VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture19_1101
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:10 So here we are in november, doesn't excite any of you. It
00:16 okay, I mean we have like weeks of school left then I might
00:23 some of you make some of you . Yeah, finally we're done and
00:29 have a test on thursday, I that it is what it is today
00:37 gonna do is we're gonna run through rest of the central nervous system and
00:41 our parts, learn our anatomy, gonna start with the cranial nerves.
00:44 lot of people freak out when they cranial nerves because they have big names
00:48 they seem kind of spooky but it's that hard. I know I say
00:53 and that's not to make you feel if you're like oh I struggle with
00:56 . No it's it's realizing again that name things for what they do for
01:02 they look like, you know in case it's going to be what they
01:06 . All of them are named based their functionality. With the exception of
01:11 and that's the one that's probably you're see it over and over again.
01:15 it's just one you just kind of to memory. So we're gonna start
01:18 cranial nerves and then we're gonna jump into the central nervous system and there
01:21 nerves located always always always peripheral nervous , right? So even the cranial
01:29 , you see cranial, that doesn't they're in the central nervous system,
01:33 just means they're going to be dealing structures that are above the neck.
01:38 neck and above all right spinal nerves down below. Um And there's some
01:43 to the rule but that's kind of general way to look at this.
01:46 . We're gonna do cranial nerves and we're gonna hop back into the central
01:48 system. We'll deal with the we'll deal with the diane cephalon.
01:53 gonna look at the cerebrum, we're pull some parts out of the cerebrum
01:58 we're gonna look at. Focus a bit deeper. That includes the basal
02:03 as well as the limbic system. we're just kind of running through these
02:08 systems and then we're gonna use our in the next unit to help us
02:11 how all this stuff comes together. . So usually this is what you'll
02:16 when you see the cranial nerves will you probably an inferior view of the
02:20 . So it's like oh look here go. And all these are the
02:23 nerves and they're named based on their . So you can see it will
02:27 like Number one down the cranial nerve 12 and there's only 12 of
02:30 So that makes it really simple 12 one for each side. Alright.
02:35 on the exam, what I will . This is not true for every
02:38 . So just know in the future may end up with some jerk who's
02:41 just make you memorize everything but usually I'll do is I'll do cranial nerve
02:45 their number and their name. All because I'm interested in function. All
02:50 but not everyone does that. Alright they're gonna be numbered from the interior
02:58 to the posterior one through 12. then they're also named based on what
03:02 do as I mentioned already. They primarily with head, neck. They're
03:07 motor in nature as well as sensory nature. Sometimes there'll be one,
03:12 they'll be both. But they're carrying both in and out. Usually you'll
03:18 see very often that some of them autonomic. Remember what does autonomic.
03:22 we haven't really learned. It means part of the autonomic nervous system means
03:25 don't have voluntary control over them. involuntary controls at the level of the
03:31 that's regulating the activity of whatever it's . So you can see kind of
03:35 these are different things that we'll be at. Um sight, hearing,
03:41 and smell. Those all are responsive part of what I call the special
03:48 . So we're gonna be innovated These are the things that you feel
03:52 your face. That should make The way your eyes move. That's
03:57 chewing swallowing. Motor facial expressions. um salivation that would be autonomic but
04:04 can see what are all the things dealing with their everything from here on
04:08 . Alright. The weird one and just pointed out now is Vegas the
04:15 nerve its cranial nerve number 10. the weird one. And what it
04:19 is it actually innovates down in the and abdominal regions. And so it's
04:24 one that stands out is like, . It doesn't do what all the
04:27 do you guys grew up watching Sesame . One of these things is not
04:31 the others. This is the one not like the others. All
04:35 But we'll go into more detail about one when we uh well, when
04:40 look at it, but also when deal with the autonomic nervous system because
04:43 an important one in the autonomic. , each of these slides, there's
04:49 through 45 through 89 through 12. just gonna just keep it simple like
04:53 . So you can go through. right, First one fairly simple Olfactory
04:57 . Now, I'm gonna show you actually might even be better to come
05:01 . So, when you look at this angle, you'll see that it
05:03 to this and like saying, look there at the end, that's all
05:06 one. That's actually the olfactory Alright, The cranial nerves notice I
05:13 plural, their cranial nerve number one really cranial nerves, number one.
05:18 it's a series of nerves that are through the crib a form plate.
05:23 it goes through bone and those are nerves that innovate the nasal cavity.
05:28 if you can imagine this being a , See it looks kind of like
05:31 toothbrush. It has a whole bunch bristles pointing out at you, and
05:36 you can kind of see the bristles is not very clear and if you
05:39 back, if you look carefully you see the bristles pointing out at
05:43 So that those that's creative. Olfactory . All right, not the
05:49 The bulb is a different structure. the little tiny things. Number two
05:54 nerve. That's an easy one that a role in vision. Alright,
05:58 right out of the eyes. They each other at the optical asthma.
06:02 not going to go into the rest that. Alright, optic nerves creating
06:05 two. Number three ocular motor creating three. Ocular motor tells you in
06:11 name, What does it do? ? Oh, I motor motor
06:16 Movement. So it's the eye Now, here, what we're doing
06:20 we have a whole bunch of extrinsic muscles. When you see the word
06:23 means on the outside intrinsic means internal part of the extrinsic eye muscles are
06:29 that are attached to the outside of eye and allows you to move your
06:32 in all sorts of different ways. ? When you go up down
06:35 right, that sort of stuff that be eye movement. Now, it
06:39 innovates in the autonomic and here, we're doing is we're dealing with the
06:44 part of the eye and we're gonna about the eye and unit in the
06:47 unit. Alright. Its distinctive there's two muscles in the eye that
06:52 responsible for regulating the amount of light in and out of the eye?
06:56 sphincter is one that contracts the the so the people gets really tiny and
07:01 people represents the amount of space between muscle that the light enters in.
07:07 . So you can, the easy to do here is just I mover
07:12 eye muscles and then if you need put that little side note there.
07:15 yeah. And also there's this weird . I don't know how to express
07:20 trow clear. I've looked it It doesn't match what I think would
07:23 . But there is also an eye . It specifically innovates one muscle.
07:29 right. This is the superior oblique and what it does, it allows
07:34 to look down and lateral. So which way is down? Which
07:39 is lateral? I can't do it eyes at the same time. Maybe
07:45 of you can I can't do It would be like if I'm looking
07:48 here. You know if I see that down there you don't want to
07:51 . That's the true clear nerve. the first four so far so
07:57 Not too terribly hard. All Look at the next nerves here,
08:02 . Alright. Who here was born gemini. Alright. What does jim
08:07 I mean you don't know what do mean to? Two twin? It's
08:13 to the to the set of stars look like two twins. So what
08:16 you think of trigeminal or try gemini three? It's triplets. All
08:24 Now, if you take a look this big old nerve you can see
08:26 right up here. There's a big nerve sitting right here. And what
08:30 does is it splits into three major , hence the name trigeminal. Three
08:37 inches. All right now, what doing is primarily deals with sensory uh
08:42 from the face. So when someone's your face that signal is coming through
08:48 trigeminal also muscles for chewing. So has a motor component as well.
08:55 big old nerve, sensory face chewing since what's abduction lifting up. What
09:06 you think the abductions does? You peek? It's right up there,
09:11 me to look up. Alright, it's it's again it innovates a specific
09:18 eye muscle and allows your eye to moved upward. My daughter was actually
09:23 without this nerve in one eye. when she looks this way both eyes
09:29 and when she looks this way one stops and the other one keeps
09:35 It's weird. Yeah, she's not know cross side but it's in that
09:41 place where it's like So. Alright as out lateral. That's the abducting
09:48 the eye facial nerve innovates the Thank you. All right here we're
09:54 be doing a couple of different So anterior to the anterior two thirds
09:59 the tongue anterior the front or the front. You can't remember that when
10:04 got your where you get your posterior ? I'm going to help our your
10:10 mom didn't call those people. Yeah, we just got whippings.
10:17 we have friends who have you want know mama? Okay. All
10:23 Yeah. So first it deals with special the anterior that's gonna be the
10:29 of taste. Second thing muscles of expression. So every time you look
10:34 at me and give me that look one right there. The that's facial
10:39 . All right. And then also with autonomic salivary glands and lack of
10:45 , salivary glands are responsible for spit and then lack Rimal tears.
10:54 . So can you control your Can you make yourself cry on
10:59 I mean you know you can try usually after anyone who's been enacting whether
11:04 think of something sad, you And then it's actually an autonomic
11:09 You can't make those ducks produce more like this. The stimulus cochlear and
11:17 kind of take that step back. , I don't know about this
11:20 Alright. It's actually has to do everything in the year and in the
11:25 unit we're gonna learn all about the and there's two parts to the
11:28 Part of the ear is responsible for equilibrium? Part of your ear is
11:32 for hearing the part that's responsible for or balance is the vestibular apparatus.
11:40 part that's responsible for hearing is called what do you think? Cochlear cochlear
11:48 . Cochlear Alright. So the nerve named on the two parts the
11:53 Cochlear nerve. Alright. So you see here here's the innovation of the
11:59 region. This is innovation of the region and actually when it gets to
12:06 then you get the vestibular branch of cochlear branch but we're just interested in
12:10 name and the overall function. Uh yeah, so if you get a
12:17 nerve implant it's going to be on cochlear branch? On the vestibular
12:23 Alright. Finally. The last four nerve number nine is the glass?
12:32 friend google glass A Is your pharynx? Is your throat? All
12:37 , so you can already see what this, what is this innovating based
12:42 the name? Tongue and throat. , so it's gonna be the post
12:47 portion of the tongue? It's gonna the salivary glands and it's gonna be
12:52 fringe your muscles. So what do what does your throat do? Does
12:57 just hold your neck up I mean it just part of your neck?
13:00 your head up. Now. What it do swallow think of that?
13:08 old cheeseburger. Did you guys go and have fun last night. You
13:16 ? One person? All right, life isn't all just studying. Got
13:22 get out and have some fun go with friends, grab a cheeseburger or
13:28 six. You're young still you can it 55. That's your limit
13:36 Okay. Alright, so salivary glands swallowing friends your muscles vagus nerve.
13:46 is the one that sits over here what is basically doing innovates everything in
13:49 thoracic region. And abdominal region plays important role in the autonomic nervous
13:55 It regulates all sorts of fun So smooth muscle, cardiac muscle glands
14:00 the gut, thorax, pharynx and . Again, pharynx would be swallowing
14:05 would be to help determine when you and close so that when you breathe
14:09 and out your opening to allow air the lungs rather than down into the
14:14 and vice versa. Food to the . Down the lungs, not in
14:18 lungs. All right. Cranial nerve 11. So cranial nerve 10 vagus
14:24 nerve number 11 is the accessory Alright, guys may not get this
14:30 , ladies. This one will be . What's that around your neck.
14:34 , when you go and buy a , where what section of the store
14:37 going to jewelry, but what do call jewelry, accessories. That's how
14:45 remember it. All right guys are , I don't know what an accessory
14:48 because we don't buy accessories. so an accessory gonna be right around
14:54 neck. All right. So what doing muscles the next specifically to muscle
14:58 the trapezius. And external Clyde. Asteroid sternal colloidal master helps you
15:02 I don't know. So it helps lift this up. So that would
15:08 that nerve. And finally Hipaa glass hippo below glossy. Remember his
15:14 So it's below the tongue again. tongue muscles. Extrinsic tongue muscles.
15:19 these are muscles that are attached to outside and muscles that are on the
15:23 . You know your tongue is a giant muscle. So that's what it's
15:27 to. This is the this is nerve that allows you to do things
15:31 right? So so you're 12 So in terms of their conceptually they're
15:40 particularly difficult in terms of what they . I mean eventually if you dive
15:44 deeper and deeper there's more and more to it. But in a very
15:48 sense it's not particularly complex. Hipaa Glassell makes sense. It's below
15:54 tone. So I'm innovating the tone ? So the hard part is just
15:59 sure that you understand what the name right and what its affiliated with.
16:05 when you see the name it should you right off the top. The
16:09 one that makes no sense to Well two of them Vegas and trow
16:13 Vegas doesn't tell you what it does it's the weird one. I've already
16:17 you that. So you're gonna Oh yeah this is the weird
16:19 It's the abdomen and thorax and trow . I told you. It doesn't
16:24 sense. And you know our brain of pokes or grabs onto that kind
16:28 information. So what does Trow clear helps your eyes move? It's not
16:33 ocular motor. It innovates one So yeah. Yeah. 10.
16:40 the vagus nerve. What happens in ? I don't know. It's the
16:45 one because what it's not doing is doesn't do primarily head, neck.
16:49 we go. I guess I was the wrong way. It doesn't do
16:52 and neck instead it does admin and . So it's a specific type of
16:58 nerve that is not doing what we to do right where all the other
17:03 nerves innovate. Right? So this all down below. All right now
17:10 we're gonna learn in the next unit the end of the next unit?
17:14 your second last lecture might be the might be the last lecture is that
17:19 plays an important role in parasympathetic innovation the structures of the abdomen and
17:25 So when we're dealing with parasympathetic we're down for example the heart and then
17:30 have a sympathetic fiber that speeds up heart. And it's not gonna be
17:34 Vegas is gonna be a different Yeah. So the diaphragm is innovated
17:46 the frantic nerve. So it may a have a role in that.
17:51 remember when we talked about breathing it's be frantic. So I don't know
17:55 answer to that. You know Vegas just keep it simple abdomen,
18:02 autonomic. I don't know. All . So let's leave that behind.
18:11 done with the peripheral nervous system for unit. Yeah. Uh You may
18:20 , Yeah, you might see But remember what you'll do if I
18:23 you one, I'm not going to you like a part of the
18:25 I'll give you the whole brain. hard is it to identify?
18:28 Go to the first one. What's first one? You can cheat?
18:32 The 1st 1? Right? So you identify olfactory in that in that
18:37 ? In that very first picture go more back. I can see your
18:41 from here. Can you see the Now? Can you count from that
18:44 ? If that's number one. Can figure out counting downward word number six
18:49 Yeah, it's it really is that now, the harder part. And
18:52 I said there are faculty, he'll this and they'll say identify the hipaa
18:58 with that picture. Yeah. I'm give you both. Oh no,
19:04 that's just your future. I don't if it's necessarily your future but it's
19:10 future? Yeah. For this class level. What am I gonna
19:16 I want you to start combining the at some point. Because remember there's
19:21 be people who are older than You know that like they were around
19:24 these nerves were discovered like 400 years and they'll basically say I was there
19:29 they discovered the, the cochlear And then that's when it's like,
19:33 got to be able to identify. looks like I had to identify
19:36 And I feel bad for you. went through those steps to, I
19:42 never thought that was fair. If given it two names, you should
19:45 given two names on the exam. that's my plan. All right.
19:50 that helpful? See, I'm not . I know you guys are.
19:54 mean because his heart tests. I know. All right. What
20:00 gonna do is we're gonna look at cerebellum, Remember what the cerebellum was
20:03 ? What we said. We refer it as its serene Brahms Little
20:08 It's the little brain. It's mini . Yeah. So About 11% of
20:16 total brain mass. So it shows relatively speaking, it's kind of
20:20 Um, second largest structure stands Um It connects to the brain.
20:26 saw this, we look when we're at the ponds were like,
20:29 look, we have these uh bad . We had superior inferior and
20:34 The middle is primarily for the While you'll see part of the inferior
20:38 the ponds, It also goes down medulla while you see some of the
20:41 going to put the ponds, It up to the midbrain as well.
20:46 so that's kind of what they're So really what we're doing is we're
20:49 information back and forth between the cerebellum these other parts of the brain.
20:55 right. Now the color coded this that you can kind of see where
21:00 things are. Alright, what you . This is what it would normally
21:03 like. This is what would happen you stretched out and flattened it.
21:06 right, so you can see where different lobes are. So we have
21:09 special terminology for it. Um When looking at the gray matter,
21:15 we refer to the gray matter being on the outside, but there's gonna
21:18 some internal ones as well. All , we're gonna see these bumps and
21:23 like we saw in the cerebellum or , in the cerebrum, these are
21:27 much much smaller. So they give a special name. The folds themselves
21:31 called folio. Alright, when you the word folio, do you know
21:34 folio means? Think of? It's time, It's leaves. That's
21:39 foliage refers to leaves, right? so foley A is the singular form
21:46 . All right now, it's really of hard to see in this because
21:49 color coded. But you can see is the white matter that a little
21:52 matter in there and then the white just continues on like that and creates
21:55 branches into each of the individual All right. We call that white
22:02 . The arborvitae. Alright, what's tree? VT life? The tree
22:10 life. Alright. Again. Somebody clever. Oh, it's the tree
22:16 life. It is not the tree life. All right. There are
22:20 basic sections. You can see we this larger region, we have a
22:23 itsy bitsy tiny region and then we this region here. Alright, what
22:27 gonna try to point out here is we'll go down here to the
22:30 modular note lobe, that is least portion. It plays the role of
22:35 and eye movement. All right, can you guys do this? Was
22:44 graceful? Did you see how I'm able to do that because I
22:53 balance equilibrium. Right? I can how off center I am and I
22:58 move my body and shift muscles in a way to hold me in that
23:02 . That would be what the flux is for is for planning that kind
23:07 movement. Making adjustments on the fly ensure that I don't kill over one
23:11 or the other. The guy I out with right now, he's really
23:14 on doing box jumps. Box jumps . All right, so we're gonna
23:20 box jumps. Okay? Box jumps when you jump up onto a box
23:24 jump back off. That's why they're box jumps. Alright. You know
23:29 many times was fell on my Yeah, just picture right now,
23:33 ahead. Just imagine me face first That's what it's like. I never
23:39 , but got really close. All . The central verma's helps in that
23:44 . Right? So one of the you're gonna see a lot is there's
23:48 . So this doesn't actually go directly the muscles, what it's doing.
23:51 receiving information and sending it off to areas and so what we're doing is
23:55 the central verma's this central portion. you're looking at from the post area
24:00 , foster locomotion, fine motor And what we're doing is we're producing
24:05 fine movement that we just take for take granted of being fine movement or
24:11 movement. Right? When I take step, remember we've described this when
24:15 walk, What is walking I I use terms you remember it's not
24:23 , right? Because what am I ? I'm lifting my foot up.
24:26 putting myself out of balance and I'm myself forward and catching myself. It's
24:32 falling. And so that is a coordinated movement. That really is us
24:38 to catch ourselves before we fall face on our, you know, into
24:42 dirt and we do this repeatedly over over every time we take a
24:46 All right. So that's what the verma's is responsible for is planning that
24:50 of movement. All right. Um other thing that it does is that
24:57 helps you make modifications and adjustments when plan isn't going correctly. And we'll
25:02 with that when we talk about movement a whole. The lateral hemispheres.
25:09 are responsible for communicating with the globe helping with the actual planning, practicing
25:15 learning complex movements. Can you guys me an example of complex movement?
25:21 is not complex, it's literally falling not writing would be a complex
25:29 Sure. How about dancing? Do think dancing is kind of complex?
25:34 you dance? Well the first time try it? No. Okay you
25:39 to learn that movement. Any sort activity that requires practice and learning is
25:45 you're talking about out here. so you plan it, practice it
25:49 then do it and you repeat this and over again. And what it
25:52 is it creates a program and says is the things that you need to
25:56 A B C. D E. . And however many steps there are
25:59 it. Now go and do now what we're talking about here is that
26:04 cerebellum plays an important role in instructing brain how to do stuff,
26:12 So it's not actually doing it itself ? It doesn't talk to the
26:17 It talks to the cerebrum and says is the plan. Go execute
26:22 So it's doing all the computation in time as you're moving stuff or as
26:28 moving. Now I want to put pants down for a second. Do
26:32 write this down. Okay. I this because we're learning more and more
26:38 how our bodies work. You the world of anatomy is not
26:42 We we know about this much of . Okay there's a group in Arkansas
26:50 who they call themselves the the R. I. Club or something
26:54 that. And what they do is bunch of scientists and after the hospital
26:58 for the night no one's doing they go down to the M.
27:01 . I. Machines and do stupid . Alright. That's they don't really
27:04 that. They actually have plans. one of the areas that they wanted
27:07 figure out was the cerebellum, what's doing? So they put each other
27:10 the in the M. R. . And then perform tasks in the
27:13 . R. I. Machines like the piano, you know doing stuff
27:16 that. And what's interesting. So those things I said is true.
27:19 deals primarily with planning movement but what also discovered and this is why I
27:24 want you to write this down because textbook has it in the textbooks
27:28 Alright. Is it also plays an role in planning memory and planning stuff
27:34 those lines. So it has a thinking portion to it that we never
27:39 to the cerebellum and it was kind a huge deal because there was like
27:43 it can't possibly be true but their really do show that it has a
27:49 beyond just motor skills which is kind cool. Okay. And by the
27:57 , you know, 10 years from it'll be part of the text
27:59 All right, so cerebellum plays a in planning movement. That's how that's
28:07 what we're going with today. okay. Diane cephalon. So remember
28:14 had our brain stem right above the stem. That's where the diane cephalon
28:20 . Cerebrum sits on top of the cephalon. Therefore paired structures here.
28:26 we usually refer to them in the form. But remember that's one on
28:29 side along the midline. Um They a role in sending information to specific
28:37 . Alright. So they're kind of center point a pivot point for information
28:41 traveled and their primary job is to your visceral activities. Alright. So
28:46 that are going inside, we're gonna kind of walk through them. So
28:51 are you can see here, we with the thalamus and everything is named
28:54 to this structure. That's the That's the paired structures. So you
28:58 a sub a hype on an So sub means right below hipaa means
29:02 below means off to I mean technically above but it's really not. It's
29:07 way over there. Alright. So , what does it do? All
29:12 , This is one of those weird and that receives all sorts of sensory
29:18 and the way that I like to about this is that the thalamus acts
29:22 of like the post office, It information and sorts it and sends it
29:27 it needs to go. Now, that image there. Presumes that the
29:32 input needs to be sorted and it doesn't. I mean I information isn't
29:38 like going somewhere. I wonder where goes right, That information is going
29:45 the visual cortex, it's not going the sensory cortex. It never go
29:49 else other than the visual cortex. what it says is that the crossroads
29:54 all the sensory input goes to the ? Alright, so when we say
29:59 a sorting center, think of it like okay, information goes there before
30:03 goes someplace else. All right. The other thing I'd point out is
30:10 well, it serves that information What it's basically doing is saying what
30:14 does go forward. Alright, So any given moment you're receiving thousands and
30:20 of bits of stimuli and so part the job of the thalamus is determining
30:25 a significant significant enough of a signal send forward for further processing. The
30:30 thing I would say is that it crude awareness. Anyone here taking philosophy
30:35 ? Renee dechert. What did he ? He's like crap. I don't
30:40 . Alright, if you watch monty , you know renada cart was a
30:45 something. It rhymed, I Therefore I am Renada cart actually
30:52 I think therefore I am now when think the part of the brain that's
30:59 for thinking here's the frontal lobe, get to that in a second.
31:04 , the thalamus has awareness. It . I am but it doesn't have
31:12 beyond the I am okay. So you're being touched the thalamus is aware
31:18 being touched when you're being touched by I don't know I don't know something
31:28 . I mean it could be anything ? I mean but it's not aware
31:32 oh I'm being touched by something hot just I'm being touched. So the
31:36 there is like awareness of something happening not knowing what it is and the
31:43 of what it is, happens at level of the cerebrum that kind of
31:47 sense. Yeah. No you just don't doesn't make sense. She's
31:58 Oh it's a perfect time of year this example when your kids did you
32:03 to Halloween parties? I mean you you went out did you go to
32:06 party last night? No. Yeah went to an Astros watch party.
32:13 that that Yeah thank you. That worked out real well for all of
32:16 . Yeah actually was just someone's yard we're passing out candy but had the
32:20 out chilly everyone's in their astro gear we're all just grumbling. It was
32:26 stupidest thing ever. Can't play in rain please, they just knew we
32:31 gonna win. Um Anyway when you're kid, they had Halloween when I
32:37 a kid they had Halloween parties and you go to somebody's house, they
32:40 off the lights, the parents would off the lights and then they pass
32:43 bowls of stuff right? And you your hands in it right? And
32:47 say you feel like something that was and then they would power suggestion,
32:52 touching eyeballs and all the kids would you eyeballs right now. Why did
32:58 think it was eyeballs because they felt but they didn't know what it
33:04 The awareness was. Oh it's it's cold, it's this that's your
33:10 portions of your brain, your sri is aware of all those different
33:15 All right. But the fact that touching it and you feel something
33:19 that would be crude awareness. That sense. Okay. They also have
33:25 bowl of spaghetti touching brains, Yeah. Alright, so crude awareness
33:37 you a sense of something happening. dimensions to that is going to be
33:44 order. Now, one of the I want to point out there are
33:48 of gray matter in these structures and usually labeled their name. And so
33:53 are three of them. You can that they have very similar names.
33:56 have joe Nicollet nuclei, so it's there, one is medial, one
34:01 lateral, one is ventral, so positional. Alright, each of these
34:06 responsible for a specific type of sensory . So medial deals with information coming
34:11 the ears and sends it off to auditory cortex. So medial ear lateral
34:18 with information coming from the eye. process pre processes information boards before it
34:23 it off to the visual cortex. lateral I. So those two are
34:28 big ones, here's the other other types of sensory input goes to
34:32 ventral region. So the ventral genic nuclei is responsible. Oh this is
34:38 . Oh this is smell, so so forth. There are other nuclei
34:43 are located within it. I'm just you know, we have the ventral
34:46 and ventral lateral nuclei. Um It a role with motor function. When
34:52 get to motor, you're gonna see we don't spend a lot of time
34:55 about it. Because when we point a region that says this is a
35:00 region, it's not working by All right. What we're gonna
35:04 we're gonna do here is motor How is it regulated? And we're
35:08 bring all these structures back in on of it to see how they all
35:12 to each other. All right. the thalamus plays a role in regulating
35:17 movement. All right. Lastly it's connected to the limbic system and the
35:24 cortex. It plays a role in your emotions. Alright. In particular
35:30 and rage. So, you kind of how you feel during an
35:35 and before an exam. That was joke. Fear before the exam.
35:41 during the exam based on the emails get. Yeah. All right underneath
35:56 sub thalamus. So we have the sorts sensory input underneath sub thalamus.
36:05 . It actually has regions that are with the substantia nigra and the red
36:10 that we talked about previously. And what it does is it plays a
36:15 in motor that plays a role in information to the basal nuclei, basil
36:21 . We'll see as part of the room plays a role in motor
36:24 Is one of the last slide we'll at today. So motor epi
36:32 Alright. Having, you know, and the pineal gland. So this
36:36 epic, right? There would be thalamus or these big giant lumps that
36:39 well represented there. So when we're with the epithelium is having having nuclear
36:45 Peniel glands, uh what we're gonna with both of these things is they
36:50 a role in regulating your internal clock to have a nuclear nuclei also plays
36:54 role in visceral and emotional responses to . Okay. What's a visceral
37:02 Have you ever smelled a really stinky ? Yeah. You gag. What
37:07 you or? Alright, you can the picture here. High school.
37:11 played high school football, you can by my excellent physique, right?
37:17 . There was a guy there who his lucky uh undershirt. Right?
37:22 you wear you already know where the going, Right? So the undershirt
37:27 a shirt you wearing any pads? you don't get scarred up and
37:30 Right? And so he he was sweater, not like the furry
37:36 He was a person who literally squirted from his body. And after each
37:42 he would literally wring out the water of this shirt and then he had
37:46 in his locker and then the next he would pull it out and it
37:49 be hard and stiff and he'd bang out on the chair. Ladies.
37:54 want to understand. Alright. And he would, you know, and
38:00 he put it on and then he sweat, it would fit just
38:04 And he did this all season Imagine what that thing smelled like?
38:11 putting it up, someone putting it to your face. What would your
38:14 be? Would you do this? , jerk away. And I saw
38:21 already. You're disgusting. Like that's emotional response. And so there you
38:28 . That would be the happened nuclear . Alright. Peniel gland. Peniel
38:33 plays an important role in all sorts clock activity of your body. I
38:38 like significant. So you can see plays a role in timing things.
38:42 for example, sexual maturity. Your rhythms. Alright. Uh this is
38:48 sleep wake cycle. Do you guys with being tired all the time?
38:52 . How many of you who just yes, Wake up and go to
38:55 at different times every day, Because your body doesn't know what it's
39:01 , right? Set your circadian rhythms wake up at the same day,
39:06 time, at the same time every , go to bed at the same
39:08 every day. I know that sounds weird, but if you adjust your
39:13 , you know, I'm not telling to go to bed and have eight
39:16 of sleep, you're, you're You can survive on six and four
39:20 extended periods of time. I'm not you do that for a real extended
39:24 of time. I'm like a You can do that right after a
39:28 . It's gonna suck. All But the idea is is that your
39:32 has a natural rhythm to it and you interfere with that rhythm, your
39:37 doesn't know what to do. it's constantly in a state of,
39:39 don't know, and then it gets and that's why you're tired all the
39:43 . So make adjustments. Your biological . All right. What does that
39:49 ? Timing for the different events in life? Usually think biological clock of
39:55 I need to have kids, That's usually a very common. My
40:00 clock is ticking. I'm trying to my cousin Vinny and I can't do
40:05 . Well, alright, anyway, biological clock doesn't just refer to
40:10 It refers to other timing and other that occur over the course of the
40:16 , over the course of the etcetera etcetera etcetera. So the pineal
40:20 . And if you are one of people that likes to chew melatonin
40:24 well, this is what you're Alright, melatonin is what is secreted
40:31 the pineal gland. It's what's responsible regulating all that stuff. And it's
40:36 you're screwing with when you take the or the pills or stay up
40:42 wake up late and change your schedule to day to day. Your body
40:47 know when and where to secrete the . Right? So that's the hormone
40:52 regulates your clock comes from the pineal hypothalamus. This is a very,
41:02 important endocrine tissue. We usually refer it as the master gland of the
41:08 . Um It has all sorts of nuclear, I think. I have
41:11 picture here here, all the little bears or jelly beans. They're just
41:16 showing you the presence of world of nuclei. Please do not memorize those
41:20 nuclei. Um Its job is what most interested in. It maintains overall
41:27 and it is responsible for several visceral items in your body. So,
41:34 visceral activity uh to structures of particular are the mammal everybody's and you can
41:41 them right there. 12, basically play a role in olfactory reflexes and
41:47 responses to odors. So notice it's necessarily just kind of that head back
41:52 you smell something nice, what does make you feel like happy.
41:56 Right. So that would be an , um what we're talking about
41:59 so that's where some of those reflexes from. And then we have this
42:04 right here that kind of hangs That is the incan dibble um of
42:07 pituitary gland. It's part of the . It's an extension of the hypothalamus
42:12 kind of stretched. And then you this little stucker in uh thing stuck
42:16 the end that right there is the gland. So the little thing that's
42:21 down is the infant nebula and nebula stock. And if you turned everything
42:25 down you'd have a stock and something looked kind of like a mushroom head
42:29 the pituitary gland. All right. so it's how the hip hypothalamus communicates
42:34 the pituitary so that the pituitary can the hormones it does. So the
42:39 regulates the pituitary. So what are the different things it does? This
42:44 kind of a truncated list. And see that there's a lot of overlap
42:48 some of the things we've talked So plays a part of your emotional
42:53 to stuff. It regulates your body regulates when you're hungry, regulates when
42:57 thirsty regulates your sleep wake cycle and controls most of the hormones in the
43:01 one way or the other, it when you're going into puberty.
43:10 First thing that gets excited are the in here and start releasing gonna trow
43:16 those gonadotropin beginning acting on your adrenal , the adrenal glands and act on
43:19 gonads. All starts right here and the end of your life when you
43:25 through either andropause males or menopause that's the structure that says Yeah,
43:32 give up. We're done. So Cephalon four different parts. Alright,
43:43 with the Thalamus and you can work way around it. It takes us
43:49 the cerebral any questions about the stuff just looked at structurally. Yeah.
43:57 , I'm looking at you. That's a good question. Alright.
44:14 not gonna go into the endocrinology so don't have to know this, but
44:17 to answer your question. Right? right. So, you can think
44:20 . So, the field of endocrinology the study of the hormones.
44:23 so you have the hypothalamus and the glands and you have your target
44:27 So, just make it real simple you guys think of your testes,
44:31 think of your ovaries. Alright, , that would be a target
44:35 You have a hormone that's released from hypothalamus that acts on the pituitary gland
44:39 gland acts releases hormone acts on that that you have and then that tissue
44:45 responds. Okay, so that would kind of the order of regulation the
44:50 from the hypothalamus that are responsible for the pituitary are typically typically referred to
44:56 um releasing. No, the the we refer to them as I try
45:04 do this because you're catching me off . Um No that's all right.
45:09 we have the releasing hormones from the and we have the tropic hormones from
45:15 pituitary. And I use those names they're both tropic. Alright. The
45:18 tropic spelled like tropic, like like drink or the islands uh pronounced tropic
45:25 is a hormone that regulates another But if you use that term then
45:30 kind of get confused where everything is from. So I like to just
45:33 we have releasing hormones that are found the hypothalamus because they're named with releasing
45:37 them or inhibiting in them. And the tropic hormones actually have trope in
45:43 them and they're typically in the So hypothalamus releasing hormones that act on
45:49 pituitary, pituitary releases tropic hormones that on the target issue. Got
45:54 Okay I'm not gonna go any You just stop and get real excited
46:03 amped to just just wait a lot fun there. Alright so now we're
46:10 to the screen room. We've talked structurally what the different parts are already
46:15 was on thursday last week. Now just gonna kind of go through and
46:19 gonna break it down a little bit . So this is the part of
46:23 brain that deals with the conscious This is one where I talk about
46:25 you think about your brain, you're about itself, right? The brain
46:29 is contemplating itself. So, thought perception is understanding the stimuli that we're
46:35 memory. That's basically uh activities that experienced and have retained. All
46:42 So, we've gone through the process remodeling the brain through its plasticity.
46:47 anything like along these lines. So , reasoning, judgment, motor
46:52 visual activity, all those are the intellectual functions. All right. And
46:57 not going to go through all this if you're interested in this. I
47:00 uh I encourage you to take a class because that's going a little bit
47:04 depth of of what each of these are. So we just want to
47:09 of dip our toe in and kind see structurally what we're looking at.
47:13 I think I said when we talked about gray and white matter that the
47:17 is interesting in that, you its origins are all the same as
47:21 the other parts. But what happened is that we need areas that do
47:24 process. And so initially you have matter on the inside and then you
47:28 white matter and then you need more . So you put more gray matter
47:32 the outside and that's how the cerebrum . And so that outer gray matter
47:37 referred to as the cerebral cortex. this is the cerebral cortex going all
47:42 way around. All right. you can see there's still gray matter
47:45 the inside. There's still white matter that gray matter but that outer layer
47:49 gray matter is cortex. Whenever you the word cortex, it means outside
47:54 when you see medulla. That's the . All right. So here we're
48:00 a lot of that complex processing and gonna mention this now, but only
48:06 the sense that we don't need to all the layers. I just want
48:08 understand that there are six layers. it doesn't matter which portion of the
48:13 you're looking at. You're gonna have layers. What's interesting is that depending
48:17 where you are, the type of change. So, I'm just gonna
48:22 up some So like in one area say layer number one is thin and
48:26 number six is thick. Well, can go another way area and then
48:30 one is thick and layer six is . So there's different types of processing
48:35 in different areas. And those layers where that processing is taking place and
48:40 it's being processed. Alright, now mentioned this before that were divided and
48:46 and right hemispheres and this is important these two hemispheres are not exactly the
48:52 structurally. They are different. If look at them, you can see
48:56 they're not exactly the same. They're mirror images of each other. All
49:01 . Now we are connected. There a structure internally. I don't think
49:07 previous picture has it as well. , you can see here we have
49:14 and its region. When I come the picture, I'll point at
49:16 it's called the corpus callosum. And these fibers allow those two sides to
49:21 with each other. And so what means is that while the two sides
49:24 different, they do communicate. And been incredible amount of studies done that
49:29 can act independently of each other. is also kind of weird because you
49:35 have your left side of your brain and not knowing what the right side
49:40 the brain is doing and they can have conflicting activity when they've cut the
49:45 callosum. That actually happens where the sides are doing opposite things.
49:51 sometimes or not. Sometimes most of time will say you've heard this before
49:57 your left side of the brain is for the right side of your body
49:59 vice versa. So generally speaking, true. But there are areas where
50:04 see that no, we stay on same side. All right. And
50:11 going to reiterate the fact that I previously that what we're doing here in
50:14 Neurosciences is we're putting things in the is just because it's easy to organize
50:20 there's not a single part of the that just does okay, this is
50:24 I do. And I'm the only that does it. There are parts
50:27 the brain that are communicating with other all the time. And so while
50:32 may identify an area and say, , this is what this is
50:35 What we're doing is we're just trying isolate it so that we can understand
50:40 the different parts just kind of like an engine. You can't point at
50:44 and say that's the only thing responsible making the cargo. It's just the
50:50 is responsible for a blank. Is kind of what we do. All
50:56 . So, if you look at cerebrum, we divided up into three
51:01 areas. We have what are called areas, sensory areas And association
51:06 These two make sense. If you at them. Motor areas play a
51:08 in movement. Sensory plays a role detecting stimuli. So, sensory
51:17 Right? And processing that the associate association areas integrate information. All
51:24 So, what does that mean to ? Well, it means to take
51:29 sensory input and bring them together. right. So, I want you
51:37 picture an orange. You know, fruit not the color. Well,
51:41 mean you can picture the color? what color is an orange? It's
51:46 . Right? It's one of those . It's orange. Now, now
51:51 you can picture it. Can you it Can you picture the smell of
51:56 ? Yeah, kind of Can you the taste of orange? Right
52:00 we're just doing this in our But the reason you're able to do
52:04 is because what we've done is we've all of those things together.
52:08 So what we've done is we've taken a visual input, we've taken a
52:16 factory input. We've taken in taken a gustatory input. You can also
52:21 somatic sensory, you close your Can you picture how an orange
52:26 Right? All that stuff together is . And so the association areas are
52:33 that information and integrating it together. when you look at these pictures over
52:40 , what we've done is we've divided into the different lobes and there were
52:44 lobes. Remember we mentioned 54 are with lobes. One is that weird
52:48 that sits on the inside? That's the because it's insulated. All
52:52 So in looking at this picture this all about motor areas and nothing else
52:57 all the motor areas located. The lobe. So no other part of
53:09 brain is responsible for motor processing except the frontal lobe. Alright. In
53:14 of the lobes. Okay that kinda things easy. Now we just gotta
53:19 what are the different motor areas. right. We have the primary motor
53:23 . That's that's M. One. this is the conscious control of movement
53:29 your skeletal muscles. Now remember what said do these things work by
53:33 No. So we're going to see are association areas and other areas that
53:38 input into these structures but we're talking the cortex here. Okay, so
53:43 frontal lobe cortex is responsible for your Broca's area. Who speaks spanish?
53:51 , what's the word for mouth Alright. For those of you who
53:56 take spanish, who went and took Sorry, I'm not gonna use that
54:02 ever. I don't know, maybe go to France once. Alright,
54:07 sister in law, she took french entire left, we went to
54:11 she was God's right but I grew on the border, we took
54:15 we're in texas, we take Alright, so boca means mouth Broca
54:23 for speech Okay, now what I'm about speech, what am I
54:28 Am I making making sounds? I'm my mouth moving my tongue pushing air
54:35 and forth. These are all things movement. Alright, so remember speech
54:41 with movement, frontal eye field, right frontal eye field, let me
54:47 if I can point out. So is typically located right here, over
54:51 the left frontal eye field is just it's superior to it so it just
54:55 right above it. So it's just of a region All right, so
54:59 always gonna be on the left hand . All right, controls the voluntary
55:04 of the eye so which muscles is ? Talking to see if you guys
55:09 paying attention not by name but just a group. Yeah. Which
55:17 Extrinsic, that's alright I'm not gonna mad at you for saying it
55:21 At least you're participating? Gold Alright, so voluntary movement of the
55:27 , basically it allows you to move eyes around the space. Okay.
55:30 would be the frontal eye field. ? Helps this movement on earth.
55:39 no, thank you. Alright, on earth. All right, so
55:46 at this fun picture right here. is what is referred to the motor
55:50 . Alright. Motor homunculus. Does look like a human? Kind
55:55 Right? That's the key thing. doesn't look exactly like a human,
55:59 you can see all the pieces. . Everything is mapped up there,
56:02 ? You can see here is the . Oh, I got this
56:04 And then down over here, this how the brain is organized.
56:08 you can see over down here this what responsible for regulating my toe
56:12 Way over here. This is what's for regulating the throat and swallowing.
56:17 you can see here is that there areas that are better represented than other
56:22 that's represented by the size of the that you're looking at? So you
56:25 see right here, your hand is well represented. Does that make sense
56:29 your hand would be well represented in map? Do you do more stuff
56:35 your fingers and your hands than anything ? I mean Yeah. Right.
56:41 mean, you are primarily a digital . Alright, look at the
56:48 Right? Is the face part pretty represented? All right. Why is
56:56 face away that you communicate clearly with ? Like see that makes me feel
57:04 right there. Thank you. She at me right? I understand now
57:09 she's nervous and please stop looking at and that's why that's why she's
57:13 It's that nervous smile, right? it communicates right? And so the
57:19 that are responsible for that kind of movement and so on and so forth
57:23 gonna have larger representation. Alright so is the pre central gyrus.
57:31 Pre central gyrus frontal lobe. That's . Remember that central the central sulcus
57:39 um the uh the divider between the lobe and the parietal lobe. So
57:45 motor cortex in one sits right there that pre central gyrus. And this
57:51 how it maps up. So we very specific areas we call it the
57:55 homunculus. And then for example if chopped off your arm and you weren't
57:59 your arm anymore, you wouldn't need use that space. And so what
58:03 happen is that this area would shrink other areas would expand to take over
58:09 . So there's a degree of plasticity takes place as well. All
58:16 So plasticity means you can grow and the areas being used here. Now
58:22 these fine d marketers know this is a general map. It's it's an
58:27 of how your body is mapped Alright. So Broca's speech frontal eye
58:36 and then M. One those are motor areas that we're interested in right
58:40 . If you look at the sensory in the cortex look at where they're
58:48 which area doesn't have the sensory, doesn't play wrong sensory input. Which
58:54 ? The first one? The right frontal frontal lobe. Everyplace else
59:00 a role in the sensory cortex. So you can see here we have
59:05 primary somatosensory somatosensory deals with the sense touch. So sense of touch is
59:11 here in the parietal. Specifically. looking at the post central gyrus.
59:15 central gyrus was motor post central gyrus touch. That's kind of convenient.
59:24 moving back over here here's V. . The primary visual cortex occipital
59:30 That's where you're getting that initial processing visual input. Now this is the
59:35 place I told you we said the are processed in multiple areas and it
59:40 from V. One all the way to. I'm not sure. I
59:42 the last time I saw was like . 20. All right but this
59:47 the first area where information goes to processed. Primary auditory cortex that's gonna
59:53 down here in the temporal lobe as as the primary olfactory cortex. Okay
59:59 to remember that eyes shine right to back of my head. Occipital,
60:04 temporal lobe is right next to my right next to my nose and the
60:09 gustatory cortex cortex is right down there the insulin gas station is a sense
60:14 taste. So you have sensory processing all the different areas of all the
60:24 lobes except for the frontal lobe which with motor only see how we do
60:31 kind of easy. Motor, everything else sensory this picture shows you
60:42 somatosensory cortex. Again there's a homunculus and you can see all the different
60:48 but I was just focused right Your lips are pretty well represented.
60:59 ? What do you think? Chief will not taste won't be lips.
61:05 do you think? Communication. Okay here think it's because kissing is
61:14 That could be an answer. Come . Yeah that should always be the
61:20 point. Alright let's think about this a minute. Why would it be
61:24 for the century? Input from my being so important for my brain for
61:29 body in general. Do you Communication, This sensory sense of
61:36 Right. Alright. Something protection. think that's the best way to approach
61:44 . Alright, let's think of all stupid things we do. Alright anyone
61:48 ever ordered a coffee and just started it right away. Yeah. And
61:53 is the temperature of that coffee? degrees. Right. You want a
61:58 degrees in your body? See the in front of you. What do
62:02 think that? Did you take a the first time going? Yeah this
62:04 a really good idea. No, , no. Why? Because it's
62:08 burn your internals. So what is better thing to burn my lips?
62:14 ? Shouldn't put that in my Alright. Anyone here ever eating spicy
62:19 and regretted it, you know? know like ghost pepper. Yeah,
62:28 couple of peppers, Trinidad, No, I'm not gonna do
62:33 It's only two million scofield. No . I'll bring them to class.
62:40 right. Yeah. Yeah. First you're gonna feel that pain is right
62:45 when you feel the pain here, are you gonna do with that thing
62:48 in your mouth? Spit it out it works its way down. I
62:52 because let's face it, we've put super stuff. Have you ever eaten
62:56 dorito so fast It went down the way right where it's like going down
63:01 . Yeah. Yeah. So you know what happens when you put sharp
63:06 in your body. You're looking at like that's never happened to you.
63:11 you ever you ever even to read so fast? You're just like popping
63:14 just oh there it goes right Yeah. Yeah. So imagine picking
63:21 something that was sharp and it touches lips first and causes damage there.
63:28 right. We're not gonna let it into our mouths. So that damages
63:31 body? So the answer is protection And again, hands. That's how
63:41 recognize our world around us? Because very very tactile And so it's also
63:46 represented tongue. Again we're manipulating things we want to know it's touching our
63:52 you know it's recognizing things. So this systematic typically organized just as we
63:59 it is sending information about the things we touch to these different regions and
64:06 exhibits plasticity. Again, if you the structure you're not going to be
64:10 information from it as much. So gonna lower that area, increase other
64:14 as well. The last little bit is association areas, right? So
64:20 is an association area simply put it's areas that process the information. So
64:26 the frontal lobe we have a pre cortex. Its job here in its
64:30 the pre central or it communicates with pre central gyrus and what it's doing
64:34 it's helping the process and plan So you wanna walk. All
64:39 cerebellum tells us we need to lift foot and put our weight forward.
64:43 body this is what you need to , tells these muscles what to contract
64:47 and so forth. And then that the motor cortex, okay, I'm
64:51 send that signal right down to the . So it plays a role in
64:55 that process the sad somatic sensory court area is here in the parietal.
65:01 it does is it helps us to different sorts of input. We talked
65:05 the different types of receptors. Remember sense of touch in terms of deep
65:09 light. So what you're doing is integrating that kind of information. So
65:13 that little bowl I told you about we're sticking our hands in, you
65:16 tell the difference between something around in dark versus something that was squishy and
65:21 stringing. All right, so that hot versus cold, all that stuff
65:27 being determined here in Madison serie association . Alright, so we're integrating different
65:33 of what we're touching. Visual association is gonna be out here in the
65:37 lobe. It helps to process visual . So your brain does not run
65:42 a camera instead. What it does it takes information, it breaks it
65:46 , sends those different types of So for example it sends movement to
65:50 area and says do you understand this of movement? It's since color aspects
65:55 says do you understand what this color ? It looks at shadows, it
65:58 all these different things. So what call different modalities and it breaks it
66:04 and helps you interpret what it That would be what the visual association
66:08 are responsible for all those different aspects what you're looking at. And then
66:13 , auditory deals with integrating sound with you expect or the recognition of the
66:18 . So if you hear a you know, like you're walking across
66:22 street, what do you expect it be car? You're not gonna turn
66:27 and expect a goose? Right? same thing here? A quack quack
66:33 , you know, you expect to a duck, right? Not someone
66:37 that stupid noise, right? It's sound with expectation. So your brain
66:45 a memory and it's taking that input integrating and trying to determine what is
66:50 and then trying to connect the So that's association areas and don't memorize
67:02 picture here. But understand the concept . All right. When we talk
67:06 lateralization, what we're saying is that an unequal division of the labor for
67:10 two sides of the brain, you kind of see how it's broken down
67:13 . It does not mean that you better at one ability than another.
67:19 , we usually hear people talk I'm left brain and right brain and
67:22 refers to I'm artistic versus I am know, mathematical Alright. That's not
67:28 it means. That's people misinterpreting or understanding. And I'd like to point
67:34 area right over here. Look, reading, writing and arithmetic. It's
67:39 on the same side, right? this means is that the left side
67:44 the brain, for example has the responsible for producing speech and or processing
67:51 Alright. That that information is primarily on the left side of the brain
67:56 it's also communicating information over the right of the brain saying, does this
68:00 sense to you? Do you understand , yada yada yada, it's not
68:03 independent of itself. Just means that's the center is located. So we
68:08 say that the left hemisphere speech dominated of that location, but some of
68:12 are mere images of what the normal layout is. So some of you
68:18 have the speech dominant center over on right hand side, very small percentage
68:25 . Alright, so some left, left handed. We're not gonna get
68:31 that today. All right. Um I think I called it. So
68:36 it's just lateralization. The other thing does cora basically correlate with the handedness
68:45 people. And so left hand or brained be right handed. If you're
68:51 handed, that doesn't mean that you're right brain. It just means there's
68:54 potential for um right brain deadness. that was the end of the talk
69:01 it keeps going forward for some strange . Stop that. Alright, give
69:05 a sec. I think this is we were all right, missile
69:17 It's still recording that we'll see. right. So what we just looked
69:23 was the gray matter in the cortex what we're doing is we're diving into
69:28 gray matter. That's centrally located. so all this gray matter that you
69:33 here is collectively referred to as the nuclei. Sometimes you'll see it called
69:38 basal ganglia, but that's an old term. It's kind of falling out
69:42 style because they want to put ganglion periphery and keep nuclei in the sense
69:47 the central nervous system. Alright, you can see that it's a mirror
69:51 . Again, if you divide in for everyone that's on this side,
69:53 gonna be one on that side, we're just focusing over on this side
69:57 well. Um actually this right that's thalamus that they're pointing out right
70:03 . Um so these are the structures we're most interested in and really what
70:08 want to kind of point out here that it plays an important role in
70:13 and in terms of movement inhibiting antagonistic . So, typically when we hear
70:19 the basil nuclear, we usually associated Parkinson's disease. Have you ever heard
70:24 Parkinson's and the damage to the basil , anyone know? Okay, all
70:30 , you guys know what Parkinson's is person is not in their Parkinson's back
70:34 the back, you guys know What is the primary ideology meaning the
70:40 feature that you associate with Parkinson's for not in your head shaking, that
70:46 shaking is called tremors. Alright, , you'll usually see people, you
70:51 , they'll have this kind of natural to them, like, so all
70:56 now, the truth is, we have these tremors, we just can't
71:00 ours. Alright, I'm just gonna shaking it like this because it's kind
71:04 cool, alright, and the reason don't have that is because our basal
71:10 are intact and what they're doing is inhibiting that movement. Alright now.
71:16 ? What's going on here is that any movement, what you're doing is
71:20 actual movement is much slower than the of planning and trying to initiate
71:25 So your brain is like okay this what I need you to go do
71:28 and your brain, your body's like sure. And it's like your brain
71:31 like no no no you're doing it , you need to do make this
71:34 and muscle says okay I'll correct for . And then you're like no no
71:38 you're still doing it wrong, you're too far. And so instead like
71:41 I'm grabbing for his phone since it's right, what I'll do is instead
71:46 just going a nice smooth movement to , I'm kind of going this way
71:49 brain saying no go that way, you go that way and then you
71:51 this way you go that way and hand is kind of doing this but
71:55 your movement is so slow relative to brain it's actually making the correction before
72:00 make the air. That kind of sense right? So instead of doing
72:05 as you're moving towards something to pick up or to grab it or
72:08 you're actually making a smooth movement because the movement was pre canceled before you
72:13 it and the correction was made that's here in the basal nuclei. The
72:19 nuclei when it gets damaged, doesn't that. So, what you see
72:23 someone's Parkinson's who has the damage in basal nuclei is you see that incorrect
72:29 and you see the correction of the movement and the overcorrection and then you
72:34 back and it shows it or demonstrates in that particular tremor. Okay,
72:44 what the trimmer is. All right , they don't have direct access to
72:50 motor pathways, which is the part the brain that has direct access to
72:53 pathways and one All right, that the pre central gyrus. The motor
72:59 , everything else is talking to it the motor cortex is sending the signals
73:03 where that information needs to go. what are these structures? All
73:11 Corpus striatum just kind of refers to the things we're talking about except for
73:15 classroom. Alright, I'm gonna point the classroom for us just to get
73:18 of the way. So this little right here and it's right over
73:21 Think of it as a band that all the way around your head like
73:25 . Alright, classroom is responsible for visual input and it does so at
73:30 subconscious level. So you're not actually of what it's processing. It's just
73:34 the processing. All right. So striatum refers to all of these things
73:40 , collectively we have to cut eight . This produces that rhythmic pattern that
73:44 describe when we walk and move where hands are kind of moving and your
73:48 are moving as well, Valenta form which are gonna be shown here is
73:52 global pilatus muscular movement as well as exciting or inhibiting tone in response to
74:01 thalamus. When we talk about you're gonna see a little bit of
74:04 pathway where it's like this is regulating , which is regulating this, which
74:08 regulating the thalamus. Okay, so deals that that inhibiting the unnecessary movement
74:17 . And lastly, I want to out here, the mongoloid body also
74:20 to as the amygdala that plays a in a motion. Alright, so
74:25 development of your moods primarily responsible for or how you respond in fear.
74:33 right, so structures that play a in movement and then the other
74:41 the other thing I want you to aware of is the limbic system.
74:44 , the limbic system is just a bunch of different things kind of jammed
74:47 to create kind of an area that responsible for a brain activity and that
74:52 activity is emotion. All right, we're gonna see memory as well.
74:58 emotion is kind of when I think , that's what I think of.
75:01 right, so you're gonna see that tied to these areas that are they're
75:05 input. So let's just kind of through them. Alright, when you
75:09 the word gyros that should immediately make think of this as part of the
75:13 . So we have the singular We have a pair of hippocampal gyrus
75:16 with the hippocampus, the hippocampus and pair of hippocampal uh pair of hippocampal
75:23 play a role. Long term potentially. Ation, long term memory
75:29 . Right? So it doesn't store information there. It plays a role
75:32 creating that long term memory. We've already mentioned. The mongoloid place
75:40 codes memories. Um plays a role fear. Plays a role in a
75:44 attaching a motion to things that you ? All right. So if you
75:51 about your first crush that make you or sad? I mean if I
75:56 that out when I'm I'm basically forcing to draw that memory out, Does
76:00 make you feel sad that person did wrong? Do they do you
76:04 Yeah. Alright. You've got an response that's part of what the limbic
76:09 does. Olfactory bulb tracks and these are part of taking olfactory information
76:14 processing it smells and memory go hand hand fairly well and I can let
76:21 go back to that wounded space. that crush where a perfume or cologne
76:27 have a particular scent that they always . And when you smell it does
76:31 bring out a response, I can remember my high school girlfriends perfume and
76:38 I smell that I'm like oh yeah remember her, right? We have
76:46 for next the forex here is basically you have a bend, it's where
76:50 connecting the hippocampus to all the other and finally the di the nuclei that
76:55 located within the dia cephalon. So these different things that we referred
77:00 how we doing, I know that are out there talking, we've got
77:03 minutes. Good. That's enough time get to this one dealing with
77:08 Alright. Memory is basically adjusting that plasticity that we referred to with regard
77:14 the nervous system. Right? So have what is termed long term potential
77:18 long term depression when we're dealing with a shin what we're doing. In
77:22 case we're changing the relationship between two . And so with long term potentially
77:27 we're increasing the activity between the Alright, so there's more activity,
77:33 communication with depression. What you're doing you're getting less communication and so you
77:38 see you can build and destroy those between the neurons. Now with regard
77:45 the types of memories that we have your information. This is just simply
77:50 based on what stimuli you're receiving, ? Like oh it's bright. Oh
77:55 smell, this is what reminds me . So the idea here is very
77:58 brief. All right now, once catches our attention, what we're doing
78:02 we're putting things that were experience stimuli the short term memory. It's like
78:07 you're walking by a barbecue joint, smelling. Oh, I'm smelling barbecue
78:12 . Having short term memory, You're recalling information like this is the
78:17 where I'm smelling barbecue now. In seconds, 30 seconds. You may
78:22 that you're smelling barbecue, but you aware of it and you were holding
78:25 to that information for a short period time. Alright, So this information
78:28 stored in the hippocampus and then to into long term memory, you smell
78:32 barbecue and then someone gives you a ticket where you want a billion dollars
78:36 of a sudden. Now you've got long term memory. Every time I
78:38 by this place, I'm gonna remember getting that lottery ticket. Right.
78:42 would be a long term memory. , this is gonna be the
78:46 right? It requires this process of and the amount that you can store
78:52 is limitless. But very often what happen. Keep opening. But what
78:58 happen is that you will lose it you don't use it. All
79:02 So, there does need to be degree of practice to ensure and or
79:07 to ensure it isn't lost. All . What do we have on
79:12 Do we need to be here? right, You guys do?
79:16 we will talk to you. I'm going out of town thursday
79:20 So don't email me about your grades the weekend. I'm not gonna be
79:24 to deal with them until monday when get back morning. How are you
79:29 ? I'm having a crazy
-
+