73:57 back toward zero, I'm becoming de and they want removed back over here
74:05 . Back to minus five. Polarize . But I'm moving back. Seen
74:10 , There, moving back. So am re polarized. So the terminology
74:16 to the original position hyper polarizes polarized de polarizes, less polarized,
74:24 polarizes, going back to where I when I've polarized. And this becomes
74:29 because when we're looking at cells were be asking the question, Are you
74:32 polarizing the cell or you hyper polarizing is becoming more or less negative,
74:37 or less positive. All right. I've got to stop there because we've
74:44 talking forever. It looks like, I still haven't gotten through the action
74:49 , so probably what I'm gonna do to make our life easy.
74:55 We gotta like five minutes here. will record the lecture on the action
75:00 . All right? I'll try to it nice and simple. Should be
75:03 20 minutes. Because Lord knows I want to talk that long and
75:07 you don't knows. You don't want list that long, right? But
75:12 its questioned on the test about it I don't want to leave you guys
75:16 at the end with what I have cover front, it needs to be
75:22 . So it'll be recorded. I'll it on video points. I'll put
75:26 through stream a posted on teams. some good. And you can ask
75:31 questions about it, obviously. I , I'll probably recorded tonight and have
75:35 posted so that it will be available that you guys can come off.
75:38 , should you need to. Or you have questions in class, you
75:41 ask about it. That seem fair ? No, because you're doing more
75:45 . But because of the environment, telling you, normally I'd be like
75:50 in nice and easy. At this , I'm a half a lecture.
75:55 a full electric bar. Excuse Almost full elector. So All
76:00 Well, we got a question, . Okay, so, again,
76:08 , you're prefixes. All right. minute racing care. So you can
76:14 here polarized any state where you're not . All right, You're a trump
76:21 or Biden supporter. What are your polarized? If you could care
76:26 , you are non polarized, You could care less who wins.
76:32 if you hold any opinion other than don't care your polarized right. If
76:39 are polarized, you can become more than you were beginning or less polarized
76:46 you were at the beginning. So you hold the position of I
76:49 a cucumber to win. Okay. politicians are all vegetables? All
76:56 Now you can become I want a cucumber, right? That be hyper
77:03 I could care less. It could a green pea. That would be
77:07 polarized. All right, but you're polarized. You still have an
77:11 Okay, so that's hyper or de less. All right. So let's
77:18 some real numbers If I am at 70 in my polarized or my non
77:26 polarised good. And if I become 90 from minus 70 what have I
77:35 ? Hyper polarized? If I go minus 70 to minus 50 De polarized
77:42 then when I returned back doesn't matter which direction I am re polarizing.
77:49 then if I go to zero. have de polarized to a neutral
77:56 All right, so because I've become polar than it was. So I'm
78:00 negative numbers here because we don't typically in terms of negative numbers, but
78:04 is also true for positive numbers. , but typically, the inside of
78:09 are also negative. So when we back because I'm slow is we'll deal
78:15 the question of action potentials and great . That's gonna be the recorded
78:18 And then we come into class on . We're going talk about synapses and
78:23 and other fun stuff. Okay. , You guys have a great
78:32 I've got to go to a
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