| 00:27 | Tester. Oh, there we Hello folks, everybody doing in |
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| 00:33 | Um so if this is day one you and you don't know me from |
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| 00:41 | . Um You can, you may , you may not yet have access |
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| 00:46 | blackboard. You don't take a day most maybe two. if you want |
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| 00:53 | copy of the Syllabus, just email , I can shoot that to |
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| 00:58 | Um Let's see of course the, you are in here and you're not |
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| 01:04 | , you can enroll. There's it's it's open. Okay. Unlike the |
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| 01:08 | , we've got two sections of this in the spring, so there's plenty |
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| 01:13 | room. It's never that both sections filled up. So uh speaking of |
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| 01:19 | , um If you are in the o'clock class, okay, I'm not |
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| 01:27 | to stop you from coming to 11 class, but the only issue is |
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| 01:30 | quicker. Okay, you know, you're at four o'clock class, if |
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| 01:34 | using a quicker in here is not work. Okay? So that's the |
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| 01:38 | thing. So vice versa if you're to a four o'clock class and then |
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| 01:42 | , you know that the clippers are going to be compatible there. |
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| 01:46 | So you won't get the clicker. , but you know, even if |
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| 01:52 | miss the 11 30 class, you always just watch the report electric, |
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| 01:56 | so just just be aware of Okay, uh so speaking of |
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| 02:02 | the, so again, it's just practice. Right? And we're not |
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| 02:06 | , I am posting the points. ? Only for the reason that you |
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| 02:12 | be satisfied. That yeah, these are my clipper class and I've |
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| 02:15 | my points and that's good so that's sole reason for posting the points. |
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| 02:20 | ? So once you get to 26 I'm basically gonna delete yes today's and |
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| 02:29 | Tuesday's points and then we just Okay? So um anyway so yeah |
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| 02:34 | you need to do now when you your clicker and I refresh I um |
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| 02:40 | upload the points uh after class and I refresh the system. And so |
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| 02:46 | you're not seeing your points yet you once I refresh the system. |
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| 02:50 | If you if you have a registered click with a subscription. Alright once |
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| 02:59 | refresh the system then well you'll see points. Uh So obviously if you're |
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| 03:05 | if you if you do have a clicker and you're using the clicker and |
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| 03:10 | not seeing points and certainly need to that. Okay? And click our |
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| 03:15 | stuff is all in the syllabus there's office behind the library S. |
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| 03:21 | I. T. They help with things quicker and stuff. Okay? |
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| 03:26 | if you need assistance. Okay any before we start? Okay so we're |
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| 03:34 | start kind of slow so I know been on on break right? The |
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| 03:39 | brain wheels are still kind of have breathe those and get those going |
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| 03:43 | Right so we can get into the subjects you're taking. So we're gonna |
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| 03:48 | kind of basic? Okay But even may not be basically everybody. |
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| 03:55 | what's basic to me is that it not be basic to you, |
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| 03:58 | But as a microbiologist as we all now. Okay. Um we got |
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| 04:05 | start with some certain things, Certain things you should know. |
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| 04:09 | So a lot of it will be number of clipper questions. Okay, |
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| 04:14 | remember uh section I. D. , so we're gonna put that into |
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| 04:19 | uh okay so um so we'll see the beginning of every any of all |
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| 04:30 | notes, there's like this and I've of condensed some of the things we're |
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| 04:33 | see, they are pretty much the flipped a couple of things. Um |
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| 04:38 | a big deal, but the you always see at the beginning these list |
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| 04:41 | objectives. Right? So it kind use that as a, you |
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| 04:46 | what am I supposed to get out this chapter? Well then look at |
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| 04:49 | learning objectives. That's kind of what should know, right? That's kind |
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| 04:56 | how it would use that list. , so what we're doing today is |
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| 05:02 | kind of the start of we're gonna one is gonna be over a couple |
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| 05:06 | days. So we'll finish up on next Tuesday. So uh so today |
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| 05:14 | more kind of like introduction. Here's microbes are. Here's what they are |
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| 05:19 | are some kind of gray areas in of definition defined online credit course and |
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| 05:25 | taxonomy in kind of the basics I should say, I didn't say |
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| 05:32 | last time, but I had like overview of the course. I had |
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| 05:35 | four units right, recover um that this course is heavily skewed toward pro |
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| 05:45 | and viruses. So uh 85% 90% , 9% viruses, 1% carriers. |
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| 05:55 | and all the other courses you That's what you look at our eukaryotic |
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| 06:00 | . Right? So this is really of your only exposure to. What's |
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| 06:06 | pro periodic world about? Okay, , so that's the approach I |
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| 06:10 | Okay, I find more interesting. , way back when um uh I |
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| 06:18 | at materials to go, okay, , they're way more complicated. They |
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| 06:21 | all that my Asus and mitosis I don't want to do that. |
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| 06:25 | I went to prepare. Okay. , little did I know that there |
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| 06:29 | all relative in terms of complexity, ? That can be just as complex |
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| 06:32 | on in different ways. Okay. , so and the other thing I'll |
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| 06:37 | before we start if there's anything to away from this course because we all |
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| 06:43 | in terms of microbes is nothing but . That's what shows up on the |
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| 06:46 | . Right? All the bad Right. Those are like a drop |
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| 06:50 | the bucket compared to the vast majority in fact we need we need appropriate |
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| 06:57 | for our to live. Right? we'll see how that is true. |
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| 07:02 | when we get into Tuesday. So start with something. Yeah kind of |
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| 07:07 | , easy. So unlike other, you know um fine slash represented by |
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| 07:20 | chosen one thing remind us that would two way but we're gonna get this |
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| 07:26 | . So what is the thing that it? Yeah that's the field |
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| 07:30 | If I see this, I don't it like this to astronomy. What's |
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| 07:37 | thing in microbiology? You go microscopes microscopes, right. I forgot |
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| 07:49 | bring my uh microscope ahead when I uh 13. I still got |
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| 08:02 | I was one of those, one those people way and it was gonna |
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| 08:16 | that astronomy was also had a So looking at you know inner |
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| 08:22 | So um so obviously I chose didn't astronomy particularly when I found out how |
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| 08:28 | math involved. So I said So anyway uh so obviously one of |
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| 08:37 | things that's that's what any kind of society has a microscope and a little |
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| 08:45 | you know mostly things like you know , you're used to see labs and |
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| 08:52 | . Uh this late or not on far left is the one that really |
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| 08:57 | it. Right? That's look right yes that is a microscope might not |
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| 09:02 | so you can actually get um upwards I think 300 X. 400 |
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| 09:08 | Which is incredible. Right? And the lens is actually right? That |
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| 09:15 | there and a little tip of the is where you put your little drop |
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| 09:18 | drop, you look through. And he was apparently this Savant this rain |
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| 09:25 | of grinding lenses which apparently is that you get very secretive about it. |
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| 09:34 | ? And tell a lot of people he did it. But you can |
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| 09:37 | these spectacular pictures. And he was first to see bacteria. Okay. |
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| 09:42 | anyway so of course advances in microbiology in terms of the types of organisms |
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| 09:49 | to see and particularly having are different each other came of course with improvements |
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| 09:54 | the microscope. Okay so you see know from the 18th this is in |
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| 09:58 | 17 hundreds here. Doesn't look that different from the 18 hundreds of |
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| 10:03 | Now you see the later 18 hundreds see kind of the binocular type here |
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| 10:08 | . And then of course the modern pretty much look like they do and |
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| 10:11 | have been for the last 50 plus . But then of course the Electron |
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| 10:18 | right? Major advance that was like the 1930s. Okay so uh that |
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| 10:24 | a real game changer in terms of really see ultra structure and cells and |
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| 10:28 | they really are different. Okay so so yeah certainly the advances in microscope |
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| 10:34 | what kind of influence what we saw the taxonomy and classification and discovery of |
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| 10:39 | etcetera. So um and so this one side I kind of moved up |
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| 10:45 | the queue because it kind of fits that. All right. And so |
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| 10:49 | course microbes and you know mostly unknowingly until until probably the uh century uh |
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| 11:01 | are doing stuff for us that we know what we're doing right through wine |
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| 11:04 | beer production and other food productions and like that for centuries. Right? |
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| 11:10 | Obviously the bad guys, Right. again are few and far too few |
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| 11:14 | far between. But are these are the minority, Right? In terms |
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| 11:21 | plague devastating, killing millions flew as . So for covid. Right. |
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| 11:29 | no doubt that they've they've had a influence. Certainly. So but they |
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| 11:34 | the mob, right? Microbes are model for what we know about the |
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| 11:40 | of life, how D. A replicates and how broken sentences works |
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| 11:45 | all these kind of basic processes we of probably take for granted now were |
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| 11:50 | discovered using bacteria viruses as it's very to work with bacteria to grow |
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| 11:57 | study them, etcetera. Okay. of course as we get now to |
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| 12:02 | and exporting them for various purposes. , so um so you know |
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| 12:09 | let me have a microphone. So often called the father of microbiology. |
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| 12:15 | And uh just one thing here about . Hook gets credit for being the |
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| 12:21 | to use a microscope, but what did was basically used it as a |
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| 12:27 | a mechanism to view all different types tissues plans. Uh bugs etcetera, |
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| 12:34 | looking at macroscopic lives and single Okay, that was that actually looked |
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| 12:41 | discovered micro bacteria, et cetera. . So. Alright, so here's |
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| 12:50 | of a little factoids, factoids about micro so one of these things |
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| 12:58 | Is it true? Uh Let's So go ahead and take a shot |
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| 13:03 | . Okay, clicker practice. Um me uh At the timer on |
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| 13:10 | We've got 30 seconds here. So of these are false? If there |
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| 13:16 | a false. Okay, stop the briefly, catch up check. Let's |
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| 13:49 | create. Okay. So um answered so why'd you answer a means basically |
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| 14:07 | they're found everywhere? Okay, so not restricted to certain areas. Here's |
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| 14:12 | you'll find them here is where you them. They're everywhere. While you |
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| 14:17 | um you know Yellowstone Park, Guys, there's bacteria living in this |
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| 14:23 | water, a handful of soil. gonna um uh you Millions 10 times |
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| 14:37 | want in your own cells. Uh environment. Right. Cold |
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| 14:43 | You find on the ice, icy just just below the water are photosynthetic |
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| 14:51 | . So uh you do you find literally everywhere in fact. And so |
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| 14:57 | false. That's false. So ubiquitous as you said, found everywhere. |
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| 15:03 | . Not just restricted areas here and . Okay so the marine microbes. |
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| 15:10 | 5% of the to your things like cyanobacteria. We'll talk about those um |
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| 15:20 | makes up the other 90 plus percent the o to the source of |
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| 15:26 | That's amazing that microbe plants that plant microsecond 9%. This is the nitrogen |
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| 15:36 | . So very what you see here the here very that's one of the |
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| 15:42 | why is why we need bacteria to own existence. Because that cycle provides |
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| 15:49 | of nitrogen to plants. And remember are we are maybe a strict, |
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| 15:56 | vegan, I don't eat meat. ? So that's obvious. Then we |
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| 16:00 | on plants. If you're vegan plants food. Okay? And plants need |
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| 16:05 | everything you need nitrogen, they can't it themselves. So you have to |
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| 16:08 | it from the soil. And bacteria instrumental in providing that. Um But |
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| 16:13 | you are a meat eater and you eat plants ever, okay, You |
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| 16:18 | rely on because the things that you the cows and the others they eat |
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| 16:24 | . Right? And so they're indirectly still rely on. Okay. So |
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| 16:29 | quick. And we'll talk about National a couple of times. So, |
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| 16:35 | and then the the yeah, there's there are many more species out there |
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| 16:43 | we are aware of, right? I think we've cataloged something like maybe |
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| 16:47 | to 4000 different precarious species, but many out there, we'll talk about |
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| 16:54 | that is okay. But there are to still find. Okay. As |
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| 16:58 | see. All right. So, of some of course this this life |
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| 17:02 | other planets life on MARS. We like to perk arrows because MARS |
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| 17:08 | an extreme environment obviously. Right. we can find precarious in extreme environments |
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| 17:13 | earth almost mars life. Right. , that's why we expect life on |
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| 17:18 | to be microbial about the precarious because would have metabolisms that would enable them |
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| 17:25 | live on MARS. So, um , the Alright, so next |
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| 17:31 | So, I looked at this If you have questions, feel free |
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| 17:35 | talk about it, it's fine. , this one we get kind of |
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| 17:39 | the definition of microbes. So which would you consider? A micro |
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| 17:44 | Picture. A C for a Okay, let's go forward 130 or |
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| 18:36 | . Okay, so, we got se uh h Okay, um mm |
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| 18:51 | . Right. Um answered a Why you say? Hey? So, |
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| 19:07 | think you're saying none of the other are considered micro. Right. |
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| 19:11 | why would you think that the onion ? Yeah, I mean, it's |
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| 19:21 | of a larger. All right. , you say is the correct |
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| 19:28 | Okay. It is viruses are My approach. Right. Um You |
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| 19:37 | not think so, but generally they Okay. The math of green algae |
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| 19:42 | the matter. Green allergy. The bacterial colonies. Um Yes. Individual |
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| 19:49 | make up that mat. Make up colony, but the colony itself is |
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| 19:55 | a microbe. The math of growth not a micro um So many skin |
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| 20:02 | . Okay. Uh your your muscle your tissue. Right? So cells |
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| 20:10 | that are part of a tissue or organ or microbes. So micro micro |
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| 20:16 | organisms that can live on their own and reproduce and uh eat food and |
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| 20:24 | etcetera. Okay. And so there's specific categories okay. That we'll look |
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| 20:31 | um the D. And E. . Is what's called a water |
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| 20:37 | For sure. Uh These are called animals. Okay. Microbes, dust |
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| 20:46 | also in the same category as a animal. Okay. So um we'll |
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| 20:52 | on this here as we go Okay now, but just said a |
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| 20:57 | organisms that live in their own reproduce . It's kind of what we call |
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| 21:02 | viruses don't really fit that. But they are the hallmark. Is |
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| 21:07 | it take a microscope to see That's really the definition of a |
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| 21:11 | Okay, so let's look at this . Okay. Kind of front. |
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| 21:20 | Alright. So let's look at So microscopic observation of the microbe is |
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| 21:25 | it has is oval shaped the dimensions 25 by 20 nanometers. Okay. |
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| 21:33 | has no discernible organelles. This is likely a slash. And okay, |
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| 22:16 | catch up. All right, let go for five seconds for the all |
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| 22:25 | . Okay. If you answered who B. Why wild guess was |
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| 22:41 | So so so in males answer Yeah. Why? Yeah. So |
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| 22:50 | the so a what's the cut off a virus and a bacterium about a |
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| 22:58 | . Okay. Micro so it is . So virus is going to be |
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| 23:02 | you typically nanometer scale is gonna be . Okay. Uh and there is |
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| 23:06 | range of viral sizes as well. is actually the lower 25 nanometers. |
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| 23:11 | about the rabies virus is about that . Uh, biggest over micron. |
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| 23:18 | a few giant viruses, but most the viruses are kind of in the |
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| 23:23 | to 900 nanometer scale. Ebola virus a big that's about almost almost. |
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| 23:30 | but certainly uh look at the size here. Okay. Um, the |
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| 23:39 | here it's this is one of It's basic. It's one of the |
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| 23:43 | you should have a four size is everything. Not everything will fit in |
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| 23:48 | boxes in terms of science raises. most thing to do according to what |
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| 23:52 | see here. Okay, so micron the kind of buy into viruses and |
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| 23:59 | . But again, like most things biology, there's always exceptions here. |
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| 24:05 | . Um, so microbes, you , maybe 20 or so. So |
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| 24:14 | , so we're talking about definitely requires microscope could be seen should be perfectly |
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| 24:19 | . Right? That's that's what typically, but after risk viruses don't |
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| 24:25 | fit that mold. But we still them microbes. Um, they can |
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| 24:30 | different arrangements. So like they're familiar things like staphylococcus streptococcus. Uh and |
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| 24:39 | have different kinds of shapes and Okay. Um, And it can |
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| 24:45 | in pairs or singles or what have . Okay. Um But they are |
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| 24:50 | to they are going to fit that ranges. Okay. So um the |
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| 24:59 | you have theoretically could you have a that say is like Oh I don't |
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| 25:06 | one nanom in size. Did you micro does that small? Who says |
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| 25:16 | ? Why do you say that? , here's here's the here's the cut |
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| 25:25 | . Right. There's one nanometer right . Right. Or you can have |
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| 25:31 | things in it but you're probably not be able to fit in chromosome inside |
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| 25:35 | thing. Right? That's why viruses small and like they have to rely |
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| 25:40 | the host, the host for things they can't fit it with. So |
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| 25:46 | like just a little protein sack with small genome. That's it. So |
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| 25:51 | size restriction you know because the molecules make up life not everything can fit |
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| 25:56 | something That's so so generally the you're by that. Okay. Alright. |
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| 26:03 | question. Right. So after this here a little bit of a |
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| 26:06 | All right. So uh so which ? This is kind of about types |
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| 26:12 | microbes and what people and how we . Okay. So so again, |
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| 26:21 | . Um my microscope. Um generally are committed on their own. Not |
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| 26:28 | of the tissue. Uh They uh viruses can also fit that definition as |
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| 26:35 | . Uh the electron microscope to see . But then you have different microbe |
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| 26:41 | viruses of course. And you have eukaryotic representatives. Different procreative representatives. |
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| 26:47 | so you should have a little bit that. Okay. All right. |
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| 26:57 | reason I put this in there was got the terms that it's best to |
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| 27:03 | pounding into your head. Now by time we get to unit two you'll |
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| 27:09 | it colder. Alright. Hopefully. right. Alright. Let's see. |
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| 27:32 | . All right. So B. . G. Seem to be the |
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| 27:36 | here. Okay. Okay. So is G. Is correct okay to |
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| 27:46 | voters and uh so the two correct are what what B. Is one |
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| 27:59 | the other one is UCF yep. F. So um so this term |
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| 28:08 | trove. The other ones. Okay. You're gonna see a lot |
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| 28:12 | that. Um Especially when the unit but even in on Tuesday we start |
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| 28:19 | about ecology, ecology. They're going out. It's so basic. Why |
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| 28:24 | you telling me? Trust me. . I will be people at the |
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| 28:29 | of semester that film had that figured . Okay. Um The type of |
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| 28:36 | one Eats is what that term is about. Okay. If you eat |
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| 28:41 | . 02, you're not a choice what C. 02 organisms that |
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| 28:51 | Yeah. Or Are expected to know one or our little troughs. |
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| 28:59 | We'll talk about that term on Uh But if you are that's what |
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| 29:07 | are you have to preform organic materials organic materials. Okay yeah Sio two |
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| 29:14 | organic material obviously but it's the most form. All right. You can't |
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| 29:19 | C. 02 and break it apart get energy from you can only build |
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| 29:25 | ceo to build up so to do more contact. Okay. That's a |
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| 29:33 | . Yes. Plan plan can remember night. Right? Plants can can |
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| 29:40 | like a gin and then use that to start and then use that causes |
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| 29:44 | so inspiration would write also in Do do that. So yes absolutely |
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| 29:51 | just plants. There's others too. very fundamental metabolisms. So just trust |
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| 29:58 | it's only the last time you hear . Okay. Uh Anyway um So |
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| 30:06 | bacteria are both and and that the features. Uh you carry it. |
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| 30:17 | the group's bacteria domains. Okay. taxonomic grouping is the biggest. Okay |
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| 30:27 | You are have similarities in common that not shared with bacteria. So there's |
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| 30:34 | that was discovered uh in the 70s there were these three groups now. |
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| 30:39 | not that there were actually two groups precarious. We didn't know that until |
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| 30:43 | . And we'll talk about that here a second. Okay um so uh |
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| 30:50 | see any questions about anything on this . Well I'll go through some of |
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| 30:54 | groups again here in a second. fact right now. Okay so who |
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| 30:59 | microbes? So representative types. Right have microbes across the kingdoms uh and |
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| 31:12 | kingdom kingdom bacteria. Okay. Um the uh here. Okay so we |
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| 31:23 | into the sailor types of the Okay. Sailor type sponge I accuse |
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| 31:30 | bacteria. Okay. Um algae zones the carriers are. So I think |
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| 31:43 | characteristics the most basic type nucleus and and uh they can read multiple |
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| 31:51 | right? That can be deployed. And beyond your plant. The sexual |
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| 31:58 | is a part of being a you itself. Essential future. I think |
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| 32:03 | probably all know. And so pro have um their features of course chiefly |
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| 32:11 | lack of a nucleus. Right? then you have you don't really have |
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| 32:14 | although they can form what we call types of inclusions particles. Um not |
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| 32:22 | by lipid uh the structure surrounded by membrane which is where the But they |
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| 32:30 | have like protein bound structures and So then they can have structures but |
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| 32:35 | not really called. Okay. But uh you know having a generally or |
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| 32:44 | um small and of course they will now there are some as we go |
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| 32:53 | the semester there's gonna be some variations this uh there's material types that can |
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| 32:58 | in those spores. And so we'll what that's about and biofilms and things |
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| 33:02 | that. Okay. But for generally all troop carriers have certainly diverse |
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| 33:09 | Right? They can you're familiar with palaces. Right? And self exploration |
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| 33:16 | bacteria archaea can do a bunch more just that. Okay. Um so |
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| 33:22 | can literally literally eat rocks as their their energy source. Okay. And |
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| 33:27 | of course can't do that. And one of the things that that classifies |
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| 33:32 | archaea are there they're not restricted to you do find them in modern conditions |
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| 33:40 | maybe you do find it seems like extreme conditions of temperature ph uh solidity |
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| 33:48 | . Okay. And so as mentioned a serotype. So not just |
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| 33:53 | There's a couple of types we'll talk later called viral roids. And Priam's |
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| 33:59 | . And so viruses and prions are of RNA. A well excuse |
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| 34:05 | viral RNA only only a that's That's all they are. Okay. |
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| 34:12 | just a protein. That's it. so viruses are a little bit step |
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| 34:18 | that. If you will we don't a capture that's called protein coat surrounding |
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| 34:25 | genome and other material. Okay so are the basics of who who they |
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| 34:31 | . Okay, so if you think they're gonna be in one of these |
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| 34:35 | . Okay. Now um so Archaea can loosely group groups Okay. With |
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| 34:48 | engine from a file. So these to um profile. Temperature temperature tolerant |
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| 34:58 | . Right? Or assault loving methodologies make methane. Okay, profiles. |
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| 35:06 | by definition typically when that grows above but your archaea can step it up |
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| 35:11 | notch. So 70 hyper thunder fires grease or above. It can be |
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| 35:18 | above. So that's hot. That's your boiling water almost. |
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| 35:22 | Um Arabic Arabic they can live without auction. Lots of sulfur metabolisms are |
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| 35:29 | this group. We'll talk about that . So don't worry so much about |
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| 35:33 | . But methane, the um number methane producers on earth or what I |
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| 35:41 | they're the ones that do it. it's actually found in this animal |
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| 35:46 | We got all the cows on planet . So they are they're all full |
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| 35:51 | these archaea that can produce methane. And so my thing is actually greenhouse |
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| 35:57 | even more potent. Um So anything some cross kind of future between their |
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| 36:09 | combine some of these futures. You find this among the archaea and |
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| 36:15 | halo files are salty. So there's on earth, Red sea uh salt |
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| 36:21 | that are naturally high insulated. That's you often find these are even higher |
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| 36:27 | of New York. 30% salt. um companies that manufacture salt will |
|
| 36:34 | So using uh an ocean have shallow and wild evacuated will find these bacteria |
|
| 36:44 | there. They also have a unique photo sentence is very different from a |
|
| 36:50 | , a plant analogy does it. we'll talk about that later as |
|
| 36:54 | Um interestingly the one thing you don't in our our human pathogens. There's |
|
| 37:04 | diseases that I know of. You have to have them in your body |
|
| 37:10 | well. Okay. But none today been shown to cause disease bacteria, |
|
| 37:17 | and certain cortisone. Okay. Of viruses. I think we know the |
|
| 37:21 | of a virus by now. Uh requirements will devote time to virus |
|
| 37:30 | in chapter six. So for now know that you know they are not |
|
| 37:35 | settled because they can't they don't have don't have to sell properties of being |
|
| 37:40 | by themselves and et cetera. So require host. Okay, so they're |
|
| 37:49 | basically for that reason. Okay. Alright so micro definition. No as |
|
| 38:00 | said in biology there's always gonna be gray areas. Right? It doesn't |
|
| 38:05 | that the core definition is incorrect. just means you have to account for |
|
| 38:10 | of these things. Okay, so sized cells. All right, so |
|
| 38:14 | title margarita um Magnifico. My wife that name margaritas. So okay. |
|
| 38:25 | so so uh margarita is the one here that long. Okay. Making |
|
| 38:37 | um bubble allergy which form gasses inside make this very large. Because allergy |
|
| 38:45 | course is typically you know in the 59 micrometer range. This is like |
|
| 38:51 | centimeters. Right? So when it's up with gas um The and I'll |
|
| 38:58 | let me let me just show you quickly. Not. You don't even |
|
| 39:00 | this but this is I just put in here because of an idea of |
|
| 39:04 | this big cell is all about. one set very long. So to |
|
| 39:11 | able to accommodate the needs of that . Uh what they call all throughout |
|
| 39:22 | cell where they have protein synthesis. compartments for their because you have to |
|
| 39:30 | the needs of the whole cell. have just one area up here where |
|
| 39:34 | synthesis remember molecules get to where the itself simply through diffusion you if you |
|
| 39:41 | a super long cell like that, future may not work well enough to |
|
| 39:46 | molecules going where they're going to sell do stuff. All right. So |
|
| 39:50 | , what you do synthesis? And then this is typically filled |
|
| 40:01 | This whole area is filled up with . So nitrate the N. |
|
| 40:07 | Okay. And so what it it can use hydrogen sulfide for |
|
| 40:15 | and produce elemental sulfur. And that's sulfur Granules. Okay, so it's |
|
| 40:20 | of a byproduct of metabolism. And like I said, don't don't worry |
|
| 40:25 | much about this. Now, this just for informational purposes. So E |
|
| 40:28 | . C electron transport chain. so we can oxidize hydrogen sulfide, |
|
| 40:34 | energy from that, Right? And then breathe using N 03. Or |
|
| 40:40 | does to nitrite. Okay. And this completes the selected our system. |
|
| 40:47 | ? We have we'll have like a source of glucose, right? Oxidize |
|
| 40:52 | . Right? And then those electrons go down to like transport chain and |
|
| 40:56 | we'll we'll oxygen which gets reduced to and that's how we work aerobic |
|
| 41:02 | And this is a form of anaerobic . Just using instead of oxygen uses |
|
| 41:07 | . Okay. And so, by the respiration cycle here, reform energy |
|
| 41:14 | get a tps from this. 80 peace. It will. |
|
| 41:22 | And that's the whole if you that's fine. But, you |
|
| 41:26 | the whole proton pumping and that in month. But but it does it |
|
| 41:36 | not actually like nitrate. And it this whole thing come up with a |
|
| 41:41 | source that you can use. he uses this in times when it |
|
| 41:44 | be is starved. Maybe there's not light around or something that has the |
|
| 41:50 | of it you can use to produce . Okay, so, again, |
|
| 41:55 | long cells. Okay, so, , let's go back to here. |
|
| 41:59 | , microbial community. So, super cells, microbial community. So, |
|
| 42:04 | course, are made up of individual . Right? When you put them |
|
| 42:10 | , then it can become visible to naked eye. Okay. But if |
|
| 42:13 | quality of play or biofilm represents a amount of growth. Okay. Uh |
|
| 42:20 | one thing about biofilms is biofilms require surface biofilms are all about surface, |
|
| 42:29 | it's a pipe or a exceptional water it could be a bathroom, a |
|
| 42:39 | shower herb. All right. These all areas where Because it's all about |
|
| 42:44 | surface. Okay, um micro animals that already. So, these are |
|
| 42:49 | microbes because they are multi cellular Right? They're just super tiny. |
|
| 42:59 | Now. Okay so we talked about and define them uh size ranges, |
|
| 43:09 | . Okay. Kind of some of gray areas Now it's um how do |
|
| 43:15 | classify these? Because that's when things do is to classify stuff classified |
|
| 43:20 | Right. And so uh so as mentioned earlier the word might fit in |
|
| 43:28 | the different compartments of taxonomy. It's related to advances in the microscope. |
|
| 43:35 | ? And then you know a little later 19 fifties sixties when we discovered |
|
| 43:43 | . N. A. And the of working with Vienna and using DNA |
|
| 43:46 | a texting on a tool among other to compare organisms. Right. So |
|
| 43:51 | plus advances in my cross have changed we categorized um microbes. Okay and |
|
| 44:00 | of course the hallmark is to to nowadays is to first um do |
|
| 44:06 | D. N. A compare database see if you got something new? |
|
| 44:13 | something very similar whatever. But you you do combine that with morphology which |
|
| 44:20 | what does it look like The shape size and what are some of the |
|
| 44:25 | features. So you can use both those. Okay. But you always |
|
| 44:29 | a part of that. If you all kinds of resources are is to |
|
| 44:33 | that that comparison to DNA. Because gives you uh so think of each |
|
| 44:40 | base as a point of comparison. so you have 10,000 bases. That's |
|
| 44:46 | points of comparison. So that for reason it's really the standard. But |
|
| 44:50 | do combine some of these other pathology metabolism and things like that too. |
|
| 44:56 | anyway, so way back when if remember from intro bio, uh what's |
|
| 45:01 | name? Right. The father of , right. But everything in either |
|
| 45:07 | or plant, right. We're talking hundreds I think. So, whatever |
|
| 45:11 | form you were either an animal or time, depending on what your future |
|
| 45:17 | , all based on visual observation. . Okay. And so of course |
|
| 45:23 | , no different microbes had like maybe like characteristics put them on a |
|
| 45:27 | They didn't put them in the Okay. But then um uh and |
|
| 45:33 | analogy were at war at that Put in the plant group. |
|
| 45:39 | so I think they thought fungi looked looked like root root system or something |
|
| 45:43 | that. Which is why they put in the plant kingdom. But |
|
| 45:46 | so microbes were strewn about in both these kingdoms. They finally were put |
|
| 45:51 | what's called kingdom Pro Teesta. this is Heckel in 18 66 again |
|
| 45:57 | to microscopy, right? Advances in microscope. And so anything that was |
|
| 46:04 | of a microbe was put into that of Pro Teesta of course that contain |
|
| 46:13 | pro periodic and eukaryotic microbes in that to initially. Okay then later um |
|
| 46:22 | pro carriers were taken out of, it to me and that kingdom I |
|
| 46:32 | that that was as far as we when I was learning microbiology. |
|
| 46:36 | because of how old I am. , so that's where it ended. |
|
| 46:40 | Manero? Manero was still a thing I was starting this. Okay, |
|
| 46:45 | al were kept in as they still . And then um fungi of course |
|
| 46:52 | like in the 60s until the 60s they figured out, okay, fungi |
|
| 46:56 | most are their own thing, They're not plants. If anything, |
|
| 47:01 | are more similar to us and they plants because they're a trophic have the |
|
| 47:10 | um now and particularly instrumental here was the uh development like because now you |
|
| 47:21 | really see cell and see some. , so that's how you get the |
|
| 47:29 | here between features. And then uh type in. Okay, so um |
|
| 47:42 | then and this lasted for through the eighties. Okay. And then uh |
|
| 47:50 | the mid seventies was when we had discovery of archaea bacteria, this is |
|
| 47:55 | Rose and our own fox. He's our biochemistry department. He was a |
|
| 48:03 | student with him at this time and both kind of discovered this this group |
|
| 48:08 | bacteria. So um so in Manera have been both bacteria and archaea but |
|
| 48:15 | didn't know that is a type of was until they actually saw there was |
|
| 48:20 | difference. Okay, so this all on looking at in particular DNA |
|
| 48:29 | Okay, so when you're doing comparisons organism. So you could sequence the |
|
| 48:39 | genome and compare that. But that's a practical standpoint. Not usually |
|
| 48:43 | Okay. But so they picked a segment, that courage for the 16 |
|
| 48:53 | . RNA. So all the S of genes is a measure of |
|
| 48:57 | I figured you have a big s , bigger molecules, smaller S number |
|
| 49:03 | dancers, Svedberg units. Okay. and so you know, a pro |
|
| 49:08 | rise, only UK act is made two sub units are large and |
|
| 49:12 | They just have different RNA is each . Okay, so the small subunit |
|
| 49:18 | S. Large five and 23. of course, just remember the so |
|
| 49:27 | you have uh by picking that molecule there picking a molecule and using it |
|
| 49:35 | compare across all living things initially in preparing groups. But it's a way |
|
| 49:42 | uh delves deeper back in history if will in terms of looking at similarities |
|
| 49:50 | between life. Okay, Because tribalism something once it evolved is not something |
|
| 49:57 | gonna handle a lot of mutation Right? Because that that is critical |
|
| 50:03 | life, Right? You can't make forget about it. Okay, so |
|
| 50:08 | not gonna sustain a lot of changes time for that reason. So that |
|
| 50:14 | that's a way to kind of look back in time between relationships between |
|
| 50:19 | they evolved in the date diverge. ? So so by picking this |
|
| 50:26 | So here you see an example of Drawing obviously bacterial 16 here. I |
|
| 50:34 | to see secondary structure, a secondary looking here. Um also the |
|
| 50:44 | those are basically the spots they look . Those are the spots that evolve |
|
| 50:49 | you'll see more changes occurring because changes the spots will not alternative function of |
|
| 50:57 | rise of itself. Right. So are areas that probably changed more |
|
| 51:02 | Uh and that's what they look at . Okay. Um and so they |
|
| 51:09 | appropriate to go, wow, there's two different types here. Right? |
|
| 51:14 | the bacteria and this group are calling ? There definitely make no mistake. |
|
| 51:20 | lack of movies. They have that feature. But then they said, |
|
| 51:25 | there's actually some similarities to eukaryotes that don't have. Okay, so it |
|
| 51:33 | anything in science when something is it doesn't mean like the next |
|
| 51:38 | Oh we adopted it. Let's Okay, so like I said mid |
|
| 51:44 | , early eighties when I was studying , it was still one era took |
|
| 51:47 | while for domain to become accepted. nonetheless it did. And so now |
|
| 51:52 | have uh so in terms of your with kingdom violent family, genus |
|
| 52:03 | you know that you've seen that So now there's one above that |
|
| 52:08 | Okay. Domain is the largest. so, okay, um so two |
|
| 52:19 | are preparing this in one group. um so here you see the three |
|
| 52:25 | , the uh we're in the area This is really just highlighting the mostly |
|
| 52:31 | microbes in these three groups but uh similarities difference. So are Kiev and |
|
| 52:40 | of bacteria. We mentioned these already we have the with defined those |
|
| 52:48 | Um Right. They have particularly in informational molecules like protein synthesis uh |
|
| 52:59 | Okay, there are similarities between archaea bacteria don't have write if you |
|
| 53:07 | you carry out genes are structured as front Exxon archaea have some of them |
|
| 53:12 | to the same extent but it's a that maybe the archaea um maybe evolved |
|
| 53:20 | bacteria were first and then you had split off of our. Okay so |
|
| 53:28 | anyway but but we also see that one of the things you find is |
|
| 53:34 | what plays a big role in in in evolution, particularly my my bacteria |
|
| 53:43 | is what we call horizontal gene We'll talk about that and needed |
|
| 53:54 | But bacteria divide by so a cell into two daughter cells. Right? |
|
| 54:00 | that genes are inherited in both daughter . Right. Apparently that's vertical transmission |
|
| 54:08 | , horizontal they can do in one . They can exchange genes with other |
|
| 54:15 | three or four different mechanisms. And so that that has caused some |
|
| 54:21 | functions to transfer between these two. , so uh particularly in terms of |
|
| 54:29 | files. So there's a kid that grow at high temp and some bacteria |
|
| 54:32 | do that because they required some of genes from our kids. So horizontal |
|
| 54:37 | transfer kind of overall is kind of things more complicated. But nonetheless um |
|
| 54:45 | have these three domains. Okay. any questions. So here I noticed |
|
| 54:55 | I kind of bumped up um because makes sense as we're talking about uh |
|
| 55:02 | groups and so forth carry outs have on earth since about 3.567 billion with |
|
| 55:11 | b billion years ago. Um Of they've been around longer than anything |
|
| 55:18 | Right? Um came about maybe 21 2 billion years ago. So of |
|
| 55:26 | prepares first. And then the question how do so um the endosymbiont theory |
|
| 55:33 | of explains this. Okay. Where would have been and we can see |
|
| 55:38 | in you know, the organelles of . Right. The mitochondria has its |
|
| 55:44 | genetic material. Um It has its arrival zones. And so naturally I |
|
| 55:50 | . Okay, well this must have a cell at one point before. |
|
| 55:52 | symbiotic similar with the chloroplast class has own zones. The future of the |
|
| 56:01 | . Right. And so and both mitochondria and chloroplasts can, in the |
|
| 56:06 | of mitosis mitosis divine. Right. they have you know it's natural to |
|
| 56:12 | that they must have been a So became part of a symbiotic |
|
| 56:16 | Okay. And so uh certainly the would have been from a a profit |
|
| 56:24 | spiraling bacterium that took up that was by a larger what they call pre |
|
| 56:31 | cell. And they co evolved together then this bacterial kind of lost its |
|
| 56:37 | illness but kept kind of the metabolism that becomes a mitochondria similarly a photosynthetic |
|
| 56:45 | and larger pre cells. And it of loses a lot of properties that |
|
| 56:51 | it has the ability to still photosynthesize become. Okay so we can see |
|
| 56:58 | in uh in modern day which of you can there are similarities to certain |
|
| 57:08 | . Okay um duplicate but don't take to mean that you can you can |
|
| 57:19 | a chloroplast of the plant cell and put it on a Petri dish and |
|
| 57:23 | to grow. That won't happen. only duplicates as part of the |
|
| 57:30 | You couldn't take it out of the and hope it's going to do |
|
| 57:33 | So. No. Um but but can't do that inside the cell. |
|
| 57:39 | so um so the cycle of revolution from uh santa bacteria. Microbial bacteria |
|
| 57:50 | a is a common type of responding and each becoming mitochondria chloroplast. And |
|
| 57:59 | this um pre eukaryotic cell. Okay a lot of pierre a lot of |
|
| 58:07 | folding eventually covering the D. A. Jack. Um now |
|
| 58:18 | Okay so microbial genomes um are of nowadays we can sequence things fairly |
|
| 58:28 | Okay and especially with bacterial genomes. genomes relatively small. Use fairly |
|
| 58:37 | Okay and so of course there's tons information on computer databases etcetera. And |
|
| 58:44 | we can again we'll talk about this Chapter nine but population there's always a |
|
| 58:55 | jeans, education the synthesis that all of that species will have and then |
|
| 59:04 | other genes that that not all members have. But some of those won't |
|
| 59:09 | all depends on kind of a little and where they live and they have |
|
| 59:14 | certain features that are able to Better. Think of Nicola right, |
|
| 59:20 | . As can be both very benign no problems whatsoever. And those are |
|
| 59:25 | . Right. So obviously there's there's core genes that defines both of |
|
| 59:30 | Then there's other genes that that the hands that the other one doesn't. |
|
| 59:35 | and that's uh and you find these out to this kind of analysis. |
|
| 59:40 | . But because there are so much so much information that that we can |
|
| 59:48 | use it as a way to identify that we might not be able to |
|
| 59:54 | through the standard process of isolation, and take an environmental sample isolating the |
|
| 60:02 | in a Petri dish and doing that of a process that's been in place |
|
| 60:08 | a lot of years because not everything grow up so uncultured bubble. |
|
| 60:13 | Not everything can grow that you can't everything on a Petri dish. Okay |
|
| 60:18 | a with a growth medium. this is where meta genomics. So |
|
| 60:26 | of this as identifying those microbes that cannot isolate the culture in the |
|
| 60:33 | So the tradition has always been. we develop microbiological techniques take a |
|
| 60:39 | right? Grow it the plate. let's visualize it. Isolate colonies, |
|
| 60:48 | D. N. A. Do tests whatever. So that process does |
|
| 60:53 | always work. In fact it probably less often than it does work because |
|
| 60:57 | don't know what are all the requirements all the things that are out there |
|
| 61:01 | what they need to grow. You say it don't live in pure |
|
| 61:07 | Then we have the products of one the or the source for another and |
|
| 61:12 | extreme materials and this and that. many different types of associations. You |
|
| 61:17 | possibly figure all those things out. we have to have another way to |
|
| 61:24 | what's out there if we can't isolate . Okay. And that's what meta |
|
| 61:28 | does for you. And really only on the techniques of of re competent |
|
| 61:34 | . N. A. Right? basically what you do is you take |
|
| 61:37 | environmental sample. Okay. And we're to basically just isolate the DNA. |
|
| 61:43 | everything in there. Okay then you're to so then what you can do |
|
| 61:50 | take those fragments and then cut them and then cut them into into vectors |
|
| 61:58 | classics. Okay so again the standard of recombination techniques with people. So |
|
| 62:05 | gonna put so all the fragments in environmental stamping will end up in a |
|
| 62:11 | plasmas, and then we'll stuff them the coal I spring that will hold |
|
| 62:16 | for us. And we're really coli they'll make more copies of those do |
|
| 62:23 | two different things. Right now, have what's called a library and a |
|
| 62:28 | library. So, it's a library all the DNA sequences that were in |
|
| 62:33 | environmental symptom, right? Which represents of different microbes. Right. |
|
| 62:39 | you can have two different things. can sequence the DNA. DNA and |
|
| 62:46 | see, okay, what is Is it something that we already |
|
| 62:49 | Something that's similar to what we already about. Something different. So, |
|
| 62:52 | can do that or you can look you can express the genes in those |
|
| 62:58 | those vectors. Okay. And see I finding some new novel compound? |
|
| 63:05 | . You set up the screen for certain enzyme activity, right? Maybe |
|
| 63:09 | the next, the next uh, next uh enzyme that will break down |
|
| 63:16 | off your teeth is um Right, , you scream for that, |
|
| 63:18 | Maybe there's something in there that will some whiz bang an enzyme that has |
|
| 63:24 | activity that's this is this is used looking for new antibiotics and all kinds |
|
| 63:31 | stuff? Okay, biotechnology, Okay. But it allows you to |
|
| 63:36 | this. What happening culturally organism, you very often cannot do. |
|
| 63:41 | um, any questions about that? really the, you know, especially |
|
| 63:48 | you're studying microbial ecology, right? want to see what's out there, |
|
| 63:53 | in the soil, What environment in of microbes? You definitely go to |
|
| 63:57 | because to try to culture everything you be able to do and the amount |
|
| 64:01 | work to isolate every single thing and going on almost impossible. But this |
|
| 64:06 | it very easy. They just rely the database information, seeing what's out |
|
| 64:12 | . And you get ideas maybe the dynamics of microbes out there. |
|
| 64:16 | so very powerful tool. And so so here. Alright, so this |
|
| 64:25 | kind of switching gears a little Right? Um So this slide is |
|
| 64:29 | you, Let's see. We got is barnacles turning into geese, |
|
| 64:33 | This is um these subject tree that like these. That's what barnacles or |
|
| 64:39 | are assigned to ship right there. kind of uh crustacean. But I |
|
| 64:44 | anyway, but they resemble these little things. Right? So apparently the |
|
| 64:48 | gives rise to the east. Money soil is rise to frogs. |
|
| 64:54 | ? That's true in Houston, You have one of our w drains |
|
| 64:58 | around the subdivision frogs. Right, rain plus dirt equals frogs. |
|
| 65:03 | Um mice. There's a recipe to mice, right? Place, sweaty |
|
| 65:08 | and husks of wheat in an open . Wait 21 days while sweat from |
|
| 65:13 | underwear penetrates the husks of wheat and everything mice actual recipe. So this |
|
| 65:19 | all insanity, Right? So these actual examples of what and it's not |
|
| 65:30 | the world naturally operates. It's not I hope not. Sorry, that |
|
| 66:02 | bad. Okay, read carefully. . Don't get tripped up. All |
|
| 66:28 | . Okay. These are examples of put B. Why is it |
|
| 66:39 | D. Who said D. As a dog? So, did |
|
| 66:45 | say D. Somebody said D. do you say D. Okay. |
|
| 66:54 | , spontaneous generation? Not spontaneous combustion generation. Right. So biogenesis is |
|
| 67:00 | opposite of spontaneous generation. So none the above. So, because the |
|
| 67:04 | is spontaneous generation. Okay, Life non life, right? You uh |
|
| 67:12 | mix water in and dirt and you frog, right? That's mixing. |
|
| 67:16 | making life from non life biogenesis is opposite of that. That is that's |
|
| 67:20 | biogenesis is how the world operates, ? That's how you reform through pre |
|
| 67:25 | life, previously life drives to new . Okay, so, you can |
|
| 67:32 | that um the spontaneous generation rounds the time. It took actually took a |
|
| 67:43 | time to overcome that thought. But have to realize when you're in the |
|
| 67:48 | , 14 hundreds, 15 hundreds, hundreds, there's all kinds of crazy |
|
| 67:53 | . Okay, uh particularly surrounding how works, right? And so, |
|
| 68:00 | you might know this issue, that's a male sperm and that was |
|
| 68:05 | Look, look at that. He thought, oh, I see |
|
| 68:09 | tiny human in the head of the brought about the whole uh this whole |
|
| 68:15 | of uh being a sperm ist. . Which sounds weird? But I |
|
| 68:20 | that uh, males are the ones give rise primarily life. Right? |
|
| 68:26 | women are just another. So because platform human is already in the male |
|
| 68:35 | . Right? So uh obviously insane , okay, maybe was edible before |
|
| 68:44 | looked in the microscope that day. don't know. But anyway, so |
|
| 68:47 | bible force. So that's one of things that people that believe in spontaneous |
|
| 68:51 | . Right? I thought that you to have air, right? That |
|
| 68:55 | of the forces air oxygen present, that were present, then theoretically anything |
|
| 69:01 | rise to life. Okay. And , um, and so this is |
|
| 69:07 | pasture comes in, right? Not yet because we have two different kinds |
|
| 69:12 | thought. So first is kind of yourself to a London in the 16 |
|
| 69:22 | . Okay. And you went to open air market, You see a |
|
| 69:26 | shop there, You see meat carcasses this net, especially if it was |
|
| 69:31 | , right? You can imagine to around flying around, right landing on |
|
| 69:35 | meat. And you might get the . Okay, well the meat is |
|
| 69:39 | , so you see maggots coming from meat eventually. Right, okay, |
|
| 69:43 | meet gives right to the maggots, ? We have air around and that's |
|
| 69:46 | that's what's allowing this non life of to get right into larger and larger |
|
| 69:51 | right, well now, so brady in and that was an easy one |
|
| 69:55 | refute, right? That you simply seal the seal the container, |
|
| 70:01 | Don't allow flies in and you never any. Right? So this kind |
|
| 70:07 | screwed spontaneous generation for for for macros Gordon's right now, in the same |
|
| 70:17 | , 16 hundreds when comes in. now you have this whole other world |
|
| 70:21 | was just discovered physical world, and it's fully micro if you can imagine |
|
| 70:27 | they saw where these things came Right? So this is where one |
|
| 70:33 | is, let me take that And this is and the setup here |
|
| 70:40 | a common common one because it kind does the same thing, but in |
|
| 70:44 | different way, but a step a let's take the broth and literally it's |
|
| 70:51 | it's just the kind of soup, ? And that's kind of what are |
|
| 70:55 | used by the nutrient broth is kind basically a beef bullion cube in a |
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| 71:00 | . Okay, But it has lots rich nutrients that microbes can grow |
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| 71:04 | Right? So but so once you the broth you have to heat it |
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| 71:07 | boiling to kill anything that's in Okay, So then you're starting with |
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| 71:13 | sterile broth, right? In both , okay, here and here, |
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| 71:21 | , and then let it cool, , don't get cool, and |
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| 71:28 | right, so fast open, uh course growth, okay? And he |
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| 71:35 | , okay, well let me let seal the flask, right? And |
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| 71:39 | don't see any growth, Right? again he's saying, well, life |
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| 71:44 | come from my life, okay, fell into it and it began to |
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| 71:51 | , okay? And with the sealed , you never saw that happen, |
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| 71:56 | ? But then the spontaneous generation, said, hey, no good allowing |
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| 72:05 | two can't get in there. So not fulfilling your criteria that you have |
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| 72:12 | have continuous operation, so you can't your experiment. You're wrong, spontaneous |
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| 72:20 | . And so um so this is of when when Petra. Okay. |
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| 72:28 | just a chemist, uh microbiologists, , lots of different hats and really |
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| 72:38 | really revolutionizes the field. Okay, are there any questions? Okay. |
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| 72:47 | , so we're gonna this is a place to stop so we'll pick it |
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| 72:50 | here, get into ecology and wrap Chapter one. Yes Thanks. Have |
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| 72:58 | good |
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